#2016 turkish coup d'état attempt

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.15 (after 1900)

1910 – In his book Clinical Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin gives a name to Alzheimer's disease, naming it after his colleague Alois Alzheimer. 1916 – In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing and George Conrad Westervelt incorporate Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing). 1918 – World War I: The Second Battle of the Marne begins near the River Marne with a German attack. 1920 – Aftermath of World War I: The Parliament of Poland establishes Silesian Voivodeship before the Polish-German plebiscite. 1922 – The Japanese Communist Party is established in Japan. 1927 – Massacre of July 15, 1927: Eighty-nine protesters are killed by Austrian police in Vienna. 1941 – The Holocaust: Nazi Germany begins the deportation of 100,000 Jews from the occupied Netherlands to extermination camps. 1946 – The State of North Borneo, now Sabah, Malaysia, is annexed by the United Kingdom. 1954 – The Boeing 367-80, the prototype for both the Boeing 707 and C-135 series, takes its first flight. 1955 – Eighteen Nobel laureates sign the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons, later co-signed by thirty-four others. 1959 – The steel strike of 1959 begins, leading to significant importation of foreign steel for the first time in United States history. 1966 – Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnam begin Operation Hastings to push the North Vietnamese out of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. 1971 – The United Red Army is founded in Japan. 1974 – In Nicosia, Cyprus, Greek junta-sponsored nationalists launch a coup d'état, deposing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as Cypriot president. 1975 – Space Race: Apollo–Soyuz Test Project features the dual launch of an Apollo spacecraft and a Soyuz spacecraft on the first joint Soviet-United States human-crewed flight. It was the last launch of both an Apollo spacecraft, and the Saturn family of rockets. 1979 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter gives his "malaise speech". 1983 – An attack at Orly Airport in Paris is launched by Armenian militant organisation ASALA, leaving eight people dead and 55 injured. 1983 – Nintendo released the Famicom in Japan. 1996 – A Belgian Air Force C-130 Hercules carrying the Royal Netherlands Army marching band crashes on landing at Eindhoven Airport. 1998 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Tamil MP S. Shanmuganathan is killed by a claymore mine. 2002 – "American Taliban" John Walker Lindh pleads guilty to supplying aid to the enemy and possession of explosives during the commission of a felony. 2002 – The Anti-Terrorism Court of Pakistan sentences British born Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh to death, and three others suspected of murdering The Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl to life. 2003 – AOL Time Warner disbands Netscape. The Mozilla Foundation is established on the same day. 2006 – Twitter, later one of the largest social media platforms in the world, is launched. 2009 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashes near Jannatabad, Qazvin, Iran, killing 168. 2012 – South Korean rapper Psy releases his hit single Gangnam Style. 2014 – A train derails on the Moscow Metro, killing at least 24 and injuring more than 160 others. 2016 – Factions of the Turkish Armed Forces attempt a coup. 2018 – France win their second World Cup title, defeating Croatia 4-2. 2021 – Three people are killed by a distracted driver in the 2021 Bowburn crash.

#Events

[hctirdle]

👀

List of conflicts in Europe post-WW2:

1944–1956 Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

1945–1949 Greek Civil War

1946–1948 Corfu Channel incident

1947–1962 Romanian anti-communist resistance movement

1953 Uprising in East Germany

1955-1959 Cyprus Emergency

1956 Uprising in Poznań

1956 Hungarian Revolution

1956–1962 Operation Harvest

1958 Opération Corse

1958 First Cod War

1959–2011 Basque conflict

1961–1967 South Tyrol insurgency

1962–1964 Jura conflict[3]

1967 Greek coup d'état

1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

1968–1998 The Troubles

1970–1984 Unrest in Italy

1972 Bugojno group

1972–1973 Second Cod War

1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus

1974 Carnation Revolution

1975–1976 Third Cod War

1975 Portuguese coup d'état attempt

1976–present Corsican Insurgency

1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt

1986 Evros River incident

1988–present Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

1989 Romanian Revolution

1990–1991 Soviet attacks on Lithuanian border posts

1991 January Events

1991 The Barricades

1990 Log Revolution

1991–2001 Yugoslav Wars

1991–1992 Georgian war against Russo-Ossetian alliance

1991–1993 Georgian Civil War

1992 Transnistria War

1992 East Prigorodny Conflict

1992–1993 War in Abkhazia

1993 1993 Cherbourg incident

1993 1993 Russian constitutional crisis

1994–1996 First Chechen War

1995 1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt

1995–1996 Imia/Kardak military crisis

1997–1998 Cyprus Missile Crisis

1997 Albanian civil war of 1997

1997–present Dissident Irish Republican campaign

1998 Six-Day War of Abkhazia

1999 War of Dagestan

1999–2009 Second Chechen War

1988–1994 First Nagorno-Karabakh War

2008 Mardakert clashes

2010 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes

2010 2010 Mardakert clashes

2012 2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes

2014 2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes

2016 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

2018 2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes

2020 July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes

2020 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

2021–present 2021 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis

1988–1991 Karabakh movement

1991 Operation Ring

1992 Capture of Garadaghly

1992 Battle of Shusha (1992)

1992–1993 Operation Goranboy

1992 Mardakert and Martuni Offensives

1993 Battle of Kalbajar

1993 Battle of Aghdam

1993 1993 Summer Offensives

1993–1994 Operation Horadiz

1993–1994 Operation Kalbajar

1988 Zvartnots Airport clash

2020 Madagiz offensive

2020 Battle of Hadrut

2020 Aras Valley campaign

2020 Lachin offensive

2020 Battle of Shusha (2020)

1991 Ten-Day War

1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence

1992–1995 Bosnian War

1998–1999 Kosovo War

1999–2001 Insurgency in the Preševo Valley

2001 2001 insurgency in Macedonia

1992–1994 Croat–Bosniak War

April 23, 1998 April 23, 1998 Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush

December 3, 1998 Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)

December 14, 1998 December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush

April 3, 1999 Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)

1997 Operation Libelle

2001 Georgia, Kodori crisis

2001 Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia

2004–2013 Unrest in Kosovo

2004 Georgia, Adjara crisis

2004 Georgia, South Ossetia clashes

2006 Georgia, Kodori crisis

2007–2015 Civil war in Ingushetia

2008 Russo–Georgian war

2009–present Insurgency in the North Caucasus

2014–present Russo-Ukrainian War

2015 Kumanovo clashes

2020–2021 2020–2021 Belarusian protests

2004 2004 unrest in Kosovo

2008 2008 unrest in Kosovo

2011–2013 North Kosovo crisis

2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

2014–present Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

2014–present War in Donbas

2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis

2022–present Russian invasion of Ukraine

👀 👀 👀

#ok then #russia #ukraine

[raven185]

This blog turned 10 today. I started blogging during Tumblr’s golden age. I was still mourning StumbleUpon back then and looking for something to fill the enormous void it left. It wasn’t the same, of course but it was still fun. Sometimes I felt overwhelmed by the sheer amount of content. But, after a few years, I started to lose interest. The blog was getting a good number of daily visitors even though it didn’t have much original content. I think I could have turned this into a relatively successful blog and maybe even make some money off it.

By the time Tumblr ran out of steam, I was pretty much over it. I started spending too much time on Twitter. Twitter, like Tumblr, is one of those super-popular sites I resisted joining for a while but then captivated me. But Twitter is different. I use it for good old internet fun, sure but it’s also my primary news source. The last 10 years made “alternative” news sources a must in Turkey. I stopped watching TV and following Turkish news networks and newspapers after Gezi Park protests in 2013.

You know, when experiencing something like Gezi Park Protest, you can’t help but think, yeah, this is history happening right in front of my eyes. The thing is, history started to happen in terrifying ways in Turkey, constantly. One crisis after another. Currency collapse, earthquakes, terrorist attacks, you name it.

But then the 15 July 2016 coup d'état attempt happened and broke Turkey completely. It wasn’t like Turkey never experienced such things before. People died, sure, but it wasn’t a full-blown civil war. It was over in 24 hours. But it broke Turkey.  It broke Turkey in almost every way possible.

Last few years proved that we had a Humpty Dumpty situation in our hands. And of course, a pandemic had to happen to make things a lot worse. Of course.

The gears are turning. History is grinding down the unfortunate. Some will recover. Some will not. We shall see.

We shall see.

[collapsedsquid]

A group of pro-government Turkish lawyers have reportedly filed charges against U.S. Air Force officers associated with İncirlik Air Base based on allegations that they are connected to a movement that attempted a coup d'état against Turkey’s government in July 2016.

The lawyers are seeking a temporary halt to all flights leaving Incirlik Air Base — an important staging point for combat operations against the Islamic State group — and access to the base via a search warrant, according to court documents unearthed by the Stockholm Center for Freedom, a group of exiled Turkish journalists.

Also this is continuing to happen.

[ammarthemystic]

10 Years ago, I posted this when we stuck in Kyrgyzstan during Second Kyrgyz Revolution. I remember the fear and uncertainty which made me stressed and anxious. All the International students were locked down in the dormitory. I was trapped in a downward spiral of endless “what-ifs” and worst-case scenarios about what next minute may bring. We could listen firing and people shouting nearby since our hostel was on the main street where citizens were being shooted by law enforcement agencies. Then Government of Pakistan sent C130 Aircrafts to evacuate students from Kyrgyzstan. This was my first adventure. Later I survived 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt (I left Istanbul on the same day) and escalating tensions between Hezbollah and neighboring Israel during my stay in Lebanon in 2017-2018. Although the political situation was very dangerous but people were not worried at all. I had many positive people around me to support. Emotionally, It was not draining at all. Besides my artist roommate Ali Mselme shaking me up at 2am and saying, Ammar we are done. War has begun 😁😁😁. Exactly 10 years later, I am locked down again in my flat in another country. As a foreigner, my feelings are different this time. I have already missed (by choice) the charter flight arranged by Government of Pakistan to evacuate stranded people from Uzbekistan. There are Hopes, Netflix and Pizza Deliveries. And I have stories from revolution, civil war, military coup and now pandemic to write in my autobiography. 💕 https://www.instagram.com/p/B-xo564HAnz/?igshid=1t20fa1o0e0l5

[zeyneptuncblr]

Ongoing Power of the Turkish nation- Coup attempt in Turkey on July 15th 2016

On 15 July 2016, a coup d'état was attempted in Turkey against state institutions, including the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.. The attempt was carried out by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home Council. They attempted to seize control of several key places In Ankara, Istanbul, and elsewhere, but failed to do so after forces loyal to the state defeated them. The Council cited an erosion of secularism, elimination of democratic rule, disregard for human rights, and Turkey's loss of credibility in the international arena as reasons for the coup. The government said the coup leaders were linked to the Gülen movement, which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and cleric who lives in Pennsylvania. During the coup, over 300 people were killed and more than 2,100 were injured. Many government buildings, including the Turkish Parliament and the Presidential Palace, were bombed from the air. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan participated in the CNN live broadcast with a video phone call, inviting the public to the squares, bridges and airports, stating that the initiative was not made by the Turkish Armed Forces. Sela was read from all mosques in all districts upon the order of the Directorate of Religious Affairs. The Turkish people showed resurrection and power once again to the world

[didyouknow-wp]

#wikipedia

[ccassen]

One year ago, I was two-and-a-half months into my solo travels around Europe and, very unfortunately, found myself in the middle of the attempted coup d'état in Istanbul, Turkey on July 15, 2016. Close to 300 people, both civilians and soldiers, died that night. I initially wrote the following during my July 16th flights out of Istanbul, while the details were fresh in my mind; I didn't want to forget, but I never have forgotten and I actually did not look at this again until now. It's emotionally difficult for me to recall these memories in such detail, but I never formally shared my experience and I now want to do that, on the anniversary of that horrific night. I'm a better, stronger person for it, who can attribute this experience as one of many that have taught me to listen to my instincts and trust my intuition... ----- I have since read The Alchemist, a book that really feeds my wanderlust soul: "Intuition is really a sudden immersion of the soul into the universal current of life, where the histories of all people are connected, and we are able to know everything, because it's all written there." ----- What was supposed to be a quick visit (both unexpected and welcomed) to Istanbul, Turkey, en route to Portugal after spending a beautiful three-and-a-half weeks in Italy, turned into a nightmare that shook me to my core. Traumatic and terrifying, I was reeling from the experience for some time afterwards and, if I'm being honest, I still carry it with me and the effects linger to this day. Early on in my travels, I had been very much anticipating seeing Istanbul based on friends and other travelers' rave reviews, but I had decided against traveling there due to security concerns of its close proximity to Syria and especially after hearing about the June 2016 terrorist attacks in the city of Istanbul and at the airport. I had reluctantly agreed with my intuition that it just wasn't the time for me to go to Turkey, that is, until I was looking at flight options to make my way from Sicily, Italy to meet my good friend, Steve in Lisbon, Portugal. I found affordable flights on Turkish Airlines with layovers in Madrid for an afternoon or Istanbul overnight. My gut told me that Madrid was the safer option and I'm sure it would have been a lovely few hours there, but spending a night in Istanbul was tempting, especially when I didn't think that it would be in the cards for me at all. And, to boot, Turkish Airlines offers a free tour or hotel stay with a long layover in Istanbul. After consulting with my Dad the pilot and agreeing with him that lightning doesn't strike somewhere twice (...right? After all, Istanbul just had their share of attacks in June and security should be beefed up following such events... Please note: needless to say, I hold nothing against you, Dad). Against my better judgment, I booked my flight from Sicily to Lisbon through Istanbul for an overnight layover; I was so excited! July 15, 2016 My flight arrived in Istanbul in the afternoon without any fuss. I checked in to the Marriott hotel provided by Turkish Airlines, which is near the airport, and took the relatively long airport shuttle, plus train ride to downtown, almost 14 miles away. I beelined it to the Hagia Sophia, to marvel at this incredible church turned mosque turned museum. I even made a wish that day for good, safe travels in the so-called "sweating column," which is believed to be miraculous based on legends associated with the drops of water that have appeared to flow from this particular marble column. I met a nice French girl there, who was a student at UC Berkeley and in Istanbul for a few days for a wedding; we planned to meet up later that evening for a drink. I then donned my head scarf and visited the gorgeous Blue Mosque, walked through Gülhane Park and the gardens outside of Topkapi Palace, before walking over the Bosphorus strait via the Galata Bridge. I was awed by the Galata Tower, beautifully lit up as the sun went down. It was near the Galata Tower that I met an English-speaking local, Turkish guy who offered to walk with me and show me around the Taksim Square area, which happens to be his neighborhood where he is from and lives with his family. We ate kebab together for dinner and then met up with my new French friend for a drink. It was Friday night and the general feeling on the streets was one of merriment, people out enjoying the start of their weekend. While strolling around the Taksim Square area, though, I couldn't help but vaguely remember what I learned in history books about the landmark's background of demonstrations and unrest. It was getting late and I realized that I would be cutting it close to take the train back to the airport, in order to catch the last hotel shuttle. I bid farewell and my Turkish friend offered to walk me back to the Taksim Square subway station. It was a little past 11:30 P.M. when we were walking through Taksim Square towards the subway entrance; I don't know what it was exactly that first caught my attention, but I felt unease that something was wrong. A group of armed men in fatigues, a dozen or more of them, were marching through the square in our direction, first in formation, then they broke apart as they started to yell in Turkish and train their guns ahead of them. People in the square scattered and started running away in all directions. I was startled and asked once "what's going on?," then continued with this question repeatedly as my friend grabbed my hand and directed us to run, out of the square instead of to the metro station below. He responded to my distress immediately to tell me that everything is okay, this is normal, but I could tell that something was very wrong with the way that he guided me as we were running, starting and stopping, all the while he was scanning our surroundings before we hurriedly continued on. It seemed like he was looking for potential shooters and, though there were no gunshots in the square yet at this point, I pictured being shot right there as we ran around the corner of a building to leave the square. It was one of those moments where your life flashes before your eyes and I found myself thinking of my loving parents. After running from Taksim Square, my first thought was to cover my head with my scarf. The last thing that I wanted to do was stand out as a foreigner to anyone who might intend to do me harm. There were people everywhere, we saw and heard helicopters circling above. As we walked aimlessly with no idea what was happening, I turned my cell phone on to get service with the intention of calling my Mom, to say goodbye, in case it was the last time I could speak with her. I had already received a few messages on my phone from her and friends (including my French friend who told me that she was safe in an apartment), asking me if I was okay because there was an active coup d'état being reported in Ankara and Instanbul. I told my friend what I was hearing and he asked me to explain this term to him; I frightened myself as I defined our current situation of the Turkish military's intention to take over the government by force. My friend expressed disbelief and seemed to refuse to comprehend. It couldn't be true; these things don't actually happen and especially not unfolding before our eyes, right? Conversations that my friend had with people passing by were in Turkish and, although I could not understand what was being said, I could tell that no one knew what was happening nor what to do. At one point, we scrambled down an embankment and my friend spoke with a couple who were headed in the same direction. They saw my look of fear and perhaps thought they were helping when they said in English, "it's going to be bad." It was then that I started to lose it, panic-stricken, crying and hyperventilating. It was mayhem; we learned that the bridges were closing and we watched traffic become a mess, cars and motorcycles drove down the street only to have to turn around and drive the wrong way back with nowhere to go. We knew that we should not get on public transportation as it may be targeted and taxis were not taking passengers. I had no way back to my hotel by the airport (which we learned was seized by the military) and my friend could not return to his home near Taksim Square, where fighting between soldiers and civilians had broken out. We realized that it was not safe to continue to wander the streets as we watched the news blaring from storefronts and learned that martial law and a curfew had been imposed. I knew that my priority needed to be to get somewhere safe and stay inside. My phone died and luckily I was carrying a charger that day, so I asked to charge it in the lobby of a hotel that had no available rooms for the night. I went online to find a nearby hotel with availability, quickly booked a room and as we walked there, we heard gun fire in the distance and planes continuing to circle overhead. I considered how long we might need to remain inside and necessary sustenance, but when we tried to go to a market on the way to the hotel, it was crammed with people trying to do the same thing. It also seemed that there was a similar run on the ATMs. We checked in to the hotel in the Besiktas neighborhood and sheltered in the room that very long night of watching the news of disturbing footage of military versus police conflict and many civilian men fighting in the streets and on the bridges. The news was in Turkish, of course, so I really wasn't understanding more about the situation and instead I became more afraid. We each reached out to our family and friends to confirm our safety. I spoke with the U.S. Embassy and Consulate to inform them that I am in Istanbul and learn what I should do. The planes continued overhead and what sounded like nearby bombing may have been sonic boom (or, as I learned later, military tactics of flying at high speed to break the sound barrier, causing a loud raucous without doing any physical damage). Little by little that night, I understood that a faction of the army plotted the coup in order to protect democracy from President Erdogan, who has been known to crack down on free media and is seen as authoritarian. President Erdogan was on holiday when the coup started, so he used a FaceTime broadcast via the news to urge his citizens to take to the streets and resist the military. TV stations were then raided by soldiers; my mom told me that she watched Turk CNN forced off the air by soldiers that night. It was difficult to understand who were the "bad guys" in this situation, the President and government or the military. Troops surrendered to the civilian resistance overnight and the government declared victory in the early morning hours. I have since heard an interesting perspective from a Turk who thought that it was unwise for the president to call civilians to the street to resist the military coup, which could have started a civil war. It seems to have worked in the end; who knows what could have happened if there was less resistance to the military's coup attempt than the combined police and civilian forces, all those people who gave their lives. I couldn't sleep at all that night and, as the sun rose, my focus was to determine if my scheduled flight out of Istanbul would leave as planned later that morning and how I would get to the airport, which was still being reported as closed. It was difficult to choose to leave the safety of this hotel in order to try to get to the airport hotel to collect my passport. After no one would respond to his request for a taxi, the hotel owner agreed to take us himself to find a taxi. We climbed into his car and drove to a taxi stand, where there was a taxi in the middle of the street that appeared to have been bombed and was turned on its side. The hotel owner was growing impatient and stopped his car at one point to indicate where I could walk to get the train to the airport. I refused to leave his car to try to take the train on my own; after all, I had no idea the state of public transportation and my own safety doing so. We eventually found a taxi driver who agreed to take me and I thanked the hotel owner, and especially my friend, profusely for all of his help as he went his separate way to reunite with his family. This taxi ride was surreal. There were men waving red Turkish flags, standing on tanks and abandoned cars parked on the highway. I couldn't help but be paranoid and leery at this point, feeling that I was unsure if the taxi driver was going to be able to deliver me safely or maybe he would turn me in to the hands of terrorists. There were, after all, concerns of ISIS using the attempted coup event to launch a terror attack. Happily, though, I arrived to the Marriott airport hotel, reunited with my passport, took a shower and had my first meal since the previous evening. Turkish Airlines finally turned their phones back on and I was able to speak with someone to rebook my cancelled flight to Lisbon, by way of Barcelona. I now had a ticket for a flight to depart that afternoon, but it was still not clear if the airport had been yet reopened. I was so determined to get out of Istanbul that I decided to push my luck; I would go to the airport to see the situation for myself and be ready the moment my flight would be able to depart. It was pure chaos at the Istanbul airport, hundreds of passengers sitting around on the floor; there weren't even airline employees working the check in counters. I was very fortunate to have my boarding pass from the day before, so that I was able to get through airport security. My flight finally departed Istanbul that evening. I had to run through the Barcelona airport to make my connecting flight to Lisbon, pleading with anyone who would listen that they hold my flight, which they did... the kind people of TAP Airlines assured me that I was safe as I ran up to the gate, sobbing, and they welcomed a broken down, emotional mess of a passenger on the flight to Lisbon. 24 hours after running from Taksim Square that night, I finally felt that I was "out of the woods," could breathe a sigh of relief, and express gratitude for my safety. Epilogue In the days following the attempted coup, I learned much about the situation in Turkey. From my understanding... Coup attempts are not uncommon in Turkey; this is the fourth and bloodiest attempted military coup since 1960. Since the attempted coup, Turkey is more divided than ever between supporters and opponents of President Erdogan. Tens of thousands of people have been detained in prison for suspected participation in the coup plot, without formal hearings or charges, and many more suspects have been investigated and fired or suspended from their jobs. Since the constitutional referendum last April, President Erdogan has expanded his own power and reduced parliament authority. The state of emergency imposed by the government following the coup is still in effect today, which allows these raids and arrest to continue. To mark the anniversary since the attempted coup, opponents organized "justice marches" and a mass rally in Istanbul. The Bosphorus Bridge has been renamed the July 15 Martyrs' Bridge. Following Istanbul, after I spent some time in Portugal and Spain with friends, I decided to go home at the end of July for a break from my travels. Traveling can be stressful as it is, but it is a whole other story when you have to worry about your physical safety, shelter and food in an emergency situation in an unfamiliar place with people who speak a foreign language. I was feeling exhausted and reeling from my experience in Istanbul. I wish that I could say I don't regret going to Istanbul last year in July... But, I still feel that it is a beautiful city and the Turks are good people, and someday I hope to return. In the meantime, it makes for a good story.

[innewswetrust]

” Anti-coup protesters after 15 July 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt in Bağcılar, İstanbul, Turkey ” by Maurice Flesier, used under CC BY SA Tilt-shift from original

#tiltshift #news #turkey #coup d'etat #1 year anniversary

[indizombie]

More than 50,000 people have lost their jobs nationwide and more than 18,000 have been detained since the coup, in which rebel soldiers battled Erdogan loyalists in the streets in a night of intense fighting that left nearly 300 dead and thousands injured.

'Turkey Widens Crackdown with Another 1,400 Fired from Army', teleSUR

#teleSUR #unemployment #detainment #Recep Tayyip Erdoğan #2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt #Erdogan loyalists #rebel soldiers #street fighting

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.27

1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade. 1202 – Georgian–Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum. 1214 – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire. 1299 – According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state. 1302 – Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest. 1549 – The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan. 1663 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act. 1689 – Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites. 1694 – A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England. 1714 – The Great Northern War: The first significant victory of the Russian Navy in the naval battle of Gangut against the Swedish Navy near the Hanko Peninsula. 1775 – Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men." 1778 – American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff. 1789 – The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (it will be later renamed Department of State). 1794 – French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the Revolution". 1816 – Seminole Wars: The Battle of Negro Fort ends when a hot shot cannonball fired by US Navy Gunboat No. 154 explodes the fort's Powder Magazine, killing approximately 275. It is considered the deadliest single cannon shot in US history. 1857 – Indian Rebellion: Sixty-eight men hold out for eight days against a force of 2,500 to 3,000 mutinying sepoys and 8,000 irregular forces. 1865 – Welsh settlers arrive at Chubut in Argentina. 1866 – The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully completed, stretching from Valentia Island, Ireland, to Heart's Content, Newfoundland. 1880 – Second Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Maiwand: Afghan forces led by Mohammad Ayub Khan defeat the British Army in battle near Maiwand, Afghanistan. 1890 – Vincent van Gogh shoots himself and dies two days later. 1900 – Kaiser Wilhelm II makes a speech comparing Germans to Huns; for years afterwards, "Hun" would be a disparaging name for Germans. 1917 – World War I: The Allies reach the Yser Canal at the Battle of Passchendaele. 1919 – The Chicago Race Riot erupts after a racial incident occurred on a South Side beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries over a five-day period. 1921 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, prove that the hormone insulin regulates blood sugar. 1922 – The Parliament of Finland passed a law about illegitimate children, which appointed Finnish municipalities to monitor the interests of unmarried mothers and their children. 1929 – The Geneva Convention of 1929, dealing with treatment of prisoners-of-war, is signed by 53 nations. 1940 – The animated short A Wild Hare is released, introducing the character of Bugs Bunny. 1942 – World War II: Allied forces successfully halt the final Axis advance into Egypt. 1947 – In Vatican City, Rome, canonization of Catherine Labouré, the saint whose apparitions of the Virgin Mary originated the worldwide diffusion of the Miraculous Medal. 1949 – Initial flight of the de Havilland Comet, the first jet-powered airliner. 1953 – Cessation of hostilities is achieved in the Korean War when the United States, China, and North Korea sign an armistice agreement. Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea, refuses to sign but pledges to observe the armistice. 1955 – The Austrian State Treaty restores Austrian sovereignty. 1955 – El Al Flight 402 is shot down by two fighter jets after straying into Bulgarian air space. All 58 people onboard are killed. 1959 – The Continental League is announced as baseball's "3rd major league" in the United States. 1964 – Vietnam War: Five thousand more American military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000. 1974 – Watergate scandal: The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment (for obstruction of justice) against President Richard Nixon. 1975 – Mayor of Jaffna and former MP Alfred Duraiappah is shot dead. 1981 – While landing at Chihuahua International Airport, Aeromexico Flight 230 overshoots the runway. Thirty-two of the 66 passengers and crew on board the DC-9 are killed. 1983 – Black July: Eighteen Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by Sinhalese prisoners, the second such massacre in two days. 1989 – While attempting to land at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, Korean Air Flight 803 crashes just short of the runway. Seventy-five of the 199 passengers and crew and four people on the ground are killed, in the second accident involving a DC-10 in less than two weeks, the first being United Airlines Flight 232. 1990 – The Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Republic declares independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union. Until 1996 the day is celebrated as the Independence Day of Belarus; after a referendum held that year the celebration of independence is moved to June 3. 1990 – The Jamaat al Muslimeen attempt a coup d'état in Trinidad and Tobago. 1995 – The Korean War Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C. 1996 – In Atlanta, United States, a pipe bomb explodes at Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Summer Olympics. 1997 – About 50 people are killed in the Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria. 2002 – Ukraine airshow disaster: A Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes during an air show at Lviv, Ukraine killing 77 and injuring more than 500 others, making it the deadliest air show disaster in history. 2005 – After an incident during STS-114, NASA grounds the Space Shuttle, pending an investigation of the continuing problem with the shedding of foam insulation from the external fuel tank. 2015 – At least seven people are killed and many injured after gunmen attack an Indian police station in Punjab. 2016 – At a news conference, U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump expresses the hope that Russians can recover thirty thousand emails that were deleted from Hillary Clinton's personal server.

#Events

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.15

484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome 70 – Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). 756 – An Lushan Rebellion: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang is ordered by his Imperial Guards to execute chancellor Yang Guozhong by forcing him to commit suicide or face a mutiny. General An Lushan has other members of the emperor's family killed. 1099 – First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final assault of a difficult siege. 1149 – The reconstructed Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem. 1207 – King John of England expels Canterbury monks for supporting Archbishop Stephen Langton. 1240 – Swedish–Novgorodian Wars: A Novgorodian army led by Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva. 1381 – John Ball, a leader in the Peasants' Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of King Richard II of England. 1410 – Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War: Battle of Grunwald: The allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the army of the Teutonic Order. 1482 – Muhammad XII is crowned the twenty-second and last Nasrid king of Granada. 1640 – The first university of Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was inaugurated in Turku. 1738 – Baruch Laibov and Alexander Voznitzin are burned alive in St. Petersburg, Russia. Vonitzin had converted to Judaism with Laibov's help, with the consent of Empress Anna Ivanovna. 1741 – Aleksei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska. He sends men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska. 1789 – Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, is named by acclamation Colonel General of the new National Guard of Paris. 1799 – The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign. 1806 – Pike Expedition: United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike begins an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine near St. Louis, Missouri, to explore the west. 1815 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders aboard HMS Bellerophon. 1823 – A fire destroys the ancient Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, Italy. 1834 – The Spanish Inquisition is officially disbanded after nearly 356 years. 1838 – Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers the Divinity School Address at Harvard Divinity School, discounting Biblical miracles and declaring Jesus a great man, but not God. The Protestant community reacts with outrage. 1862 – The CSS Arkansas, the most effective ironclad on the Mississippi River, battles with Union ships commanded by Admiral David Farragut, severely damaging three ships and sustaining heavy damage herself. The encounter changed the complexion of warfare on the Mississippi and helped reverse Rebel's fortunes on the river in the summer of 1862. 1870 – Reconstruction Era of the United States: Georgia becomes the last of the former Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union. 1870 – Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are transferred to Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company, and the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories are established from these vast territories. 1888 – The stratovolcano Mount Bandai erupts killing approximately 500 people, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. 1910 – In his book Clinical Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin gives a name to Alzheimer's disease, naming it after his colleague Alois Alzheimer. 1916 – In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing and George Conrad Westervelt incorporate Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing). 1918 – World War I: The Second Battle of the Marne begins near the River Marne with a German attack. 1920 – The Polish Parliament establishes Silesian Voivodeship before the Polish-German plebiscite. 1922 – Japanese Communist Party is established in Japan. 1927 – Massacre of July 15, 1927: Eighty-nine protesters are killed by the Austrian police in Vienna. 1946 – State of North Borneo, today in Sabah, Malaysia, annexed by the United Kingdom. 1954 – First flight of the Boeing 367-80, prototype for both the Boeing 707 and C-135 series. 1955 – Eighteen Nobel laureates sign the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons, later co-signed by thirty-four others. 1959 – The steel strike of 1959 begins, leading to significant importation of foreign steel for the first time in United States history. 1966 – Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnam begin Operation Hastings to push the North Vietnamese out of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. 1971 – The United Red Army is founded in Japan. 1974 – In Nicosia, Cyprus, Greek junta-sponsored nationalists launch a coup d'état, deposing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as Cypriot president. 1975 – Space Race: Apollo–Soyuz Test Project features the dual launch of an Apollo spacecraft and a Soyuz spacecraft on the first joint Soviet-United States human-crewed flight. It was both the last launch of an Apollo spacecraft and the Saturn family of rockets. 1979 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter gives his "malaise speech". 1983 – An attack at Orly Airport in Paris is launched by Armenian militant organisation ASALA, leaving eight people dead and 55 injured. 1996 – A Belgian Air Force C-130 Hercules carrying the Royal Netherlands Army marching band crashes on landing at Eindhoven Airport. 1998 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Tamil MP S. Shanmuganathan is killed by a claymore mine. 2002 – "American Taliban" John Walker Lindh pleads guilty to supplying aid to the enemy and possession of explosives during the commission of a felony. 2002 – Anti-Terrorism Court of Pakistan hands down the death sentence to British born Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and life terms to three others suspected of murdering The Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. 2003 – AOL Time Warner disbands Netscape. The Mozilla Foundation is established on the same day. 2006 – Twitter, later one of the largest social media platforms in the world, is launched. 2014 – A train derails on the Moscow Metro, killing at least 24 and injuring more than 160 others. 2016 – Factions of the Turkish Armed Forces attempt a coup.

#Events

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.15

484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome AD 70 – Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). 756 – An Lushan Rebellion: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang is ordered by his Imperial Guards to execute chancellor Yang Guozhong by forcing him to commit suicide or face a mutiny. General An Lushan has other members of the emperor's family killed. 1099 – First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final assault of a difficult siege. 1149 – The reconstructed Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem. 1207 – King John of England expels Canterbury monks for supporting Archbishop Stephen Langton. 1240 – Swedish–Novgorodian Wars: A Novgorodian army led by Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva. 1381 – John Ball, a leader in the Peasants' Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of King Richard II of England. 1410 – Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War: Battle of Grunwald: The allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the army of the Teutonic Order. 1482 – Muhammad XII is crowned the twenty-second and last Nasrid king of Granada. 1685 – Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth is executed at Tower Hill, England after his defeat at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685. 1738 – Baruch Laibov and Alexander Voznitzin are burned alive in St. Petersburg, Russia. Vonitzin had converted to Judaism with Laibov's help, with the consent of Empress Anna Ivanovna.[1] 1741 – Aleksei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska. He sends men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska. 1789 – Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, is named by acclamation Colonel General of the new National Guard of Paris. 1799 – The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign. 1806 – Pike expedition: United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike begins an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine near St. Louis, Missouri, to explore the west. 1815 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders aboard HMS Bellerophon. 1823 – A fire destroys the ancient Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, Italy. 1834 – The Spanish Inquisition is officially disbanded after nearly 356 years. 1838 – Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers the Divinity School Address at Harvard Divinity School, discounting Biblical miracles and declaring Jesus a great man, but not God. The Protestant community reacts with outrage. 1862 – The CSS Arkansas, the most effective ironclad on the Mississippi River, battles with Union ships commanded by Admiral David Farragut, severely damaging three ships and sustaining heavy damage herself. The encounter changed the complexion of warfare on the Mississippi and helped to reverse Rebel fortunes on the river in the summer of 1862. 1870 – Reconstruction Era of the United States: Georgia becomes the last of the former Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union. 1870 – Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are transferred to Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company, and the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories are established from these vast territories. 1888 – The stratovolcano Mount Bandai erupts killing approximately 500 people, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. 1910 – In his book Clinical Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin gives a name to Alzheimer's disease, naming it after his colleague Alois Alzheimer. 1916 – In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing and George Conrad Westervelt incorporate Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing). 1918 – World War I: The Second Battle of the Marne begins near the River Marne with a German attack. 1920 – The Polish Parliament establishes Silesian Voivodeship before the Polish-German plebiscite. 1922 – Japanese Communist Party is established in Japan. 1927 – Massacre of July 15, 1927: Eighty-nine protesters are killed by the Austrian police in Vienna. 1946 – State of North Borneo, today in Sabah, Malaysia, annexed by the United Kingdom. 1954 – First flight of the Boeing 367-80, prototype for both the Boeing 707 and C-135 series. 1955 – Eighteen Nobel laureates sign the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons, later co-signed by thirty-four others. 1959 – The steel strike of 1959 begins, leading to significant importation of foreign steel for the first time in United States history. 1966 – Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnam begin Operation Hastings to push the North Vietnamese out of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. 1971 – The United Red Army is founded in Japan. 1974 – In Nicosia, Cyprus, Greek junta-sponsored nationalists launch a coup d'état, deposing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as Cypriot president. 1975 – Space Race: Apollo–Soyuz Test Project features the dual launch of an Apollo spacecraft and a Soyuz spacecraft on the first joint Soviet-United States human-crewed flight. It was both the last launch of an Apollo spacecraft, and the Saturn family of rockets. 1979 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter gives his "malaise speech". 1983 – An attack at Orly Airport in Paris is launched by Armenian militant organisation ASALA, leaving eight people dead and 55 injured. 1996 – A Belgian Air Force C-130 Hercules carrying the Royal Netherlands Army marching band crashes on landing at Eindhoven Airport. 1997 – Fashion designer Gianni Versace is murdered by spree killer Andrew Cunanan outside the front gate of his Casa Casuarina mansion. 1998 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Tamil MP S. Shanmuganathan is killed by a claymore mine. 2002 – "American Taliban" John Walker Lindh pleads guilty to supplying aid to the enemy and to possession of explosives during the commission of a felony. 2002 – Anti-Terrorism Court of Pakistan hands down the death sentence to British born Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and life terms to three others suspected of murdering The Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. 2003 – AOL Time Warner disbands Netscape. The Mozilla Foundation is established on the same day. 2006 – Twitter is launched, becoming one of the largest social media platforms in the world. 2014 – A train derails on the Moscow Metro, killing at least 24 and injuring more than 160 others. 2016 – Factions of the Turkish Armed Forces attempt a coup.

#Events

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.27

1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade. 1202 – Georgian–Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum. 1214 – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire. 1299 – According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state. 1302 – Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest. 1549 – The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan. 1663 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act. 1689 – Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites. 1694 – A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England. 1775 – Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men." 1778 – American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff. 1789 – The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (it will be later renamed Department of State). 1794 – French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the Revolution". 1816 – Seminole Wars: The Battle of Negro Fort ends when a hot shot cannonball fired by US Navy Gunboat No. 154 explodes the fort's Powder Magazine, killing approximately 275. It is considered the deadliest single cannon shot in US history. 1857 – Indian Rebellion: Sixty-eight men hold out for eight days against a force of 2,500 to 3,000 mutinying sepoys and 8,000 irregular forces. 1865 – Welsh settlers arrive at Chubut in Argentina. 1866 – The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully completed, stretching from Valentia Island, Ireland, to Heart's Content, Newfoundland. 1880 – Second Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Maiwand: Afghan forces led by Mohammad Ayub Khan defeat the British Army in battle near Maiwand, Afghanistan. 1890 – Vincent van Gogh shoots himself and dies two days later. 1900 – Kaiser Wilhelm II makes a speech comparing Germans to Huns; for years afterwards, "Hun" would be a disparaging name for Germans. 1917 – World War I: The Allies reach the Yser Canal at the Battle of Passchendaele. 1919 – The Chicago Race Riot erupts after a racial incident occurred on a South Side beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries over a five-day period. 1921 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, prove that the hormone insulin regulates blood sugar. 1929 – The Geneva Convention of 1929, dealing with treatment of prisoners-of-war, is signed by 53 nations. 1940 – The animated short A Wild Hare is released, introducing the character of Bugs Bunny. 1942 – World War II: Allied forces successfully halt the final Axis advance into Egypt. 1949 – Initial flight of the de Havilland Comet, the first jet-powered airliner. 1953 – Cessation of hostilities is achieved in the Korean War when the United States, China, and North Korea sign an armistice agreement. Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea, refuses to sign but pledges to observe the armistice. 1955 – The Austrian State Treaty restores Austrian sovereignty. 1955 – El Al Flight 402 is shot down by two fighter jets after straying into Bulgarian air space. All 58 people onboard are killed. 1959 – The Continental League is announced as baseball's "3rd major league" in the United States. 1964 – Vietnam War: Five thousand more American military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000. 1974 – Watergate scandal: The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment (for obstruction of justice) against President Richard Nixon. 1975 – Mayor of Jaffna and former MP Alfred Duraiappah is shot dead. 1981 – While landing at Chihuahua International Airport, Aeromexico Flight 230 overshoots the runway. Thirty-two of the 66 passengers and crew on board the DC-9 are killed. 1983 – Black July: Eighteen Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by Sinhalese prisoners, the second such massacre in two days. 1989 – While attempting to land at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, Korean Air Flight 803 crashes just short of the runway. Seventy-five of the 199 passengers and crew and four people on the ground are killed, in the second accident involving a DC-10 in less than two weeks, the first being United Airlines Flight 232. 1990 – The Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Republic declares independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union. Until 1996 the day is celebrated as the Independence Day of Belarus; after a referendum held that year the celebration of independence is moved to June 3. 1990 – The Jamaat al Muslimeen attempt a coup d'état in Trinidad and Tobago. 1995 – The Korean War Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C.. 1996 – In Atlanta, United States, a pipe bomb explodes at Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Summer Olympics. 1997 – About 50 people are killed in the Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria. 2002 – Ukraine airshow disaster: A Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes during an air show at Lviv, Ukraine killing 77 and injuring more than 500 others, making it the deadliest air show disaster in history. 2005 – After an incident during STS-114, NASA grounds the Space Shuttle, pending an investigation of the continuing problem with the shedding of foam insulation from the external fuel tank. 2015 – At least seven people are killed and many injured after gunmen attack an Indian police station in Punjab. 2016 – At a news conference, U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump expresses the hope that Russians can recover thirty thousand emails that were deleted from Hillary Clinton's personal server.

#Events

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.15

484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome AD 70 – Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). 756 – An Lushan Rebellion: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang is ordered by his Imperial Guards to execute chancellor Yang Guozhong by forcing him to commit suicide or face a mutiny. General An Lushan has other members of the emperor's family killed. 1099 – First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final assault of a difficult siege. 1149 – The reconstructed Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem. 1207 – King John of England expels Canterbury monks for supporting Archbishop Stephen Langton. 1240 – Swedish–Novgorodian Wars: A Novgorodian army led by Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva. 1381 – John Ball, a leader in the Peasants' Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of King Richard II of England. 1410 – Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War: Battle of Grunwald: The allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the army of the Teutonic Order. 1482 – Muhammad XII is crowned the twenty-second and last Nasrid king of Granada. 1738 – Baruch Laibov and Alexander Voznitzin are burned alive in St. Petersburg, Russia. Vonitzin had converted to Judaism with Laibov's help, with the consent of Empress Anna Ivanovna. 1741 – Aleksei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska. He sends men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska. 1789 – Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, is named by acclamation Colonel General of the new National Guard of Paris. 1799 – The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign. 1806 – Pike Expedition: United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike begins an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine near St. Louis, Missouri, to explore the west. 1815 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders aboard HMS Bellerophon. 1823 – A fire destroys the ancient Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, Italy. 1834 – The Spanish Inquisition is officially disbanded after nearly 356 years. 1838 – Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers the Divinity School Address at Harvard Divinity School, discounting Biblical miracles and declaring Jesus a great man, but not God. The Protestant community reacts with outrage. 1862 – The CSS Arkansas, the most effective ironclad on the Mississippi River, battles with Union ships commanded by Admiral David Farragut, severely damaging three ships and sustaining heavy damage herself. The encounter changed the complexion of warfare on the Mississippi and helped to reverse Rebel fortunes on the river in the summer of 1862. 1870 – Reconstruction Era of the United States: Georgia becomes the last of the former Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union. 1870 – Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are transferred to Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company, and the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories are established from these vast territories. 1888 – The stratovolcano Mount Bandai erupts killing approximately 500 people, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. 1910 – In his book Clinical Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin gives a name to Alzheimer's disease, naming it after his colleague Alois Alzheimer. 1916 – In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing and George Conrad Westervelt incorporate Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing). 1918 – World War I: The Second Battle of the Marne begins near the River Marne with a German attack. 1920 – The Polish Parliament establishes Silesian Voivodeship before the Polish-German plebiscite. 1922 – Japanese Communist Party is established in Japan. 1927 – Massacre of July 15, 1927: Eighty-nine protesters are killed by the Austrian police in Vienna. 1946 – State of North Borneo, today in Sabah, Malaysia, annexed by the United Kingdom. 1954 – First flight of the Boeing 367-80, prototype for both the Boeing 707 and C-135 series. 1955 – Eighteen Nobel laureates sign the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons, later co-signed by thirty-four others. 1959 – The steel strike of 1959 begins, leading to significant importation of foreign steel for the first time in United States history. 1966 – Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnam begin Operation Hastings to push the North Vietnamese out of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. 1971 – The United Red Army is founded in Japan. 1974 – In Nicosia, Cyprus, Greek junta-sponsored nationalists launch a coup d'état, deposing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as Cypriot president. 1975 – Space Race: Apollo–Soyuz Test Project features the dual launch of an Apollo spacecraft and a Soyuz spacecraft on the first joint Soviet-United States human-crewed flight. It was both the last launch of an Apollo spacecraft, and the Saturn family of rockets. 1979 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter gives his "malaise speech". 1983 – An attack at Orly Airport in Paris is launched by Armenian militant organisation ASALA, leaving eight people dead and 55 injured. 1996 – A Belgian Air Force C-130 Hercules carrying the Royal Netherlands Army marching band crashes on landing at Eindhoven Airport. 1998 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Tamil MP S. Shanmuganathan is killed by a claymore mine. 2002 – "American Taliban" John Walker Lindh pleads guilty to supplying aid to the enemy and to possession of explosives during the commission of a felony. 2002 – Anti-Terrorism Court of Pakistan hands down the death sentence to British born Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and life terms to three others suspected of murdering The Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. 2003 – AOL Time Warner disbands Netscape. The Mozilla Foundation is established on the same day. 2006 – Twitter, later one of the largest social media platforms in the world, is launched. 2014 – A train derails on the Moscow Metro, killing at least 24 and injuring more than 160 others. 2016 – Factions of the Turkish Armed Forces attempt a coup.

#Events

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.26

1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade. 1202 – Georgian–Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum. 1214 – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire. 1299 – According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state. 1302 – Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest. 1549 – The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan. 1663 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act. 1689 – Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites. 1694 – A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England. 1775 – Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men." 1778 – American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff. 1789 – The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (it will be later renamed Department of State). 1794 – French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the Revolution". 1816 – Battle of Negro Fort: The battle ends when a hot shot cannonball fired by US Navy Gunboat No. 154 explodes the Fort's Powder Magazine, killing approximately 275. It is considered the deadliest single cannon shot in US history. 1857 – Siege of Arrah begins: Sixty-eight men hold out for eight days against a force of 2,500 to 3,000 mutinying sepoys and 8,000 irregular forces. 1865 – Welsh settlers arrive at Chubut in Argentina. 1866 – The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully completed, stretching from Valentia Island, Ireland, to Heart's Content, Newfoundland. 1880 – Second Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Maiwand: Afghan forces led by Mohammad Ayub Khan defeat the British Army in battle near Maiwand, Afghanistan. 1890 – Vincent van Gogh shoots himself and dies two days later. 1900 – Kaiser Wilhelm II makes a speech comparing Germans to Huns; for years afterwards, "Hun" would be a disparaging name for Germans. 1917 – World War I: The Allies reach the Yser Canal at the Battle of Passchendaele. 1919 – The Chicago Race Riot erupts after a racial incident occurred on a South Side beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries over a five-day period. 1921 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, prove that the hormone insulin regulates blood sugar. 1929 – The Geneva Convention of 1929, dealing with treatment of prisoners-of-war, is signed by 53 nations. 1940 – The animated short A Wild Hare is released, introducing the character of Bugs Bunny. 1942 – World War II: Allied forces successfully halt the final Axis advance into Egypt. 1949 – Initial flight of the de Havilland Comet, the first jet-powered airliner. 1953 – Cessation of hostilities is achieved in the Korean War when the United States, China, and North Korea sign an armistice agreement. Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea, refuses to sign but pledges to observe the armistice. 1955 – The Austrian State Treaty restores Austrian sovereignty. 1955 – El Al Flight 402 is shot down by two fighter jets after straying into Bulgarian air space. All 58 people onboard are killed. 1959 – The Continental League is announced as baseball's "3rd major league" in the United States. 1964 – Vietnam War: Five thousand more American military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000. 1974 – Watergate scandal: The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment (for obstruction of justice) against President Richard Nixon. 1975 – Mayor of Jaffna and former MP Alfred Duraiappah is shot dead. 1976 – Former Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tanaka is arrested on suspicion of violating foreign exchange and foreign trade laws in connection with the Lockheed bribery scandals. 1981 – While landing at Chihuahua International Airport, Aeromexico Flight 230 overshoots the runway. Thirty-two of the 66 passengers and crew on board the DC-9 are killed. 1983 – Black July: Eighteen Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by Sinhalese prisoners, the second such massacre in two days. 1987 – RMS Titanic Inc. begins the first expedited salvage of wreckage of the RMS Titanic. 1989 – While attempting to land at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, Korean Air Flight 803 crashes just short of the runway. Seventy-five of the 199 passengers and crew and four people on the ground are killed, in the second accident involving a DC-10 in less than two weeks, the first being United Airlines Flight 232. 1990 – The Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Republic declares independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union. Until 1996 the day is celebrated as the Independence Day of Belarus; after a referendum held that year the celebration of independence is moved to June 3. 1990 – The Jamaat al Muslimeen attempt a coup d'état in Trinidad and Tobago. 1995 – The Korean War Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C.. 1996 – In Atlanta, United States, a pipe bomb explodes at Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Summer Olympics. 1997 – About 50 people are killed in the Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria. 2002 – Ukraine airshow disaster: A Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes during an air show at Lviv, Ukraine killing 77 and injuring more than 500 others, making it the deadliest air show disaster in history. 2005 – After an incident during STS-114, NASA grounds the Space Shuttle, pending an investigation of the continuing problem with the shedding of foam insulation from the external fuel tank. 2015 – At least seven people are killed and many injured after gunmen attack an Indian police station in Punjab. 2016 – At a news conference in Florida, U.S. Presidential Candidate Donald Trump publicly appealed to Russia to find and release private emails from Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton; a Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) later alleged that Russian operatives began hacking into servers at the Democratic National Committee on that same day, leading to the July 13, 2018 indictment of 12 Russian intelligence officers.

#Events