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chawsl · 1 year

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🤔🤔🤔 *LESSON FOR YOUR CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN ON MODERN WORLD HISTORY*

……THEY WILL NEVER BE TAUGHT IN SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES IN WESTERN SCHOOLS AND IN JAPANESE SCHOOLS ON THE HISTORICAL TRUTHS AND THE ATROCITIES COMMITTED

1. Which TWO countries invaded and occupied Indonesia?

ANSWER:

*Netherlands for 350 years*

*Japan for 3.5 years*

2. Which country was once the colony master of Malaya & India?

*Britain*

3. Which countries invaded and occupied Vietnam?

*a. France in 1857-1940 & 1946-1954*

*b. Japan in 1940-1945#.* *c. USA (in Southern Vietnam) in 1955-1975*.

4. Which countries were responsible for colonisation of the AFRICAN continent?

*Belgium*,

*Britain*,

*France*,

*Germany*,

*Portugal*,

*Spain* and

*Italy*

5. Which 8 countries were responsible for the occupation of CHINA in early 20th century?

*Britain*,

*US*,

*Germany*,

*France*,

*Russia*,

*Japan*,

*Italy*

*Austria-Hungary*

6. Which countries are responsible for colonising and almost annihilating the AMERICAN NATIVE INDIANS in northern America?

*France*

*Britain*

7. Which country colonised and almost annihilated Aborigines in Australia and New Zealand?

*Britain*

*From the mid-1820s to 1832, Aboriginal Australians fought a guerrilla warfare against the invading BRTISH colonists in Tasmania, which historians called the Black War*.

It claimed the lives of 600 to 900 Aboriginal people and nearly annihilating the whole of the island's indigenous population.

*The near-destruction of the Aboriginal Tasmanians, and the frequent incidence of MASS KILLINGS. has been described by historians as an act of GENOCIDE*.

8. Which are the member countries of G7?

*United Kingdom/Britain*

*Canada*

*France*

*Germany*

*Italy*

*Japan*

*USA*

9. COUNTRIES COMMITTED THE WORST CRIME AGAINST CRIME IN THE 20th CENTURY

*GERMANY against European Jews in WW II*

*JAPAN in the MASSACRE of Chinese in NANKING CHINA between DECEMBER 1937 to JANUARY 1938*

*BRITAIN in Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also called Massacre of Amritsar in India by the BRITISH*

*On April 13, 1919, British troops fired on a large crowd of UNARMED Indians in an open space known as the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab region (now in Punjab state) of India, killing more than 1,50O Indian civilians over 1,200 other people*.

The large PEACEFUL crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab to protest against the arrest of pro-Indian independence leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal.

10. WHICH COUNTRIES ENGAGED IN WHOLESALE AFRICAN SLAVERY TRADE

*BRITAIN and USA*

Merchant ships set out from Britain, loaded with trade goods which were exchanged on the West African shores for slaves captured by local rulers from deeper inland.

The slaves were transported through the infamous "Middle Passage across the Atlantic, and were sold at considerable profit for labour in plantations.

*It is estimated that Britain transported 3.1 million Africans since 1641, (of whom 2.7 million arrived) to the British colonies in the Caribbean, North and South America and to other countries*.

*Approximately 600,000 of 10 million African slaves made their way into the AMERICAN colonies before the slave trade was banned by Congress in 1808. (BUT SLAVERY WAS NOT BANNED*)

By 1860, though, the US recorded nearly 4 million enslaved black people – 13% of the population – in the country as the American-born population grew.

11. *China is the only major nation on earth that has NEVER invaded or occupied another country*.

SO WHY do these G7 members see China as a threat to the world ?

*YOU TELL ME* !!!!

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brookstonalmanac · 1 year

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Events 1.20

250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom.[citation needed] 1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Lake Köyliö. 1265 – The first English parliament to include not only Lords but also representatives of the major towns holds its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now commonly known as the "Houses of Parliament". 1320 – Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland. 1356 – Edward Balliol surrenders his claim to the Scottish throne to Edward III in exchange for an English pension. 1523 – Christian II is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway. 1567 – Battle of Rio de Janeiro: Portuguese forces under the command of Estácio de Sá definitively drive the French out of Rio de Janeiro. 1576 – The Mexican city of León is founded by order of the viceroy Don Martín Enríquez de Almanza. 1649 – The High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I begins its proceedings. 1783 – The Kingdom of Great Britain signs preliminary articles of peace with the Kingdom of France, setting the stage for the official end of hostilities in the American Revolutionary War later that year. 1785 – Invading Siamese forces attempt to exploit the political chaos in Vietnam, but are ambushed and annihilated at the Mekong river by the Tây Sơn in the Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút. 1788 – The third and main part of First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay, beginning the British colonization of Australia. Arthur Phillip decides that Port Jackson is a more suitable location for a colony. 1839 – In the Battle of Yungay, Chile defeats an alliance between Peru and Bolivia. 1841 – Hong Kong Island is occupied by the British during the First Opium War. 1874 – The Treaty of Pangkor is signed between the British and Sultan Abdullah of Perak, paving the way for further British colonization of Malaya. 1877 – The last day of the Constantinople Conference results in agreement for political reforms in the Balkans. 1887 – The United States Senate allows the Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base. 1909 – Newly formed automaker General Motors (GM) buys into the Oakland Motor Car Company, which later becomes GM's long-running Pontiac division. 1921 – The British K-class submarine HMS K5 sinks in the English Channel; all 56 on board die. 1921 – The first Constitution of Turkey is adopted, making fundamental changes in the source and exercise of sovereignty by consecrating the principle of national sovereignty. 1929 – The first full-length talking motion picture filmed outdoors, In Old Arizona, is released. 1936 – King George V of the United Kingdom dies. His eldest son succeeds to the throne, becoming Edward VIII. The title Prince of Wales is not used for another 22 years. 1937 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Nance Garner are sworn in for their second terms as U.S. President and U.S. Vice President; it is the first time a Presidential Inauguration takes place on January 20 since the 20th Amendment changed the dates of presidential terms. 1941 – A German officer is killed in Bucharest, Romania, sparking a rebellion and pogrom by the Iron Guard, killing 125 Jews and 30 soldiers. 1942 – World War II: At the Wannsee Conference held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee, senior Nazi German officials discuss the implementation of the "Final Solution to the Jewish question". 1945 – World War II: The provisional government of Béla Miklós in Hungary agrees to an armistice with the Allies. 1945 – World War II: Germany begins the evacuation of 1.8 million people from East Prussia, a task which will take nearly two months. 1949 – Point Four Program, a program for economic aid to poor countries, is announced by United States President Harry S. Truman in his inaugural address for a full term as president. 1954 – In the United States, the National Negro Network is established with 40 charter member radio stations. 1961 – John F. Kennedy is inaugurated the 35th President of the United States of America, becoming the youngest man to be elected into that office, and the first Catholic. 1972 – Pakistan launches its nuclear weapons program, a few weeks after its defeat in the Bangladesh Liberation War, as well as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. 1973 – Amílcar Cabral, leader of the independence movement in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde, is assassinated in Conakry, Guinea. 1974 – China gains control over all the Paracel Islands after a military engagement between the naval forces of China and South Vietnam. 1981 – Twenty minutes after Ronald Reagan is inaugurated as the 40th President of the United States of America, Iran releases 52 American hostages. 1986 – In the United States, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is celebrated as a federal holiday for the first time. 1986 – Leabua Jonathan, Prime Minister of Lesotho, is ousted from power in a coup d'état led by General Justin Lekhanya. 1990 – Protests in Azerbaijan, part of the Dissolution of the Soviet Union. 1991 – Sudan's government imposes Islamic law nationwide, worsening the civil war between the country's Muslim north and Christian south. 1992 – Air Inter Flight 148, an Airbus A320-111, crashes into a mountain near Strasbourg, France, killing 87 of the 96 people on board. 2001 – President of the Philippines Joseph Estrada is ousted in a nonviolent four-day revolution, and is succeeded by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. 2009 – Barack Obama is inaugurated as the 44th President of the United States of America, becoming the first African-American President of the United States. 2009 – A protest movement in Iceland culminates as the 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests start. 2018 – A group of four or five gunmen attack The Inter-Continental Hotel in Kabul, Afghanistan, sparking a 12-hour battle. The attack kills 40 people and injures many others. 2018 – Syrian civil war: The Government of Turkey announces the initiation of the Afrin offensive and begins shelling Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) positions in Afrin Region. 2021 – Joe Biden is inaugurated as the 46th President of the United States of America. At 78, he becomes the oldest person ever inaugurated. Kamala Harris becomes the first female Vice President of the United States.

#Events

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jeannepompadour · 2 years

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"Breathdance" by Elza Kövesházi-Kalmár, 1928

#elza koveshazi kalmar #mdpsculpture #modern sculpture #modern art #20th century #20th c. sculpture #20th c. hungary #hungary #1920s #1928 #dance

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skyeee · 2 years

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My big brain thought of the day while working on this piece (slowly but surely….)

Pruhun fan works usually make Prussia the one pining after Hungary but now I’m like… okay but what about the other way around? I feel like that hasn’t been extensively delved into and now I feel like I have a need to think about it harder…

I feel like Prussia would definitely be more obvious if he were the one to be pining, and Hungary would try to keep it concealed more (although she does have her moments where she just wants to absolutely “attack” that fucking Prussian idiot). Prussia just wouldn’t fucking notice regardless. So it’s centuries of Hungary pining thinking Prussia is too one track minded on creating an empire to really think of her in that way, so she tucks it down deep inside (especially when she marries Austria and needs to start acting “like a lady” and being a “good wife”).

Im kinda up in the air about when I think Hungary would fucking realize that Prussia actually returns the feeling (which, idk I feel like in this universe Prussia would have to be rather fucking occupied with something to not have the chance to realize they have feelings for her. Maybe he likes horses too much idkWAIT NO he was too head over heels for Fritz or something I’m gonna go with that LMAO) and my heart is SCREAMING for 18-19th c. PruHun just bc that aesthetic is so good??? Gives me sexy pride & prejudice vibes idk!!! But realistically I think Hungary would actually attempt to be a good wife for Austria and not cheat on him? (There’s a slip up or two here and there) so I imagine it’s really not until the mid 20th c. that anything would truly happen between them in some form of relationship. However it’s probably not suuuuper healthy of a relationship? Just using each other as a reminder of how things used to be in the world before the mess of the world wars. Under such stress that they just go through a vicious cycle of breaking and making up. That being said, I think they would still try to help each other out behind the iron curtain. Visiting each other when they can. One time they probably attempted to smuggle Gilbert to the west in the trunk of her car. She’s dared him to run across the death zone just to see how long he’d last. He did it. 10 seconds.

#this just turned into me rambling about my personal pruhun timeline.#none of this is historically accurate and I like to keep it that way 😌#let me have my centuries long romances #pruhun #Skye speaks

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usernamesuggestionsarefunny · 2 years

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Ugh. Kingsmen goes on again with the “Kaiser was a mad warmonger who wanted and started the war almost all by himself” myth. I didn’t mind the movie making the three royal cousins all the same age to have them playing as children for dramatic and comedic effect but the German villainy cliche was disappointing. Not surprising, mind you, just disappointing. Unlike WWII, WWI was not completely the Germans’ fault.

-Also, ignoring the Nicky-Willy correspondence to make it seem as if Tsar Nicholas and Kaiser Wilhelm hadn’t cared nor tried to stop the war. I am obviously not saying they did nearly enough or everything they could have but they were not indifferent buffoons either. They literally have a fictional secret society made up of rich war profiteers in the freaking movie as the villain, why the hell is it not used more to explain the origins of the war?

-And of course only the English and their monarch are super innocent angels here because of course they are. The historically accurate British concentration camps in South Africa at the beginning of the movie were just an “opsie” footnote.

-Also, Rasputin tried to warn the Tsar AGAINST that awful shitstorm of a war. He helped the poor and Jewish people, who were awfully oppressed in the Russian Empire. Other than loving to fuck, which might have even been greatly exaggerated according to some historians, he was a generally decent guy. But I guess he looks creepy or whatever and makes for a good villain so who cares if it would have been way cooler to subvert the audience’s expectations with a historically accurate twist.

Again, disappointed but not surprised.

I am only halfway through so I might be pleasantly surprised in the end.

-Also, fuck them if they don’t use their goofy historically inaccurate mumbo jumbo to make it so the ninja Kingsmen save the Romanov children from being murdered in the end, I swear…. like, I doubt it but if you are going to be historically inaccurate you should use your historical inaccuracy for good (Don’t mind me I am just an OTMAA fan, I doubt they are going to appear much in the movie anyway but still, I am salty already about the fact their fates won’t be mentioned).

Loving the concept and the aesthetics though. A Kingsmen movie set in WWI? Sign me up. The two father and son characters are likeable so far as well.

Edit: Oh, so now the villains are villains for trying to take Russia out of the war? A poor country who had lost thousands of soldiers and was barely prepared for that carnage? Seriously? Who wrote this, early 20th century “Rasputin and the Empress are lovers and German spies!!!” Russian yellow press propagandists? Also, the Russians literally marched for bread and peace during the February revolution, now they are coincidentally on the side of the villains without meaning to or what? Such a bad message in my opinion…

On the other hand, very good concept with the father not wanting his son to go to war because he is traumatized by it. Just subtle criticism of colonialism but something is something. Already invested in this.

Too bad so far they haven’t committed enough to the pacifist message even though WWI movies are a perfect opportunity to do so. Like seriously, it is all about ENGLAND and how it is bad for Russia to be out of the war because it affects ENGLAND negatively and who cares about the Russian peasants dying I guess because the Scottish villain hates ENGLAND and only wants to destroy ENGLAND. This when the first victims of the war were the Serbians. I think it would have made more sense if the villain had been trying to destroy all European powers, and even going with the “sympathetic villain” angle this would have made sense since Russia, England, France, Austro-Hungary and Germany all held colonies or at least oppressed people of other ethnicities. It would make sense that someone who has been a victim of imperialism would want to destroy all nations involved in it even if by immoral means such as war that kills common people and not the actual culprits. Another option would be putting emphasis on how much money arms’ dealers with zero allegiances make during wartime and how sometimes they pull strings in the government or influence the public in favor of war for this very reason.

This, however, is far too complex and wouldn’t allow the writers to single out Germany as the sole villain or use their accents for villainous comedic relief so I guess not…

Edit 2: And of course, the absolute myth that the Tsar was even considering pulling out of the war *eye rolls* Tsar Nicholas believed in the allied cause wholeheartedly. He was a honorable fool. Almost real life’s version of Ned Stark. Often said to have been a good man but a bad leader. He would have never done that.

"Reality is more interesting than fiction" is a bullshit lie repeated by many angry historians whenever they review historically inaccurate movies or series, but in this case it might very well be true. Alexei's very real hemophilia and the fascinating mystery of how Rasputin managed to either heal his attacks or convince Alexandra he was capable of doing so is replaced in this movie with Rasputin poisoning the poor child on purpose to "evily" *checks notes* convince Nicholas to pull Russia out of a bloody war that had little to do with Russia, was being fought for typical "muh honor" reasons, had already killed thousands of peasant and working class Russian soldiers, and would soon turn the nation into a starving chaotic mess in part due to the fact its transportation system failed because of the ongoing conflict. Too ridiculous to bear.

A little side note away from the main topic but after this I don’t want more pop historians or college dissertations saying that Alexei “muh unfairly received much more attention than his poor sidelined-by-history female sisters who are the only ones truly in need of having their stories told!!” Like seriously, the poor kid was such a kind soul, especially later in life, but most only know him for being sick and “causing” the revolution almost all by himself with his illness (Which is of course simplistic and dumb), having beautiful and much more talked about older sisters, being a plot device in pieces of fiction such as this, and being spoilt and bratty as a small child, something thousands of children as well as his much more popular sister Anastasia also were without being villainized or sidelined for it. Being reduced to your chronic illness and even then having the effects it had on yourself ignored and instead having everyone focus on how it made everything bad for OTHER people by historians is hardly “receiving attention” or “having your story told”. They ALL should have their stories told thank you very much.

Ok, end of side note.

Of fucking course they are not going to mention how Saint England, the hero of this story, refused the Tsar and his family assylum after the revolution despite him having been a faithful and committed ally to England throughout the entire war who even refused a separate peace with Germany because that would not have been "honorable" without the English being involved. The English pretty much used him and his nation for man power and then abandoned him and labeled him a "weak" leader once he was no longer useful.

Of course they are not going to mention Germany's peace offers. Did they have some harsh conditions? Sure, the Germans were as stubburn and guilty and full of shit. Could it have been worth it to give those peace offers a chance so that the war had been cut short and thousands of lives spared? I don't know. Fucking maybe.

Also, it is funny because there is a conspiracy theory that says the English intelligence did indeed have something to do with Rasputin's murder because they feared he would try to convince the Tsar to pull out of the war. But I guess here they are the heroes for doing so. So much for an anti-war movie.

Also 2. Lenin was the one who in fact did everything he could to take Russia out of the war, helped by the Germans, who British writers love to make villains of, AND he was an even more morally dubious character than Rasputin. But he is also loved even today and it would have been far too controversial to make him a villain (And *cough* *cough* he was not "scary" looking enough) so I bet the writers didn't DARE to go there.

I beg you writers, if you want villains with creepy German accents for your goofy spy action movies, please, please, set your movie in WWII or at least in Belgium or German South West Africa. Very few people know about the Herero genocide by the German colonialists.

Edit 3: Also, I know what you are thinking. No, I don't care this is a goofy Kingsmen action movie that is not trying to be serious nor historically accurate. I know they are mainly trying to be entertaining. They could have been that AND chosen better WHERE to place the inaccuracies and creative liberties to make for a better story. Just as goofy and with as many unrealistic action sequences or unlikely scenes where the main characters meet real historical ones, which I love, but with more substance and a better message. This just doesn't do it for me for reasons already mentioned, and it is not like the moviemakers were not to some degree trying to have substance. The main characters dig at imperialism, greed and its role in war is hinted at, etc. But it is not enough, it is so sloppily and half-way done I would have preferred for the movie to be a straight up comedy or parody, which it wasn't, it simply wasn't because there were themes hidden in there that the writers didn't fully commit to because the plot just didn't help.

Edit 4: That Rasputin scene was funny and creepy in a good way, I don't doubt he was an unsettling individual to be around even in real life. Too bad the set up was dumb as hell. The "heroes" being "heroes" for trying to murder a man who is trying to stop the war (I know he did more than that and his objectives are others here in the movie but you get what I mean, the message is bad, stupid and it is very disturbing the writers chose this plot path considering the very real theory that exists involving the British intelligence in Rasputin's murder).

I am a sucker so loved the fight choreography though, it was unbelievable and AMAZING, and the concern the son had for his almost murdered father was moving. I really do dig the characters. This review is me basically whining about the movie's wasted potential.

Edit 5: Ok, spoke too early. There is Lenin, omg this is so goofy lol.

Edit 6: It rubs me the wrong way how they talk about "saving lives" when literally all they are doing is either pulling more countries into the war or stopping others from leaving that mess. That is literally all they are doing. Helping win the war? Sure they are! Saving lives? That is VERY debatable. Where are the peace negotiations? Where are the actual attempts to infiltrate the Germans and convince them, to ask them for a cease fire? Where is the Red Cross work the main character did at the beginning of the movie? This is what I don't like about this movie. The Kingsmen are supposedly the first independant intelligence agency. Why the hell then are all their actions in service of the government? I get still taking into account England's interests before everything, that is their country after all, but for a suposedly independant organization they sure don't think outside the box nor do anything different from what other agencies would.

The worst part is the inconsistent anti war montage of Conrad training for the army. What is the point of that if they have already established the Kingsmen are doing nothing for peace negotiations and that the only way for the war to stop is for the allies to win?

Also, as a Mexican, the drama of the Zimmermann telegram scene makes me laugh out loud because we were in the middle of a Civil War back then, we were so not a threat to the United States lol.

Edit 7: Nice action scenes. Good. Stick to that lol.

Also, good on them for showing the side effects of war. Conrad, baby :(

Edit 8: Super spoiler ahead. More spoilery than all the spoilers I have already given lol.

Wow, they actually made one of the main characters die. Heartbreaking and not at all what I wanted for the character, who had potential, but all things considered, the only brave and realistic choice the movie has made so far.

The father's reaction was sad as well.

Still annoyed by the mixed messages. There is no glory in war they say, except all the main characters have tried to do is win, not stop the war by trying any means at hand, which includes working on peace offers.

Edit 9: No way Lenin himself is the one who makes Nicholas abdicate. This is "History: Youtube comment version."

It is like they are trying to be historically inaccurate on purpose at this point, and not because it serves an important purpose in the story, whether dramatically or comedically, but because it makes it simpler. Why not have a character briefly explain what actually happened in Russia then? How there were food shortages and riots, Nicholas's train was stopped by the generals who didn't want him anymore, the Provisional Government was formed and fell in less than a year when Lenin took power during a coup, etc. I will say it again, this movie is so goofy, and I know it was realistic and portrayed the horrors of war accurately, but after Conrad's death the heart of the movie, which was the father-son relationship, is gone. I don't really look forward to seeing what happens next but I will do it because I hate leaving movies unfinished.

Edit 10: This movie should be called: "American interventionism is good, actually".

Edit 11: More action scenes, sniper girl and machete action guy, yay! STICK TO THAT!!

Edit 12: And we are on to the villain reveal, which is meh. Generic but not bad. Would have been so much more satisfying in a better movie.

Edit 13: In the end the villain is killed by the main character, which mind you, I don't care about those stupid "If you kill murderers, torturers and abusers then you are just like them" bullshit kid's show sermons, but in this movie they made it a clear attack against pacifism. So weird.

Yay, thousands of Americans are going to die now in a war thousands of miles away that has nothing to do with them, what a happy ending!! *eye rolls*

I am just so underwhelmed with this film, I guess it is because I expected so much from it. Silly me.

I recommend it though. Nice action. Wish it had remained a full action-comedy/parody but instead it is a film that doesn't even know what its fucking genre is. It is irreverent and pokes fun at history one second and then the next they are trying but failing to take imperialism and war profiteering seriously. They have scenes where they humanize the Germans and the main character criticizes the Versailles Treaty in the end but the thought of a mission to negotiate with or infiltrate them never even crossed the main characters' minds throughout the movie. In a serious historically accurate war movie I can see why not, but this is what a good use of artistic liberty would actually be.

The main kid just fucking dies and I understand now why I hate it so much other than the fact I generally hate main character deaths: This is not a serious WWI film. It can't freaking decide whether it wants to take the historical aspect of its plot seriously. This is supposed to be an action film with unrealistic yet satisfying battle scenes where the heroes always win, and it is most of the time, so why doesn't it go through with that promise? The death wouldn't have bothered me as much if they had also tried to be a serious historical movie that makes use of artistic license ONLY when it serves the story and not just as a "lol we are also a parody of WWI leaders btw" , but they didn't, because they didn't take the historical aspect seriously enough and so the tragic character death seems out of place, a freaking joke even at first, and almost a red herring in this goofy historically inaccurate unrealistic-action-sequences-packed movie where the Tsar, the Kaiser and the King are played by the same actor just for the lols.

Plus the father says there is no glory in war because his kid died and then the next second they are celebrating the fact American kids will die as well (yay?). Which one is it? The inaccuracies are there for no reason because most aren't even funny, honest mistakes, ~cough they aren't self indulgently used to save OTMAA cough~, or even serve a purpose in the story.

Someone needs to write a fix it fic because this had so much freaking potential. Conrad has to live though.

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uwmspeccoll · 3 years

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TYPOGRAPHY TUESDAY: JANSON

Janson is an old-style serif typeface named for the 17th-century Dutch printer and punchcutter Anton Janson (1620–1687), but was in all probability, if not in fact, designed and cut by the Hungarian punchcutter Miklós (Nicholas) Kis (1650–1702). Several modern revivals were produced in the twentieth century, including for D. Stempel AG in Frankfurt in 1919, and Mergenthaler Linotype of New York (under typographic director C. H. Griffith) and Lanston Monotype in Philadelphia (under associate art director Sol Hess) in 1937. British Monotype released a version called Ehrhardt under the influence of Stanley Morison in 1938. In 1951, Hermann Zapf extended the Stempel fonts with 24- and 48-pt sizes, and redesigned the German Linotype Janson fonts for 6-, 8-. 9-, and 10-pt. sizes. Monotype’s version was digitized by Patricia Saunders and Robin Nicholas in 1985.

Kis traveled to Holland in 1680 specifically to learn typography and managed to secure the services of the well-known punchcutter Dirk Voskens. Kis proved to be an unusually adept student, becoming proficient in less than half the time of most apprentices. He was printing books in his own type at Amsterdam by the late 1680s (see Bible title page above), but returned to Hungary in 1690. Before returning however, he appears to have left some matrices in Leipzig where some time in the 1720s and 1730s the Ehrhardt type foundry issued specimen sheets of the types (see example above), that appear to be the origins of the typeface’s attribution to Janson. Kis's surviving matrices were eventually acquired by Stempel, which perpetuated the Janson origin and from which the 20th-century revival all began. The restoration of Kis as the font’s designer was established in research articles by Harry Carter and George Buday in the 1950s and 1970s.

The Lanston Monotype publication by Sol Hess that was issued to introduce their Janson design offers side by side comparisons with Monotype Garamond and Caslon (shown here), stating:

In both roman and italic, Janson is a trifle heavier than the other two. The characters are inclined to be narrow and closely fitted. Caslon is decidedly the lowest face of the three -- by comparison it appears to be of a smaller point size. The roman lowercase Caslon, and to a lesser extent the capitals, are rounder in form than those of Janson. Both the roman and italic of Janson are distinguished by crisp, strong features.

It also offers a handy chart (also shown here) of “A Few Chracteristics of Monotype Janson.” The examples shown here are from:

Janson: An Authentic Revival of a Classic Book Face, adapted to the monotype by Sol Hess. Philadelphia: Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1937.

Die Original-Janson-Antiqua: Zur Rehabilitierung des Nikolaus Kis Porträt einer Schrift 1683-1983 by Horst Heiderhoff. Neu-Isenburg: Edition Tiessen, 1983.

Anatomy of a Typeface by Alexander Lawson. Boston: Godine, 1990.

View our other Typography Tuesday posts.

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travelingbytastebuds · 3 years

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NEW YORK CITY CULTURAL RESTAURANTS I only picked one restaurant for each country, but there may be several for that particular ethnic cuisine. I have not gone to all of these, so I can’t stand by how good their food may be. And since restaurants unfortunately close all the time, please Google them before just showing up to see if they’re still operating (and what hours they are open as well. Afghanistan - Ariana Restaurant - 787 9th Ave, New York, NY 10019 Albania - Dua Kafe - 520 E 14th St, New York, NY 10009 Argentina - Buenos Aires - 513 E 6th St, New York, NY 10009 Australia - The Australian NYC - 20 W 38th St, New York, NY 10018

Austria - Wallsé - 344 W 11th St, New York, NY 10014 Azerbaijan - Baku Palace - 2001 Emmons Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11235 Bangladesh - MILON - 93 1st Avenue # 2, New York, NY 10003 Belarus - Belarussian Xata - 1655 Sheepshead Bay Rd, Brooklyn, NY 11235 Belgium - BXL Zoute - 50 W 22nd St, New York, NY 10010 Bolivia - La Perla Del Pacifico - 4410 48th Ave, Woodside, New York 11377 Bosnia and Herzegovina - Cevabdzinica Sarajevo - 37-18 34th Ave, Long Island City, NY 11101 Brazil - Churrascaria Plataforma - 316 W 49th St, New York, NY 10019 Burma - Burmese Bites Food Cart - 5 Ct Square W, Long Island City, NY 11101 Cambodia - Angkor - 408 E 64th St, New York, NY 10065 Chile - La Roja De Todos - 108-02 Northern Blvd, Corona, NY 11368 China - Café China - 13 E 37th St, New York, NY 10016 Colombia - Dulce Vida Latin Bistro - 1219 Lexington Ave, New York, NY 10028 Costa Rica - Olga's Place - 214 LT Glenn Zamorski Dr, Elizabeth, NJ 07206 Côte d’Ivoire - La Savane - 239 W 116th St, New York, NY 10026 Croatia - Dubrovnik Restaurant - 721 Main St, New Rochelle, NY 10801 Cuba - Cuba - 222 Thompson St, New York, NY 10012 Cyprus - Zenon Taverna - 34-10 31st Ave, Astoria, NY 11106 Czechia - Bohemian Spirit - 321 E 73rd St, New York, NY 10021 Dominican Republic - Lali - 630 10th Ave, New York, NY 10036 Ecuador - Ñaño Ecuadorian Kitchen - 691 10th Ave, New York, NY 10036 Egypt - Horus Cafe - 93 Avenue B, New York, NY 10009 El Salvador - La Cabaña Salvadoreña - 4384 Broadway, New York, NY 10040 Eritrea - Massawa - 1239 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027 Ethiopia - Awash - 338 E 6th St, New York, NY 10003 Finland - Smorgas Chef - 58 Park Ave, New York, NY 10016 France - La Grenouille - 3 E 52nd St, New York, NY 10022 Georgia - Pirosmani - 2222 Avenue U, Brooklyn, NY 11229 Germany - Hofbräu Bierhaus NYC - 712 3rd Ave, New York, NY 10017 Ghana - Accra - 2065 Adam Clayton Powell Jr Blvd, New York, NY 10027 Greece - Pylos - 6100, 128 E 7th St, New York, NY 10009 Grenada - West Cuisine-Organic Grenadian Cuisine - 916 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203 Guatemala - La Esquina Chapina - 39 Broad Ave, Palisades Park, NJ 07650 Haiti - Le Soleil - 858 10th Ave, New York, NY 10019 Honduras - La Perla Del Ulua - 354 Melrose St, Brooklyn, NY 11237 Hungary - Budapest Cafe - 1631 2nd Ave, New York, NY 10028 India - Tamarind Tribeca - 99 Hudson St, New York, NY 10013 Indonesia - Kopi Kopi - 68 W 3rd St, New York, NY 10012 Ireland - Molly's - 287 3rd Ave, New York, NY 10010 Israel - Bar Bolonat - 611 Hudson St, New York, NY 10014 Italy - L' Artusi - 228 W 10th St # 1, New York, NY 10014 Jamaica - Miss Lily's 7A Cafe - 109 Avenue A, New York, NY 10009 Japan - Hakubai - 66 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Korea - miss KOREA BBQ - 3815, 10 W 32nd St, New York, NY 10001 Laos - Khe-Yo - 157 Duane St, New York, NY 10013 Lebanon - Naya - 1057 2nd Ave, New York, NY 10022 Malaysia - New Malaysia - 48 Bowery, New York, NY 10013 Mexico - La Contenta - 102 Norfolk St, New York, NY 10002 Moldova - Moldova Restaurant - 1827 Coney Island Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11230 Morocco - Cafe Mogador - 101 Saint Marks Pl # 1, New York, NY 10009 Nepal - Cafe Himalaya - 78 E 1st St, New York, NY 10009 New Zealand - The Musket Room - 265 Elizabeth St, New York, NY 10012 Nigeria - DF Nigerian Food Truck - http://www.divineflavoredcatering.com Pakistan - Dera Restaurant - 103 Lexington Ave, New York, NY 10016 Paraguay - Sabor Guarani Restaurant Bar - 40-04 Bell Blvd, Bayside, NY 11361 Peru - Mission Ceviche - 353 W 14th St, New York, NY 10014 Philippines - Maharlika - 111 1st Ave, New York, NY 10003 Poland - Karczma - 136 Greenpoint Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11222 Portugal - Macao Trading Co - 311 Church St, New York, NY 10013 Romania - Romanian Garden - 43-06 43rd Ave, Long Island City, NY 11104 Russia - Mari Vanna - 41 E 20th St, New York, NY 10003 Senegal - Joloff - 1168 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11216 Serbia - Kafana - 116 Avenue C, New York, NY 10009 Singapore - Chomp Chomp - 7 Cornelia St, New York, NY 10014 Somalia - Safari - 219 W 116th St, New York, NY 10026 South Africa - Madiba - 195 Dekalb Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11205 Spain - Manolo Tapas - 4165 Broadway, New York, NY 10033 Sri Lanka - Lakruwana - 668 Bay St, Staten Island, NY 10304 Sweden - Smorgas Chef - 58 Park Ave, New York, NY 10016 Switzerland - Cafe Select - 212 Lafayette St, New York, NY 10012 Taiwan - Taiwan Pork Chop House - 3 Doyers St, New York, NY 10013 Thailand - Thailand - 856 10th Ave, New York, NY 10019 Trinidad and Tobago - Ali's Trinidad Roti Shop - 1267 Fulton St, Brooklyn, NY 11216 Turkey - Turkish Kitchen - 386 3rd Ave, New York, NY 10016 Ukraine - Veselka - 144 2nd Ave, New York, NY 10003 United Kingdom - Jones Wood Foundry - 401 E 76th St, New York, NY 10021 Uruguay - Charrúa - 131 Essex St, New York, NY 10002 Uzbekistan - Taste of Samarkand - 62-16 Woodhaven Blvd, Middle Village, NY 11379 Venezuela - Patacon Pisao - 139 Essex St, New York, NY 10002 Vietnam - Vietnaam - 1700 2nd Ave, New York, NY 10128 Yemen - Yemen Café - 176 Atlantic Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11201

#new york city #foodie #nyc #manhattan #food critic #food blog #nyc restaurants #cultural snacks #culture #travel #traveling #sightseeing #big apple

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st-just · 3 years

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Really the impression I get from Rady’s description of late 19th/early 20th C Austria-Hungary is really reminiscent of what I remember of Yurchak’s portrayal of the late Soviet Union - still full of grand processions and legitimizing spectacles, but no one really takes them seriously A state without anything to justify it, held together by inertia and graft and the fact that it seems eternal, or at least that it’s existence is more convenient than the alternatives to everyone involved.

Which is a formula that seems to work quite well right up until it doesn’t.

#musing #history #books #the hapsburgs: to rule the world #Martyn Rady

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gwendolynlerman · 4 years

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Languages of the world

Hungarian (magyar)

Basic facts

Number of native speakers: about 13 million

Official language: Hungary; Vojvodina (Serbia)

Recognized minority language: Austria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine

Language of diaspora: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Israel, Russia, United Kingdom, United States

Script: Latin, 44 letters

Grammatical cases: 18

Linguistic typology: agglutinative, SVO

Language family: Uralic

Number of dialects: 10

History

1st millennium BCE - Hungarian diverges from its relatives

10th century CE - first written accounts

1055 - earliest remaining fragments

1190s - first text fully written in Hungarian

18th century - language revitalization

19th-20th centuries - standardization of the language

Writing system and pronunciation

These are the letters that make up the alphabet: a á b c cs d e é f g gy h i í j k l ly m n ny o ó ö ő p q r s sz t ty u ú ü ű v w x y z zs.

Every vowel has a short and long version, the latter is indicated by an accent on the letter. Every consonant can have a long version, though not at the beginning of a word.

Hungarian pronunciation is quite regular and smooth.

Grammar

Nouns have no gender, two numbers (singular and plural), and eighteen cases (nominative, accusative, dative, instrumental-comitative, causal-final, translative, terminative, essive-formal, essive-modal, inessive, superessive, adessive, illative, sublative, allative, elative, delative, and ablative).

Possession is expressed by a suffix attached to the possessed object. Attributive adjectives are invariable.

Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood (conditional, indicative, and subjunctive), person, and number. They also carry information on the definiteness of their objects.

Dialects

Dialects include Western Transdanubian, Central Transdanubian, Southern Transdanubian, Southern Great Plain, Northwestern, Northeastern, Middle Transylvanian, Transylvanian, and Moldavian. The latter three are spoken in Romania.

They are all mutually intelligible and differ in pronunciation and vocabulary.

#langblr #hungarian #lingblr #linguistics

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templetuesday · 4 years

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CONSTRUCTION ROUNDUP: 8 September 2020

Here is a full update on the status of temple construction throughout the world. Future news roundups will only feature construction updates since the last roundup post unless otherwise noted.

SCHEDULED TEMPLE DEDICATIONS

All temple open house and dedications which were scheduled to occur since the Church closed all temples due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been postponed until large public gatherings are deemed safe by local governmental authorities. There are currently no temple dedications currently scheduled. The following temples are completed or nearing completion and awaiting dedication:

Rio de Janiero Brazil Temple

Construction has been completed for the Rio de Janiero Brazil Temple. The open house and dedication were originally scheduled to occur in the spring of 2020 but were postponed. The Rio de Janiero Brazil Temple was announced by President Thomas S. Monson during the April 2013 General Conference. There are currently seven dedicated temples in Brazil, with three additional temples in various stages of development. (Photo from churchofjesuschrist.org)

Winnipeg Manitoba Temple

Construction is nearing completion for the Winnipeg Manitoba Temple. The open house and dedication were originally scheduled to occur in the fall of 2020 but have since been postponed. The Winnipeg Manitoba Temple was announced by President Thomas S. Monson during the April 2011 General Conference. It will be the first temple in Manitoba and the ninth temple in Canada. (Photo from churchofjesuschrist.org)

SCHEDULED TEMPLE REDEDICATIONS

All temple rededications which were scheduled to occur since the Church closed all temples due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been postponed until large public gatherings are deemed safe by local governmental authorities. There are currently no temple rededications currently scheduled. The following temple renovation has been completed and the temple is now awaiting rededication:

Washington DC Temple

The Washington DC Temple has been closed since 29 September 2017 for extensive renovations to the interior and exterior. It was originally scheduled for rededication in late 2020. The Washington DC Temple was the 16th temple in the Church and the first temple built in both the eastern United States and the state of Maryland. (Photo by Stephanie Williams Payne from churchofjesuschristtemples.org)

TEMPLES UNDER RENOVATION

The following additional temples are currently under renovation:

Columbus Ohio Temple

Hamilton New Zealand Temple

Hong Kong China Temple

Mesa Arizona Temple

St. George Utah Temple

Salt Lake Temple

Tokyo Japan Temple

SCHEDULED TEMPLE RENOVATIONS

There are no additional temples scheduled for renovation at this time.

TEMPLE GROUNDBREAKINGS

San Pedro Sula Honduras Temple

The Church broke ground for the San Pedro Sula Honduras Temple on Saturday, 5 September 2020. Elder José Bernardo Hernández , an Area Seventy originally from San Pedro Sula, presided over the groundbreaking ceremony. Attendance at the temple site was limited to a small number of area Church leaders, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The San Pedro Sula Honduras Temple was announced by President Russell M. Nelson during the April 2019 General Conference. When completed, it will be the second temple in Honduras. (Photos from churchofjesuschrist.org)

Orem Utah Temple

The Church broke ground for the Orem Utah Temple on Saturday, 5 September 2020. Elder Craig C. Christensen, president of the Utah Area, presided over the groundbreaking ceremony. Attendance at the temple site was limited to a small number of area Church leaders, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The Orem Utah Temple was announced by President Russell M. Nelson during the October 2019 General Conference. When completed, it will be the 22nd temple in Utah and the sixth temple in Utah County, Utah. (Photos from churchofjesuschrist.org)

SCHEDULED TEMPLE GROUNDBREAKINGS

The following temples are scheduled for groundbreaking ceremonies to be held in the upcoming weeks. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, attendance at the temple sites for the groundbreaking will be by invitation only, but the proceedings will be broadcast to select meetinghouses in the respective temple districts.

Brasília Brazil Temple

The groundbreaking ceremony for the Brasília Brazil Temple will be held on Saturday, 26 September 2020. Elder Adilson de Paula Parrella, president of the Brazil Area, will preside at the ceremony. The Brasília Brazil Temple was announced by President Thomas S. Monson during the April 2017 General Conference. There are currently seven dedicated temples in Brazil, with another awaiting dedication and two more in various stages of construction. (Photo from churchofjesuschrist.org)

Taylorsville Utah Temple

The groundbreaking ceremony for the Taylorsville Utah Temple will be held in October 2020, with the exact date yet to be annouced. Elder Gerrit W. Gong of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles will preside at the ceremony. The Taylorsville Utah Temple was announced by President Russell M. Nelson during the October 2019 General Conference. When completed, the Taylorsville Utah Temple will be the 23rd temple built in Utah and the fifth temple built in the Salt Lake Valley. (Photo from churchofjesuschrist.org)

Salta Argentina Temple

The groundbreaking ceremony for the Salta Argentina Temple will be held on Friday, 9 October 2020. Elder Benjamín De Hoyos, president of the South America South Area, will preside at the ceremony. The Salta Argentina Temple was announced by President Russell M. Nelson during the April 2018 General Conference. When completed, the Salta Argentina Temple will be the third temple built in Argentina. (Photo from churchofjesuschrist.org)

Bentonville Arkansas Temple

The groundbreaking ceremony for the Bentonville Arkansas Temple will be held in November 2020, with the exact date yet to be announced. Elder David A. Bednar of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles will preside over the ceremony remotely, with video and photos to be released to the public following the event. The Bentonville Arkansas Temple was announced by President Russell M. Nelson during the October 2019 General Conference and will be the first temple built in Arkansas. (Photo from churchofjesuschrist.org)

McAllen Texas Temple

The groundbreaking ceremony for the McAllen Texas Temple will be held in November 2020, with the exact date yet to be announced. Elder Art Rascon, an Area Seventy, will preside over the ceremony. The McAllen Texas Temple was announced by President Russell M. Nelson during the October 2019 General Conference and will be the fifth temple built in Texas. (Photo from churchofjesuschrist.org)

Red Cliffs Utah Temple

The groundbreaking ceremony for the Red Cliffs Utah Temple will be held in November 2020, with the exact date yet to be announced. Elder Jeffrey R. Holland of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles will preside over the ceremony. The Red Cliffs Utah Temple was originally announced as the Washington County Utah Temple by President Russell M. Nelson during the October 2019 General Conference. It was the 20th temple to be announced for Utah and will be the second temple built in Washington County, Utah. (Photo from churchofjesuschrist.org)

TEMPLES UNDER CONSTRUCTION

The following additional temples are currently under construction, with no completion or dedication dates announced:

Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire Temple

Belém Brazil Temple

Feather River California Temple

Layton Utah Temple

Pocatello Idaho Temple

Praia Cabo Verde Temple

Quito Ecuador Temple

Richmond Virginia Temple

San Juan Puerto Rico Temple

Saratoga Springs Utah Temple

Urdaneta Philippines Temple

Yigo Guam Temple

TEMPLES WITH ANNOUNCED SITES

Sites have been announced for the following temples, with groundbreaking plans to be announced at a later date:

Bengaluru India Temple

Cobán Guatemala Temple

Davao Philippines Temple

Mendoza Argentina Temple

Moses Lake Washington Temple

Neiafu Tonga Temple

Okinawa Japan Temple

Pago Pago American Samoa Temple

Phnom Penh Cambodia Temple

Syracuse Utah Temple

Tooele Valley Utah Temple

TEMPLES AWAITING SITE ANNOUNCEMENT

The following temples have been announced, with additional details yet to be released:

Antofagasta Chile Temple

Bacolod Philippines Temple

Bahía Blanca Argentina Temple

Benin City Nigeria Temple

Budapest Hungary Temple

Cagayan de Oro Philippines Temple

Dubai United Arab Emirates Temple

Freetown Sierra Leone Temple

Harare Zimbabwe Temple

Lagos Nigeria Temple

Lubumbashi Democratic Republic of the Congo Temple

Managua Nicaragua Temple

Nairobi Kenya Temple

Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Temple

Port Moresby Papua New Guinea Temple

Russia Temple

Salvador Brazi Templel

Shanghai China Temple

Tallahassee Florida Temple

#temple tuesday #templetuesday #lds #lds temple #lds temples #church of jesus christ #church of jesus christ of latter-day saints #temple news #groundbreaking #temple groundbreaking #dedication #temple dedication #rededication #temple rededication #open house #temple open house

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