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#135V
cuties-in-codices · 7 months
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underwater diving equipment
in a manuscript containing various technical drawings, germany, 1524
source: Munich, BSB, Cgm 973, fol. 135v, 136v and 137r
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usafphantom2 · 15 days
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RC-135V 🇺🇸64-14845
【March 31, 2024; RJTY】
@marq93Highspeed via X
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thegothicera · 4 months
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The Regent (later King Charles V, right) and the King of Navarre (Charles II the Bad, left) conferring in a tent. From the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis, BL Royal MS 20 C vii f. 135v, French, ca. 1380-1400
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kneedeepincynade · 6 months
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Genocide Joe and his cronies lie in the face of the world by saying they don't want to provoke China,but their actions tell a different story
The post is machine translated
Translation is at the bottom
The collective is on telegram
🇺🇸 L'avventurismo anti-Cinese degli imperialisti statunitensi nel Mar Cinese Meridionale costituisce la causa principale dei rischi per la sicurezza aerea e marittima nella zona, ha dichiarato la Compagna Mao Ning - Portavoce del Ministero degli Affari Esteri della Repubblica Popolare Cinese 🇨🇳
🤹‍♂️ L'ipocrisia delle tigri di carta statunitensi, che inviano aerei nel Mar Cinese Meridionale e, quando vengono intercettati dai caccia dell'Esercito Popolare di Liberazione si lamentano, definendo la Cina "aggressiva", non ha fine
🇺🇸 Gli USA inviano Gruppi d'Attacco di Portaerei nel Mar Cinese Meridionale, spiano la Cina con aerei da ricognizione che si avvicinano pericolosamente a Shantou? Se la Cina risponde, allora è aggressiva, irosa ed irresponsabile. Questa è la logica dei reazionari americani🤦‍♀️
🌐 Il Mondo sa bene chi è il vero Paese irresponsabile, chi getta sempre benzina sul fuoco dei conflitti e chi promuove costantemente l'avventurismo contro Paesi sovrani e indipendenti 👍
🇨🇳 Wang Wenbin: «Gli USA sono i guerrafondai n°1 al Mondo, sono il principale violatore della sovranità e la prima fonte di antagonismo e scontro tra blocchi» 🇺🇸
一 24/02: il Comando Orientale dell'EPL intercetta un P-8A nel Mar Cinese Meridionale, e invia un Caccia di Superiorità Aerea J-11, armato con Missili Aria-Aria, per scortare l'Aereo USA al di fuori della Zona Cinese 🔥
🇺🇸 Aereo USA nel Mar Cinese Meridionale, la Cina risponde, ed è la Cina ad essere aggressiva per le tigri di carta, come si può leggere qui, su CNN: "US says Chinese jet conducted ‘unnecessarily aggressive maneuver’ intercepting US spy plane over South China Sea" 🤡
四 26/05: Il Comando dell'EPL intercetta un RC-135V nel Mar Cinese Meridionale, pericolosamente vicino alla Città di Shantou, e invia un Caccia Multiruolo J-16 per scortarlo fuori dalla Zona Cinese 🔥
🤔 Di nuovo la stessa retorica, questa volta su ABC News: "Chinese jet carries out 'aggressive' maneuver in front of US military plane, officials say" 🇺🇸
🇺🇸 Gli imperialisti USA inviano cacciatorpedinieri e portaerei nel Mar Cinese Meridionale, così come P-8A, RC-135V e altri, e poi si lamentano delle conseguenze? ❔
🇺🇸 Gli USA affermano che la Cina sia una minaccia e che stia militarizzando il Mar Cinese Meridionale e l'Asia, ma la realtà mostra come, su 750 basi militari USA nel Mondo, quasi la metà siano intorno alla Cina 😡
📊 Il 42,7% delle basi USA all'estero puntano le armi direttamente al collo della Cina, dalla Base Navale di Yokosuka alla Base di Seoul, sono 313 le Basi USA con gli occhi puntati sulla Cina 😡
🇺🇸 Mappa con le Basi Militari USA nel Mar Cinese Meridionale 🗺️
🇨🇳 丢掉幻想,准备斗争 🌟
🇨🇳 南海有一些岛屿属于中国。这些岛屿的主权属于中国,而不是日本军国主义者、菲律宾人或美帝国主义的其他傀儡。南海诸岛问题应由有关国家自行解决,不受美国反动派的干涉 🇺🇸
📄 南海各方行为准则 - Codice di Condotta nel Mar Cinese Meridionale 🤝
🏝 南海诸岛主权自古以来就属于中国领土 🐲
🌊 Mar Cinese Meridionale, teatro di scontro militare tra Cina e USA? - Parte I, Parte II ⚔️
🌟 严正以待 - L'Esercito Popolare di Liberazione è vigile e pronto per la battaglia
🌸 Iscriviti 👉 @collettivoshaoshan 😘
🇺🇸 The anti-Chinese adventurism of US imperialists in the South China Sea constitutes the main cause of risks to air and maritime security in the area, said Comrade Mao Ning - Spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China 🇨🇳
🤹‍♂️ The hypocrisy of the US paper tigers, who send planes into the South China Sea and, when intercepted by People's Liberation Army fighters, complain, calling China "aggressive", has no end
🇺🇸 Does the USA send Aircraft Carrier Strike Groups to the South China Sea, spy on China with reconnaissance planes that come dangerously close to Shantou? If China responds, then it is aggressive, angry and irresponsible. This is the logic of American reactionaries🤦‍♀️
🌐 The world knows well who the truly irresponsible country is, who always throws fuel on the fire of conflicts and who constantly promotes adventurism against sovereign and independent countries 👍
🇨🇳 Wang Wenbin: «The USA is the No. 1 warmonger in the world, it is the main violator of sovereignty and the first source of antagonism and clash between blocs» 🇺🇸
一 24/02: PLA Eastern Command intercepts a P-8A in the South China Sea, and sends a J-11 Air Superiority Fighter, armed with Air-to-Air Missiles, to escort the US aircraft out of the Zone Chinese 🔥
🇺🇸 US plane in the South China Sea, China responds, and it is China that is aggressive for the paper tigers, as you can read here, on CNN: "US says Chinese jet conducted 'unnecessarily aggressive maneuver' intercepting US spy plane over South China Sea" 🤡
四 26/05: PLA Command intercepts an RC-135V in the South China Sea, dangerously close to Shantou City, and sends a J-16 Multirole Fighter to escort it out of the China Zone 🔥
🤔 The same rhetoric again, this time on ABC News: "Chinese jet carries out 'aggressive' maneuver in front of US military plane, officials say" 🇺🇸
🇺🇸 Do the US imperialists send destroyers and aircraft carriers to the South China Sea, as well as P-8A, RC-135V and others, and then complain about the consequences?
🇺🇸 The USA claims that China is a threat and that it is militarizing the South China Sea and Asia, but reality shows that, out of 750 US military bases in the world, almost half are around China 😡
📊 42.7% of US bases abroad point their weapons directly at China's neck, from the Yokosuka Naval Base to the Seoul Base, there are 313 US bases with their eyes on China 😡
🇺🇸 Map with US Military Bases in the South China Sea 🗺️
🇨🇳 丢掉幻想,准备斗争 🌟
🇨🇳 南海有一些岛屿属于中国。这些岛屿的主权属于中国,而不是日本军国主义者、菲律宾人或美帝国主义的其他傀儡。南海诸岛问题应由有关国家自行解决,不受美国反动派的干涉🇺🇸
📄 南海各方行为准则 - Code of Conduct in the South China Sea 🤝
🏝 南海诸岛主权自古以来就属于中国领土 🐲
🌊 South China Sea, theater of military clash between China and the USA? - Part I, Part II ⚔️
🌟 严正以待 - The People's Liberation Army is alert and ready for battle
🌸 Subscribe 👉 @collectivoshaoshan 😘
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selamat-linting · 6 months
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❗️Israeli ground operation in Gaza is covered by US and NATO aircraft
Now less than 100 kilometers west of the Lebanese coast there is a Boeing RC-135V Rivet Joint reconnaissance aircraft with the call sign HOMER42.
The plane took off from the US Air Force Base Souda Bay on the Greek island of Crete.
Next to him is a British reconnaissance aircraft Boeing P-8A Poseidon MRA1 from Sigonella airbase in Italy.
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poddyshobbies · 8 months
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2023.8.7
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午前中は雲が日差しを遮って比較的しのぎやすくなりました。
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風が吹いて、木陰のベンチに長居しました。
(以下、縦長画像が続きます。)
11:48 Embraer Phenom 300 (E55P) … どこかのチャーター機?
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11:56 米空軍機発見 Boeing RC-135V Rivet Joint … どこに向かう?
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同時刻、先行する米海軍機 Boeing P-8A Poseido … そのうち上の空軍機に抜かれそう。(速度差あり)
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11:57 横田基地(飛行場)
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12:07 並ばれた(高度差あり)
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12:21 海軍機のデータは消え、空軍機は進路を変えて南下。
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台風で足止め食らってた沖縄の旅行者をテレビで放送してましたが、今日の那覇空港は大丈夫のようです。
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米軍機も沖縄(嘉手納)へ
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高度を下げながら、( 12:57 )
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沖縄本島上空で右に曲がって、( 13:07 )
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13:10
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13:11 到着
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福岡上空から1時間10分の飛行でした。
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head-post · 3 months
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US spy plane flew over South Korea amid nuclear weapons fears
A US reconnaissance aircraft flew over South Korea on Monday, air trackers showed, on an apparent surveillance mission over North Korea following its claimed test of an underwater nuclear attack drone, South Korean media reports.
The US Air Force RC-135W Rivet Joint aircraft was spotted in the skies over the city of Incheon, west of Seoul, and the surrounding provinces of Gyeonggi, Gangwon, and the east and west coasts, according to multiple aviation trackers.
The RC-135V was dispatched three days after North Korea said it tested a Haeil-5-23 underwater nuclear attack drone in the East Sea in response to a joint naval exercise involving South Korea, the US and Japan last week.
Read more HERE
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55th Wing units demonstrate ACE capabilities with exercise in Norway - Offutt Air Force Base
Official websites use .mil Secure .mil websites use HTTPSAn RC-135V/W Rivet Joint lands at Ørland Air Station, Norway, as part of Exercise Dagger Fjord May 10, 2023. The 95th Reconnaissance Squadron and 488th Intelligence Squadron tested their Agile Combat Employment capabilities by deploying the Rivet Joint to Norway, where it executed three missions prior to returning to Royal Air Force…
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focusedon2019 · 11 months
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Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: New CARRERA 135/V 807 52 19 145 Men’s Eyeglasses Authentic Black Acetate glasses.
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anantradingpvtltd · 1 year
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Price: [price_with_discount] (as of [price_update_date] - Details) [ad_1] From the manufacturer 3 Star Rating Electricity bills will be the last thing on your mind. All LG Refrigerators are as per Energy Efficiency Standards by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE).** **Star rating may vary with Model. Fast Ice Making A feature exclusive to LG Direct Cool Refrigerators. Makes fast ice^ in just 108 minutes. ^Under test conducted at LG in house laboratory. Door Gasket Easy to clean keeping food healthy and hygienic for longer periods. *The image of the product are for illustration purpose only and may differ from actual product. Stabilizer Free Operation (135V~290V) The LG Direct Cool Refrigerators can operate at a voltage range of 135~290V ^. which means your refrigerator can work without a stabilizer too. ^Under test conducted at LG in house laboratory. Spillproof Toughened Glass Shelves Shelves made of toughened glass are capable of holding heavy food items. These can take load as heavy as 175kg ^^as per LG internal test standards. ^^Under test conducted at LG in house laboratory. Spacious Chiller Tray A chiller tray is used to store milk, chaas, paan and other perishable items. The chiller tray has a temperature in the range of -6⁰C to 3⁰C which keeps the food/milk in edible state. MOIST ‘N’ FRESH A special lattice-type box cover which maintains moisture at an optimum level when moisture from stored food is evaporated and then condensed on the lattice. Direct Cool Refrigerator: Economical and stylish
Capacity 215 liters: Suitable for families with 2 to 3 members and bachelors| Freezer capacity: 25L, Fresh food capacity: 190L Energy Rating 3 Star: Energy efficiency Manufacturer warranty: 1 year on product, 10 years on compressor T&C Conventional compressor : Unmatched performance, great savings and super silent operation Shelf type: Toughened Glass with Frame | No. of Shelves: 02 [ad_2]
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cuties-in-codices · 6 months
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townscapes (brugg, diessenhofen, zug, aarburg)
in "ehrenspiegel des hauses österreich", illuminated manuscript, augsburg, c. 1555
source: Munich, BSB, Cgm 895, fol. 135v, 141v, 142v and 139v
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usafphantom2 · 6 months
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USAF 55 WG Boeing RC-135V Rivet Joint 64-14845/OF at RAF Mildenhall (2019)
aviationphotocompany.com/p934046062/eda…
More RC-135 images: aviationphotocompany.com/search.html?q=…
AviationPhotoCo via X
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electrica-conexion · 1 year
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Lámpara de aditivo metálico de 175 watts de potencia, marca Philco, voltaje dedicado a 135V, temperatura de color de 4200 K, base E39, tipo de bulbo ED28, flujo luminoso de 14400 lm, 10000 horas de promedio de vida. Cuenta con un año de garantía por defecto de fabricación en condiciones normales de operación. Ideal para usarse en avenidas, alamedas, corredores, almacenes, bodegas, naves industriales, fábricas, etc.
Este producto lo encuentras en #EléctricaConexión 🔌 tu tienda 🏠 de #MaterialesEléctricos ⚡️💡 en #Huatulco
¡Pásale la lista al especialista! ✍️ ✅ 👷 🏠 Sierra de Zempoaltépetl 310, Sector I. 📍 Santa Cruz Huatulco, #Oaxaca 📞 958 583 4907 📱 958 115 3702 🌐 econexion.cnx.mx
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kneedeepincynade · 8 months
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One can only dream to be as based as Chen Weihua,but must try nonetheless
The post is machine translated
Translation is at the bottom
The collective is on telegram
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🇨🇳 Le parole su Twitter del Compagno Chen Weihua, Giornalista e Direttore dell'Ufficio dell'UE per China Daily, permettono di ragionare ulteriormente sul nuovo mantra anti-Cinese "L'ira di Pechino", e sull'aggettivo "aggressive", utilizzato dai giornali USA in funzione anti-Cinese per qualsiasi risposta legittima della Cina di fronte all'avventurismo delle tigri di carta americane 🤔
🇺🇸 Gli USA inviano Gruppi d'Attacco di Portaerei nel Mar Cinese Meridionale, spiano la Cina con aerei da ricognizione che si avvicinano pericolosamente, ad esempio, a Shantou? Se la Cina risponde, è lei quella aggressiva, irosa ed irresponsabile. Questa è la logica Occidentale! 🤦‍♀️
一 24/02: il Comando Orientale dell'EPL intercetta un P-8A nel Mar Cinese Meridionale, e invia un Caccia di Superiorità Aerea J-11, armato con Missili Aria-Aria, per scortare l'Aereo USA al di fuori della Zona Cinese 🔥
🇺🇸 Aereo USA nel Mar Cinese Meridionale, la Cina risponde, ed è la Cina ad essere aggressiva per le tigri di carta, come si può leggere qui, su CNN: "US says Chinese jet conducted ‘unnecessarily aggressive maneuver’ intercepting US spy plane over South China Sea" 🤡
四 26/05: Il Comando dell'EPL intercetta un RC-135V nel Mar Cinese Meridionale, pericolosamente vicino alla Città di Shantou, e invia un Caccia Multiruolo J-16 per scortarlo fuori dalla Zona Cinese 🔥
🤔 Di nuovo la stessa retorica, questa volta su ABC News: "Chinese jet carries out 'aggressive' maneuver in front of US military plane, officials say" 🇺🇸
L'Occidente collettivo, dagli USA ai Paesi UE, tra tutti la Francia, ruba le risorse ai Paesi Africani, assassinando i leader patriottici e fomentando guerre? Ecco che arriva la narrazione fasulla sul "Colonialismo Cinese" sulla "trappola del debito" smentita da tutti i leader Africani 🌍
🔺Presidente Eritreo: "Le menzogne delle «forze egemoniche» sulla «trappola del debito» sono un tentativo deliberato di diffamare le relazioni tra Cina e Africa" 💕
🔺La dimostrazione dell'ipocrisia, del paternalismo e del moralismo occidentale anti-Cinese sul Tema dell'Africa 😡
🔺La Cina condona 23 Prestiti senza Interessi a 17 Paesi Africani ❤️
🔺Le menzogne occidentali sulla falsa «Trappola del Debito» 😡
🇨🇳 Tuttavia, non è la Cina il Paese rabbioso, aggressivo e irresponsabile. Non è la Cina ad aver sparato un AIM-9X contro un Pallone Meteorologico, definito dalle tigri di carta un "pallone spia", salvo poi dover ammettere che non era un "UFO" [🤦‍♀️] e non era neanche un "pallone spia" 😂
🇨🇳 La Repubblica Popolare Cinese è un Paese responsabile. Non getta benzina sul fuoco dei conflitti, non genera tensioni e preferisce il Dialogo rispetto alle sanzioni unilaterali lanciate dagli USA, soprattutto contro la Cina 🤧
🇨🇳 Non è la Cina ad aver dato il via ad una Guerra Commerciale (Trump) e Tecnologica (Biden). Non è la Cina che definisce ogni giorno le aziende di altri Paesi come "pericolose per la Sicurezza Nazionale", diffondendo un pessimo clima per la conduzione degli affari 🤧
🌸 Iscriviti 👉 @collettivoshaoshan
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🇨🇳 The words on Twitter of Comrade Chen Weihua, Journalist and Director of the EU Office for China Daily, allow us to further reason on the new anti-Chinese mantra "The wrath of Beijing", and on the adjective "aggressive", used by US newspapers in an anti-Chinese function for any legitimate response from China to the adventurism of American paper tigers 🤔
🇺🇸 Does the US send Carrier Strike Groups to the South China Sea, spy on China with reconnaissance aircraft that come dangerously close to, for example, Shantou? If China responds, it is the aggressive, angry and irresponsible one. This is Western logic! 🤦
一 24/02: PLA Eastern Command intercepts a P-8A in the South China Sea and sends a J-11 Air Superiority Fighter, armed with Air-to-Air Missiles, to escort US aircraft out of the Zone Chinese 🔥
🇺🇸 US Planes In South China Sea, China Responds, And It's China Aggressive For Paper Tigers, as you can read here, on CNN: "US says Chinese jet conducted 'unnecessarily aggressive maneuver' intercepting US spy plane over South China Sea" 🤡
四 26/05: The PLA Command intercepts an RC-135V in the South China Sea, perilously close to Shantou City, and sends a J-16 Multirole Fighter to escort it out of the Chinese Zone 🔥
🤔 Same rhetoric again, this time on ABC News: "Chinese jet carries out 'aggressive' maneuver in front of US military plane, officials say" 🇺🇸
the collective West, from the USA to EU countries, among all France, steal resources from African countries, assassinate patriotic leaders and foment wars. And then comes with the bogus narrative about "Chinese colonialism" about the "debt trap" debunked by all African leaders 🌍
🔺Eritrean President: "The lies of «hegemonic forces» about the «debt trap» are a deliberate attempt to defame relations between China and Africa" ​​💕
🔺The Demonstration of Western Anti-Chinese Hypocrisy, Paternalism and Moralism on the Theme of Africa 😡
🔺China condones 23 Interest Free Loans to 17 African Countries ❤️
🔺Western lies about the fake «Debt Trap» 😡
🇨🇳 However, China is not the angry, aggressive and irresponsible country. It is not China that fired an AIM-9X at a Weather Balloon, defined by the paper tigers as a "spy balloon", only to then have to admit that it was not a "UFO" and it was not even a "balloon spy" 😂
🇨🇳 The People's Republic of China is a responsible country. It doesn't add fuel to the fire of conflicts, it doesn't generate tensions and it prefers Dialogue over the unilateral sanctions launched by the USA, especially against China 🤧
🇨🇳 It's not China that started a Trade (Trump) and Technology (Biden) War. Isn't it China that defines companies of other countries as "dangerous to National Security" every day, spreading a bad climate for conducting business 🤧
🌸 Subscribe 👉 @collettivoshaoshan
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inkesuin · 2 years
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北约战场情报如何影响俄乌冲突
据俄媒11日报道,西方向乌克兰提供的情报显示,超过10公里长的俄军车队正向乌克兰东部进军,预计俄军在顿巴斯的军事行动将于4月12日至19日展开。外界普遍认为,来自北约国家的战场情报是这次俄乌冲突并没有按照外界早先预测的那样在战场上呈现出“一边倒”趋势的主要原因之一。
  紧盯乌克兰的间谍飞机和卫星
  当前俄乌冲突的重点区域已经由乌克兰首都基辅转移到乌克兰东南部地区,美国防长奥斯汀4月7日表示,“我们正在为乌克兰军队提供在顿巴斯开展行动的情报。”一名五角大楼高级官员还透露,向乌方提供的情报是“近乎实时的”。“我们继续在冲突中向乌克兰武装部队提供有用的信息和情报。”此前白宫新闻秘书普萨基也表示,美国已与乌克兰政府分享了“关于俄罗斯计划和军队活动的大量详细、及时的情报”,“我们已经这样做了几个月。”
  目前北约在乌克兰周边的情报收集活动,主要依靠多个型号的间谍飞机。美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)3月披露,北约出动大批预警机,每周要执行超过20次以上的巡逻任务,“确保没有不友好的飞机飞向北约领空”,这种监视飞行持续时间相当长,往往需要空中加油。“飞行员们坚决拒绝回答的问题是,他们收集的俄军情报是否会提供给基辅,因为这些情报理论上仅供北约成员使用。但预警机上的北约技术主管暗示,如何处理这些情报由北约成员国自行决定。”目前美国和英国已经公开宣称他们向乌克兰提供的情报支援,以削弱俄军的战场信息优势。
  美国《国家利益》网站表示,近日��交媒体上流传的一张飞行轨迹图显示了北约与瑞典军机在乌克兰附近的空中侦察活动到底有多么频繁。该图显示3月13日至3月31日之间,多种侦察、情报和电子监视特种飞机沿着黑海、乌克兰和白俄罗斯边境的密集飞行,包括P-3C反潜巡逻机、EP-3E电子侦察机、RQ-4“全球鹰”无人侦察机、P-8A“海神”巡逻机、RC-135系列侦察机、E-8C战场指挥机、E-3C预警机等多种机型,约半数都是美国军机。
  美国《空军杂志》证实了其中的部分侦察活动。报道称,“美国飞得最高的‘全球鹰’无人侦察机多次飞越罗马尼亚和黑海,并在靠近摩尔多瓦与罗马尼亚东部边境的地区长时间徘徊”。报道称,“全球鹰”的飞行高度可达1.8万米,续航时间超过32小时,每天的侦察范围可以覆盖10万平方公里,相当于整个冰岛的面积。它配备有高分辨率合成孔径雷达和光电/红外传感器,能实时将俄军动态传回后方指挥中心。
  除了专门的情报收集飞机外,北约派往乌克兰附近巡逻的战斗机同样担负着类似任务。法国方面透露,早在俄乌冲突爆发之初,法军“阵风”战斗机就依靠加油机的支持,在波兰上空维持着每天长达8小时的连续巡逻。依靠先进的机载雷达和传感器,它们可以收集俄军战机在乌克兰上空的部署情况。据称,美国部署在波罗的海三国的F-35隐形战斗机也在执行同样任务。
  《国家利益》网站称,北约空中侦察力量收集到的动态情报对于指导乌军作战发挥了重要作用。“它们能提供无法取代的持续监测能力,虽然卫星图像已经在掌握俄军集结规模方面发挥了重要作用,但其时效性仍无法与这些空中侦察情报相提并论。”
  西方发达的天基侦察能力也发挥了不小的作用,不但北约的军用侦察卫星在源源不断地向乌克兰提供高精度的战场情报,而且大量西方商业卫星公司也卷入其中。美国《防务新闻》4月7日称,西方商业卫星公司的太空影像、遥感和通信卫星正以此前从未有过的热情为乌克兰提供关键的情报支持,美国情报界迅速借助这些民间力量,增加对该地区的支持。例如美国Maxar科技公司3月初发布的一系列卫星图像显示,基辅附近的俄军车队超过40英里长,暗示“俄军后勤可能陷入困境”。美国国家地理空间情报局从商业卫星公司购买的乌克兰卫星影像数量已经翻了一番,尤其是那些不受夜间或气象条件影响的合成孔径雷达照片。
  此外,北约在波兰、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克等国还部署有“爱国者”和“陆基宙斯盾”等反导系统,其配备的探测雷达同样足以窥探乌克兰上空的动静。
  北约在收集哪些战场情报
  北约部署在乌克兰周边的这些密集间谍飞机到底收集了关于俄军的哪些情报?
  美国《商业内幕》网站10日称,对于乌克兰空中情况监测能力最强的当属E-3系列预警机,其雷达探测范围接近400公里。CNN详细描述了随军记者3月的亲身经历,“E-3C预警机起飞后的两小时内,机载雷达显示约12架俄军机在切尔诺贝利核电站以北到白俄罗斯附近的空域徘徊”,“数小时后,至少9架俄军机从白俄罗斯进入乌克兰领空,朝着基辅飞去”。在特别“活跃”的日子里,北约预警机曾看到20架俄军战斗机从白俄罗斯飞往基辅。
  美国“动力”网站称,除了E-3预警机外,在乌克兰周围执行情报收集任务的北约飞机也各有所长。美国空军的E-8C“联合星”属于战场管理和指挥控制飞机,它可以在防区外利用不受云层影响的高分辨率合成孔径雷达拍摄地面动态,同时还具备地面移动目标指示功能。这使得E-8C在跟踪和监视移动车辆时特别有用。通常它搭载有空军和陆军联合机组成员,作为监视俄军部署的理想平台。
  RC-135V/W侦察机由美国空军和英国空军共同运营,堪称“信号情报监听专家”。它携带的监听系统可以对雷达和其他无线电信号进行地理定位和分类,让北约能快速发现俄军雷达、通信节点、电子战系统和其他发射器的位置和类型,甚至识别俄军发布的电子战斗指令。它还能监听战场通信,机上搭载的语言学专家和情报分析师可以实时收集和识别其中的关键信息,然后转发给其他部队。与E-8C类似,RC-135V/W的机组人员收集情报的同时就可以立即开始处理和传输,效率非常高。
  报道还提到,美国海军的EP-3E电子战飞机比美国空军的间谍飞机受到的关注要少得多,但它扮演着非常重要的情报收集角色,并且针对海洋或沿海环境进行了优化。美国海军的P-8A巡逻机也具备强大的电子情报收集能力,不但可以执行监测、定位和分类对手的电磁信号发射装置,还拥有与E-8C类似的地面目标监视能力,在海陆交汇的复杂沿海地区工作时更胜一筹。
  此外,美国陆军也派出RC-12X情报收集飞机。虽然它的体积与海空军的间谍飞机相比偏小,但在乌克兰附近非常活跃。美国陆军就将其描述为具有“接近国家级的传感器能力”。
  “乌军对战场情况的了解更胜一筹”
  接受《环球时报》记者采访的军事专家表示,尽快瘫痪与摧毁对手的指挥与防空体系已经成为现代战争中“常识”,这次俄乌冲突爆发之初,俄军动用大批精确制导导弹和先进战机对乌克兰的远程雷达和指挥中枢进行打击,包括西方情报机构在内,外界当时普遍认为乌克兰军队的防空体系已经被瘫痪。
  然而俄乌冲突的后续进展颠覆了外界的判断。尽管理论上早已失去雷达提供的预警信息,但乌军战机仍然总是能抓住俄空天军巡逻的短暂空当起飞或转场,乌军防空导弹更是屡次击落俄军战机和直升机。尤其不合常理的是,乌克兰地势平坦,并不适合肩扛式防空导弹的伏击。但乌军“毒刺”“星光”导弹射手却提前埋伏在俄军直升机的前进道路上偷袭,俄军引以为豪的卡-52、米-28等武装直升机相继“折戟沉沙”。此外,俄军补给线也频繁遭遇乌军小分队的偷袭。这种反常局面的背后,正是北约提供的准确战场情报在大发神威。
  美国《空军杂志》提到,在北约空天一体的情报侦察体系支持下,乌军对战场情况的了解比俄军更胜一筹。从2014年乌克兰重新组建军队开始,北约就已经深度介入乌军的指挥管理体系,很多乌军作战部队甚至能直接获得北约的情报支持。例如俄军在乌东地区缴获的乌军指挥中心设备显示,后者配备的电脑可以与北约的E-3预警机联网。对于俄军而言,非常不利的是虽然知道北约利用这种方式介入俄乌冲突,却无法改变被动局面。俄乌冲突中的另一个特殊之处在于,乌克兰虽然频繁公布真真假假的战场进展,却几乎从未提及到底是谁在指挥乌军作战。种种迹象显示,乌军很可能是以小分队的形式接受北约的直接指挥。
  当然,北约提供情报时,也通过乌克兰获得了大量一手的俄军真实信息。美国“动力”网站称,乌军在战场上缴获了多部俄军新锐雷达与电子战车辆,西方得以一窥本属俄军最核心的机密信息。专家还表示,俄乌冲突再度证明,现代战场上掌握信息化优势,远比对手的一种或几种先进武器能起到的作用更大。
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demiurgeua · 2 years
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Над Україною літали американські та британський розвідники
Над Україною літали американські та британський розвідники
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