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polixy · 4 years

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U.S. Millennials tend to have favorable views of foreign countries and institutions – even as they age

U.S. Millennials tend to have favorable views of foreign countries and institutions – even as they age;

Younger people in the United States often have more positive views of foreign countries and institutions than their elders, according to Pew Research Center surveys. But do these attitudes persist as generations age? Results of a new analysis indicate that even as they grow older, younger generations tend to be more internationally oriented, more favorably disposed to groups, leaders and countries beyond their border, and less likely to see the U.S. as exceptional.

Below are five key facts about how different generations of Americans see the world.

Pew Research Center has a long history of conducting generational analyses. For this post, we analyzed differences in how American generations view the world. Respondents were assigned to a generation using their year of birth; those born 1981 to 1996 are Millennials, those born 1965 to 1980 are part of Generation X, those born 1946 to 1964 are Baby Boomers and those born 1928 to 1945 are part of the Silent Generation. We only analyze a generation if we have a sample of at least 100 people in that generation, and we never analyze Millennials prior to 2007 to ensure we are capturing a full cross-section of a given generation. Due to low sample size, we do not analyze Generation Z (those born after 1996) at all in this post, and we do not analyze the Silent Generation surveyed in 2020.

Data for this report is drawn from nationally representative phone surveys conducted over time, dating back to 2004. More information on the most recent survey – conducted March 3 to 29, 2020, among 1,000 U.S. adults – can be found here. The questions in this report build on our history of tracking Americans’ attitudes about international countries, institutions and leaders, as well as about their views of their country’s role in the world. The full text of the survey questions and their answers can be found here.

1Opinion of China has fallen across most generations – but younger adults remain more positive than others. Across generations, only minorities today say they have a favorable view of China – down substantially since the question was first asked in 2005. But Millennials (32%) see the country in a more positive light than do Gen Xers (23%) or Boomers (21%).

While opinion of Chinese President Xi Jinping largely followed these patterns when he first took office – with younger generations expressing more confidence in him than older ones – today, there are few differences across age groups. For example, in 2014, Millennials were much more likely than Baby Boomers to have confidence in Xi (34% vs. 24%, respectively). Today, only around one-in-five in each generation say the same.

2Views of Russia are also down across generations, but younger Americans remain somewhat more positive. Over the last decade or so, the share of Americans who hold a favorable view of Russia has been halved, dropping from 44% in 2007 to 22% today. The decline in support for Russia is sharpest among Boomers: While 45% initially saw Russia favorably more than 10 years ago, only 14% say the same today. Millennial attitudes, too, have turned more negative – falling from 52% favorable in 2007 to 25% in 2020 – but they remain relatively more favorable toward Russia than most older cohorts (though similar to the 23% of Gen Xers who have a favorable opinion of the country).

3Younger generations tend to be more favorable toward international organizations. Millennials are at least 10 percentage points more favorable toward the United Nations than are Gen Xers or Boomers. Opinions of the multilateral organization have largely fluctuated in tandem since the question was first asked in 2004.

The same patterns are largely true for views of the European Union. In 2020, 63% of Millennials have favorable views of the EU, compared with around half or more of Gen Xers (50%) and Boomers (51%). And, while opinions across generations have moved in concert since 2002, Millennials have consistently been among the most positive toward the Brussels-based organization.

Views of NATO are similar. Prior to 2016, there was a great deal of agreement across generations, with four-in-ten or more of every generation holding a favorable view of the treaty organization. But, since then, Millennials’ opinion of the group has increased to 60%, while only around half of other generations continue to say the same (53% of both Gen Xers and Boomers view NATO favorably, as did 49% of the Silent Generation in 2019).

4Older generations of Americans are more likely to see their country as exceptional. This is the case when it comes to whether people think the United States stands above all other countries in the world; that it is one of the greatest countries, along with others; or that other countries are better than the U.S. Around four-in-ten Boomers or Silent Generation members say the U.S. stands above all other countries in the world, while only around a quarter or fewer of Gen Xers (26%) and Millennials (22%) say the same.

For much of the past decade, these patterns have held relatively steady, with people in the Silent Generation around twice as likely as Millennials to see America standing above other countries.

5Older generations are more likely to see the U.S. as the world’s leading economy. In 2008, generations differed little in their assessments of which country was the world’s leading economic power – the U.S., China, countries in the EU or Japan. But, particularly since 2016, generational gaps have emerged. Now, Gen Xers are more likely than Millennials to say the U.S. is the world’s leading economy (66% vs. 51%, respectively).

Among Millennials, the sense that China is the leading economy has also grown substantially, from 28% who named the country in 2008 to 39% who say the same today.

Note: Here are the questions used for this report, along with responses.

Christine Huang is a research analyst focusing on global attitudes at Pew Research Center.

Laura Silver is a senior researcher focusing on global research at Pew Research Center.

; Blog (Fact Tank) – Pew Research Center; https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/07/08/u-s-millennials-tend-to-have-favorable-views-of-foreign-countries-and-institutions-even-as-they-age/; https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/FT-20.07.08_GenerationsGlobal_feature.png; July 8, 2020 at 02:14PM

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timeless-hollywood-classics · 4 years

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Mickey Rooney (born Ninnian Joseph Yule Jr.; September 23, 1920 – April 6, 2014) was an American actor, vaudevillian, comedian, producer and radio personality. In a career spanning nine decades and continuing until shortly before his death, he appeared in more than 300 films and was among the last surviving stars of the silent-film era.

At the height of a career that was marked by declines and comebacks, Rooney performed the role of Andy Hardy in a series of 16 films in the 1930's and 1940's that epitomized American family values. A versatile performer, he became a celebrated character actor later in his career. Laurence Olivier once said he considered Rooney "the best there has ever been". Clarence Brown, who directed him in two of his earliest dramatic roles, National Velvet and The Human Comedy, said he was "the closest thing to a genius I ever worked with".

Rooney first performed in vaudeville as a child and made his film debut at the age of six. At 14, he played Puck in the play and later the 1935 film adaptation of A Midsummer Night's Dream. Critic David Thomson hailed his performance as "one of the cinema's most arresting pieces of magic". In 1938, he co-starred in Boys Town. At 18, he was the first teenager to be nominated for an Oscar for his leading role in Babes in Arms, and he was awarded a special Academy Juvenile Award in 1939.[4] At the peak of his career between the ages of 15 and 25, he made 43 films, which made him one of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's most consistently successful actors and a favorite of MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer.

Rooney was the top box-office attraction from 1939 to 1941 and one of the best-paid actors of that era, but his career would never again rise to such heights. Drafted into the Army during World War II, he served nearly two years entertaining over two million troops on stage and radio and was awarded a Bronze Star for performing in combat zones. Returning from the war in 1945, he was too old for juvenile roles but too short to be an adult movie star, and was unable to get as many starring roles although there are numerous inexpensively made but critically well-received films noir with Rooney playing the lead during the post-war period and 1950s. Nevertheless, Rooney's popularity was renewed with well-received supporting roles in films such as Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961) with Audrey Hepburn, Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962) with Anthony Quinn and Jackie Gleason, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), and The Black Stallion (1979). In the early 1980s, he returned to Broadway in Sugar Babies and again became a celebrated star. Rooney made hundreds of appearances on TV, including dramas, variety programs, and talk shows, and won an Emmy in 1982 plus a Golden Globe for his role in Bill (1981).

Rooney was born Ninnian Joseph Yule Jr. on September 23, 1920 in Brooklyn, New York, the only child of vaudevillians Nellie W. Carter, from Kansas City, Missouri and Joe Yule, a native of Glasgow, Scotland. His mother was a former chorus girl and a burlesque performer. When Rooney was born, his parents were appearing in a Brooklyn production of A Gaiety Girl. Rooney later recounted in his memoirs that he began performing at the age of 17 months as part of his parents' routine, wearing a specially tailored tuxedo.

Rooney's parents separated when he was four years old in 1924, and he and his mother moved to Hollywood the following year from Greenpoint, Brooklyn. He made his first film appearance at age six in 1926, in the short Not to be Trusted. Rooney got bit parts in films such as The Beast of the City (1932) and The Life of Jimmy Dolan (1933), which allowed him to work alongside stars such as Joel McCrea, Colleen Moore, Clark Gable, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., John Wayne and Jean Harlow. He enrolled in the Hollywood Professional School and later attended Hollywood High School, graduating in 1938.

His mother saw an advertisement for a child to play the role of "Mickey McGuire" in a series of short films. Rooney got the role and became "Mickey" for 78 of the films, running from 1927 to 1936, starting with Mickey's Circus (1927), his first starring role. During this period, he also briefly voiced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. He made other films in his adolescence, including several more of the McGuire films. At age 14, he played the role of Puck in the Warner Brothers all-star adaptation of A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1935. Rooney then moved to MGM, where he befriended Judy Garland, with whom he began making a series of musicals that propelled both of them to stardom.

In 1937, Rooney was selected to portray Andy Hardy in A Family Affair, which MGM had planned as a B-movie.[14] Rooney provided comic relief as the son of Judge James K. Hardy, portrayed by Lionel Barrymore (although former silent film leading man Lewis Stone played the role of Judge Hardy in subsequent pictures). The film was an unexpected success, and led to 13 more Andy Hardy films between 1937 and 1946, and a final film in 1958.

According to author Barry Monush, MGM wanted the Andy Hardy films to appeal to all family members. Rooney's character portrayed a typical "anxious, hyperactive, girl-crazy teenager", and he soon became the unintended main star of the films. Although some critics describe the series of films as "sweet, overly idealized, and pretty much interchangeable," their ultimate success was because they gave viewers a "comforting portrait of small-town America that seemed suited for the times", with Rooney instilling "a lasting image of what every parent wished their teen could be like".

Behind the scenes, however, Rooney was like the "hyperactive girl-crazy teenager" he portrayed on the screen. Wallace Beery, his co-star in Stablemates, described him as a "brat", but a "fine actor". MGM head Louis B. Mayer found it necessary to manage Rooney's public image, explains historian Jane Ellen Wayne:

Mayer naturally tried to keep all his child actors in line, like any father figure. After one such episode, Mickey Rooney replied, "I won't do it. You're asking the impossible." Mayer then grabbed young Rooney by his lapels and said, "Listen to me! I don't care what you do in private. Just don't do it in public. In public, behave. Your fans expect it. You're Andy Hardy! You're the United States! You're the Stars and Stripes. Behave yourself! You're a symbol!" Mickey nodded. "I'll be good, Mr. Mayer. I promise you that." Mayer let go of his lapels, "All right," he said.

Fifty years later, Rooney realized in hindsight that these early confrontations with Mayer were necessary for him to develop into a leading film star: "Everybody butted heads with him, but he listened and you listened. And then you'd come to an agreement you could both live with. ... He visited the sets, he gave people talks ... What he wanted was something that was American, presented in a cosmopolitan manner."

In 1937, Rooney made his first film alongside Judy Garland with Thoroughbreds Don't Cry. Garland and Rooney became close friends as they co-starred in future films and became a successful song-and-dance team. Audiences delighted in seeing the "playful interactions between the two stars showcase a wonderful chemistry".[27] Along with three of the Andy Hardy films, where she portrayed a girl attracted to Andy, they appeared together in a string of successful musicals, including Babes in Arms (1939). During an interview in the 1992 documentary film MGM: When the Lion Roars, Rooney describes their friendship:[28]

Judy and I were so close we could've come from the same womb. We weren't like brothers or sisters but there was no love affair there; there was more than a love affair. It's very, very difficult to explain the depths of our love for each other. It was so special. It was a forever love. Judy, as we speak, has not passed away. She's always with me in every heartbeat of my body.

In 1937, Rooney received top billing as Shockey Carter in Hoosier Schoolboy but his breakthrough-role as a dramatic actor came in 1938's Boys Town opposite Spencer Tracy as Father Flanagan, who runs a home for wayward and homeless boys. Rooney was awarded a special Juvenile Academy Award in 1939, for "significant contribution in bringing to the screen the spirit and personification of youth". Wayne describes one of the "most famous scenes" in the film, where tough young Rooney is playing poker with a cigarette in his mouth, his hat is cocked and his feet are up on the table. "Tracy grabs him by the lapels, throws the cigarette away and pushes him into a chair. 'That's better,' he tells Mickey." Louis B. Mayer said Boys Town was his favorite film during his years at MGM.

The popularity of his films made Rooney the biggest box-office draw in 1939, 1940 and 1941. For their roles in Boys Town, Rooney and Tracy won first and second place in the Motion Picture Herald 1940 National Poll of Exhibitors, based on the box office appeal of 200 players. Boys' Life magazine wrote, "Congratulations to Messrs. Rooney and Tracy! Also to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer we extend a hearty thanks for their very considerable part in this outstanding achievement." Actor Laurence Olivier once called Rooney "the greatest actor of them all".

A major star in the early 1940s, he appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1940, timed to coincide with the release of Young Tom Edison; the cover story began:

Hollywood's No. 1 box office bait in 1939 was not Clark Gable, Errol Flynn or Tyrone Power, but a rope-haired, kazoo-voiced kid with a comic-strip face, who until this week had never appeared in a picture without mugging or overacting it. His name (assumed) was Mickey Rooney, and to a large part of the more articulate U.S. cinema audience, his name was becoming a frequently used synonym for brat.

During his long and illustrious career, Rooney also worked with many of the screen's female stars, including Elizabeth Taylor in National Velvet (1944) and Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)." With his appearing with Marilyn Monroe in The Fireball (1950) and with Grace Kelly in The Bridges at Toko-Ri (1954), Rooney is the only actor ever co-starring with four of the greatest female screen legends ever. Rooney's "bumptiousness and boyish charm" as an actor developed more "smoothness and polish" over the years, writes biographer Scott Eyman. The fact that Rooney fully enjoyed his life as an actor played a large role in those changes:

You weren't going to work, you were going to have fun. It was home, everybody was cohesive; it was family. One year I made nine pictures; I had to go from one set to another. It was like I was on a conveyor belt. You did not read a script and say, "I guess I'll do it." You did it. They had people that knew the kind of stories that were suited to you. It was a conveyor belt that made motion pictures.

Clarence Brown, who directed Rooney in his Oscar-nominated performance in The Human Comedy (1943) and again in National Velvet (1944), enjoyed working with Rooney in films:

Mickey Rooney is the closest thing to a genius that I ever worked with. There was Chaplin, then there was Rooney. The little bastard could do no wrong in my book ... All you had to do with him was rehearse it once.

In June 1944, Rooney was inducted into the United States Army, where he served more than 21 months (until shortly after the end of World War II) entertaining the troops in America and Europe in Special Services. He spent part of the time as a radio personality on the American Forces Network and was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for entertaining troops in combat zones. In addition to the Bronze Star Medal, Rooney also received the Army Good Conduct Medal, American Campaign Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal, for his military service.

Rooney's career slumped after his return to civilian life. He was now an adult with a height of only 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m) and he could no longer play the role of a teenager, but he also lacked the stature of most leading men. He appeared in a number of films, including Words and Music in 1948, which paired him for the last time with Garland on film (he appeared with her on one episode as a guest on The Judy Garland Show). He briefly starred in a CBS radio series, Shorty Bell, in the summer of 1948, and reprised his role as "Andy Hardy", with most of the original cast, in a syndicated radio version of The Hardy Family in 1949 and 1950 (repeated on Mutual during 1952).

In 1949 Variety reported that Rooney had renegotiated his deal with MGM. He agreed to make one film a year for them for five years at $25,000 a movie (his fee until then had been $100,000 but Rooney wanted to enter independent production.) Rooney claimed he was unhappy with the billing MGM gave him for Words and Music.

His first television series, The Mickey Rooney Show, also known as Hey, Mulligan, was created by Blake Edwards with Rooney as his own producer, and appeared on NBC television for 32 episodes between August 28, 1954 and June 4, 1955.[46] In 1951, he made his directorial debut with My True Story, starring Helen Walker.[47] Rooney also starred as a ragingly egomaniacal television comedian, loosely based on Red Buttons, in the live 90-minute television drama The Comedian, in the Playhouse 90 series on the evening of Valentine's Day in 1957, and as himself in a revue called The Musical Revue of 1959 based on the 1929 film The Hollywood Revue of 1929, which was edited into a film in 1960.

In 1958, Rooney joined Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra in hosting an episode of NBC's short-lived Club Oasis comedy and variety show. In 1960, Rooney directed and starred in The Private Lives of Adam and Eve, an ambitious comedy known for its multiple flashbacks and many cameos. In the 1960s, Rooney returned to theatrical entertainment. He still accepted film roles in undistinguished films but occasionally appeared in better works, such as Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962) and It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963).

He portrayed a Japanese character, Mr. Yunioshi, in the 1961 film version of Truman Capote's novella Breakfast at Tiffany's. His performance was criticized by some in subsequent years as a racist stereotype. Rooney later said that he would not have taken the role if he had known it would offend people.

On December 31, 1961, Rooney appeared on television's What's My Line and mentioned that he had already started enrolling students in the MRSE (Mickey Rooney School of Entertainment). His school venture never came to fruition. This was a period of professional distress for Rooney; as a childhood friend, director Richard Quine put it: "Let's face it. It wasn't all that easy to find roles for a 5-foot-3 man who'd passed the age of Andy Hardy." In 1962, his debts had forced him into filing for bankruptcy.

In 1966, Rooney was working on the film Ambush Bay in the Philippines when his wife Barbara Ann Thomason— a former model and aspiring actress who had won 17 straight beauty contests in Southern California—was found dead in her bed. Her lover, Milos Milos—who was one of Rooney's actor-friends—was found dead beside her. Detectives ruled it a murder-suicide, which was committed with Rooney's own gun.

Francis Ford Coppola had bought the rights to make The Black Stallion (1979), and when casting it, he called Rooney and asked him if he thought he could play a jockey. Rooney replied saying, "Gee, I don't know. I never played a jockey before." He was kidding, he said, since he had played a jockey in at least three past films, including Down the Stretch, Thoroughbreds Don't Cry, and National Velvet. The film garnered excellent reviews and earned $40 million in its first run, which gave Coppola's struggling studio, American Zoetrope, a major boost. It also gave Rooney newfound recognition, along with a nomination for Best Supporting Actor.

In 1983, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences gave Rooney their Academy Honorary Award for his lifetime of achievement.

In addition to his movie roles, Rooney made numerous guest-starring roles as a television character actor for nearly six decades, beginning with an episode of Celanese Theatre. The part led to other roles on such television series as Schlitz Playhouse, Playhouse 90, Producers' Showcase, Alcoa Theatre, The Soldiers, Wagon Train, General Electric Theater, Hennesey, The Dick Powell Theatre, Arrest and Trial (1964), Burke's Law (1963), Combat! (1964), The Fugitive, Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre, The Jean Arthur Show (1966), The Name of the Game (1970), Dan August (1970), Night Gallery (1970)

In 1961, he guest-starred in the 13-week James Franciscus adventure–drama CBS television series The Investigators. In 1962, he was cast as himself in the episode "The Top Banana" of the CBS sitcom, Pete and Gladys, starring Harry Morgan and Cara Williams.

In 1963, he entered CBS's The Twilight Zone, giving a one-man performance in the episode "The Last Night of a Jockey" (1963). Also in 1963, in 'The Hunt' for Suspense Theater, he played the sadistic sheriff hunting the young surfer played by James Caan. In 1964, he launched another half-hour sitcom, Mickey. The story line had "Mickey" operating a resort hotel in southern California. His own son Tim Rooney appeared as his character's teenage son on this program, and Emmaline Henry starred as Rooney's wife. The program lasted for 17 episodes.

When Norman Lear was developing All in the Family in 1970, he wanted Rooney for the lead role of Archie Bunker.[66] Rooney turned Lear down; and the role eventually went to Carroll O'Connor.

Rooney garnered a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Special for his role in 1981's Bill. Playing opposite Dennis Quaid, Rooney's character was a mentally handicapped man attempting to live on his own after leaving an institution. His acting quality in the film has been favorably compared to other actors who took on similar roles, including Sean Penn, Dustin Hoffman and Tom Hanks. He reprised his role in 1983's Bill: On His Own, earning an Emmy nomination for the turn.

Rooney did voice acting from time to time. He provided the voice of Santa Claus in four stop-motion animated Christmas TV specials: Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (1970), The Year Without a Santa Claus (1974), Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979) and A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008). In 1995, he appeared as himself on The Simpsons episode "Radioactive Man".

After starring in one unsuccessful TV series and turning down an offer for a huge TV series, Rooney, now 70, starred in the Family Channel's The Adventures of the Black Stallion, where he reprised his role as Henry Dailey in the film of the same name, eleven years earlier. The series ran for three years and was an international hit.

Rooney appeared in television commercials for Garden State Life Insurance Company in 2002.

A major turning point came in 1979, when Rooney made his Broadway debut in the acclaimed stage play Sugar Babies, a musical revue tribute to the burlesque era costarring former MGM dancing star Ann Miller. Aljean Harmetz noted that "Mr. Rooney fought over every skit and argued over every song and almost always got things done his way. The show opened on Broadway on October 8, 1979, to rave reviews, and this time he did not throw success away. Rooney and Miller performed the show 1,208 times in New York and then toured with it for five years, including eight months in London. Co-star Miller recalls that Rooney "never missed a performance or a chance to ad-lib or read the lines the same way twice, if he even stuck to the script". Biographer Alvin Marill states that "at 59, Mickey Rooney was reincarnated as a baggy-pants comedian—back as a top banana in show biz in his belated Broadway debut."

Following this, he toured as Pseudelous in Stephen Sondheim's A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. In the 1990s, he returned to Broadway for the final months of Will Rogers Follies, playing the ghost of Will's father. On television, he starred in the short-lived sitcom, One of the Boys, along with two unfamiliar young stars, Dana Carvey and Nathan Lane, in 1982.

He toured Canada in a dinner theatre production of The Mind with the Naughty Man in the mid-1990s. He played The Wizard in a stage production of The Wizard of Oz with Eartha Kitt at Madison Square Garden. Kitt was later replaced by Jo Anne Worley.

Rooney wrote a memoir titled Life is Too Short, published by Villard Books in 1991. A Library Journal review said that "From title to the last line, 'I'll have a short bier', Rooney's self-deprecating humor powers this book." He wrote a novel about a child star, published in 1994, The Search For Sunny Skies.

Despite the millions of dollars that he earned over the years, such as his $65,000 a week earnings from Sugar Babies, Rooney was plagued by financial problems late in life. His longtime gambling habit caused him to "gamble away his fortune again and again". He declared bankruptcy for the second time in 1996 and described himself as "broke" in 2005. He kept performing on stage and in the movies, but his personal property was valued at only $18,000 when he died in 2014.

Rooney and his wife Jan toured the country in 2005 through 2011 in a musical revue called Let's Put on a Show. Vanity Fair called it "a homespun affair full of dog-eared jokes" that featured Rooney singing George Gershwin songs.

In 2006, Rooney played Gus in Night at the Museum. He returned to play the role again in the sequel Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian in 2009, in a scene that was deleted from the final film.

On May 26, 2007, he was grand marshal at the Garden Grove Strawberry Festival. Rooney made his British pantomime debut, playing Baron Hardup in Cinderella, at the Sunderland Empire Theatre over the 2007 Christmas period, a role he reprised at Bristol Hippodrome in 2008 and at the Milton Keynes theatre in 2009.

In 2011, Rooney made a cameo appearance in The Muppets and in 2014, at age 93, he reprised his role as Gus in Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, which was dedicated to him and to Robin Williams, who also died that year. Although confined to a wheelchair, he was described by director Shawn Levy as "energetic and so pleased to be there. He was just happy to be invited to the party."

An October 2015 article in The Hollywood Reporter maintained that Rooney was frequently abused and financially depleted by his closest relatives in the last years of his life. The article said that it was clear that "one of the biggest stars of all time, who remained aloft longer than anyone in Hollywood history, was in the end brought down by those closest to him. He died humiliated and betrayed, nearly broke and often broken." Rooney suffered from bipolar disorder and had attempted suicide two or three times over the years, with resulting hospitalizations reported as "nervous breakdowns".

At the time of his death, he was married to Jan Chamberlin Rooney, although they had separated in June 2012. He had nine children and two stepchildren, as well as 19 grandchildren and several great-grandchildren. Rooney had been addicted to sleeping pills, and overcame the sleeping pill addiction in 2000 when he was in his late 70s.

In the late 1970s, Rooney became a born-again Christian and was a fan of Pat Robertson.

In 1997, Rooney was arrested on suspicion of beating his wife, Jan, but charges were dropped due to lack of evidence.

On February 16, 2011, Rooney was granted a temporary restraining order against stepson Christopher Aber and Aber's wife, Christina, and they were ordered to stay 100 yards from Rooney, his stepson Mark Rooney and Mark's wife, Charlene Rooney. Rooney claimed that he was a victim of elder abuse.

On March 2, 2011, Rooney appeared before a special U.S. Senate committee that was considering legislation to curb elder abuse, testifying about the abuse he claimed to have suffered at the hands of family members. In 2011, all of Rooney's finances were permanently handed over to a conservator, who called Rooney "completely competent".

In April 2011, the temporary restraining order that Rooney was previously granted was replaced by a confidential settlement between Rooney and his stepson, Aber. Christopher Aber and Jan Rooney denied all the allegations.

In May 2013, Rooney sold his home of many years, reportedly for $1.3 million, and split the proceeds with his wife, Jan.

Rooney was married eight times, with six of the marriages ending in divorce. In 1942, he married his first wife, actress Ava Gardner, who at that time was still an obscure teenage starlet. They divorced the following year, partly because he had apparently been unfaithful. While stationed in the military in Alabama in 1944, Rooney met and married Betty Jane Phillips, who later became a singer under the name B.J. Baker. They had two sons together. This marriage ended in divorce after he returned from Europe at the end of World War II. His marriage to actress Martha Vickers in 1949 produced one son but ended in divorce in 1951. He married actress Elaine Mahnken in 1952 and they divorced in 1958.

In 1958, Rooney married model-actress Barbara Ann Thomason. She was murdered in 1966 by stuntman and actor Milos Milos, who then shot himself. Thomason and Milos had an affair while Rooney was traveling, and police theorized Milos shot her after she wanted to break off the affair. Rooney then married Barbara's best friend, Marge Lane. That marriage lasted 100 days.

He was married to Carolyn Hockett from 1969 to 1975. In 1978, Rooney married his eighth and final wife, Jan Chamberlin. Their marriage lasted until his death, a total of 34 years (longer than his seven previous unions combined), although they separated in 2012.

Rooney died on April 6, 2014 of natural causes, including complications from diabetes, in Los Angeles at the age of 93. A group of family members and friends, including Mickey Rourke, held a memorial service on April 18. A private funeral, organized by another set of family members, was held at Hollywood Forever Cemetery, where he was interred, on April 19. His eight surviving children said in a statement that they were barred from seeing Rooney during his final years.

At his death, Vanity Fair called him "the original Hollywood train wreck". He struggled with alcohol and pill addiction. Ava Gardner was his first wife, and he married an additional seven times. Despite earning millions during his career, he had to file for bankruptcy in 1962 due to mismanagement of his finances. Shortly before his death in 2014 at age 93, he accused some family members of mistreatment and testified before Congress about what he said was physical abuse and exploitation by family members. By the end of his life, his millions in earnings had dwindled to an estate that was valued at only $18,000. He died owing medical bills and back taxes, and contributions were solicited from the public.

Rooney was one of the last surviving actors of the silent film era. His film career spanned 88 years, from 1926 to 2014, continuing until shortly before his death. During his peak years from the late 1930s to the early 1940s, Rooney was among the top box-office stars in the United States.

He made forty-three pictures between the age of 15 and 25. Among those, his role as Andy Hardy became one of "Hollywood's best-loved characters," with Marlon Brando calling him "the best actor in films".

"There was nothing he couldn't do", said actress Margaret O'Brien.[109] MGM boss Louis B. Mayer treated him like a son and saw in Rooney "the embodiment of the amiable American boy who stands for family, humbug, and sentiment," writes critic and author, David Thomson.

By the time Rooney was 20, his consistent portrayals of characters with youth and energy suggested that his future success was unlimited. Thomson also explains that Rooney's characters were able to cover a wide range of emotional types, and gives three examples where "Rooney is not just an actor of genius, but an artist able to maintain a stylized commentary on the demon impulse of the small, belligerent man:"

Rooney's Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935) is truly inhuman, one of cinema's most arresting pieces of magic. ... His toughie in Boys Town (1938) struts and bullies like something out of a nightmare and then comes clean in a grotesque but utterly frank outburst of sentimentality in which he aspires to the boy community ... His role as Baby Face Nelson (1957), the manic, destructive response of the runt against a pig society.

By the end of the 1940s, Rooney's movie characters were no longer in demand and his career went downhill. "In 1938," he said, "I starred in eight pictures. In 1948 and 1949 together, I starred in only three." However, film historian Jeanine Basinger notes that although his career "reached the heights and plunged to the depths, Rooney kept on working and growing, the mark of a professional." Some of the films which reinvigorated his popularity, were Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962), It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) and The Black Stallion (1979). In the early 1980s, he returned to Broadway in Sugar Babies, and "found himself once more back on top".

Basinger tries to encapsulate Rooney's career:

Rooney's abundant talent, like his film image, might seem like a metaphor for America: a seemingly endless supply of natural resources that could never dry up, but which, it turned out, could be ruined by excessive use and abuse, by arrogance or power, and which had to be carefully tended to be returned to full capacity. From child star to character actor, from movie shorts to television specials, and from films to Broadway, Rooney ultimately did prove he could do it all, do it well, and keep on doing it. His is a unique career, both for its versatility and its longevity.

#mickey rooney #classic hollywood #golden age of hollywood #classic movie stars #old hollywood #silent era #silent stars #classic cinema #silent cinema

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seonrise-blog · 7 years

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( &; development sheet.

&; BASICS

Full Name: Christian Jun-hyuk Seon. Pronunciation: Chris-chen Joon-heyok Sun. Nickname/Alias: Chris (most commonly used), Jun, Ian (for close friends and family). Meaning: Christian comes from the name Christos, meaning “anointed” or “one of Christ.” Jun-hyuk is Sino-Korean for talented, capable, handsome (Jun) and bright, radiant, glowing (Hyuk). His last name, Seon, is the Korean variation of the Chinese character meaning “new, or fresh.” Pet Name: Ava refers to Christian as “bighead” or “fathead.” His grandmother calls him a puppy, and his father calls him sport. Gender: Cis male. Orientation: Bisexual. Birthday: July 31, 1997. Birthplace: San José, California, USA. Astrological Sign: Leo. Zodiac Sign: Year of the Water Ox.

&; APPEARANCE

Ethnicity/Nationality: Korean American. Blood Type: AB-. Preferred Hand: Ambidextrous, prefers to use his left hand for writing and his right hand for other tasks. Eye Color: Coffee brown. Hair Color: Usually has dark hair, either dark brown or black. Sometimes dyes his hair a lighter color like a strawberry blond or honey blond. Hairstyle: Lets his hair dry naturally, fringe unstyled. Skin Tone: Light golden hue, easily tanned. Complexion: Suffers from acne. Has oily skin that is currently being treated by his agency’s dermatologist. Makeup: On stage, he wears foundation and fills in his eyebrows slightly. They usually put a little bit of shadow and liner if needed. Build: Tall, muscular. Arms are veiny, arm muscles prominent. Thick thighs and broad shoulders. Baby face with a masculine body. Height: 5’10, 178cm. Weight: 155 lbs, 70kg. Shoe Size: Size 10 in Mens (US), 290 (Korea). Birthmarks/scars: Scar on his left cheek. He got the scar by running towards the jungle gym’s monkey bars and missed the monkey bars and fell onto his face. He cried for two hours. Distinguishing Features: Big eyes, big nose. Two front teeth that protrude out slightly. Tattoos: Left forearm tattoo that says “I’ll keep you safe, you keep me wild.” Right and left arm tattoos dedicated to the Sewol Ferry Tragedy. Right chest tattoo that says “Do not regret and do not surrender.” Piercings: Three lobe piercings on his left ear, lobe piercing and double helix on his right ear.

&; HEALTH

Health: Overall, he’s somewhat physically healthy. He has asthma, controlled by the asthma pump. Since it’s spring time, his asthma gets worse so he has to make sure he carries it around. He also has anemia, which makes it hard for him to do intense workouts/dance routines. Energy: He doesn’t have a lot of energy and slugs around most of the day. Which is why he could never be a full out idol trainee. His anemia also contributes to his lack of energy. Memory: He remembers everything a person tells him. Something you said last week? He remembers. What you ate for breakfast? He remembers that too. Sometimes it’s a hindrance, but he remembers a lot about his friends and family. Senses: His hearing is exceptional. He can hear you talking shit from far away. He has a good ear for music because of his hearing. He can differentiate notes and tones easily and can tell when something is off pitch, even if it’s not noticeable to others. Allergies: Allergic to certain flowers (roses, lilacs, anything really potent). Grapefruit and kiwis give him bad hives. Medication: Prozac (for depression) and over-the-counter melatonin pills (to induce sleep). Phobias: Acrophobia (fear of heights), Gephyrophobia (fear of bridges) and Aphenphosmphobia (fear of intimacy). Mental Disorders: Depression, has episodes less frequently if he takes his medicine regularly.

&; MANNERISMS

Style: Neutral and darker tones are his favorites. Likes wearing ripped jeans, big shirts. Wears his glasses when he’s tired. Prefers to be comfortable. Grooming: Well-kept. Occasionally, he’ll look a little more rugged and unshaven. That’s only if he’s stressed out or has not had enough time to properly groom himself. Posture: Slouches, rarely sits up straight. The only time he sits properly is around his father and his father’s friends. Coordination: Physically fit, but really clumsy. Falls a lot, trips over small things. His reflexes are good when he doesn’t really pay attention. He’s more coordinated when he’s not thinking about a lot of things. Habits and Mannerisms: Tilts his head when nervous, bites of skin from his lips, cracking knuckles. Also sneezes when he gets nervous. Scent: Smells like Gucci Guilty for Men. Mood: He always seems relaxed when you talk to him. He always seems tired. Attitude: When he doesn’t really know someone, he talks to them with a lot of respect, using honorifics even if they’re younger than him. He’ll crack a few jokes to break the ice. once you get to know him, you’ll see how dumb he is. Stability: Emotionally, he isn’t as stable as he appears. There’s more than meets the eye. He hides a lot of things because he doesn’t really understand how to properly express his feelings. He helps other people emotionally, but really can’t invest in his own feelings. Expressiveness: He hides his emotions, which is one thing he learned from his father. The only time he expresses his pain or sorrow is if he’s at the point of breaking. When Happy: Hums, talks a lot, eyes glimmer and he’s usually really smiley. His dimples are prominent. He usually dances around when something good happens. When Depressed: Doesn’t talk to many people. Says he’s going to sleep but sits around until sunrise thinking about what’s wrong with him. Doesn’t pay attention to what he wears, just throws on anything he can find. When Angry: His veins are prominent, and his jaw clenches. He slams his hands into the nearest object, but then runs off so he can cool down. Hates when people intervene. Don’t touch him. Note: These are generalizations. Different situations will create different reactions.

&; FAMILY DETAILS

Current Residence: Currently living in a dorm with Ava and their manager in Gangnam, Seoul, near the Mystic89 headquarters. Family: Seon “Ronald” Jun-young, U.S. Air Force Physician (father). Born on October 23, 1970 (age 47). Kwon “Samantha” Hye-Mi, registered nurse (mother). Born on February 28, 1971 (age 47). Seon “Nicole” Bomi, younger sister. Born on November 11, 2011 (age 7). Seon “Vincent” Jun-soo, younger brother. Born on April 19, 2014 (age 4). Seon “Jennifer” Sun-mi, youngest sister. Born on December 5, 2015. Im Hye-soo (maternal grandmother). Born on May 1, 1945 (age 73). Seon Jun-ho and Kang Ji-won (paternal grandparents). Parenting: Despite the military upbringing, his family wasn’t as rigid as the stereotypes. His father was more laid back than super strict. His mother would be the one to discipline him, along with his grandmother. Household was very understanding and talked out their issues. Upbringing: His father raised him to be proud of himself and his achievements and to never let anyone tell him that his dreams were invalid. His mother pushed him to do what he loved, even if other people didn’t love it. His grandmother was the backbone in his house, and she taught him to be mannerly, and be bold without hurting other people’s feelings. Infancy: Quiet and curious as a baby. Liked to babble and escape from the crib. Would try to sing along during mass. Childhood: Reserved. Did not have many friends from the frequent moving. Super shy around classmates, rather spoke during class. His parents were worried that he got bullied, but Christian was just too scared to speak. Adolescence: Still reserved, but more willing to talk at school. Finally made some lifelong friends. Was a student athlete, and liked to write poems. Had friends in many different friend groups. Prom Prince of their school. Adulthood: He’s still quite reserved. Private about his life, and not willing to trust a lot of people like he did when he was in high school. Very independent now. Wishes to be more outgoing in the future. Coming of Age: His dad was stationed in the Middle East and he got seriously injured (ruptured spleen, broken ribs, internal bleeding) when he was a sophomore in high school. That was coincidentally the time he got scouted by JYP. He had to make a choice and he chose to be the man of the house and take care of his family before anything else.

&; OTHER RELATIONSHIPS

Friends: Usually hanging out with Moon Ava, considering they’re in a duo together. Also hangs out with their manager, Kang Kyungjoon. Enemies: None for now. He doesn’t really hate anyone. Bosses: Yoon Jong-shin is his boss. He has a fairly close relationship with him, and looks at him like another dad. Pets/Familiars: Lives with two dogs, one of his own and one being Ava’s. His dog is a Pomeranian named Podo and Ava’s dog is a Corgi named Banana. Lovers: Two past relationships. One in high school, one during his trainee period. First relationship ended because his girlfriend cheated on him with one of their mutual friends. The second one ended because his significant other couldn’t handle him being busy all the time. Marital Status: Single. Sex Life: Motherfuckin’ uhhhhh. Virginity: Motherfuckin’ uhhhhh.

&; EDUCATION

IQ: 120. Education: High school diploma. He’d like to go back to university but he really doesn’t find it necessary. It’s a conflict of interest. School: Went to Silver Creek High School. Hung out with a variety of people from different friend groups. Student athlete, played basketball all throughout high school. Grade: His grades were always good, lowest grade he got was a B+. It was a shame that he didn’t want to continue with post secondary education. Was on the NHS board as the vice president. Social Stereotype: Jock who was good at school. “Popular.” Intelligence: Musically gifted. Good with interpersonal affairs. Better at creative tasks than tasks that dealt with numbers. Extracurricular Activities: National Honor Society, Basketball team, Key Club, Drama Club, Korean Club.

&; PERSONALITY

Hobbies/Interests: Eating, sleeping, taking pictures, writing songs, playing piano, drawing and painting. He likes to read mangas and watch anime. His main hobby is annoying Ava. Skills/Talents: Sings fairly well, can dance but chooses not to perform as an idol, plays piano, guitar and the drums. He taught himself how to play piano by ear. He has a natural gift for annoying a person named Ava. Likes: Spring time, cherry blossoms, cafés, sweets, late night walks, movie nights, napping, photography, painting, going to museums Dislikes: Cold weather, sand, the dentist, long lines, kiwis, sweating a lot, sour candies, getting acne, bad skincare products, roses Sense of Humor: Sarcastic, sometimes over-the-top sense of humor. Pet Peeves: Obnoxious people, anyone who hurts his friends (especially his female friends), dealing with people who are closed-minded, sexist, and homophobic. When people are wrong but they argue that they’re right. He hates when people overanalyze something he says. Hates when people tell him he’s wrong when he clearly isn’t. Superstitions/Beliefs: Believes in ghosts and the afterlife. Quirks: Always has to sleep with something by his side, whether it be a pillow or a person. Keeps his clothes color-coded. Brushes his teeth twice a day for exactly 3 minutes to avoid going to the dentist. Closet Hobby: He has a rock collection, lol… fucking nerd... Guilty Pleasure: Watching shows like Gossip Girl, The Carrie Diaries and Pretty Little Liars. MBTI Personality Type: ESFP. Temperament: Melancholic. Enneagram: The Peacemaker.

&; FAVORITES

Favorite Colors: Navy Blue, Black, White. Favorite Animals: Dogs. Favorite Mythological Creatures: Dragon. Favorite Places: Paris, France and Osaka, Japan. Favorite Flavors: Cookies and creme, cookie dough. Favorite Foods: Honey Butter Chips, spicy rice cakes Favorite Drinks: Coffee Favorite Books: The Great Gatsby, A Thousand Splendid Suns. Favorite Movies: Up, 5cm Per Second Favorite Games: Animal Crossing, Mario Kart, Super Mario, Yoshi’s Island Favorite Shows: Sister’s Slamdunk, Produce 101, Tokyo Ghoul Favorite Music: R&B, Acoustic, Pop Favorite Artists: Wonder Girls, Frank Ocean Favorite Songs: Nights by Frank Ocean Favorite Sports: Basketball, volleyball, soccer Favorite Subjects: English, Art, Drama, Music Favorite Numbers: 3 Favorite Websites: Twitter Favorite Words: “We brought food.” Favorite Quotations: “Don’t spit against the wind.”

&; DISLIKES

Least Favorite Colors: Bright colors. Least Favorite Animals: Sharks and snakes. Least Favorite Mythological Creatures: Unicorns. Least Favorite Places: The bathroom he got stuck in during a basketball game in junior year. Never again. Least Favorite Flavors: Mint Chocolate Chip. Least Favorite Foods: Kiwis and grapefruit. Least Favorite Drinks: Lemonade. Least Favorite Books: N/A. Least Favorite Movies: Fast and Furious 8. Least Favorite Games: Mario Kart (coincidentally). Least Favorite Shows: N/A. Least Favorite Music: American Country. Least Favorite Artist: Taylor Swift. Least Favorite Songs: Any Swift song. Least Favorite Sports: Golf. Least Favorite Subjects: Math and Physics. Least Favorite Numbers: 6 and 13. Least Favorite Websites: N/A. Least Favorite Words: “We didn’t have time to get you food.” Least Favorite Quotations: “YOLO.”

#&; ref.#&; development.#( this took forever to complete. lol..

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9jamusicmixtapes · 4 years

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In this article I will be sharing with you 18 Nollywood celebrities that have joined their ancestors. These Nollywood celebrities where very active in their creative field and entertained us very well until they joined their ancestors. So to celebrate them we have decided to compile a list of 18 Nollywood celebrities that have died and have joined their ancestor in the underworld. These celebrities contributed immensely to the success and growth of Nollywood in Nigeria and rest of the world. So not to waste much of your time, we present to you 18 Nollywood celebrities that have joined their ancestors. 1. Francis Agu Francis Agu is a veteran Nollywood actor known for his role on the long-running Nigerian television series “Checkmate”. He was born on 18th February 1965 in Lagos, Nigeria and died on 20th March 2007 in Lagos, Nigeria at the age of 42 years old. He hails from Enugu-Ngwo, Enugu State in the south eastern part of Nigeria. He is a graduate of Mass Communication from the University of Lagos. He has starred in movies like Checkmate, Living in Bondage, Blood Brothers, A Minute to Midnight, Untouchable, Circle of Doom, Blood Money, and many more. Unfortunately, Francis Agu became ill in October 2006 and died on 20th March 2007 in Lagos, Nigeria after suffering from diabetes. 2. Amaka Igwe Amaka Igwe is a famous Nollywood movie producer, entrepreneur and a filmmaker. She was born on 2nd January 1963 in Port Harcourt, River State in the south southern part of Nigeria and died on 28th April 2014 in Enugu coal city of Enugu State in the south eastern part of Nigeria at the age of 51 years old. Amaka Igwe died in Enugu on 28th April 2014 at 8:30 pm, after efforts failed to save her from an asthma exacerbation. Her funeral was attended by Rochas Okorocha, the governor of Imo State, as well as personalities from the Nigerian movie industry popularly known as Nollywood. 3. Sam Loco Efe Sam Loco Efe is a Nollywood legendary comic actor who has been described as the best and most decorated comic actor in Nigeria, popularly known for his use of heavy grammatical words in a comic manner. He was born on 25 th December 1945 in Enugu State, Nigeria. Sam Loco Efe is one of the most talented actor in Nollywood who uses grammatical words and vocabulary in his diction and communications while acting in movies. On 7 th August 2011, Sam Loco Efe died at the age of 65 years old on a movie location, in his hotel room in Owerri the capital city of Imo State in the south eastern part of Nigeria. The cause of his death was suspected asthma. 4. Geraldine Ekeocha Geraldine Ekeocha is a Nollywood actress and a television personality. She was born on 15 th June 1955 in Imo State in the south eastern part of Nigeria and died on 4 th September 2011 at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku Ozalla, Enugu State in the south eastern part of Nigeria at the age of 56 years old. She died during a fibroid operation. It was gathered that she died at the age of 56 years old living behind her 7 children comprising of 6 girls and 1 boy. It was also gathered that Geraldine Ekeocha was diagnosed with liver cancer before she kicked the bucket. 5. Clem Onyeka Clem Onyeka is a fast rising Nollywood actor and a television personality. He was born in Asaba, Delta State in the south southern part of Nigeria. He was born in 1977 in Asaba, Delta State and died on 14th October 2014 in Asaba, Delta State at the age of 37 years old. Clem Onyeka was killed in crossfire between the Nigerian police and notorious armed robbers in Asaba, Delta State in the south southern part of Nigeria. He was hit by a stray bullet. It was reported that Clem Onyeka had three kids before his painful death. 6. Dede One Day Dede One Day is a Nollywood comic actor who has been described as the best and most decorated comic actor in Nigeria. Dede One Day whose real name is Peter Onwuzurike Onyehidelam is one of Nigerian best comic actor known for his hilarious comedy movies, shows, events and audio tape. He was born and raised in Aba, but his from Imo State, Nigeria. On 14 th December 2015, Dede One Day died after he slumped while performing at an event in Aba, Abia State in the south eastern part of Nigeria. It was later discovered that Dede One Day tragic death was caused by complications of hypertension and high blood pressure. 7. Maya Njubuigbo Martins Njubuigbo popularly known as Elder Maya is a veteran Nollywood actor popularly known for playing chief priest in several Nollywood movies. Unfortunately, he died on Friday, 1st October 2016 after battling with a liver-related ailment. His son confirmed his demise on his official Facebook account. Before his death, he has been battling with Liver disease for many years. After a prolonged battle with liver disease, the Nollywood veteran actor died on Friday, 1st October 2016 which happens to be Nigeria’s Independent day. And the cause of his death was liver disease. 8. Muna Obiekwe Muna Obiekwe is a Nollywood actor, known for his romantic role in movies. He was born in 1979 in Lagos State, Nigeria and died on 18th January 2015 in Festac Town, Lagos State, Nigeria at the age of 36 years old after been diagnosed of kidney disease. Muna Obiekwe hails from Enugu State, Nigeria. He has starred in movies like Across the Bridge, Negative Influence, Men in Love, Eyes of the Gods, and many more. He was secretly married to Gift Obiekwe and the marriage was blessed with two beautiful kids. He kept his marriage secret and his private life personal until his untimely and painful death which was caused by Kidney disease. 9. Justus Esiri Justus Esiri is a veteran Nollywood actor. He is considered to be one of the pillars of Nollywood. He was born on 20 th November 1942 in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria and died on 19 th February 2013 in a hospital in Lagos State, Nigeria from complications of diabetes at the age of 70 years old. He has a Master’s and Doctorate Degree in Performing Arts. Justus Esiri is also the father of Nigeria music star Dr Sid. Sadly, Justus Esiri died on 19 th February 2013 in a hospital in Lagos from complications of diabetes at the age of 70 years old. A tribute night, organized by the Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN) was held at the National Stadium, Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria on 8 th April 2013 to honour him. 10. Ashley Nwosu Ashley Chijioke Nwosu is a fallen hero and a legendary Nollywood actor, television personality, entrepreneur and a philanthropist. He was born on 21 st November 1954 in Umuahia-Oboro, Abia State in the south eastern part of Nigeria and died on 21 st April 2011 at the Military Hospital, Yaba, Lagos State in the south western part of Nigeria at the age of 56 years old. He died leaving behind his lovely wife and five lovely children. The cause of his death was due to liver disease he has been battling for months. 11. Bukky Ajayi Zainab Bukky Ajayi is a fallen hero and a legendary Nollywood actress, television personality and a philanthropist. She was born on 2 nd February 1934 in Surulere, Lagos State in the south western part of Nigeria and died on 6 th July 2016 at her residence in Surulere, Lagos State in the south western part of Nigeria at the age of 82 years old. She died a peaceful death out of old age. She died on 6 th July 2016 at her residence in Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria at the age of 82 years old. It was gather that she died a peaceful death caused by old age. 12. Pete Eneh Pete Eneh is a famous Nollywood legendary actor, producer, filmmaker, entrepreneur and a philanthropist. He was born in 1944 in Port Harcourt, River State in the south southern part of Nigeria and died on 15th November 2012 in Enugu State, Nigeria at the age of 68 years old. He died of leg amputation due to an infection on the leg in Enugu State, Nigeria at the age of 68 years old. He was one of the highly respected Nollywood actors till his death. 13. Peter Brunor Peter Brunor is a veteran Nollywood actor and a television personality. He was born in Ogwashi Uku, Delta State, Nigeria. Peter Bunor was reported to have died in Asaba, Delta State. The death of the Ogwashi Uku, Delta State-born actor in the early hours of Friday, 1st May 2015 in Asaba, Delta State was announced by his son, Peter Bunor Jr, through a post on his official Facebook page. It was reported that the cause of his death was due to a deadly stroke. 14. J.T Tom West J.T Tom West is a Nollywood actor who died mysteriously in a car accident on 28 th September 2006 in Lagos, Nigeria on his way back home from a movie location. His dead was mysterious and tragic. He was born in 1954 and died in 2006. He was 52 years old when he died. He was popularly known as the Nollywood Bad Boy because of the rugged and criminal roles he played in movies. He has starred in movies like Force Alarm, The Captor, State of Emergency, The President Must Not Die, Above the Law, amongst others. 15. Enebeli Elebewu Enebeli Elebuwa is a famous Nollywood actor, producer and a television personality. He was popularly known for playing the role of a king and title chief in several Nollywood movies. He was born on 14th February 1947 in Delta State in the south southern part of Nigeria and died on 4th December 2012 in New Delhi, India at the age of 65 years old. He suffered a major stroke and was flown overseas for medical treatment. He died at the age of 65 years old in a hospital in New Delhi, India on 5th December 2012 and was laid to rest at Victoria Court Cemetery in Ajah, Lagos State, Nigeria. 16. Prince James Uche Prince James Uche is veteran Nollywood actor and a television personality. He joined the Nigerian movie industry (Nollywood) in early 1999 and acted in his first movie Igodo, a 1999 Nollywood blockbuster movie which brought him to limelight. Prince James Uche was earlier suffering from Diabetes, Blindness, High Blood Pressure and Kidney disease for over 8 years which kept him off the screen. Unfortunately, he died on 8th March 2017 at a private hospital in Festac Town, Lagos where he had been for two years after a long battle with a kidney related disease. 17. Obi Madubogwo Obi Madubogwo is a veteran Nollywood actor and a filmmaker. He joined the Nigerian movie industry in early 1999 and popularly known for his role as King of Musanga in the Nollywood blockbuster movie “Battle of Musanga”. According to multiple reports, the veteran actor had battled with acute diabetic foot ulcers, before finally giving up the ghost on Monday, 28th August 2017. He was married to Madubogwu Obianuju Ngozi and the couples were blessed with beautiful kids. Unfortunately, Obi Madubogwu battled with diabetes until he lost his life on 28th August 2017. 18. Okwy Chukwujekwu Okwy Chukwujekwu popularly known as Main Boss is a fast rising Nollywood comic actor. He is very funny and talented. He hails from Nnewi in Anambra State, Nigeria. On Tuesday, 5th September 2017, it was reported that the 27-year-old Nollywood comic actor has kicked the bucket. However, before his death, his family members were unable to reveal the cause of his death, but reports from credible sources revealed that he died of Asthma Attack. His death was reported by his best friend Odira Nwobu who shared the news via his official Facebook account.

#IFTTT #Blogger #technicolormoments #blog #blog post

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mhsn033 · 4 years

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VJ Day: A WW2 hero and a reckoning with Japan’s past

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda (centre) walks from the jungle in 1974

The last Eastern soldier to formally give up after the nation’s defeat in World Battle Two was once Hiroo Onoda.

Lieutenant Onoda indirectly handed over his sword on March ninth 1974. He had held out within the Philippine jungle for 29 years. In interviews and writings after his return to Japan, Lt Onoda stated he had been unable to make a selection up that Japan had capitulated.

To many outsiders, Onoda looked admire a fanatic. Nonetheless in imperial Japan his actions were completely logical. Onoda had sworn by no manner to give up, to die for the emperor. He believed the remainder of his countrymen, and girls, would halt the the same.

Obviously they hadn’t. On 15 August 1945, Japan’s supreme divine being, Emperor Hirohito, did something no emperor had done sooner than: he went on the radio. Atom bombs had destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On the day the 2nd bomb was once dropped, Joseph Stalin declared battle on Japan. Soviet forces were already sweeping all over Manchuria. Internal weeks they’d be touchdown on the northern island of Hokkaido. Hirohito permitted that give up to the Americans was once his handiest need.

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption The devastated city of Hiroshima after the atomic bomb blast

Even so, the emperor’s give up speech fair about did not happen. On the morning of 15 August, a community of younger officers led their troops in to the imperial palace grounds. They were searching to rob the recording of that speech. They believed the battle was once removed from misplaced. Japan’s residence islands had but to be invaded. Its big navy in China was once restful largely undefeated.

The officers were diminutive alive to by mass civilian casualties inflicted by the US bombing of Japan’s cities. As a substitute they were serious about one thing: the survival of the imperial machine. Japan mustn’t ever sue for peace till the emperor was once secured.

The younger officers failed to prevent the published. Nonetheless they purchased their wish – after the give up the US determined Hirohito would not be tried as a battle prison in spite of the whole thing. As a substitute he would lift on the throne, successfully an American puppet.

It was once per chance a shrewd jog by Douglas MacArthur, the US fashioned who dominated over Japan till 1949. MacArthur frail the emperor to push his possess agenda – to transform conservative Japan in to a contemporary democracy with an American-fashion structure.

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption Eastern representatives give up aboard the united statesMissouri, 1945

The victorious allies place 28 participants of Japan’s wartime leadership on trial. Seven, in conjunction with Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, were hanged. Nonetheless others were by no manner charged. Among them Prince Yasuhiko Asaka, the emperor’s uncle, and the man who led Eastern troops within the unpleasant rape of the Chinese capital, Nanjing.

Sparing them was once viewed by MacArthur as a wanted defective. Nonetheless his decision has allowed, even inspired, Japan to lead clear of a deep reckoning with its past.

But every other man who escaped trial was once Nobusuke Kishi. Kishi had played a number one role within the occupation of Manchuria and was once a halt ally of battle chief Hideki Tojo. The Americans determined to not payment him. As a substitute in 1948 Kishi was once released. He was once banned from politics while the American occupation lasted.

Nonetheless in 1955, Kishi engineered the formation of a new political pressure – the Liberal Democratic Birthday party. Rapidly he would be its chief and Japan’s top minister. His rehabilitation was once total, and the birthday celebration he helped create has dominated over Japan for just a few the proceeding 65 years.

Image copyright AFP

Image caption Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi (left) with US Ambassador to Japan Douglas MacArthur in 1957

Nobusuke Kishi’s daughter married the son of but every other extremely effective political dynasty – a particular person named Shintaro Abe. He would jog on to modified into Japan’s foreign minister, and to father a son of his possess, named Shinzo.

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is considerable from unfamiliar in his household historic past. Japan’s political dynasties possess proved remarkably resilient.

Shinzo Abe was once reputedly halt to his grandfather. The fashioned man had a profound impact on younger Shinzo’s political affairs. Like just a few his allies on the suitable, Nobusuke Kishi thought the battle-crimes trials he narrowly escaped were victor’s justice. His existence-long goal remained the scrapping of the put up battle pacifist structure.

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption A Eastern prisoner of battle reacts after hearing Emperor Hirohito’s give up

In a 1965 speech, Kishi known as for Japan’s rearmament as “a strategy of eradicating totally the penalties of Japan’s defeat and the American occupation”.

When Japan’s critics in China and Korea notify the nation has by no manner properly apologised for what it did sometime of World Battle Two, they’re defective. Japan has made repeated apologies. The topic is the factitious words and actions taken by Japan’s leading politicians. They imply these apologies usually are not totally loyal.

In 1997, a new community was once established by Japan’s political elite. It’s known as Nippon Kaigi. It’s not a secret society, nonetheless many Eastern live blind to its existence or its objectives.

These objectives are to “re-ignite Eastern national pride and identification, based around the Imperial household”, to scrap the pacifist structure, to institute appreciate for the national flag, national anthem and national historic past, and to amass Japan’s protection pressure energy.

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption Broken-down Eastern Prime Minister Hideki Tojo viewed sometime of his trial for battle crimes in 1948

Prominent amongst Nippon Kaigi’s 38,000 participants are Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso and the governor of Tokyo, Yuriko Koike.

But every other member of Nippon Kaigi, till his death, was once Hiroo Onoda. The Japan that Lieutenant Onoda had returned to within the mid-1970s was once to not his liking. He believed the put up battle generation had long gone relaxed. For a time, he moved to Brazil and lived on a cattle ranch. Later he returned to Japan and opened a college to coach younger Eastern within the abilities that had helped him to continue to exist his three decades within the jungle.

When Hiroo Onoda died in 2014 at the age of 91, Prime Minister Abe’s spokesman was once effusive in his eulogy. He gave no hint of the futility of his lonely battle, or display camouflage of the Philippine villagers he had killed long after Japan’s give up. As a substitute he described Hiroo Onoda as a Eastern hero.

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torentialtribute · 5 years

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Aaron Ramsey goes down as one of Arsenal’s greatest players of Emirates era

The flood of sorrow and frustration from Arsenal fans said that the 11-year-old curse of Aaron Ramsey at the club turned to an emotional end

It was confirmed on Wednesday that the Welsh midfielder will never play for Arsenal again after his hamstring injury against Napoli in the quarterfinals Europa League .

Ramsey, who in 2008 became a member of the lean teen culture for only £ 5 million in Cardiff, is now leaving for Italian giants Juventus as a man and a leader you can count on for the great opportunity

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Aaron Ramsey will say goodbye to Arsenal at the end of the

Ramsey & # 39; s long his career at Arsenal was interrupted by a hamstring injury he sustained called for a hamstring injury to Napoli against Napoli

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<img id = "i-a3d907e330c52a3" src = "https://dailym.ai/2DJog4j -23_1556795596413.jpg "height =" 456 "width =" 634 "alt =" The Welshman joined Arsenal for only £ 5 million as a skinny 17-year-old teenager

The Welshman joined Arsenal for only £ 5 million as a skinny 17-year-old teenager in 2008

Objectives : 64

Arsene Wenger took a chance on the 17-year-old talent, passing rivals Mancheste r United to his signature.

Was it again one of Wenger's gambling strokes that would backfire? Fast forward 11 years and the answer is an unambiguous no.

Ramsey has faithfully lent himself to the Gunners and rightly so, after becoming the club's current-longest serving player.

But Ramsey drops more in the history books of Arsenal [bewerken] External links [bewerken] External links so for another reason

The Welshman, who was the striking player of Arsenal in the 2013-14 season, the club's last season ended, with the club having one of their longest barren spells and the reputation of Wenger being heavily questioned.

It typified Ramsey's legacy at Arsenal, bursting from midfield in the penalty area, before coming home quietly to leave Allan McGregor without a chance in Hull's goal. Arsene Wenger made a bet on the prodigy in Wales and signed him 11 years ago from Cardiff

<img id = "i-612839b042bb207a" src = "https: //i.dailymail. co.uk/1s/2019/05/02/12/13000814-6984395-image-a-22_1556795401742.jpg "height =" 439 "width =" 634 "alt =" Arsene Wenger gambled on the Welsh prodigy and drew him 11 years ago from Cardiff <img id = "i-612839b042bb207a" src = "https://dailym.ai/2WnzZN6" height = "439" width = "634" alt = "

Arsene Wenger took a gamble on the Welsh miracle, signing it from Cardiff 11 years ago

<img id = "i-a7e3ee13f6a7665e" src = "https://dailym.ai/2DI8N4o" height = " 616 "width =" 634 "alt =" Ramsey hoped to make a mark on the Premier League with the London outfit Arsenal "class =" blkBorder img-share "/

Ramsey hoped to make a mark on the Premier League with the London outfit Arsenal "Ramsey hoped

The talented midfielder suffered from a ho

The talented midfielder suffered a gruesome career-threatening injury against Stoke in 2010 "class =" blkBorder img-share "

[Thetalentedmidfieldersufferedaterriblecareer-threateninginjuryagainstStokein2010

] [1945194518[194518][1945 After 3,283 days and 512 games, Arsenal finally picked up another trophy thanks to Ramsey because he came early from 2-0 to win 3-2.

There was an iconic photo to disguise of that victorious day for Arsenal.

[bewerken] [vermelding toevoegen] Don't forget to view the full version of this page,

Positivity spanned the Arsenal camp after their triumph in 2014 and major signing sessions followed at that time, with Alexis Sanchez and Petr Cech at Mesut Özil at the club, which was sealed in the summer of 2013 to move.

But a glimmer of hope for the club was the prospect of another FA Cup final to look forward to Premier League champions Chelsea.

But against all odds, the men of Wenger Chelsea stopped doing the double and Ramsey was the hero again, rising into the penalty area to go home from the cross of Olivier Giroud to the stand on 2-1, just a few seconds after he was replaced. Ramsey overcame his horrific break and ended Arsenal's nine-year trophy drought "

overcame his horrible break and ended Arsenal's nine-year trophy drought"

Ramsey overcame his horrible break and ended Arsenal & Arsenal # 39; s nine-year trophy dryness

<img id = "i-be39cfdc52b42cef" src = "https://dailym.ai/2J7Ttl7 12 / 13001012-6984395-image-a-29_1556796094392.jpg "height =" 339 "width =" 634 "alt =" <img id = "i-be39cfdc52b42cef" src = "https://dailym.ai/2uS4u1n /1s/2019/05/02/12/13001012-6984395-image-a-29_1556796094392.jpg "height =" 339 "width =" 634 "alt =" The Welshman lays down after the winner in the 3-2 victory against Hull in 2014] <img id = "i-be39cfdc52b42cef" src = "https://dailym.ai/2DKE6eT. jpg "height =" 339 "width =" 634 "alt =" <img id = "i-be39cfdc52b42cef" src = "https://dailym.ai/2WhL6qM -6984395-ima ge-a-29_1556796094392.jpg "height =" 339 "width =" 634 "alt =" <img id = "i-be39cfdc52b42cef" src = "https://dailym.ai/2J2OwKp /02/12/13001012-6984395-image-a-29_1556796094392.jpg "height =" 339 "width =" 634 "alt =" The Welshman lays down the winner after the 3-2 victory against Hull in 2014 in the 3-2 victory against Hull in 2014

<img id = "i-6fb760dd787618ba" src = "https://dailym.ai/2V7xoKx 02/12 / 13001268-6984395-image-a-30_1556796201903.jpg "height =" 418 "width =" 634 "alt =" Ramsey plays the goal at home in extra time against Hull who put an end to the barren period of Arsenal "

<img id = "i-6fb760dd787618ba" src = "https://dailym.ai/2DIYg8V. jpg "height =" 418 "width =" 634 "alt =" Ramsey leaves the goal indoors in extra time against Hull who ended Arsenal's harsh spell "class =" blkBorder img-share

The arsenal man lifts the FA Cup high in the air after his competition-winning display "

<img id =" i-38e5b3cd7ee82b65 "src =" https : //i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2019/05/02/12/13000810-6984395-image-a-40_1556796637227.jpg "height =" 424 "width =" 634 "alt =" The Arsenal man lifts the FA Cup high in the air after its competition-winning display

Arsenal had them all

Arsenal had them all suddenly won three FA titles Cup in four years – the scrambling of Aston Villa in the 2015 final too – and two of their triumphs were due to Ramsey & never's that spirit

This was enough to make Ramsey firm forever in the history books of Arsenal.

Ramsey had to overcome the setback after a horrific legbreak against Stoke in February 2010 after a horrific and thoroughbred tackle by Ryan Shawcross who broke his career.

But he has shown remarkable mental courage to overcome potential career-threatening injuries.

His Arsenal career was in danger, but Ramsey did not give up quickly.

The 28-year-old has continued to make a huge 369 appearances for the club, scored 64 goals, made rapid progress for seven years and his statistics speak of the type of man and player he really is. 65 assists and wins three FA Cups and also wins the Player of the Season twice for Arsenal.

<img id = "i-de7574060c69fe53" src = "https://dailym.ai/2WhL6XO image-a-31_1556796257474.jpg "height =" 676 "width =" 634 "alt =" <img id = "i-de7574060c69fe53" src = "https://dailym.ai/2J2OwKp /02/12/13001384-6984395-image-a-31_1556796257474.jpg "height =" 676 "width =" 634 "alt =" Ramsey also netted the winner in the FA Cup final against Chelsea in 2017 at Wembley "in the FA Cup final against Chelsea in 2017 at Wembley "

Ramsey also netted the winner in the FA Cup final against Chelsea in 2017 in Wembley

<img id = "i-124977b0e9c0daee" src = "https://dailym.ai/2DV7yPB" height = " 805 "width =" 634 "alt =" <img id = "i-124977b0e9c0daee" src = "https://dailym.ai/2WnA5nW a-33_1556796294442.jpg "height =" 805 "width =" 634 "alt =" Ramsey gave Arsena l fans their most memorable moments in recent years in support of the club "Arsenal fans gave their most memorable moments in recent years in support of the club"

Ramsey gave Arsenal fans their most memorable moments in recent years in support of the club

Ramsey will be greatly missed by Unai Emery and the faithful Arsenal – not only for his unique and d rising attacking player, who sometimes reminded of Frank Lampard, but because of his passion and desire for the club that gambled at him at a young age.

Arsenal has grown him into a man and he will be very

The announcement of his departure left a bitter taste in the mouths of many people – not angry with Ramsey but irritated by the fact

Brighton home on Sunday afternoon marks his last match in the Emirates and he will not hesitate to receive a fantastic and standing card

From participation as a & # 39; spotty young child & # 39 ;, he leaves as one of the most popular stars from Arsenal to the famous comic – especially for the younger generation

Although not in the same rows as Tony Ad ams, Thierry Henry, Patrick Vieira and Co., he will no doubt be a of the biggest players from the Emirates time.

<img id = "i-902b92b0beb4cfaf" src = "https://dailym.ai/2DImsZ2 image-a-34_1556796449837.jpg "height =" 457 "width =" 634 "alt =" Ramsey came to Arsenal as a skinny teenager but left for Juventus as a man and a leader "<img id =" i-902b92b0beb4cfaf "src = "https://dailym.ai/2WhL7Lm" height = "457" width = "634" alt = "Ramsey came to Arsenal as a skinny teenager but leaves for Juventus as a man and a leader "

as a man and a leader

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#Aaron Ramsey goes down as one of Arsenal’s greatest players of Emirates era "

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fashiontrendin-blog · 6 years

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20 Famous Speeches That Will Make You A Better Man

http://fashion-trendin.com/20-famous-speeches-that-will-make-you-a-better-man/

20 Famous Speeches That Will Make You A Better Man

From Winston Churchill to Malala Yousafzai, history is awash with inspirational speeches spoken by great men and women. Naturally, though, not all speeches are created equal. You need only look at the orations of certain current political figures to notice that sometimes, when people speak, they really aren’t saying anything at all.

Luckily, everyone on this list not only has a point worth making, they deliver it with rare elegance, grace, and often humour. Whether you’re searching for best man speech inspiration, or simply looking to become a more rounded individual, there’s plenty here to serve as inspiration. And if your favourite speech is Mel Gibson’s pre-battle “Freeeedom!” call to arms in Braveheart, this is the list for you.

1. Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat

Winston Churchill

Britain’s most popular Prime Minister (sorry Theresa) is perhaps most famous for his rousing soliloquies on defiance in the face of adversity. Naturally, the most memorable of his speeches were given during his first run in the top job, from 10 May 1940 to 26 July 1945. Inheriting a tough job just as World War II was heating up (we’ve all seen Darkest Hour, right?) Churchill delivered his “Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat” speech to a parliament less than convinced that he was actually the right person to lead Britain to victory.

In it, he sets out his stall and explains the make-up of his new government. The most famous bit, though, comes towards the end: “You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory. Victory at all costs —Victory in spite of all terror — Victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.” Not bad for his first speech in the job.

The lesson: Stick to your guns, even when those around you doubt your capabilities

2. Royal Wedding Sermon

Bishop Michael Curry

A passionate African-American preacher giving the sermon at a British royal wedding? It’s sad that in 2018 this seemed so radical. But judging by the much-memed expressions of certain guests, Bishop Michael Curry’s sermon was exactly the shake-up the establishment needed. And what a sermon it was. Focusing on “the power of love” (no, we’re not talking Frankie Goes To Hollywood), Curry’s speech reminded everyone that there’s nothing to be ashamed about when it comes to the warm fuzzies and that we’d all benefit from letting a little compassion into our lives. Well, it was a wedding, after all.

The lesson: “There’s power in love” obviously

3. I Have A Dream

Martin Luther King Jr.

This 1963 speech is perhaps the most famous speech in history. As King explains, it should be “self-evident that all men are created equal.” But, over half a century later, can we really say that King’s dream has come true? With #BlackLivesMatter today equally as vital as King’s campaigns, and less inclusive reforms taking place across the West, you might argue that we’re someway off. It’s worth, then, reacquainting yourself with King’s words, and seeing what you can do to help bring about equality between men, women and non-binary people of all creeds and colours. Because, occasionally, dreams do come true.

The lesson: Love thy neighbour, and keep fighting the good fight

4. That Rock N Roll

Alex Turner

The Arctic Monkey’s third Brit Awards win for both best British Band and Best British album made them unique among their peers. It’s understandable, then, for thinking Alex Turner – a real rock star, no less – might be a trifle tired of accepting awards from the pop-promoting awards body. His 2014 speech, in which he references rock n roll emerging from the slime may have had people making jokes about “rockstars in the toilet, practising their lines”, but to mock Turner is to miss the point. And the grins his bandmates are trying to hide. Let’s have a bit more mic-dropping, and a bit less Ed Sheeran. That rock n roll, eh?

The lesson: Don’t take yourself too seriously

5. Ich Bin Ein Berliner

JFK

The US President’s 1963 address to West Berlin crowds, against the backdrop of the Berlin Wall, is often considered the Cold War’s most important speech. In it, Kennedy rallies the hearts and minds of the West against the tyranny of communism. The US will stand strong with the residents of West Berlin – a people surrounded on all sides by the Russian-held half of Germany.

So strong is JFK’s dedication that he wants to declare himself an actual Berliner. Their pain is his. And their strength is his. What he actually does is declare himself a “jelly donut” in the local parlance. Which only serves to make him seem even more likeable. Bloody Google Translate…

The lesson: Make sure you’ve got the local lingo down

6. Abolition Speech

William Wilberforce

When Yorkshire man William Wilberforce stood before the British House of Commons in 1789, slavery was still very much alive and well in the UK and her overseas colonies. It took some guts, then, to denounce the trade in human lives and freedoms as wretched and shameful. He asked for “cool and impartial reason”, and claimed that every single person in the House was guilty of compliance. Twenty years later, the Slave Trade Act of 1807 was passed, but the trade was not abolished until 1833. Wilberforce, by then retired from Parliament, died aged 76, just three days after hearing the the abolition act had been passed.

The lesson: If something’s worth fighting for, it’s worth being in it for the long haul

7. Quit India

Gandhi

India was the jewel of the British Empire, but enforced colonial rule could not last. When Britain refused to let India form its own government, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – leader of the Indian Independence Movement – sought to rally the people with this famous 1942 speech. In it, he urged the people of India to come together, and resist, without violence.

“Ours is not a drive for power, but purely a non-violent fight for India’s independence.”

A long five years later, Gandhi achieved his aims when India claimed its independence in 1947.

The lesson: Words will always be more powerful than a fist

8. The Decision To Go To The Moon

JFK

Delivered to a crowd at Rice Stadium, Houston on 12th September 1962, JFK’s address was designed to persuade the average American to support the effort to land a man on the moon. It was a resounding success, and simply historic in the scope and scale of the ambition it outlines. The payoff came on 20th July 1969, when Apollo 11 became the first manned mission to the moon, changing the game for good. A must-see for any manager or general trying to rouse the troops.

The lesson: The sky is no longer the limit

9. Barack Out

Barack Obama

A president with style, charisma and comic timing is a rare thing. Even more so these days. But, in his final speech at his last White House Correspondent’s dinner, Barry O is fantastic throughout, referencing Game of Thrones, shouting out Michelle and poking fun at his future. You’ll watch between your fingers though, as he hints that Hilary is a sure thing for the next presidency. Oh, and bill him for the mic. A masterclass in how to bow out with grace, even when everything seems like it’s going down the pan.

The lesson: Always leave in style

10. The Power Of Sport

Nelson Mandela

You might think that after 28 years in prison, Nelson Mandela would have bigger fish to fry than encouraging the youth of South Africa to take up sport. But, as anyone who’s seen Invictus knows, Mandela saw sport as a way of unifying his country, and instilling national pride in people of all creeds and colours. In this sports awards speech, he says simply that sport has “the power to inspire… the power to unite people in a way that little else does… sport can create hope where once there was only despair… it is more powerful than governments.”

The lesson: Don’t write off something that gives you happiness

11. The Fringe Benefits Of Failure…

J. K. Rowling

And The Importance Of Imagination. Good title. And J.K’s speech at Harvard University is just as inspiring as it sounds. After a round of jokes to get the audience warmed up (with only a handful of Harry Potter references, just in case you forgot) J.K. gets down to brass tacks: the importance of failure, and compromise. She talks of how her parents pushed her into a vocational degree, believing English Literature would never pay the bills. But while that turned out to be far from the case, her point is that life is difficult to control, and whatever path you set off down, you never know where you’ll end up. Magic.

The lesson: Go with the flow

12. Worldwide Access To Education

Malala Yousafzai

After being shot in the head by the Taliban, standing up and addressing the UN must be a doddle, right? Yeah, right. But, if she was as terrified as we would be, 16-year-old Malala Yousafzai did not show it for a second as she recounted her story, and asked for better education for children throughout the world so that we might welcome a more enlightened future.

The key, though, is to forgive and search for new ways to solve problems. In Malala’s words: “I do not even hate the Talib who shot me. Even if there is a gun in my hand and he stands in front of me, I would not shoot him… This is the philosophy of non-violence that I have learnt from Gandhi Jee, Bacha Khan and Mother Teresa. And this is the forgiveness that I have learnt from my mother and father. This is what my soul is telling me, be peaceful and love everyone.”

A masterclass in bravery, and fighting for what’s right.

The lesson: Education and compassion are the key to greatness

13. Questioning The Universe

Stephen Hawking

A TED talk from Stephen Hawking? Yes, you are so lucky. In this 2008 speech, Hawking raises the biggest questions in the universe and tries to help us find answers. Are we alone in the universe? Where did life come from? And what is the future of the human race? Was there anything before the Big Bang? You’ll have to watch to find out.

The lesson: Always stay curious

14. How To Live Before You Die

Steve Jobs

In his 2005 speech at Stanford University, a very different type of genius tells three simple stories. The first is the story of his adoption, the second about getting fired from Apple – the company he started – and the third about death. Each morning, Jobs said, he woke up and asked himself if he’d be happy doing what he had to do that day if he only had a few days left. “Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I’ve ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life.” Just six years later, Jobs would indeed be dead, and it’s hard to say he didn’t live by his words each and every day.

The lesson: You have nothing to lose

15. Fall Forward

Denzel Washington

In 2011 Denzel addressed the University of Pennsylvania. His message: “Every failed experiment is one step closer to success.” According to Denz, it’s a fact that you will fail, lose and embarrass yourself – that’s inevitable. What matters is what you do after you’ve failed. In other words, keep on showing up.

The lesson: There’s no such thing as a mistake, just an opportunity to learn

16. Freedom or Death

Emmeline Pankhurst

Speaking in Hartford, Connecticut on 13th November 1913, the suffragette leader took no prisoners in her call for women to be treated as equal members of society, whatever it takes:

“We were called militant, and we were quite willing to accept the name. We were determined to press this question of the enfranchisement of women to the point where we were no longer to be ignored by the politicians… We wear no mark; we belong to every class; we permeate every class of the community from the highest to the lowest; and so you see in the woman’s civil war the dear men of my country are discovering it is absolutely impossible to deal with it: you cannot locate it, and you cannot stop it.”

Right on.

The lesson: Equality above all else

17. This Is Water Speech

David Foster Wallace

The late, great writer begins his speech with “If anyone feels like perspiring, I’d invite you to go ahead, because I’m certainly going to.” And it only gets better from there. His subject is, well, banal platitudes, and how they do, sometimes, have meaning – all told through the dissection of the traditional commencement speech. This might take a few watches but it’ll stay with you afterwards.

The lesson: We’re all part of something bigger

18. MUM Commencement Address

Jim Carrey

Continuing the trend of actors speaking to students, the comedian gave the commencement speech to the Maharishi University of Management’s class of 2014. Sure, there are some wild tangents, but the core of the speech sees Carrey at his most tender, touting the benefits of soft-serve ice cream, and the degree to which fear will have a role in your life. Most of us, he says, choose our path out of fear disguised as practicality.

But there’s no point in doing so. He talks about his father choosing to be an accountant instead of pursuing a career as a comedian, only to later be made redundant. The lesson he imparted to Carrey junior is that you may as well take a chance, because you can always fail doing what you don’t love.

The lesson: Take a chance, because you can still fail even if you play it safe

19. Commencement Address Agnes Scott College

Kurt Vonnegut

One of history’s most unique writers brings his peculiar take on life to the 1999 Agnes Scott College commencement address. What’s most touching is how thankful he is for education, and the possibilities awaiting new students: “Thanks to you, the forces of ignorance and brutality have lost again.” He also quotes from Robert Browning, “A [wo]man’s reach always exceed his grasp, or what’s a heaven for?” Beautiful words from two beautiful writers. Including the best advice of all time from Vonnegut: “Wear sunscreen”.

The lesson: The possibilities of the future are endless, if you have the courage to embrace them

20. Speech to the Troops at Tilbury

Queen Elizabeth I

Before Liz The Second, Britain had OG Liz, and some say she was the country’s finest queen. Case in point: on the eve of a decisive battle against Spanish forces in 1588, Elizabeth spoke to her troops on the front line:

“I am come amongst you… not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even in the dust… I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field.”

Her willingness to fight and toil alongside her soldiers was rare enough at the time (least of all for a woman) but even more so now. A truly inspirational leader.

The lesson: Lead by example, and leave it all on the line

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elsolnetworktv · 6 years

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Mexican singer Cristian Castro will play the most memorable songs of Argentinean Sandro, a show he defined today in Buenos Aires as a “daring” and that will premiere in the Argentine capital before embarking on a national and international tour.

His new show, titled “As I did, the story of an idol”, is a tribute to the considered “Elvis Presley argentino”, which will tour different countries in Latin America and the United States, and will premiere during the next 27, 28 and 29 in the capital of the country that gave birth to Sandro.

“I like the challenge and more than the challenge I like the great commitment I have with Sandro’s repertoire, above all it’s a colleague’s commitment,” Castro acknowledged during a press conference on Monday in the Hilton hotel of the capital, chosen place for the three recitales of the next weekend.

After showing his vocal versatility after playing Disney soundtracks – “Men of Action Will Be Today,” Mulan (1998) – and experimenting with his own rock band – The Sphinx (2014) -, the Mexican introduced his fifteenth album “Dicen”, and now it is sent to the Argentine stages to homenajear to one of the great local idols, Sandro (1945-2010).

“I do not want to imitate Sandro, I want to sing to Sandro as Sandro sang it but I want to be me and really get myself into the songs so I can give them more,” he said.

Tickets for the world premiere of his show, on sale since July 11, range from 990 pesos (about 56 dollars) to 2,900 (about 166 dollars).

The interpreter of songs like “Azul” said that the repertoire selected for the tribute to Sandro will reach eight Argentine provinces and countries like Colombia, Chile, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Mexico, among others, although he confessed that he wanted to take him to Spain too.

The arrangements prepared for the show are, he said, “too beautiful,” and stated that “live songs sound awesome”, a repertoire, in his opinion “imposing.”

“It looks like maybe the one I’ve been trying to build on during my life,” he remarked.

Of the show the versions of Castro of the subjects “Penumbras” and “As I say”, that used during its promotion in some mass media are already known.

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The singer said that he was recently at the home of the mythical Argentine singer where he was received by his widow to sing “something special” during the first concert.

“This show is forever, I want them to see me as someone who loves Sandro, who can sing a show with me and remember Sandro never forget him, because I do not want to forget him,” he insisted.

In addition, he maintained that it was his mother, actress and singer Verónica Castro, who created a “bond” between them, so it is for him a “duty” to be able to raise his songs back to a stage.

A stage that will consist of an orchestra of 25 musicians and a body of dance that will accompany Castro in a performance with different costumes, among which, as promised, there will not be lacking the characteristic robe that Sandro wore in some of his recitals.

Sandro, whose real name was Roberto Sánchez, died on January 4, 2010, at age 64, in a clinic in the Argentinean city of Mendoza two months after receiving a heart and lung transplant with which he tried to save his lifetime.

Nicknamed “El gitano” and Sandro de América, the Argentine singer-songwriter published 53 albums of which he sold more than 8 million copies and acted in a dozen films throughout a race that began in the mid-70’s .

“All these people who may be upset by this stance singing Sandro’s repertoire, I think it should not be because I think it’s a brotherhood with Mexico, it’s a window from Sandro to the international,” he concluded.

Cristian Castro says it is a challenge the “daring” to sing the themes of Sandro in Argentina Mexican singer Cristian Castro will play the most memorable songs of Argentinean Sandro, a show he defined today in Buenos Aires as a "daring" and that will premiere in the Argentine capital before embarking on a national and international tour.

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wildcatscot · 7 years

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ERROL CHURCH

https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@56.3931862,-3.2126981,3a,75y,119.29h,99.95t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sGdkPbD949UIbzVGMA_cwUg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656

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CHURCH 2

https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@56.3922192,-3.2121249,3a,75y,190.02h,95.43t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1ssv51gOFxxvOsJgWDEABFLg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656

HILL OF EARL

https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@56.3803706,-3.2521314,3a,75y,147.41h,87.51t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sR6Uj0gHUL97PS7XjKxY3_A!2e0!7i13312!8i6656

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http://www.errolpark.co.uk/ https://archive.is/erJ97

http://www.errolpark.co.uk/photos/ https://archive.is/ZSftv

http://www.errolpark.co.uk/house/timeline/ https://archive.is/uZQxA

Errol Enterprises Estate http://www.errolenterprises.co.uk/

Managing Director: Jamie Heriot Maitland

http://www.errolenterprises.co.uk/contact-us/ https://archive.is/3l8Yh

Timebomb that left Kat blind and in a wheelchair at just 28: A mother’s moving account of a disorder that affects one in 100 20 December 2011

Kat Heriot Maitland with husband Jamie & son Louis

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2076286/Kat-Heriot-Maitland-left-blind-wheelchair-just-28-stroke.html https://archive.is/TYbR2

Aristocrat found with stash of illegal ammunition 10th June 2015

“Heriot Maitland, 36, Errol Park House, Errol, admitted having 51 .22 rounds of ammunition when his firearms certificate was limited to 500 .17 calibre bullets at his home on 6 September 2014.

He denied having cocaine at Perth police station, and behaving in a threatening or abusive manner likely to cause a reasonable person to suffer fear and alarm by repeatedly shouting and swearing and behaving in a disorderly manner in South Street on the same day. The Crown accepted his not guilty pleas to those charges.

Solicitor Scott Flannigan, defending, said his client had been “forgetful” and asked the court to consider a testimonial from Heriot Maitland’s cousin, the Earl of Dundee.“

http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13412365.Aristocrat_found_with_stash_of_illegal_ammunition/ https://archive.is/njbY5

Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn, 11th Earl of Dundee 3 May 1902 – 29 June 1983 https://archive.is/1v043

A Scottish nobleman, soldier and politician. Dundee was the elder son of Colonel Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn, de jure 10th Earl of Dundee, and Edith, daughter of John Moffat. He was educated at Winchester and Balliol College, Oxford, where he was President of the Oxford Union in October 1924. He graduated with a Master of Arts degree in 1926.

Having left Oxford he joined the army, rising to the rank of Captain in the 7th battalion The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment). Dundee was elected Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for West Renfrewshire from 1931 until 1945. He was appointed to be PPS to the President of Eden’s board for two years before moving to the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1935 he was PPS to the Secretary of State for Scotland before being promoted as Under-Secretary of State for Scotland until the outbreak of the war. He served in the Second World War as an officer with the 7th Battalion, The Black Watch from 1939 to 1941, leaving with the rank of Captain.

Lord Scrymgeour was wounded so returned to London politics. He was briefly Joint Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from 1941 to 1942. He was chosen as a member of the parliamentary delegation to China just as Japanese soldiers stormed Singapore. The delegates promised to offer the Chinese military support in a broader alliance to fight the occupation of Manchuria.

On 31 July 1952 the Scrymgeour family’s claim to title of Dudhope and Scymgeour in the Scottish peerage were accepted by the Lords Committee for Privileges; and again on 18 May 1953 his claim to the earldom of Dundee and Lord Innerkeithing was affirmed. On 30 July 1954 he was created Baron Glassary, of Glassary in the County of Argyll, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, giving him an automatic seat in the House of Lords (not guaranteed by his Scottish peerages).

Macmillan chose Dundee minister without portfolio from 1958 to 1961 owing to a wealth of experiences at home and abroad. Dundee was successfully promoted to number two in the Foreign Office as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1961 to 1964. Simultaneously he was Assistant Deputy Leader of the House of Lords from 1960 to 1962 and as Deputy Leader of the House of Lords from 1962 to 1964. In 1959 he was appointed a Privy Counsellor.

Lord Dundee was also the Hereditary Royal Standard-Bearer for Scotland, a right established by his father before the Court of Claims in 1902. He was decorated with the award of Order of the Brilliant Star of China (with Special Cravat). He was awarded an honorary LLD bySt Andrews University in 1954.[1]

Lord Dundee married his sister-in-law Patricia Katherine Montagu Douglas Scott, granddaughter of William Henry Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch on 30 October 1946. She had previously been married to his brother. She was in fact the widow of not one but two soldiers, both of whom were killed-in-action: Lt.-Col. Walter Douglas Faulkner MC of the Irish Guards (k.May 1940), and Lord Dundee’s younger brother David Scrymgeour-Wedderburn DSO of the Scots Guards (1912–1944), with each of whom she had two children.

Lord and Lady Dundee had one child. The current 12th Earl of Dundee (born 5 June 1949). Lady Dundee died on 3 Dec 2012 at the age of 102.[2]

http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F21821

Sir William Ogilvy Dalgleish of Errol Park (1832–1913)

Lady Ogilvy Dalgleish of Errol Park (d.1922)

ERROL, PERTHSHIRE ERROL TAYBANK STABLES ERROL CHURCH CHURCH 2 HILL OF EARL

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nothingman · 7 years

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Non-consensual pornography—frequently called “revenge porn”—describes nude or sexually suggestive photos shared in a manner or context that the subject did not consent to, often with the intent to humiliate, intimidate, or extort the victim. In many cases, these pics are distributed by someone who received (or was allowed to take) them on the assumption that they would remain private.

While non-consensual pornography is not unique to social media, these platforms have made it easier to distribute images anonymously/pseudonymously to a wide audience. Nude or sexual pics are non-consensually distributed through dedicated websites; subforms on Reddit, 4chan, and their many offshoots; “dump accounts” on Twitter or Tumblr; torrent sites (particularly for celeb photos); and the Dark Web (for underage or otherwise illegal content).

In the past couple of years, non-consensual pornography has increasingly been discussed in the news media. One recent scandal that made headlines centered on “Marines United” Facebook page, where current and former marines were caught sharing and commenting on images of their female colleagues. Many of these images were “creepshots” taken without the knowledge of the women.

Another high profile incident occurred in 2014, when nearly 500 nude images of dozens of celebrities (mostly women) were leaked on message boards such as Reddit and 4chan; this event has been dubbed “Celebgate” (or “The Fappening”). Hackers managed to steal these images by compromising the security of celebrities’ own iCloud accounts. Though the original Celebgate hackers were caught and convicted, other hackers continue to target celebrities and leak their photos.

Perhaps the most infamous hub for non-consensual pornography was isanyoneup.com, which allowed users to post amateur pics they took of ex girlfriends, people having sex at parties, women in public, etc (and in some cases paid contributors). The website existed for a couple years before its creator, Hunter Moore, shut it down in 2012, complaining that he had to spend an average of three hours a day reporting underage submissions. Moore said of his victims:

They’re just stupid people. All I really do is take advantage of them.

Moore was eventually arrested and prosecuted in 2014. He accepted a plea deal of 2.5 years in prison for “unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information for purposes of private financial gain and one count of aggravated identity theft.” But he was only charged in connection with the files he purchased from hackers, not for the much larger number of lawfully obtained non-consensual pornographic images (and, yes, that sentence makes sense under current federal law).

In light of these events and countless other incidences of sexual images shared without permission by former partners and friends—or even strangers—non-consensual pornography has become the focus of lobbying organizations such as Without My Consent, campaigns by celebrities, and some journalists who have taken up this beat. One result of such attention is that several states have passed (or debated) criminal statutes specific to prosecuting non-consensual pornography, but not the federal government.

While the non-consensual sharing of pornographic images appears to be disturbingly widespread, it is difficult to track and tally these instances. Beyond the practical issue that it would be difficult to collect such information is the moral issue that such efforts could potentially bring further exposure and harm to victims. One thing we do know is that consensual sharing of pornographic images via digital media is increasingly common: A 2013 Pew survey* found that 18% of people ages 18-29 report sending sexually suggestive pictures or video of themselves with a cell phone. 42% of people in this age group reported receiving such images. Responses were similar for both single people and those in relationships.

Historically, copyright has been the main legal tool for prosecuting non-consensual pornography (at least in case of selfies). I’m certainly not going to criticize victims for using the only tools available, but this leads to absurd consequences—not the least of which is that copyright tends to vindicate those who share images without consent if they happened to be the one taking the photo.

VIDEO

John Oliver on non-consensual pornography, copyright, and victim blaming.

More importantly, treating non-consensual pornography as copyright infringement misses the point: The thing that actually upsets us in these case is not misuse of content but the denial of a person’s right to self-determination, particularly with regards what happens to one’s own body. I would suggest that that non-consensual pornography is more akin to sexual assault than pirating music via Bittorrent.

This disconnect between our experiences and public policy indicates a need to make sense of the deeper relationship going here—not the one bound up in copyright, property, and ownership, but, instead, what it is like to experience being the subject of non-consensual pornography and the sense of violation we feel when the control we have over our selves is taken from us.

The issue of non-consensual pornography highlights the increasingly intimate connection between our bodies and digital technologies. However, the technological mediation of our bodies is not something uniquely digital. Phenomenologists and other theorists long observed the blurring of boundaries between flesh and machine; these cyborganic relations just have never fully achieved popular and legal recognition.

Incorporation and Feeling Digital Media

I think it is particularly useful to consider the experience phenomenologists described as incorporation (i.e., the idea that we can come to experience foreign objects as being part of the body, part of our selves). Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1945), Phenomenology of Perception explains:

those actions in which I habitually engage incorporate their instruments into themselves and make them play a part in the original structure of my own body. (p. 104)

To get used to a hat, a car or a stick is to be transplanted into them, or conversely, to incorporate them into the bulk of our own body. Habit expresses our power of dilating our being-in-the-world, or changing our existence by appropriating fresh instruments. (p. 166)

Going further back to Heidegger we have an idea that tools (such as a hammer) can become almost invisible to us so long as they function properly. We feel as though our agency extends through such objects. Martin Heidegger (1927), Being and Time, explained:

The less we just stare at the hammer-thing, and the more we seize hold of it and use it, the more primordial does our relationship to it become, and the more unveiledly is it encountered as that which it is—as equipment. The hammering itself uncovers the specific “manipulability” of the hammer. The kind of Being which equipment possesses—in which it manifests itself in its own right—we call “readiness-to-hand”.

Similarly, Merleau-Ponty (p. 176) gives the example of a blind man learning to use a walking cane:

Once the stick has become a familiar instrument, the world of feelable things recedes and now begins, not at the outer skin of the hand, but at the end of the stick… The pressures on the hand and stick are no longer given; the stick is no longer an object perceived by the blind man, but an instrument with which he perceives.

There are other accounts of similar processes in social theory. Marshall McLuhan (Playboy, 1969) expanded this notion even further, suggesting that electronic media are an extension of our entire central nervous system. He also talks about the experience of driving—how the car can dissolve into our consciousness and we can forget that we are even driving:

The electric media are the telegraph, radio, films, telephone, computer and television, all of which have not only extended a single sense or function as the old mechanical media did — i.e., the wheel as an extension of the foot, clothing as an extension of the skin, the phonetic alphabet as an extension of the eye — but have enhanced and externalized our entire central nervous systems, thus transforming all aspects of our social and psychic existence.

Perhaps most relevant is a 2012 dissertation by Amy Taylor about a man left impotent after treatment for prostate cancer and, to his surprise, he discovers that he can experience orgasm using a strap-on dildo with his wife.

[The patient went] from regarding the dildo as a “piece of purple plastic” to an “organ” of his own body, and experiences the dildo as such—evidenced not only by his explicit statements, but by his ability to achieve sexual satisfaction through the dildo, a striking example of an object working in concert with the body, or extending the body beyond the skin.

The most radical aspect of our ability to incorporate objects into the body is the recognition that human subjectivity extends beyond the flesh—that objects become part of us—part of our perception of the world and part of our perception of ourselves. We generally describe such incorporated objects as “prostheses,” and we have argued that this is how we have come to relate to our social media profiles and our smartphones. It’s why when someone makes a negative comment, we feel hurt; and if they hack our accounts, we feel violated; and if we lend our phone to someone, we feel uneasy. These objects have become “digital prostheses.”

And, like Heidegger’s hammer, when these technologies work well, they seem to nearly vanish from our perception, creating the possibility for intimacy—for meaningful connection (perhaps one that is even felt physically) between two (or more) people. This perspective suggests that if we are going to makes sense of revenge porn as assaulting a person (and not just as an inappropriate use of property), then we to stop reifying conventionally held boundaries between subject and object; producer and product; person and thing—and I’d say even online and offline. The concept of digital prostheses suggests an extension of moral regard beyond flesh and blood to all things a person experiences as integral to his or her subjectivity.

This concept follows in the footsteps of Sandy Stone (“Split Subjects, Not Atoms; or, How I Fell in Love with My Prosthesis,” 1994), who also examined the intimacy of our relationships with machines. In her observation of a phone sex collective, she suggests “what was being sent back and forth over the wires wasn’t just information, it was bodies.”

Stone coined the term “split” subjectivity to describe subjectivity embodied by two or more media. In other words, phone sex operators were not only embodied by flesh and blood but also by the medium through which they worked. She concludes that new media are forcing us to reimagine where the bounds of self stops and starts:

virtual systems are [perceived as] dangerous because the agency/body coupling so diligently fostered by every facet of our society is in danger of becoming irrelevant

However, rather than emphasizing the distinctiveness of the materials that mediate our experience (as Stone does), I think it is more useful to emphasize the coherence and continuity of that experience, so (drawing on past work with Whitney Erin Boesel), I prefer to describe this state as “augmented subjectivity.”

One chief assumption of this perspective is that all interactions and experiences are mediated. Flesh itself is a medium. No interactions are any more or less “real” than others, just differently mediated.

Bodily Integrity as an Alternate Framework Privacy or Context Integrity

We need to expand our sense moral regard to accomodate the new, digital-mediated reality confronting us. In particular, I believe that the conversation about non-consensual pornography needs to be recentered from property rights, or even privacy, to the concept of “bodily integrity.” Helen Nissenbaum’s (2004) work on “context integrity” is an important bridge concept here. She observes new surveillance and information technologies strain conventional notions of privacy. When it was assumed that surveillance technologies were bulky and limited in scope,

public surveillance is determined not to be a privacy problem. Because this conclusion is at odds with the intuition and judgment of many people, it warrants more than simple dismissal.

Nissenbaum suggests that, rather than ignoring these concerns, we need a new model—a paradigm shift—that can account for them. (This, of course, is exactly what we are suggesting is needed to address the sense of violation experienced by victims of non-consensual pornography). Her concept of “context integrity” suggests that, when considering whether it is proper to collect or share information, we need to consider norms about what sort of information is appropriate in various spaces as well as how freely the information was expected to flow when it was initially disclosed. Important to our discussion of non-consensual pornography, Nissenbaum observes “appropriating information from one situation and inserting it in another can constitute a violation.”

While the disruption of context integrity is one aspect of why the experience of non-consensually sharing of nude or sexually suggestive images is so violating, it does not fully account for the intensity of this experience of violation. To understand this, we need to also consider bodily integrity.

The concept of bodily integrity assume that we have a privileged relationship to our own bodies—a right to determine what happens to them and, above all, how other people relate to them.

After the Celebgate release of private nude images stolen from her computer, Jennifer Lawrence spoke out about her experience in a way that gets to the heart why digital images are an issue of bodily integrity

Those pictures were incredibly personal to me — and my naked body I haven’t shown on camera by choice — it’s my body. I felt angry at websites reposting them. … I can’t really describe to you the feeling that took a very long time to go away, wondering at any point who is just passing my body around. Who’s got a picture of my body on their phone and is at a barbecue and looking at them. It was an unshakable, really awful feeling that after it healed a little bit made me incredibly angry.

Lawrence identifies with the photos not just as something she’s created and put out into the world but as “my body”—something that is still part of her. This loss of control over self left her shaken.

Though women celebrities like Lawrence are accustomed to being publicly objectified, she makes it clear that having images of her body shared without consent felt profoundly violating. This experience of violation is likely even more profound for people who are less accustomed to public exposure. Nevertheless, people of all types—and, particularly, women—are increasingly likely to be victims of non-consensual pornography.

What this discussion, and the concept of digital prostheses, suggests is that our pictures and profiles are not merely representations of us; rather, they are us, in some important sense. As such, they merit greater respect and protection than can be provided by laws and norms against privacy—or even context—violations. We must treat non-consensual pornography as a matter of bodily integrity.

* Download crosstabs to find these statistics.

PJ Patella-Rey (@pjrey) is a Founding Editor at Cyborgology and a PhD candidate at the University of Maryland.

via Cyborgology

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