#1503 people died

[onepiece-oc-archives]

Time, Calendars & Dates in the World of One Piece

Have you ever wondered when One Piece takes place? Wanted to take a look at a timeline but knew you'd be bombarded with spoilers? Then this is the place for you! I'll be talking about both the anime/manga and the live action, because they differ by a few months.

First things first: The months stay the same! One year consists of twelve months with the same number of days as in our Gregorian Calendar. It's never explicitly confirmed if they're also called January, February etc. but characters' birthdays are listed as (for examle) May 5th by Oda himself. Maybe it's out of convenience, maybe they're actually called the same, who knows. But you can list your characters' birthdays the same as you would if they were born on Earth. Also, the world of One Piece has multiple moons, but the main moon (which is also usually the only one pictured) most likely has either the same or very smilar moon phases to our moon here on Earth.

But now for the a little more complicated part: Which year are we in? Well, we can't tell for sure, but we can make assumptions.

Regarding what calendar the One Piece verse goes by, there are two calendar systems. One is the Age of Heaven and one is the Age of the Sea Circle. The Age of Heaven only has very vague info on it available and we don't have any way of converting canon events into its calendar, so it's no use for our purposes here. However, the Age of the Sea Circle has one confirmed year that we can use to roughly calculate everything else. It comes from an explorer's logbook dated 1120. We know that the events described in this logbook happened roughly 400 years before the Straw Hats travel the seas, so we can declare that the main story of One Piece takes place in the 16th century.

From then on, it's guesswork. A lot of people, myself included, assume that Gold Roger died in the year 1500 so that the beginning of the Great Age of Pirates could be at the start of a new century. It would fit Oda as an author and it would fit Roger as a character, because he would be dramatic like that. He knew what he was doing when he got executed that day, and it's very obvious in the Live Action that he did. It'll become even more obvious later in the story, you'll see! Anyways: Because Gold Roger's execution happened 22 years before Luffy set out to sea at the beginning of the East Blue Saga, Luffy's journey would then start in the year 1522.

But we can get even more exact. At least in the Live Action. In the anime/manga, everything's a little blurry. All we know for sure is that Luffy sets out to sea either on or after his birthday on May 5th. From then on, it's all guesswork based on how many days we see pass in the story and how many may have passed.

In the Live Action, things are a lot easier, because we're explicitly told that it's Kaya's birthday on the day the Straw Hats arrive in Syrup Village. Kaya's birthday is confirmed to be August 24th, so the Straw Hats arrive at Syrup Village on August 24th 1522 in the Live Action.

So, now that we've declared where we are chronologically, here are some important birthdays according to the calculation I just explained:

The Straw Hats

Monkey D. Luffy: May 5th 1505 (17 years old, youngest Straw Hat)

Roronoa Zoro: November 11th 1502 (19 years old, oldest Straw Hat)

Nami: July 3rd 1504 (18 years old)

Usopp: April 1st 1505 (17 years old)

Sanji: March 2nd 1503 (19 years old)

Bonus Tumblr beloveds:

Shanks: March 9th 1485 (37 years old)

Mihawk: March 9th 1481 (41 years old - yes he shares his birthday with Sanks, I was just as surprised; what a wild day for the One Piece world)

Buggy: August 8th 1485 (37 years old)

I hope this little guide is helpful to you! Don't be shy to ask for any dates you'd like to know, I'll calculate them for you or make an estimate if they can't be pinned down.

#one piece #one piece live action #one piece netflix #no spoilers #topic: basics #topic: history

[barbiedreams-posts]

𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐓𝐔𝐃𝐎𝐑𝐒 𝐎𝐂 — 𝐄𝐃𝐖𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐓𝐔𝐃𝐎𝐑

FC: eric bana

→ Born in Placentia Palace in 1498, as the fifth surviving child of King Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth of York. Like his older siblings (Margaret, Henry and Mary), Edward grew up in a palace far from his father, being raised mainly by his mother. When Arthur died and Henry was named the new Prince of Wales, Edward was just a baby who didn't understand the situation around him, he cried a lot when his mother died thanks to childbirth complications in 1503. When he turned eighteen, he decided he wanted to live far from England and went to Portugal to study, with the blessing of his brother Henry, who was now King Henry VIII.

In Portugal, women were constantly attracted to his beauty and men commented on his intelligence and love for science, in the court of King John III of Portugal he was nicknamed "Edward the Majestic". Seventeen years later, Henry called him back to England to attend his wedding to his new wife, Anne Boleyn, Edward was horrified by his brother's decision to set aside Catherine to marry one of his lovers, and said that Anne was a "false queen" and that she and Henry were sinning in the eyes of God and man, he only stopped these accusations when Henry himself said he would send him to the Tower of London if he continued "speaking lies".

Edward had great affection for Catherine of Aragon, in part because she treated him like a son when Elizabeth of York died, and continued secretly exchanging letters with her until her death from cancer, when Edward was visibly shaken and refused to speak to people for two days. Edward was forced to endure Anne Boleyn's presence at court even though he hated her, as did Thomas Cromwell, with whom he had a very close friendship. In private, he said that Mary, Henry's daughter from his first marriage, was the legitimate heir to the throne and that Elizabeth, Anne's daughter, was nothing more than a bastard. As Henry's popularity with the people decreased, Edward's popularity increased, with people claiming on the streets of London that he would be a much better king than his irresponsible brother who separated England from the Catholic church (words spoken in secret , Of course).

To calm his brother and prevent a rebellion in his favor, Henry gave him the title of Duke of York and promised his hand to a Howard girl, even though he made peace with the king, Edward still doesn't like Anne.

#tudors #the tudors #anne boleyn #henry viii #my ocs #oc #historical

[scotianostra]

28th November 1489 saw the birth of Margaret Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII of England who would go on to become the wife of James IV of Scotland.

Little is known of Margarets younger years, I say younger but she was 13 years old when she was married off to James IV, as part of a treaty of ‘perpetual peace’ between the two kingdoms and to provide the dynamic, ambitious king with the partner who would help him enhance Scotland’s prestige.

James was 30 and already had at least 5 children illegitimately by then to 4 different women! Having sad that, you might be shocked at her young age but she had been thoroughly trained for her new role and was determined to prove that she was equal to its demands.

Arriving in Scotland in August 1503 the couple were introduced a few days later at Dalkeith, she rode pillion behind him into Edinburgh, to the great approbation of the populace, and James guided her through official functions with his arm around her waist.

The couple wore matching outfits of white damask for their glittering marriage at Holyrood Abbey. James spent extravagantly on preparing accommodation for his queen and on the wedding festivities: a quarter of his annual income went on wine alone. And he shaved his beard after the wedding, at his wife’s behest.

At first Margaret hated Scotland, she was a prolific letter writer to her father and most of them survive to this day, it made matters worse that 6 months before being sent north she had lost her beloved mother who died a day after the death of her 8th child, who she had given birth to just over a week before, she was aged just 37.

The young Queen’s initial fears were unfounded, she swiftly settled into her position as Scotland’s queen, helped by the attention lavished on her by James IV. Clothed in rich furs and gowns and showered with jewels, she did, indeed, lack nothing. Their reign saw a golden age for Scotland, the arts and literature flourished, however the Kings policies were to bring him into conflict with his young brother-in-law in England and deepen a rift between Margaret and Henry. When the French called on James to attack England as part of The Auld Allience it made matters worse.

We lost or King an “The Flower of Scotland” at Flodden and Margaret was left a widow with little to return south to.

Margret was named regent for the infant James V but there was a proviso she was not to remarry, she misjudged the will of the people and ignored this, marrying the Earl of Angus, a man whose family had a history of splitting Scotland.

There is loads more history of Margaret Tudor, it’s a big read  over 20 pages  http://tudortimes.co.uk/people/margaret-tudor-life-story

#Scotland #scottish #anglo-scottish #english #the stewarts #the tudors #history

[edwardseymour]

soo ... about that seymour adaptation...

john seymour (jr)

the death of a child is always painful (and i think it must have been certainly painful for john to be at court/involved in the mourning of the king's son in 1511 because of how soon it was after the loss of his own son, less than a year (john died july 1510, henry duke of cornwall died february 1511). the loss of the eldest son could only have been more difficult because of the fact that he represented the early, optimistic days of his parent’s marriage and their ambitions for the family. in an adaptation emphasising that ambition and pressure, no doubt john’s death placed a lot of difficulty and pressure on the surviving children’s positions in the family.

he died 1510. seeing as the next child was born c.1500, let’s assume john was born c. 1499, so he would have been about ten or eleven when he died, so old enough to reach a point of understanding his position as the heir apparent (to some extent).

moreover, edward (born around 1500) and henry (born around 1503) would have been close in age with him, and presumably educated with him. edward would have suddenly become the heir apparent at the age of about ten, so john’s sudden death would be significant and impactful for him — and henry, who makes the transition from third to second son.

it’s less clear if thomas, only about two when john died, would have had any relationship with him, but that difference in formative experiences could impact thomas and edward’s relationship relative to each other and the idea of rivalry with a brother.

primary sources: william seymour, ordeal by ambition

john, anthony, margery seymour

we have no idea when they were born. there is a gap in births between jane (c.1509) and thomas (c.1508), and then elizabeth (c.1518) which might situate these children as being born somewhere around this time, although sir john’s monument lists john and anthony as being born before jane, whilst margery is listed as being born in between elizabeth and dorothy. so, maybe the girls are all closer in age, with thomas closer in age to his sisters than his brothers?

their deaths also equalise the gender ratio of seymour children — with three surviving boys (edward, henry, thomas) and three surviving girls (jane, elizabeth, dorothy).

all died young — sir john’s monument recounts that they “dyed in theire infancy” — so they’re unfortunately less significant as individuals as opposed to their presence and how it impacts other people in the family. the fact that they died in 1528 maybe means that their death coincides with the outbreak of sweating sickness. if that pandemic is what killed three of jane seymour’s siblings, it might explain her reported fear of the plague, as it does seem to have been remarkable: ‘your ladyship will not believe how fearful the queen’s grace is of the sickness’.

it would be good to explore the emotional world that margery wentworth inhabited given the loss of these children, especially as she does not seem to have been at court much. further, if they died during a pandemic, it should be explored how the pandemic impacted the general household. many of us know well the stress and difficulty of bereavement in a pandemic, and how it impacts a family, even if a bereavement is not directly in consequence of the pandemic.

there's also definitely something you could do with the theme of family ambition, and the symbolism of the two children (more if you include john jr) who were the parent’s namesakes, dying in infancy.

primary sources: john aubrey, an essay towards the description of the north division of wiltshire; elizabeth norton, jane seymour: henry viii’s true love

john seymour (illegitimate)

i find bastard children so interesting in terms of the emotional space they occupy in a context that paradoxically doesn’t accomodate them but so often relies upon them, when illegitimacy is ultimately a construct. his existence exposes the lie of marriage as a loving union, when politics and wealth demands these marriages be arranged, and the children born to them are born to fulfil a function.

he is born around 1530, so he’s a fair bit younger that his half-siblings - the majority of whom have left home/established themselves already. there’s something fun about the seymours at court undermining anne boleyn as illegitimate, and jane’s own ascent, on the basis on invalidating anne and her daughter elizabeth… when their own father has a small bastard child at home. one wonders if there was a tension there when henry and anne visited wolf hall in 1535 - almost certainly little john would not have been present, but nevertheless, margery playing the dutiful wife and running her husband’s house when hosting the king and queen in the wake of the death of several small children and the birth of an illegitimate son could surely be used to add some emotional weight to their relationship.

he marries joan poyntz in 1568; her father’s will in 1556 mentioned £200 which he owed john “so that he assure my daughter jane a living”. so, he ultimately did well, but we don’t know much about his life, unfortunately.

primary sources: david loades, the seymours of wolf hall; william seymour, ordeal by ambition; paul c. reed, descent of st. maur family

#seymour adaptation tag #consider this post some spring cleaning ... the starter before the main course haha. but i really feel like these children matter #in a family adaption!

[loutenthusiast]

Why is the Mona Lisa so famous?

We know of the warm tones of her skin, how her hair flows like silk cascading over her shoulders as she sits and looks beyond the four corners of her frame with an enigmatic expression.

The known masterpiece that captures the essence of femininty and grace: The Mona Lisa.

But why is the Mona Lisa so famous?

It was as dawn broke over Paris on the 21st of August in 1911, Vincenzo Peruggia hoisted a painting off the wall and slipped down the back stairs of the Louvre. He was close to freedom, the exit just before him when he encountered a two pronged problem — the door was locked and footsteps were approaching.

Tucked under Peruggia’s arm was Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa.”

It's arguably the world's most famous painting today. But how did it achieve its status?

Leonardo is thought to have started the portrait in 1503 at the request of a Florentine businessman who wanted a portrait of his wife, Lisa Gherardini.

He continued working on the painting for more than 10 years, but it was un?nished by the time he died.

Over his lifetime, Leonardo conducted groundbreaking studies on human optics, which led him to pioneer certain artistic techniques.

Some can be seen in the “Mona Lisa.”

Using “atmospheric perspective,” he made images at greater distances hazier, producing the illusion of profound depth. And with “sfumato,” he created subtle gradations between colors that softened the edges of the forms he depicted. He used many other elevated techniques which is discussed in this in depth analysis done by the channel Great Art Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElWG0_kjy_Y

All of this is striking, but is it enough to make the “Mona Lisa” the world’s most famous painting?

Many scholars consider it an outstanding Renaissance portrait—but one among plenty.

And history is full of great paintings.

Indeed, the “Mona Lisa’s” rise to worldwide fame depended largely on factors beyond the canvas.

King François the First of France purchased the painting and began displaying it after Leonardo’s death. Then, in 1550, Italian scholar Giorgio Vasari published a popular biography of Italian Renaissance artists, Leonardo included. The book was translated and distributed widely, and it contained a gushing description of the “Mona Lisa” as a hypnotic imitation of life.

Over the years, the “Mona Lisa” became one of the most enviable pieces in the French Royal Collection.

It hung in Napoleon’s bedroom and eventually went on public display in the Louvre Museum.

There, visitors ?ocked to see the once-private treasures of the deposed aristocracy. During the 1800s, a series of European scholars further hyped the “Mona Lisa” up, ?xating to a conspicuous degree on the subject's allure.

In 1854, Alfred Dumesnil said that Mona Lisa’s smile imparted a “treacherous attraction.”A year later, Théophile Gautier wrote of her “mocking lips” and “gaze promising unknown pleasures.”

And in 1869, Walter Pater described Mona Lisa as the embodiment of timeless feminine beauty.

By the 20th century, the portrait was an iconic piece in one of the world’s most famous museums.

But the “Mona Lisa” wasn’t yet a household name.

It was Peruggia’s 1911 heist that helped it skyrocket to unprecedented fame. Having been contracted to make protective cases for the Louvre, it wasn’t totally inconceivable for Peruggia to be locked inside the museum.

And, lucky for him, when a workman encountered him in the stairwell, he simply helped Peruggia open the door and let him walk out into the morning.

The theft made international headlines.

People gathered to see the blank space where the “Mona Lisa” once hung. The police interviewed Peruggia because he had worked at the Louvre, but they never considered him a suspect.

Meanwhile, they interrogated Pablo Picasso because of his connection to a previous Louvre theft, but eventually let him go.

For two years, Peruggia kept the painting in a false-bottom suitcase, then smuggled the “Mona Lisa” to Italy and arranged to sell it to a Florentine art dealer. He saw himself as an Italian patriot returning an old master’s work. But instead of being celebrated as such, he was immediately arrested.

With the mystery solved, the “Mona Lisa” went back on display to large crowds, and newspapers took the story for a victory lap.

In the following decades, conceptual artist Marcel Duchamp mocked it; Nazi art thieves pursued it; Nat King Cole sang about it; and museumgoers wielding stones, paint, acid, and teacups attacked it.

More than 500 years after its creation— eyebrows and eyelashes long since faded— the “Mona Lisa” is protected by a bulletproof, earthquake-safe case.

Now, it stands perhaps less as an exemplary Renaissance portrait and more as a testament to how we create and maintain celebrity.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.29

1170 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church. 1503 – The Battle of Garigliano was fought between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo. 1607 – According to John Smith, Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan leader Wahunsenacawh, successfully pleads for his life after tribal leaders attempt to execute him. 1778 – American Revolutionary War: Three thousand British soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell capture Savannah, Georgia. 1812 – USS Constitution, under the command of Captain William Bainbridge, captures HMS Java off the coast of Brazil after a three-hour battle. 1835 – The Treaty of New Echota is signed, ceding all the lands of the Cherokee east of the Mississippi River to the United States. 1845 – The United States annexes the Republic of Texas and admits it as the 28th state. 1860 – The launch of HMS Warrior, with her combination of screw propeller, iron hull and iron armour, renders all previous warships obsolete. 1874 – The military coup of Gen. Martinez Campos in Sagunto ends the failed First Spanish Republic and the monarchy is restored as Prince Alfonso is proclaimed King of Spain. 1876 – The Ashtabula River railroad disaster occurs, leaving 64 injured and 92 dead at Ashtabula, Ohio. 1890 – On Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, 300 Lakota are killed by the United States 7th Cavalry Regiment. 1911 – Mongolia gains independence from the Qing dynasty, enthroning 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu as Khagan of Mongolia. 1913 – Cecil B. DeMille starts filming Hollywood's first feature film, The Squaw Man. 1930 – Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the two-nation theory and outlines a vision for the creation of Pakistan. 1934 – Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930. 1937 – The Irish Free State is replaced by a new state called Ireland with the adoption of a new constitution. 1940 – In the Second Great Fire of London, the Luftwaffe fire-bombs London, England, killing almost 200 civilians during World War II. 1972 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 (a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar) crashes in the Florida Everglades on approach to Miami International Airport, Florida, killing 101 of the 176 people on board. 1975 – A bomb explodes at LaGuardia Airport in New York City, killing 11 people and injuring more than 75. 1989 – Czech writer, philosopher and dissident Václav Havel is elected the first post-communist President of Czechoslovakia. 1989 – The Nikkei 225 for the Tokyo Stock Exchange hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87, serving as the apex of the Japanese asset price bubble. 1992 – Fernando Collor de Mello, president of Brazil, tries to resign amidst corruption charges, but is then impeached. 1994 – Turkish Airlines Flight 278 (a Boeing 737-400) crashes on approach to Van Ferit Melen Airport in Van, Turkey, killing 57 of the 76 people on board. 1996 – Guatemala and leaders of Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity sign a peace accord ending a 36-year civil war. 1998 – Leaders of the Khmer Rouge apologize for the Cambodian genocide that claimed over one million lives. 2003 – The last known speaker of Akkala Sami dies, rendering the language extinct. 2006 – The UK settles its Anglo-American loan, post-WWII loan debt. 2013 – A suicide bomb attack at the Volgograd-1 railway station in the southern Russian city of Volgograd kills at least 18 people and wounds 40 others. 2013 – Seven-time Formula One champion Michael Schumacher suffers a massive head injury while skiing in the French Alps. 2020 – A large explosion at the airport in the southern Yemeni city of Aden kills at least 22 people and wounds 50.

#Events

[realcatalina]

Catherine of Aragon’s health-Part 2: Sweating Sickness

What exactly happened in late March 1502/April 1502 and was it Sweating Sickness which killed prince Arthur? And what exactly was Sweating Sickness? Let’s find out.

 In late March 1502, Catherine and Arthur both became sick.

Arthur never recovered, and died few days later on 2nd of April. But neither was seriously sick before. I know, I know, Dona Elvira and some others in Catherine’s household later claimed Arthur was very sick right at beginning of the marriage. But that was not the case-as far as i am concerned there are big reasons to doubt credibility of those claims. (I voiced my opinions about other reasons for not consumating in previous posts.)

Also Dona Elvira was in middle of fight with Henry VII over her wage when she said Arthur was impotent and she was overall deceitful person.

As possible cause of Arthur’s death many different diseases were discussed and even other possible reasons. Some more ridiculous than the others.

Poison- Pope Alexander and his son were poisoned in 1503. While son recovered, pope died. There’d certainly be reasons why somebody would wish to assasinate prince of Wales, and his wife could have been just colateral damage, due to sharing eviroment and food with him. This theory is not utterly outrageous, as de la Pole already fled England in 1501 and other logical step for him to get throne would be to get rid of Tudors.(One at the time.) We cannot rule this out as possibility, however royals had tasters, and nobody at time of Arthur’s death thought it was poisoning. Hence they found no signs which would make them suspicious of poison or they knew exactly what else killed him. However the notion that Henry VII killed his heir to get his widow(when he was married himself at the time) or that future Henry VIII(ten at the time) had his brother poisoned to become heir are utter bullshit.

Food poisoning-again they had tasters and food poisoning was known at the time. It also is way more likely to happen in summer than March.

Tuberculosis-doesn’t fit, because it is very lenghtly disease, takes weeks or months to kill person and their health slowly detoriates. Since Arthur died suddenly, everybody was surprised by it  and wasn’t seriously sick before, it is impossible. It’s solely due to false testimonies by Catherine’s household that this is being brought up(again and again), despite strong evidence against it.

Testicular cancer-is not contagious disease, such theory ignores that Catherine too became seriously sick. Utter nonsense.

Plague-while possible, it is unlikely because Arthur’s funeral was large, and with plague they tended to do very small funerals. Even for royalty.

Catherine after Arthur’s death was swiftly removed from Ludlow, despite being still very weak(and would continue to be for weeks that fallowed.)

Catherine’s parents were also relieved that she was removed from the unhealthy place-yet Ludlow at the time was fairly comfortable residence.

So could they mean that place was unhealthy because there was outbreak of disease? 

Most evidence points to it being a disease, including contemporary report:

[Arthur suffered from] the most pitiful disease and sickness that with so sore and great violence had battled and driven in the singular parts of him inward; that cruel and fervent enemy of nature, the deadly corruption, did utterly vanquish and overcome the pure and friendful blood, without all manner of physical help and remedy.

Translation: A violent course of disease has killed him, killed this pure, friendly prince, and there was nothing that people could do to help him.

So could it be the famous Sweating Sickness? Yes. It fits very much. Including that Catherine was removed fast. Of course her household didn’t wish to wait around to catch it, and it wasn’t as if they could just leave her there.

Yet at same time it wasn’t as extremely contagious as Plague(even back then they realised it), so that explains larger funeral.

But how could it be so feared, if it was less contagious? 

The answer lie in how Sweating Sickness acted. 

Up to this day we don’t know what the disease was, what was the cause, exactly how it spread and actually not even how it affected inner organs(nobody did autopsies). It doesn’t show up on bones either.

There is even not agreed date when it first appeared in England. Some say it came to England in 1485 with Henry VII’s troops. But lord Stanley initially excused himself from battle of Bosworth due to Sweating Sickness being in the era. Meaning at least he has seen it before and feared it. 

Now, it might be proof that Stanley had been in touch with Henry VII and might have even personally met him and seen what the disease can do.

Or disease already occured in England before.  If it was case and disease really originated in England, Henry VII’s troops having it would indicate Henry VII met some Englishmen before he embarked for England. We know he did, several English nobles joined his ranks. Besides how could Stanley excuse himself upon disease Richard never seen before? Seems to not fallow common sense.

But back to what the disease did.

I am no expert upon Sweating sickess, I found disertation work of Mr Edwin Del Wollert about Sweating Sickness, and I am taking a lot of details about this disease from his work. (if anybody is interested look it up) 

I had to google some words he used(as i didn’t understand half of those medical terms), so I updated his list for you

-the full list of symptoms include:

·         Sudden onset and violent course of disease

·         Sweating, great thirst and great weakness, including fainting

·         Fever, pains in limbs, head and belly

·         Rapid pulse, rapid breathing, quick heartbeat, flushing

·         Vomiting, bleeding and diarhea

·         Neurological symptoms-confusion, irritation, paranoia

·         Signs of organ failure-resulting in death.

Chills or cold shivers also happened ( likely as last stage of dehydration, signalling body is about to give up.)

Truly unpleasant way to go, and truly violent course of disease+ the sudden onset was why it was so feared(alongside death-rate). It struck often out of nowhere, but struck hard.

Many of those symptoms are signs of severe dehydration, and they occured even before strong sweating began(which was usually 2nd stage). As if person was cooking up from inside right from beginning. (Those are my observations not Mr Wollert’s.) 

If so, the recommended methods of treathing the sick of the time, had actually contributed to patients’ deaths.

Because they recomended to wrap them in warm clothing and not give them anything to drink. (Nor eat, but the drink part is more important here.). 

Which is exact oposite of how we recommend to treat severe dehydration, by giving person plenty of fluids and by keeping them cool.

That might have been why the disease was so deadly in England. 

Wrong treatment!

Idk if cooking of the organs could explain why Arthur’s stomach was collapsing inwards. If you cook meat, it shrinks a bit...so maybe his organs shrunk? But true to be told it could be something else disease did to his organs, creating same effect on outside. While yes, that can also happen during cancer, it would still be impossible for cancer to become contagious and for Arthur’s spouse to catch it. So I am standing behind my statement that it is utter nonsense. 

Mr Wollert also mentions that sweating crisis when person is very weak could last 3-14 days(not hours). I believe he is not saying that is how long one would be severely sick, but how long it took for symtoms to go away. 

(Though I can be mistaken.)

(With flu also you have several days where you feel really sick and then few days, when you’re still bit sick but don’t feel like dying-i believe he means this stage, and then if your disease was bad case, you can still feel weak even after this.)

However the disease could kill you as quickly as in couple of hours, or in just few days(which was case in Arthur.)

Another very important trait of Sweating Sickness was that you could get it more than once! Living through it, didn’t give you imunity to it!

Also, some people even after they survived could suffer long-term consequences. 

That thankfully wasn’t the case with Catherine. But after Arthur died Catherine spent weeks recovering. She probably wasn’t still well when Henry VII started to inquire if she was with child or not. Hence her not being to able to tell him outright, that there was no hope of a child. 

When she was well enough to join the court, negotiations for match with new prince of Wales have already started. 

I hope you have enjoyed it. Please be polite in comments or rebloging.

Update: As I said before people later testified stating Arthur was sick. Either that at beginning of marriage or upon coming to Ludlow he supposedly became sick.

Majority of these were former or current members of Catherine’s household or people who met them-claiming they heard them say something.

+ some English people also voiced something of the sort around same time.

Two problems I have with these reports:

A)They appeared during Great Matter. During that time, truth didn’t matter that much to either side. It’s time of half-truths, half-lies. 50% of truth and you don’t know which 50%. 

B)Some of these are not even from  primary source(person who was there), but secondary. They heard it from somebody. Or claim to heard it. 

Hearsay is not very credible! 

I am not sure because it has been long since I read up upon this stuff, but I vaguely recall that Catherine’s former physican was dead during Great Matter and instead of him testifying, somebody who met him testified instead. Hence that 2nd person could completely be making stuff up.

(But perhaps my recall is wrong. I am human I do mistakes.)

The primary person was dead already. And it gets misquoted, as if that person himself testified.

I’d  also very much caution against using Suffolk as credible source for Arthur being sick since February. Because credibility of Suffolk is imo 0. He was overall very immoral person and very ambitious. Look up his first marriages, and how he tried to make Margaret of Austria to marry him! How he swore to not marry Mary Rose, and then he did it anyway!

He was exact oposite of honourable and trust-worthy!

That he wouldn’t have reason to lie because he was king’s friend? 

He was married to King’s sister, younger sister true, but if King didn’t have a son and wasn’t allowed to remarry, then perhaps English lords could be persuaded to reject Margaret and her Scottish son, in favour of Suffolk and his wife!

He was certainly ambitious enough for me to believe he’d lie for the throne!

It could also be the case that Arthur caught something very minor during late winter 1502, and while still not 100% recovered, he was unfortunate enough to catch Sweating Sickness, which then killed him. And later people overexagerated his minor sickness to give their version of story more credibility.

Still I believe Queen Catherine was telling the truth. People around her just had tendency to embelish the story beyond recognition.

#catherine of aragon #sweating sickness #prince arthur #arthur tudor #Tudor History

[thdilettante]

the dilettante, earl of allington and, in some people's view, the concubine's wastrel

penned by velvet for @bloodydayshq

BULLETPOINTS:

name: thomas wyatt age/dob: fifty-five / 12th september 1503 status/rank: earl of allington country of origin: england place of birth: allington castle, kent birth order: second mother & father: sir henry wyatt ✟ & lady anne skinner ✟ siblings: henry wyatt (premature) ✟, margaret lee (nee wyatt) ✟ sexuality: heterosexual? horoscope: virgo virtues: passionate, sympathetic, eloquent vices: disloyal, over-imaginative, perverse martial status: married to dowager queen anne boleyn issue: thomas wyatt the younger (1521-1554) ✟ henry darrell ✟ francis darrell, edward darrell ✟ alliance(s): the tudors, the boleyns adversaries: not many, tbh

TIMELINE:

1503 — born at Allington Castle, Kent 1508 —Margaret Wyatt is born 1515 — made "Sewer Extraordinary" at Henry VIII's court 1516 — attended St John's College, Cambridge 1518 — graduated with a Bachelor's degree 1520 — married Elizabeth Brooke, the daughter of Thomas Brooke 8th Baron Cobham & Dorothy Heydon 1521 — his son, Thomas Wyatt, is born at Allington Castle 1524 — made an ambassador and Keeper of the King's Jewels whilst publishing his poetry, his sister Margaret marries Sir Anthony Lee 1525 — Wyatt meets Anne Boleyn at Hever Castle, before going on a Spanish meeting. Upon his return he takes part in the Christmas Tournament at Greenwich, his mother dies at the end of the year 1526 — accompanies Sir John Russell, Earl of Bedford, to Rome to petition for the divorce of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, before being sent to negotiate with the Republic of Venice 1527 — is captured by the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Charles V in whilst in Rome, alongside the Pope before managing a valiant escape back to England in the same year 1528 — made High Marshal of Calais for his bravery 1530 — given leave of Calais 1532 — is a member of the party that accompanies King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn to Calais 1533 — attends Boleyn's coronation 1535 — knighted by the King 1536 — created High Sheriff of Kent before being arrested and held in the tower for a few months of suspected adultery, though he is later released when Boleyn's own warrant is overturned 1537 — takes a former maid of honour to Catherine of Aragon as his formal mistress, her name is Elizabeth Darrell and in the same year they have a son called Henry who dies some months after his birth 1538 — He is given a post of English Ambassador to the court of Charles V, HRE. 1540 — granted the site of Boxley Abbey which had been dissolved in 1537, Darrel gives birth to a third son, Edward 1541 — Elected Member of Parliament for Kent, before being arrested on charge of treason after being rude to the King and dealing with Reginald Pole, is later released due to the interference of Anne Boleyn, Darrell gives birth to a second son, Francis who takes his mother's name 1544 —Darrell gives birth to Edward, who only survives a few months 1549 — Certayne Psalmes, 7 palms by Wyatt is published, 1556 — Elizabeth Darrell dies in Dorset 1557 — Songes and Sonnettes, a collection of 96 songs is published, and he is made Earl of Allington 1559 — marriage between himself and Anne Boleyn is arranged

BIOGRAPHY

A polymath in a number of skills, Thomas Wyatt (the poet) was always a wonder in a flock of English men. His story is long and detailed, with many complex sudden turns that lead the man into worlds previously unknown. From a family originally from the wilds of Yorkshire that were quickly named black sheeps after their deflection to the Lancastrian side in the War of the Roses, Thomas Wyatt was meant to be unsuspecting, to be normal. 

Henry Wyatt, who had been earlier imprisoned and tortured by Rihard III, had been a Privy Councillor of Henry VII and remained a trusted adviser when Henry VIII ascended to the throne in 1509. Married to Anne Skinner, the daughter of John Skinner of Surrey, they welcomed Thomas in 1503 but were cursed with a stillborn son only a few years later, a sadness that plagued the family until the birth of their last child, Margaret. Whilst his childhood was peaceful at best, he nurtured an artistic personality. He’d often brood over life’s most important questions, swoon over the ladies in his life and spent many hours taken to his bed writing poems that would be the starting point of what was to become his published works.

It was at thirteen years old when everything changed for the young lad, whilst following his father to the court of Henry VIII, he caught the eye of many courtiers with his love for the arts, leading the King to bestow upon Thomas the role of a “Sewer Extraordinary”, which meant he waited the King’s table. Court itself influenced the boy to adopt a way of speaking that frequented the royal household and ultimately left him to observe the many goings on of romance, foreign ambassadors and the ladies in waiting who very obviously caught his eye. He remained there until 1518, where he was enrolled into a prestigious Cambridge University. Though school was a good and fulfilling experience, Thomas often yearned for what was to come - for the glory of court and the King who seemed benevolent and a master one would do anything for. But it was there, in the final years of his Bachelor’s degree ,that Thomas fell hopelessly in love with Elizabeth Brooke, the daughter of Baron Cobham, Thomas Brooke, and Dorothy Heydon, daughter of Sir Henry Heydon.

This so-called love soon manifested itself into spite once the usual honeymoon phase burnt itself out. By the time Thomas grew bored with his wife, Elizabeth had given him a son named after his father - but that was not to fix the marriage. With both partners growing dispatched, especially with Thomas’ new position at court as a diplomatic ambassador for England, they both fell into the realm of adultery. Both furiously unhappy, they two separated from one another on the grounds of adultery, leaving them scandalised but not unsuccessful. Where his career triumphed, she remarried and had her second set of sons, but she mostly cared for her firstborn, leaving the first Thomas separated from his firstborn son. 

Whilst travelling Europe with a keen eye, he divulged himself with poetry, art and music. INfluenced by Italian, Spanish and German couplets, Thomas would send work back to the King and his court for evaluation and eventual praise. Nurturing a love for various stanza forms (rondeau, epigrams, terza rima & ottava rima), Thomas’ fame grew steadily along with his various conquests. Whilst he wrote poems for many women he admired, none stuck so heavily as the one that fell on Anne Boleyn’s doorstep. 

And now I follow the

 coals that be quent,

From Dover to Calais 

against my mind. 

//

Graven in diamonds with letters plain,

There is written her fair neck round about, 

“Noli me tangere [Do not touch me], Caesar’s, I am.” 

It was this poem that the Seymour Loyalists strove to use against Thomas Wyatt and Anne Boleyn, and which caused his first bout in the Tower of London for a mere few months by lay of Thomas Cromwell and Boleyn herself. Released without charge, Thomas sought life by the horns, writing many poems that strung on heartstrings - eventually finding peace in the arms of Elizabeth Darrell, who was Catherine of Aragon’s former maid of honour. This love affair, still strained by adultery, resulted in three illegitimate sons and finally forced Thomas to finalize a divorce with the help of the King between himself and his first wife. 

Many things occurred between these times set in stone including hostage situations, audiences with the Pope and many, many women due to his youthful complexion. But time had done its work on Thomas Wyatt, who was once the most handsome of his kind. By 1549, after the death of Elizabeth Darrell and finally of Elizabeth Brooke, Thomas Wyatt returned to court revigorated with a new lease of life. For ten years he continued on with spirit, offering discourse to the aging king and then to the son upon the succession as a gilded Earl. But, mostly, he found himself tied amongst the old love of the ever-bewitching Anne Boleyn, and though he would've been quite happy to ponder his years among the great splendour of court, he found himself suddenly intertwined into a marriage once thought untouched or unthought off. Anne was his, but at what cost? Now a step-father to the King and the Princess, Thomas finds himself both safe and entirely at sea.

#bd.intro

[pritheeee]

Leonardo da Vinci: The Renaissance Man

(April 15, 1452 in Florence, Italy - May 2, 1519 in Château du Clos Lucé, Amboise, France)

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, in short- Leonardo da Vinci, was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance. He is best known as the famous artist who painted the ‘Mona Lisa’, which has hung in the Louvre gallery in Paris for over 200 years. However he wasn’t just a great painter. Da Vinci was also a sculptor, an architect, a poet, a composer, a scientist, a mathematician, an engineer and an inventor. He was a genius and perhaps one of the most remarkable men that has ever lived.

A brief convenient timeline:

5 interesting facts:

➻ His surname Da Vinci simply means ‘of Vinci’, a Tuscan village not far from Florence, which is where his father’s family took their name.

➻ He was a huge animal lover. He even chose to be a vegetarian, something that was very unusual in those days. He was said to buy animals from the market just so he could set them free from their cages.

➻ He was left handed. But as well as using his left hand to write, he wrote back to front, from right to left across the page which meant that, for many years, people were unable to understand his notes. This ‘mirror writing’ led people to believe that Da Vinci wanted to keep his ideas secret and to himself. Moreover, he could use both his right hand and left hand equally well, and at the same time.

➻ He was undoubtedly ahead of his time, with incredibly forward-thinking ideas and discoveries. Da Vinci was the brains behind the bicycle, the aero plane, the helicopter and the parachute  – amazingly he drew designs for all these machines about 500 years before its time. He was the first person who explained why the sky is blue.

➻ Leonardo is commonly known as the ‘Renaissance man’. Renaissance is actually a French word meaning ‘rebirth’ and it describes the time in history which began in Italy in the 14th century. The Renaissance lasted till the 17th Century. The Renaissance was a time for new thinking and a theme of the era was the belief that man was the center of his own universe. People were encouraged to experiment, observe, and question any and all things. But by the term ‘Renaissance man’, what is actually depicted is that- a well-rounded individual, gifted and skilled in many different areas; a polymath. The terminology is after Leonardo da Vinci, the quintessential example of a it and then have been honorably assigned to later great individuals.

Some of his notable works:

“Mona Lisa”- 1503, “The Last Supper”- 1498, “Vitruvian Man”- 1490, “Virgin of the Rocks”- 1483–1486, “Salvator Mundi”- 1500, and “La Scapigliata”- 1508 (unfinished).

#da vinci #mona lisa #vitruvian man #the last supper #artistic #paint #polymath #renaissance #art #traditional art #history #leonardo #leonardo da vinci #france

[meme-sauce]

I want to kill people who say “the Mona Lisa is just a painting.”

I think what they MEAN is “the Mona Lisa is just a portrait.” Yes, it’s “small” (relatively), yes, seeing it in person is crowded but listen. there is a reason for the hype.

We’re so used to photo realism nowadays - why bother painting a reflection of reality when A. A lot of humanity has an escapist viewpoint at this point in time, and B. We have photos and AI and movies, who needs it? But. I love portraits. There’s something so unique and human about being able to capture an essence. Even when going for as life like as possible, art of this type reflects on only on the artists skills, but also how they see the world.

And god. This was a slice of someone’s life. This was an attempt from someone, who never could have imagined photography or AI, attempting to capture in perfect detail what they saw. This is was a person, sitting for hours on end and coming in at 6 am because that’s when the light was just right.

The Mona Lisa was painted from 1503-1519. Da Vinci died in 1519, which effectively finalized the painting, but even then, I doubt he ever declared it as TRUELY “finished.” Da Vinci carried this painting for years, trying to get it just right. This portrait is, if nothing else, a testament to man’s dedication to craft.

Yes, it’s a beautiful piece of art. Yes, you will see many beautiful pieces of art in the louvre. Some will be bigger, some you will like more, some will be more realistic or have a better design composition. But this painting lasts because you can see the love poured into every inch of it.

The way her skin glows, the flow of the clothe of her dress, the expression, the brush strokes, the colors in the background. It was poured over meticulously, in a way that Da Vinci is, in my opinion, notorious for.

This painting was loved in its life time. That is what makes it so persisting in ours. Not technique or how “good” you think it is. Someone loved this painting with their whole heart, so how can I not when I look at it!

#feeling emotional about art #my posts #art stuff

[jadedaceofspades]

So I was going to reblog this post with a response:

But the OP had turned off reblogs AND replies...

Like, I'm sorry, but this is a very shitty take. The only people I feel bad for are the families of these people {because they didn't sign up for it} and the people who died on the Titanic because these people just HAVE to desecrate a fucking grave because they think they can. Yes, the Titanic shipwreck is a gravesite. This is the site where 1503 lost their lives on a ship that was deemed totally safe and "unsinkable."

This situation reminds me of Otto Warmbier, an American who was sentenced to prison in North Korea for subversion and was subjected to torture and the ilk and was ONLY granted to be able to go home to the states because he suffered a brain injury and he died 6 days later. He made the decision to go to a place where you KNOW bad shit happens. You're running that risk when people have told you not to go do it because bad shit can and will happen.

Yeah, they are people, but the word you are looking for, Willow, is sympathy and these people will get none from me, just like Otto didn't get it from me and many others, as well. These entitled people need to learn the word "No".

[oderintdummetuant]

Catherine Auditore de Monteriggioni

File Note: No Image Available upon writing

Catherine Auditore (Born 14 April 1458) was a member of the Auditore house and cousin of Ezio Auditore. Born to nobleman Mario Auditore and an unknown spouse, she grew up in the Villa Auditore, spending her time learning about the finer womanly duties (running a household, managing finances, sewing and needlework) while also being subtly taught the ways of the Assassins.

At the age of 18, she learned about her heritage, and struck out, with the help of her cousin to bring revenge to those who killed her uncle and cousins. This lead to the death of her father, Mario, at the hands of Cesare Borgia.

After her father's death, she stayed for a time in Rome, where she helped "liberate" the city from the influence of the Borgia family, and became the right hand to her cousin when he became the Mentor of the Italian Brotherhood in 1503. Numerous texts from the time indicate that she had his full confidence, and even helped train new recruits. Whether or not that is the truth remains to be seen by Abstergo.

After her cousin left for the Byzantine Empire in search of Masyaf Castle in 1513, she took over as Mentor herself for a short time before passing the title over to a cousin named Claudia. Records indicate that Catherine was Mentor from 1513 to 1523. There is a record of a unnamed spouse and children ranging from 1514 to 1519, although we have been unable to find records of names or birthdates for any of these people.

She died in Rome on 19 May 1536 at 78 years old.

#to all things-a violence; catherine auditore ic

[daniela--anna]

“What an admirable symmetry of the world and what a sure harmonious connection between the movement and the size of the orbits.

This factory of the Excellent and Maximum Artificer is certainly so divine!”

Nicolaus Copernicus

Defined as

"the man who moved the earth"

Thanks to his scientific studies, Copernicus managed to mathematically demonstrate the biblical truth according to which the earth rotates around the sun and not vice versa.

His discoveries exposed the narrow-minded and bigoted falsehoods promoted by the church and paved the way for a new era.

🖼️ In the picture:

Nicolaus Copernicus (Torun, February 19, 1473 - Frombork, May 24, 1543).

Copernicus was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and religious;

graduated in canon law at the University of Ferrara in 1503, he is famous for having advocated, defended and finally definitively promoted the evidence of the heliocentric system against the geocentric system supported up to then in Europe.

His courageous defense of the truth helped to restore luster and credibility to the Holy Scriptures which, especially in that historical period, were kept hidden and deliberately misinterpreted to keep the peoples prisoners of ignorance.

Copernicus together with other sincere and God-fearing scholars brought to light many biblical truths hitherto hidden by the aforementioned apostasy, of which the main culprit was Christianity itself.

📚 For an interesting insight see the article:

"The Man Who "Moved the Earth"

available free online

📌

https://wol.jw.org/it/wol/d/r6/lp-i/102005522

“Quale ammirevole simmetria del mondo e che sicuro nesso armonico tra il movimento e la grandezza delle orbite. Tanto divina è per certo questa fabbrica dell'Ottimo e Massimo Artefice!”

Niccolò Copernico

Definito come

"l'uomo che fece muovere la terra"

Copernico grazie ai suoi studi scientifici, riuscì a dimostrare matematicamente la verità biblica secondo cui la terra ruota intorno al sole e non viceversa.

Le sue scoperte smascherarono le ottuse e bigotte falsità promosse dalla chiesa e aprirono la strada verso una nuova era.

🖼️ Nell'immagine:

Niccolò Copernico (Toruń, 19 febbraio 1473 – Frombork, 24 maggio 1543).

Copernico è stato un astronomo, matematico e religioso polacco; laureato in diritto canonico presso l'Università degli Studi di Ferrara nel 1503, è famoso per avere propugnato, difeso e alla fine definitivamente promosso l'evidenza del sistema eliocentrico contro il sistema geocentrico fino ad allora sostenuto in Europa.

La sua coraggiosa difesa della verità, contribuì a ridare lustro e credibilità alle Sacre Scritture che soprattutto in quel periodo storico, venivano tenute nascoste e volutamente male interpretate per tenere i popoli prigionieri dell'ignoranza.

Copernico insieme ad altri studiosi sinceri e timorati di Dio, portarono alla luce molte verità bibliche fino ad allora occultate dalla predetta apostasia, di cui la principale colpevole fu proprio la cristianità.

📚Per un interessante approfondimento vedere l'articolo:

"L’uomo che “fece muovere la Terra”

disponibile gratuitamente online

📌

[descaslibrary]

In 1842-1853, Burton who was stationed in India, became a proficient speaker of Hindustani, Gujarati, Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki and Marathi as well as Persian and Arabic. Circa 1849-1850, Burton was in Persian disguised as Mirza Abdullah the Bushri (slide 4). India was not the last stop for Burton. He also traveled to the Middle East and some parts of Africa. Burton also had a journey to Mecca and Medina in 1853 and disguised as Haji Abdullah there (slide 5). Mind you that Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the Hajj. Ludovico di Varthema did this in 1503 and Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1815. However, his pilgrimage is the most famous and the best documented of the time. Then comes Iliya Troyanov, a Bulgarian writer (Илия Троянов) who portrays Burton in his novel: the Collector of Words. As aforementioned in the previous post, Troyanov portrays Burton from the eyes of the people around him: Naukaram (an Indian servant), the Ottoman governor of Hijaz and the former African slave who guides Burton to Lake Tanganyika. While in reality, Burton did have an Indian servant named Nūr who travelled with him through Alexandria in April, then Cairo in May, where he stayed in June during Ramadan, 1853. So, Nūr prolly becomes Naukaram in Troyanov's novel. Lol! Anyway, my highlight of the book is only the tone of the novel. The tone is flat and it only focuses on descriptions which after a while tend to be so monotone. Yet Troyanov is brilliant in decribing the scenes and I praise him for that. I feel like I was dragged into Burton adventures from East Indies to Africa. The description of places, people, and culture are just beautiful. It's prolly because Troyanov was inspired by the biography and travel writings of Richard Francis Burton. He even followed Burton's traces to places in present-day India, Saudi-Arabia or Tanzania. A quick reading and okay for a plane trip. PS: have you ever read any of Burton's? Des ✨ (at Krung Thep Maha Nakhon กรุงเทพมหานคร) https://www.instagram.com/p/CaXRSu0PZsj/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[angelkarafilli]

Remembering the Titanic... Infamous for hitting an iceberg and sinking on the morning of 15 April 1912, the Titanic was a tragic disaster in which 1,503 people lost their lives.

#Titanic #iceberg #disaster #ship #15 April 1912 #1912 #tragic disaster #1503 people died #history

[african-art-ny]

Anacaona

Anacaona (1474 (?)-1504), or Golden Flower, was a Taíno cacica, or female cacique (chief), religious expert, poet and composer born in Xaragua. Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Ayiti or Quisqueya to the Taínos (the Spaniards named it La Española, i.e., Hispaniola — now known as the Dominican Republic and Haiti, Haití in Spanish) was divided into five kingdoms, i.e., Xaragua, Maguana, Higüey, Maguá and Marién. Anacaona was born into a family of caciques. She was the sister of Bohechío, the ruler of Xaragua.

She succeeded Bohechío as cacica after his death. Under Anacaona's rule, the Spanish settlers and the Taínos of Xaragua coexisted and intermarried.

In 1503, Nicolás Ovando, the governor of the island, visited Xaragua. He suspected an insurrection was brewing among the Taíno chiefs, including Anacaona, presently in the kingdom. Ovando gave the order for the caciques to be captured and burned. Anacaona was hanged.

Early life and family

Anacaona was born in Yaguana (present day Léogâne, Haiti), the capital of Little Spain, in 1474 (?). Her name was derived from the Taíno words ana, meaning 'flower', and caona, meaning 'gold, golden.'

Anacaona's brother Bohechío was a local chieftain. He extended his rule in 1475 to include all territories west of Xaragua. Through consolidation of his influence and power, Bohechío married Anacaona to Caonabo, cacique of Maguana. Together they had one daughter, Higüemota.

In 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived in the kingdom of Marién (Northern Haiti), in search of a direct route to the Indies (India). Upon arrival, he was greeted by the Tainos, who were much smaller in stature compared to the Spaniards. Columbus was gifted with gold, corn and other items. In 1493, the Spanish Crown established a colony whose sole purpose was to excavate for gold and other precious metals. With the establishment of the new colony, the Taíno were kidnapped and enslaved to satisfy the needs of the Crown (many Taíno women were raped and those Taínos who resisted the Spaniards were murdered).

In 1493, Caonabo was arrested for ordering the destruction of La Navidad (a Spanish colony in the northwestern part of the island) and its people. He was shipped to Spain and died in a shipwreck during the journey. When Caonabo was captured, Anacaona returned to Xaragua and served as an advisor to Bohechío.

In 1498, Bohechío was confronted by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus and founder of the city of Santo Domingo, who arrived in Xaragua with his troops to subdue Bohechío and conquer his territory. The purpose of the Spaniards in so doing was to acquire gold. With his power weakened, Bohechío, advised by Anacaona, decided to recognize the sovereignty of the Catholic Monarchs. Instead of fighting, he committed himself to paying the tribute levied by the Spaniards with products such as cotton, bread, corn and fish.

After Bohechío's death in 1500, Anacaona ruled as cacica until her execution in 1503.

Arrest and death

Anacaona, as a poet and composer, is accordingly memorialized in contemporary art and literature across the Caribbean region. A statue commemorating her legacy is in Léogâne, Haiti. Currently, the tallest building in the Caribbean, Torre Anacaona 27, is named after her. The song Anacaona, lead vocals by Cheo Feliciano, popularizes her story.

In the fall of 1503, Governor Nicolás Ovando and his party of 300 traveled on foot to Xaragua. They were received in a lavish ceremony by Anacaona, her nobles, and several Taíno chiefs.

While the Taíno presented the reception as a gesture of welcome, the Spanish saw it as being an elaborate distraction.[6][8] Ovando's party was under the impression that Anacaona and the Taíno chiefs present at the reception were planning an insurrection. Ovando lured the chiefs into a caney (large hut) for a Spanish tournament and gave the signal for the Spaniards to seize and bind the caciques. They were burned in the caney while other Taínos of lower rank were slaughtered outside. Anacaona was hanged.

According to historian Troy S. Floyd, the accuracy of the accounts of this event remain uncertain for many reasons. For one, even though the separate accounts made it seem as though it was a perfectly segregated fight along racial lines, the two groups had coexisted and intermarried for six years prior. As such, there was a history of harmonious relations between the two races. For another, it is unclear why the Spaniards would lure the Taínos into a trap. Additionally, fifty Spaniards were killed; this is a high number of casualties considering that the Europeans deployed superior military technology. Finally, the Xaragua caciques were respected as some of the most intelligent on the island and it is unlikely that they could be lured into a hut if they were planning their own revolt.

According to Sir Arthur Help's book The Spanish Conquest in America (1855), Nicolás Ovando renamed the place where Anacaona was murdered “The City of True Peace” (La Villa de la Vera Paz), "...in honor of his recent triumph". The arms assigned to the city were "...a rainbow and a cross, with a dove bearing the olive branch!".

Legacy and influence

Literature

The Royal Diaries series, Anacaona: Golden Flower, Haiti, 1490 by Edwidge Danticat[12]

Anacaona, la Reine Taino d'Ayiti by Maryse N. Roumain, PhD.[13]

Music

"Anacaona", by Ansy and Yole Dérose [14]

"Anacaona", composed by Tite Curet Alonso[citation needed]

"Anacaona", by Irka Mateo[citation needed]

"Anacaona", sung by Cheo Feliciano[15]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacaona

📷

The five cacicazgos (chiefdoms) of Hispaniola at the time of Christopher Columbus's arrival

Anacaona

Born 1474

Yaguana, Jaragua, Hispaniola (present-day Léogâne, Haiti)

Died c. 1504

Hispaniola

Spouse Caonabo

Occupation Cacique

Massacre of the queen and her subjects, by Joos van Winghe, published in 1598 in the Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias written by Bartolomé de las Casas.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Taíno:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno

The Taíno were an indigenous people of the Caribbean. At the time of European contact in the late fifteenth century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of what is now Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, and the northern Lesser Antilles. The Taíno were the first New World peoples encountered by Christopher Columbus during his 1492 voyage. They spoke the Taíno language, a division of the Arawakan language group. Many Puerto Ricans, Cubans and Dominicans have Taíno mtDNA, showing they are descendants through the direct female lines.

Some groups of people currently identify as Taíno, most notably among Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Cubans, both on the Caribbean islands themselves and on the United States mainland.[6][failed verification] Some scholars, such as Jalil Sued Badillo, an ethnohistorian at the University of Puerto Rico, assert that although the official Spanish histories speak of the disappearance of the Taíno as an ethnic identification, many survivors left descendants – usually by intermarrying with other ethnic groups. Recent research[by whom?] reveals a high percentage of mixed ancestry in the populations of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.

The ancestors of the Taíno originated on the South American continent. The Taíno culture as documented developed on the Caribbean islands. Taíno groups came into conflict with the Island Caribs of the southern Lesser Antilles. At the time of European contact, the Taíno were divided into several groups. Western Taíno groups included the Lucayan of the Bahamas, the Ciboney of central Cuba, and the inhabitants of Jamaica. The Classic Taíno lived in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, while the Eastern Taíno lived in the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles.

At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, there were five Taíno chiefdoms in Hispaniola, each led by a principal cacique (chief), to whom tribute was paid. The Taíno name for Hispaniola was Ayiti ("land of high mountains"), which was the source of the name Haiti, the independent republic established by slaves and free people of color on the island after becoming independent from France in a violent revolution. Cuba was divided into 29 chiefdoms. Their names were the origin of numerous modern cities, such as Havana, Batabanó, Camagüey, Jarabacoa, Baracoa, and Bayamo. Taíno communities ranged from small settlements to larger centers of up to 3,000 people. They may have numbered in total 2 million at the time of contact, and almost 3 million at the end of the 15th century. The figures are debated, and a 2020 genetic analysis estimated the population of Hispaniola at the time to be no more than a few tens of thousands of people.

Columbus was surprised by the civility of the Taíno people. He said, "They will give all that they do possess for anything that is given to them, exchanging things even for bits of broken crockery," he noted upon meeting them in the Bahamas in 1492. "They were very well built, with very handsome bodies and very good faces.... They do not carry arms or know them.... They should be good servants."

The Spanish conquered various Taíno chiefdoms during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. According to The Black Legend and some contemporary scholars such as Andrés Reséndez, warfare and harsh enslavement by the colonists decimated the population. Men were forced to work on colonial plantations and gold mines[where?], as a result, there were no Taíno left to cultivate their own crops and feed their population. Since the late 20th century, most scholars believe that infectious diseases that had long been endemic among the Europeans from the Old World caused the majority of deaths, as these were new to the Native Americans and they had no acquired immunity to them. They suffered very high mortality from the new diseases. For instance, a smallpox epidemic in Hispaniola in 1518–1519 killed almost 90% of the surviving Taíno.

The remaining Taíno intermarried with Europeans and Africans, and became incorporated into the Spanish colonies. The Taíno were considered extinct as a people at the end of the century. But, since about 1840, activists have worked to create a quasi-indigenous Taíno identity in rural areas of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. In the 1960s this trend accelerated among Puerto Rican communities in the mainland United States, at a time of rising activism by African Americans and Native Americans of mainland tribes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno

#Anacaona #Taíno