Japan's third empress regnant, Empress Jitō (645-703) was a powerful and effective ruler. Shrewd, bold and clever, she walked in the footsteps of empresses Suiko and Saimei and prevailed against all odds.
A troubled youth
Jitō was the daughter of Prince Naka no Ōe, the son of empress regnant Saimei. The year she was born, her father killed a minister in front of his mother, leading to her abdication.
Jitō’s maternal grandfather committed suicide three years later, having been wrongly accused of plotting against Prince Naka no Ōe. Jitō’s mother, Ochi, died of grief. Jitō was thus placed in her grandmother's care and raised by the former empress.
At age 12, she was married to her paternal uncle, Prince Ōama, who was 27. Jitō was a reserved person with a brilliant intelligence and much liked by the court. She was curious, open-minded and studied Chinese literature. The death of her grandmother in 661 pained her greatly. In 662, Jitō gave birth to her only child: prince Kusakabe. Her father then ascended took the throne as Emperor Tenji in 667.
Succession struggle
The question of Emperor Tenji’s succession soon arose. The sovereign favored Jitō’s half-brother, Prince Ōtomo, but Prince Ōama had his own ambitions. He and Jitō left the court, waiting for an opportunity to strike.
Ōtomo indeed succeeded Tenji, but Ōama revolted against him soon after with Jitō's support. When they arrived at Ise province, she dressed in male clothes and personally addressed the troops. She also worked on tactical plans. As Ōama left to leave an offensive in Ōmi province, Jitō took command of the troops stationed at Ise. She had indeed volunteered to defend the shrine dedicated to the sun Goddess, Amaterasu.
Their joint efforts led to their success. Ōama ascended the throne in 673 as emperor Tenmu, with Jitō becoming his co-ruler.
The radiant empress
Jitō was very influential in court matters. This was reflected in the choice of Tenmu's heir. He could have chosen his son by another woman, Prince Ōtsu, as his heir, but chose Jitō’s son, Prince Kusakabe, instead.
As Tenmu died in 686, Jitō took the matter in hand. She declared Ōtsu guilty of treason and forced him to commit suicide. She then organized grandiose funerals for her husband and wrote poems expressing her grief.
Oh, the autumn foliage
Of the hill of Kamioka!
My good Lord and Sovereign
Would see it in the evening
And ask of it in the morning.
On that very hill from afar
I gaze, wondering
If he sees it to-day,
Or asks of it to-morrow.
Sadness I feel at eve,
And heart-rending grief at morn—
The sleeves of my coarse-cloth robe
Are never for a moment dry.
Her son died in 689. Since her grandson was too young to rule, Jitō became empress regnant.
She reformed the country, establishing a strong central power and surrounded herself with capable ministers. In 689, she enacted a mandatory code for all local governors. In 690, she launched a population census.
She reformed the army, improving the recruitment conditions and the troops' training. A protector of the arts, she also actively participated in the propagation of Buddhism. Poetry became more refined during her reign. One of her poems was later included in the popular Hyakunin Isshu anthology:
The spring has passed
And the summer come again
For the silk-white robes
So they say, are spread to dry
On Mount Kaguyama
Jitō made her predecessors' objective of replacing the tribal system with a strong central power a reality. Her rule was synonymous with a degree of stability that neither her father nor husband were able to reach. She can be regarded as one of the true founders of Japan’s imperial monarchy. The empress was also fond of travels. In 692, she undertook a trip symbolic trip to Ise province, strengthening her authority and gaining the support of the local people.
The empress indeed took advantage of the Shinto rituals and the image of the sun Goddess to reinforce her legitimacy and used the links between the deity and the imperial family. Such was her prestige that Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, one of the greatest poets of his time, compared her to a goddess.
The retired empress
Jitō’s grandson, Monmu (r. 697-707) was ready to take the throne. She stepped back as Daijō Tennō (or “retired emperor”), becoming the first sovereign in Japanese history to assume this title. The power was in reality still in her hands. The Taihō Code was promulgated in 701, reforming governmental administration as well as administrative and penal law. This was only made possible by the reforms enacted during her reign.
In 702, she went through another tour of inspection of the eastern provinces and bestowed gifts and court ranks on the local officials and leading farmers. Jitō died in the first month 703 and her ashes were interred in her husband's tomb.
Here's is the link to my Ko-Fi if you like what I do! Your support would be greatly appreciated.
Further reading:
Aoki Michiko Y., "Jitō Tennō, the female sovereign",in: Mulhern Chieko Irie (ed.), Heroic with grace legendary women of Japan
Souyri Pierre-François, Nouvelle histoire du japon
111 notes
·
View notes
Byzantine Mosaic, Bureij refugee camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine,
5th to 7th centuries AD,
Salman al-Nabahin, a Palestinian farmer, unearthed the mosaic pavement, thought to date from the fifth to the seventh century AD, while working in his olive orchard in Bureij refugee camp, about half a mile from the border with Israel.
Trying to understand why some trees had not properly taken root, Nabahin said he and his son began digging. Then the son’s axe hit something hard and unfamiliar in appearance.
The Palestinian ministry of tourism and antiquities said the mosaic included several panels depicting animals and other features of social life during the Byzantine era, the continuation of the Roman empire in eastern provinces from the fifth century.
Gaza is rich in antiquities, having been an important trading spot for civilisations dating as far back as the ancient Egyptians and the Philistines depicted in the Bible, to the Roman empire and the Crusades from the 11th to the 13th centuries.
Several discoveries have been made in recent years. Due to a lack of funds and expertise, Gaza has usually invited international groups to help with the process of excavation and preservation.
102 notes
·
View notes
Mayan Limestone Stela from Guatemala dated to around 683 CE on display at the Royal BC Museum in Victoria, Canada
Lady Six Sky was one of the most important queens of the Maya. Daughter of Mayan nobility she arrived at Naranjo in 682 CE to create a new royal line after a series of war. She ruler between 682 and her son's accession to the throne in 693, continuing as co-ruler until her death in 741.
This stela shows the warrior queen as the young moon goddess, wearing a jade-adorned skirt and trampling a captive.
Photographs taken by myself 2019
61 notes
·
View notes
Lecture: Dvāravatī Art and the Culture of Early Thailand – Between Tradition and Innovation, March 25, 2024
Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Research Fellow Nicolas Revire discusses the material cultures of Thailand’s ancient Dvāravatī kingdom.
Archeologists and historians are still uncovering Dvāravatī—an Indianized culture, kingdom, and art style that emerged in Southeast Asia. Though grounded in neighboring Indic artistic traditions, this 7th–8th century material culture also encompasses local innovations. In this talk, Revire maps what we know about Dvāravatī art and the history of early Thailand.
The Art Institute of Chicago
2 notes
·
View notes
It’s time for a threesome with Jesus!
I am actually extremely charmed to see a historic wedding ring of any kind (this one dates from the 7th century) but deeply amused by the description:
On the flat, oval-shaped bezel, Christ in the center, recognizable by his cruciform nimbus, extends his protective arms over the shoulders of a couple, also nimbus.
This is a translation from the French, so in this case I’m pretty sure Nimbus means “haloed”. There are just so many jokes, though. Starting with “Leave room for Jesus” and ending with “Where’s that I Don’t Consent meme when you need it.”
[ID: A gold ring, shown with the top bezel facing forward; three figures in halos are visible on the bezel, two of them in dark robes, one in robes that may once have been dark.
21 notes
·
View notes