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brookstonalmanac · 4 months

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Events 12.9 (before 1950)

536 – Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital. 730 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami. 1432 – The first battle between the forces of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the Lithuanian Civil War. 1531 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City. 1636 – The Qing dynasty of China, led by Emperor Hong Taiji, invades Joseon. 1688 – Glorious Revolution: Williamite forces defeat Jacobites at Battle of Reading, forcing James II to flee England. (Date is Old Style; the date in the New Style modern calendar is 19 December.) 1775 – American Revolutionary War: British troops and Loyalists, misinformed about Patriot militia strength, lose the Battle of Great Bridge, ending British rule in Virginia. 1822 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, in a memoir read to the Academy of Sciences, coins the terms linear polarization, circular polarization, and elliptical polarization, and reports a direct refraction experiment verifying his theory that optical rotation is a form of birefringence. 1824 – Patriot forces led by General Antonio José de Sucre defeat a Royalist army in the Battle of Ayacucho, putting an end to the Peruvian War of Independence. 1835 – Texas Revolution: The Texian Army captures San Antonio following the Siege of Béxar. 1851 – The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal. 1856 – The Iranian city of Bushehr surrenders to occupying British forces. 1861 – American Civil War: The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War is established by Congress. 1868 – The first traffic lights are installed, outside the Palace of Westminster in London. Resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps. 1872 – In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first African American governor of a U.S. state following the impeachment of Henry C. Warmoth. 1905 – In France, a law separating church and state is passed. 1911 – A mine explosion near Briceville, Tennessee, kills 84 miners despite rescue efforts led by the United States Bureau of Mines. 1917 – World War I: Field Marshal Allenby captures Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire. 1922 – Gabriel Narutowicz is elected the first president of Poland. 1931 – The Constituent Cortes approves a constitution which establishes the Second Spanish Republic. 1935 – Student protests occur in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, and are subsequently dispersed by government authorities. 1935 – Walter Liggett, an American newspaper editor and muckraker, is killed in a gangland murder. 1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking: Japanese troops under the command of Lt. Gen. Yasuhiko Asaka launch an assault on the Chinese city of Nanking. 1940 – World War II: Operation Compass: British and Indian troops under the command of Major-General Richard O'Connor attack Italian forces near Sidi Barrani in Egypt. 1941 – World War II: China, Cuba, Guatemala, and the Philippine Commonwealth declare war on Germany and Japan. 1941 – World War II: The American 19th Bombardment Group attacks Japanese ships off the coast of Vigan, Luzon. 1946 – The subsequent Nuremberg trials begin with the Doctors' Trial, prosecuting physicians and officers alleged to be involved in Nazi human experimentation and mass murder under the guise of euthanasia. 1946 – The Constituent Assembly of India meets for the first time to write the Constitution of India. 1948 – The Genocide Convention is adopted.

#Events

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nebris · 9 months

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The Nanjing Massacre (simplified Chinese: 南京大屠杀; traditional Chinese: 南京大屠殺; pinyin: Nánjīng Dàtúshā, Japanese: 南京大虐殺, romanized: Nankin Daigyakusatsu) or the Rape of Nanjing (formerly romanized as Nanking[note 2]) was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, immediately after the Battle of Nanking in the Second Sino-Japanese War, by the Imperial Japanese Army.[2][3][4][5] Beginning on December 13, 1937, the massacre lasted six weeks.[note 1] The perpetrators also committed other war crimes such as mass rape, looting, and arson. The massacre is considered one of the worst atrocities of World War II.[6][7][8]

The Japanese army had pushed quickly through China after capturing Shanghai in November 1937. By early December, it was on the outskirts of Nanjing. The speed of the army's advance was likely due to commanders allowing looting and rape along the way. As the Japanese approached, the Chinese army withdrew the bulk of its forces since Nanjing was not a defensible position. The civilian government of Nanjing fled, leaving the city under the de facto control of German citizen John Rabe, who had founded the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone. On December 5, Prince Yasuhiko Asaka was installed as Japanese commander in the campaign. Whether Asaka ordered the Rape, or simply stood by as it happened, is disputed, but he took no action to stop the carnage.

The massacre began on December 13, the day the Japanese troops reached the city. They faced little resistance and ran entirely unchecked. Chinese soldiers were summarily executed in violation of the laws of war, and looting and rape was widespread. Due to multiple factors, death toll estimates vary from 40,000 to over 300,000, with rape cases ranging from 20,000 to over 80,000 cases. However, most credible scholars in Japan, which include a large number of authoritative academics, support the validity of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and its findings, which estimate at least 200,000 murders and at least 20,000 cases of rape. The massacre finally wound down in early 1938. John Rabe's Safety Zone was mostly a success, and is credited with saving at least 200,000 lives. After the war, multiple Japanese military officers and Kōki Hirota, former Prime Minister of Japan and foreign minister during the atrocities, were found guilty of war crimes and executed. Some other Japanese military leaders in charge at the time of the Nanjing Massacre were not tried only because by the time of the tribunals they had either already been killed or committed seppuku (ritual suicide). Prince Asaka, as part of the Imperial Family, was granted immunity and never tried.

The massacre has remained a wedge issue between modern China and Japan. Historical revisionists and nationalists in Japan have been accused of minimizing or denying the massacre. This accusation has even been made towards the Japanese version of this Wikipedia article (南京事件, "Nanjing Incident"), which has for several years been described as lacking pictures and expressing skepticism in the first paragraph of the introduction.

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edsonjnovaes · 3 years

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Massacre de Nanquim, e/ou O Estupro de Nanquim

Ao longo de um extenso histórico de guerras, invasões e acontecimentos bárbaros nos quais ambas as nações se envolveram, a revolta do povo chinês é com o fato de que os japoneses preferiram fechar os olhos para tudo o que fizeram, chegando a passar uma borracha, queimar e atenuar os eventos de seus livros históricos só para preservarem a imagem que gostariam de apresentar para o mundo e para as…

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tiny-librarian · 3 years

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Royal Birthdays for today, October 20th:

Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise, 1406

Stanisław I, King of Poland, 1677

Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, Duchess of Modena, 1700

Pauline Bonaparte, Duchess of Guastalla, 1780

Yasuhiko Asaka, Japanese Prince, 1887

Michiko, The Empress Emerita, 1934

#claude de lorraine #Empress Michiko #pauline bonaparte #charlotte aglae d'orleans #stanislaw i #Yasuhiko Asaka #long live the queue #royal birthdays

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royal-confessions · 6 years

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“It’s disgusting (thanks, US government!) that Emperor Hirohito and his uncle Prince Yasuhiko Asaka were not convicted of their heinous crimes in the WWII. Some argue that Hirohito was acting under the militarist cabinet, but there's evidence that he approved the war and he gave specific orders to set up “Unit 731″, which was responsible for brutal medical experiment on live humans in China (don’t google it because the pics are horrible). Prince Asaka was one of the main culprits behind the Nanjing massacre during which many Chinese civilians were killed and raped. I don’t care if Japanese people worship their royals because these two were such low scums for what they did.” - Submitted by Anonymous

#Emperor Hirohito #Prince Yasuhiko Asaka #Japanese Imperial Family

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satporg-blog · 5 years

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State Terrorism, Civil Wars & World of Killers

The world had seen numerous executioners from the chronicled occasions. The political agitation and disarray in economy and society are consistently a contributing element to the development of executioners around the globe. The riotous conditions consistently help them to ascend to the top and after that to endure. They typically become so self-important and savage when they are in power. It is hard to expel them from their capacity base through the accessible fair methods, except if an unrest or an outside power goes up against them.

They accept they work for a more prominent change in the general public however the available resources to accomplish those goals are savage, exploitative and in some cases ludicrous.

Romania's Nicolae Ceausescu came to control in a time when the nation was confronting a fundamentalist risk after the Second World War and made some security. In any case, Ceausescu was scrutinized while a large portion of the Romanians were keeping as the outcome from somberness program in cold and living in obscurity, he and his family were getting a charge out of the riches and solace. There was a gauge that around 15,000 Romanians kicked the bucket every year as the immediate aftereffect of the Ceausescu's scandalous somberness program while he was keeping up a supposed Swiss financial balance.

Indonesia's Mohamed Suharto was shrewd enough in handling the issues of delicate national interests and boosting the nation's economy into more prominent statures. Yet, his abominations towards the neighboring East Timor were so horrendous to anybody to envision. Suharto requested in 1975 his military to attack into East Timor, which came about into slaughtering of unarmed regular people. There were a large number of individuals slaughtered. The whole towns were decimated. The ranchers were gathered to military camps and put into starvation until they kicked the bucket. Suharto prohibited the instructing of Timorese language in schools and carried Indonesians to colonize the East Timor.

Adolf Hitler brought some steadiness when Germany was in close breakdown by the impacts of the First World War and the ensuing Treaty of Versailles.

The Killers are over the time straying from their unique remaining of structure countries towards a way which is progressively self-serving and lethal. A few executioners are particularly insensible and degenerate and their activities are absurd in accomplishing their fantasies and musings.

Uganda's Idi Amin destroyed the once thrived nation's economy by ousting outside expert and businessmen. He offended even the locals who were not from the network he had a place with. His dread and killings of his rivals were silent to depict and left a dim part in Uganda's history. He made the country into a wreck which took a very long time to survive.

Burma's Ne Win and his colleagues transformed the once flourished Burma into a poor country of Asia.

Adolf Hitler made an appalling appearance for coming into power and after that to be made due by hostile to Semitic trademarks from the earliest starting point and afterward by slaughtering them in the death camps.

Serbia's Slobodan Milosevic all around abused the distinctions and doubt among the Croats, Serbs, Muslims and Christians in Yugoslavia

Japan's Prince Yasuhiko Asaka utilized his imperialistic forces with militarism to slaughter a large number of individuals in the area. In any case, Prince Asaka's all out duty regarding the Nanjing slaughter is as yet a matter of discussion. A few students of history fight that Asaka really marked the request for Japanese officers in Nanjing to "murder all prisoners." But others guarantee an individual from the staff of the Central China Area Army sent this request under the ruler's sign manual.

The general public likewise has its very own impact in delivering the executioners, the manner in which it creates the saints and the victors of chronicled significance. The darker side of the general public which is undetectable to perceive, segregates numerous people from their initial adolescence and have an enduring effect in delivering and supporting the executioners out of them.

The executioners never lamented in their life time or in their last days before they rested in their notorious tombs.They accepted what they did, was in every case right. Visit our website: satp.org - South Asia Terrorism Portal

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memecucker · 6 years

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Destroying people's cultures and replacing their monuments, history, and traditions with Wal Marts, bad sitcoms, cheap fast food restaurants, and other cultureless, Americanized crap isn't "progressive" or "positive" you imperialist yank.

idk man the 1953 Iranian Coup where the US helped depose the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran in favor of restoring kingly power to Mohammad Reza Shah sounds like its pretty easily on the side of defending “traditions and history”. Same with Douglas MacArthur’s decision to grant blanket immunity to all members of the imperial clan of Japan (including Prince Yasuhiko Asaka who orchastrated the Nanking Massacre) to maintain stability and prevent the growth of communism

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munove · 6 years

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La violación de Nankín: el genocidio del Imperio del Sol Naciente

El 1 de diciembre, Tokio confirmó las órdenes de tomar Nankín. En ese momento volvió a planear la sombra de la responsabilidad de la familia imperial nipona en los crímenes. La fuerza expedicionaria nipona se fue preparando para el asalto, pero el general Matsui enfermó y se mostró indispuesto. El 7 de diciembre asumió el mando el príncipe Asaka Yasuhiko, tío del mismo emperador Hirohito. Este último había destinado a Asaka a la capital de China para que se redimiera por no haber prestado apoyo a su sobrino cuando accedió al trono en 196.

etiquetas: nankín, nanking, japón, china

» noticia original (www.jotdown.es)

#Nacional

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mhsn033 · 4 years

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VJ Day: A WW2 hero and a reckoning with Japan’s past

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda (centre) walks from the jungle in 1974

The last Eastern soldier to formally give up after the nation’s defeat in World Battle Two was once Hiroo Onoda.

Lieutenant Onoda indirectly handed over his sword on March ninth 1974. He had held out within the Philippine jungle for 29 years. In interviews and writings after his return to Japan, Lt Onoda stated he had been unable to make a selection up that Japan had capitulated.

To many outsiders, Onoda looked admire a fanatic. Nonetheless in imperial Japan his actions were completely logical. Onoda had sworn by no manner to give up, to die for the emperor. He believed the remainder of his countrymen, and girls, would halt the the same.

Obviously they hadn’t. On 15 August 1945, Japan’s supreme divine being, Emperor Hirohito, did something no emperor had done sooner than: he went on the radio. Atom bombs had destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On the day the 2nd bomb was once dropped, Joseph Stalin declared battle on Japan. Soviet forces were already sweeping all over Manchuria. Internal weeks they’d be touchdown on the northern island of Hokkaido. Hirohito permitted that give up to the Americans was once his handiest need.

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption The devastated city of Hiroshima after the atomic bomb blast

Even so, the emperor’s give up speech fair about did not happen. On the morning of 15 August, a community of younger officers led their troops in to the imperial palace grounds. They were searching to rob the recording of that speech. They believed the battle was once removed from misplaced. Japan’s residence islands had but to be invaded. Its big navy in China was once restful largely undefeated.

The officers were diminutive alive to by mass civilian casualties inflicted by the US bombing of Japan’s cities. As a substitute they were serious about one thing: the survival of the imperial machine. Japan mustn’t ever sue for peace till the emperor was once secured.

The younger officers failed to prevent the published. Nonetheless they purchased their wish – after the give up the US determined Hirohito would not be tried as a battle prison in spite of the whole thing. As a substitute he would lift on the throne, successfully an American puppet.

It was once per chance a shrewd jog by Douglas MacArthur, the US fashioned who dominated over Japan till 1949. MacArthur frail the emperor to push his possess agenda – to transform conservative Japan in to a contemporary democracy with an American-fashion structure.

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption Eastern representatives give up aboard the united statesMissouri, 1945

The victorious allies place 28 participants of Japan’s wartime leadership on trial. Seven, in conjunction with Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, were hanged. Nonetheless others were by no manner charged. Among them Prince Yasuhiko Asaka, the emperor’s uncle, and the man who led Eastern troops within the unpleasant rape of the Chinese capital, Nanjing.

Sparing them was once viewed by MacArthur as a wanted defective. Nonetheless his decision has allowed, even inspired, Japan to lead clear of a deep reckoning with its past.

But every other man who escaped trial was once Nobusuke Kishi. Kishi had played a number one role within the occupation of Manchuria and was once a halt ally of battle chief Hideki Tojo. The Americans determined to not payment him. As a substitute in 1948 Kishi was once released. He was once banned from politics while the American occupation lasted.

Nonetheless in 1955, Kishi engineered the formation of a new political pressure – the Liberal Democratic Birthday party. Rapidly he would be its chief and Japan’s top minister. His rehabilitation was once total, and the birthday celebration he helped create has dominated over Japan for just a few the proceeding 65 years.

Image copyright AFP

Image caption Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi (left) with US Ambassador to Japan Douglas MacArthur in 1957

Nobusuke Kishi’s daughter married the son of but every other extremely effective political dynasty – a particular person named Shintaro Abe. He would jog on to modified into Japan’s foreign minister, and to father a son of his possess, named Shinzo.

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is considerable from unfamiliar in his household historic past. Japan’s political dynasties possess proved remarkably resilient.

Shinzo Abe was once reputedly halt to his grandfather. The fashioned man had a profound impact on younger Shinzo’s political affairs. Like just a few his allies on the suitable, Nobusuke Kishi thought the battle-crimes trials he narrowly escaped were victor’s justice. His existence-long goal remained the scrapping of the put up battle pacifist structure.

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption A Eastern prisoner of battle reacts after hearing Emperor Hirohito’s give up

In a 1965 speech, Kishi known as for Japan’s rearmament as “a strategy of eradicating totally the penalties of Japan’s defeat and the American occupation”.

When Japan’s critics in China and Korea notify the nation has by no manner properly apologised for what it did sometime of World Battle Two, they’re defective. Japan has made repeated apologies. The topic is the factitious words and actions taken by Japan’s leading politicians. They imply these apologies usually are not totally loyal.

In 1997, a new community was once established by Japan’s political elite. It’s known as Nippon Kaigi. It’s not a secret society, nonetheless many Eastern live blind to its existence or its objectives.

These objectives are to “re-ignite Eastern national pride and identification, based around the Imperial household”, to scrap the pacifist structure, to institute appreciate for the national flag, national anthem and national historic past, and to amass Japan’s protection pressure energy.

Image copyright Getty Photography

Image caption Broken-down Eastern Prime Minister Hideki Tojo viewed sometime of his trial for battle crimes in 1948

Prominent amongst Nippon Kaigi’s 38,000 participants are Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso and the governor of Tokyo, Yuriko Koike.

But every other member of Nippon Kaigi, till his death, was once Hiroo Onoda. The Japan that Lieutenant Onoda had returned to within the mid-1970s was once to not his liking. He believed the put up battle generation had long gone relaxed. For a time, he moved to Brazil and lived on a cattle ranch. Later he returned to Japan and opened a college to coach younger Eastern within the abilities that had helped him to continue to exist his three decades within the jungle.

When Hiroo Onoda died in 2014 at the age of 91, Prime Minister Abe’s spokesman was once effusive in his eulogy. He gave no hint of the futility of his lonely battle, or display camouflage of the Philippine villagers he had killed long after Japan’s give up. As a substitute he described Hiroo Onoda as a Eastern hero.

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hoanvu-2016-us · 5 years

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Chuyện ngày xưa của nước Nhật

(bởi adminTD, 25/09/2019)

Nguyễn Thái Nguyên, 25-9-2019

(Như những dòng tâm sự với một người bạn về câu hỏi vì sao người Nhật Bản dựa vào sự giúp đỡ của Mỹ sau chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai, đã khôi phục và phát triển đất nước thành công, còn…)

(truy cập từ https://baotiengdan.com/2019/09/25/chuyen-ngay-xua-cua-nuoc-nhat/)

Không biết có những cơ duyên nào kỳ lạ hơn đối với vận mệnh một quốc gia như nước Nhật. Là một quốc gia phong kiến kéo dài hàng nghìn năm như nhiều quốc gia khác ở châu Á, Nhật Bản cũng đóng kín trong sự nghèo nàn lạc hậu của chế độ quân chủ. Rồi một ngày, ngày 14/7/1853, có một hạm đội Mỹ do phó đô đốc Hải quân Mỹ, Matthew Perry chỉ huy, chẳng cần xin phép ai, cứ cập vào bến cảng Kurihama (Yokosuka ngày nay) ở vịnh Tokyo.

Ông Perry đã chuyển cho chính quyền Nhật một bức thư của Tổng thống Mỹ, Millard Fillmore, với yêu cầu như một mệnh lệnh: Nhật phải mở cửa thông thương để buôn bán với Mỹ. Ông Perry chỉ đưa thư rồi đi chứ không gặp và đàm phán với quan chức cấp cao nào của triều đình lúc đó.

Không biết Nhật hoàng và triều đình thuở đó đã bàn bạc ra sao, nhưng 9 tháng sau, khi chiến hạm của Perry quay lại thì Perry nhận được thông báo về sự chấp thuận của chính phủ Nhật và đây chính là bước ngoặt lớn, tạo ra sự phát triển cho một nước Nhật mới, nhanh chóng hiện đại hóa và trở thành một cường quốc của châu Á vào những thập niên cuối của thế kỷ XIX, đầu thế kỷ XX.

Đáng tiếc, những thành tựu kỳ diệu của nước Nhật lúc đó đã rơi vào tay của tập đoàn quân phiệt Nhật Bản, để rồi bị tan thành mây khói trong cuộc chiến tranh thế giới lần thứ hai (1939 – 1945). Trớ trêu thay, chính người Nhật đã gây nên thảm họa kinh hoàng duy nhất cho nước Mỹ trong chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai bằng trận tập kích bất ngờ vào căn cứ hải quân Mỹ ở Trân Châu cảng (Pearl harbor) làm cho 2.402 lính Mỹ thiệt mạng, 1.282 người bị thương, cùng với nhiều thiết giáp hạm, khu trục hạm, tuần dương hạm bị đánh chìm, gần 200 máy bay bị phá hủy…

Ngày 8/12/1941, Tổng thống Franklin D. Roosevelt tuyên bố trước quốc hội Hoa Kỳ: “Hôm qua, ngày 07/12/1941 là một ngày ô nhục – nước Mỹ đã hứng chịu đợt tấn công bất ngờ và cố ý của hải quân và không quân đế quốc Nhật”. Ông đã yêu cầu quốc hội thông qua “nghị quyết tuyên bố tình trạng chiến tranh giữa Mỹ và Nhật”. Lập tức nghị quyết ấy được quốc hội thông qua.

Nước Nhật đã mở cửa ra thế giới lần đầu bởi người Mỹ, đã canh tân và phát triển thành một cường quốc, rồi tự mình thiêu rụi nền văn minh ấy trong tham vọng “Đại Đông Á”.

Ngày nay, chính Trung quốc đang đi lại trên con đường mà nước Nhật đã từng đi trong những năm xưa cũ ấy: Trung quốc cũng nhờ người Mỹ mở cửa thị trường Mỹ cho Trung quốc, người Mỹ dắt tay Trung quốc vào Liên hiệp quốc, vào các định chế quốc tế quan trọng như WB, IMF, WTO để phát triển rất nhanh trong vài ba thập kỷ, trở thành một nền kinh tế lớn thứ 2 thế giới. Rồi chính Trung quốc cũng ấp ủ “giấc mộng Trung Hoa”, thực thi tham vọng bành trướng, quay lại “chiến” với Mỹ nhằm “vượt Mỹ”, làm “bá chủ” châu Á và thế giới… Kết cục này có như nước Nhật thiên hoàng hay không còn phải chờ, nhưng đạo trời thì đơn giản, gieo Nhân như thế ấy thì ắt sẽ gặt Quả như thế ấy mà thôi.

Trở lại chuyện nước Nhật, sau khi bị Mỹ và đồng minh giáng những đòn nặng nề, không có con đường nào khác là đầu hàng không điều kiện. Ngày 29/8/1945, thống tướng (tướng 5 sao) Douglas MacArthur được lệnh toàn quyền cai quản bộ máy hành chính của triều đình Nhật Bản, kể cả đối với thiên hoàng. Khoảng 350.000 lính Mỹ tiến vào Nhật Bản đặt dưới sự chỉ huy của của MacArthur. Ngày 2/9/1945, MacArthur thay mặt quân đồng minh, tiếp nhận đầu hàng của Nhật Bản.

Từ tháng 7/1945, khi chiến tranh đã đi dần vào hồi kết, Mỹ, Anh và Trung Hoa Dân quốc có một cuộc họp bàn về việc kết thúc chiến tranh và tiếp nhận sự đầu hàng của người Nhật. MacArthur đã đưa ra quan điểm phải xóa bỏ “hiến pháp Minh Trị” xây dựng từ năm 1889 để xây dựng hiến pháp mới, xóa bỏ chế độ quân phiệt, biến nước Nhật thành nước có thể chế dân chủ…

Từ tháng 10/1945, với tư cách là toàn quyền ở Nhật, ông lệnh cho phía Nhật phải soạn thảo một bản hiến pháp mới để thay thế hiến pháp Minh Trị. Tháng 2/1946 các quan chức “lưu dung” của Nhật đưa ra một bản dự thảo hiến pháp mới nhưng MacArthur “không chấp nhận”. Ông quyết định lập một hội đồng gồm 25 người Mỹ và yêu cầu “trong vòng một tuần” phải làm xong hiến pháp mới.

Sở dĩ có quyết định oái oăm này là vì đã có lịch ngày 26/2/1946 sẽ họp các nước Đồng minh. Việc công bố một hiến pháp mới như vậy cũng có nghĩa là không nước Đồng minh nào có thể can thiệp được vào công việc nội bộ của nước Nhật trong cả trước mắt và trong tương lai!

Đương nhiên, bản hiến pháp mới này được “cải tiến” trên cơ sở hiến pháp Mỹ và các nước phương Tây, thể hiện sâu sắc thể chế tự do dân chủ; nguyên tắc “Tam quyền phân lập”; thiên hoàng không còn là người tập trung quyền lực tối cao quốc gia mà chỉ là “tượng trưng của quốc gia Nhật, của khối thống nhất quốc dân…”.

Hiếp pháp mới cơ bản xóa bỏ chế độ độc tài chuyên chế phong kiến, xóa bỏ triệt để chế độ quân phiệt Nhật; sa thải toàn bộ viên chức của chính quyền quân phiệt; giải giáp quân đội Nhật, buộc hơn 7 triệu lính Nhật về với gia đình; bãi bỏ hai bộ lục quấn và hải quân; tiêu hủy toàn bộ vũ khí và thiết bị quân sự…

Ngày 10/4/1946, nước Nhật lần đầu tiên tổ chức tổng tuyển cử để bầu ra chính phủ mới (Cùng thời gian với cuộc tổng tuyển cử đầu tiên của Việt Nam). Thiên hoàng Hirohito công khai ủng hộ hiến pháp mới. Ngày 3/11/1946, Hirohito công bố hiến pháp của nước Nhật Bản mới trước hạ viện.

Đây là bản hiến pháp còn được dùng cho đến ngày nay.

Cũng trong thời điểm khó khăn đó, MacArthur đã yêu cầu chính phủ Mỹ viện trợ khẩn cấp lương thực thực phẩm cho Nhật Bản để ngăn ngừa nạn đói và sự nổi loạn của dân chúng. Ngay từ cuối năm 1945, ông quyết định giảm bớt 200.000 lính Mỹ đóng ở Nhật (trong số 350.000 binh sĩ) không chỉ để giảm sức ép về lương thực thực phẩm mà còn đưa khẩu phần dôi ra cứu đói cho người dân.

Những năm 1946 – 1948, chính phủ Mỹ đã viện trợ nhiều trăm triệu đô-la cho chương trình tái thiết nước Nhật. Nhờ đó mà nền kinh tế Nhật Bản, trước hết là nông nghiệp được phục hồi nhanh, xã hội ổn định, quan hệ với lính chiếm đóng Mỹ rất tốt.

Ngay tại thời điểm trước sau khi cuộc chiến kết thúc, thái độ chung của các nước Đồng minh và của Tổng thống Truman đối với thiên hoàng Hirohito và bộ máy chiến tranh của Nhật đều là “tội phạm chiến tranh” phải loại bỏ triệt để. MacArthur, với tư cách là tư lệnh tối cao của quân Đồng minh, phải thực hiện các quyết định của Đồng minh và của tổng thống theo hướng đó.

Điều kỳ lạ đã xảy ra: toàn quyền MacArthur không thẳng tay dẹp sạch toàn bộ triều đình thiên hoàng và bộ máy chiến tranh theo kiểu của “bên thắng cuộc”. MacArthur đã dành thời gian để “nghiên cứu tình hình thực tế” của nước Nhật. Từ thực tế mà ông nắm được, ông đã cùng với Bonner Fellers (một sĩ quan cấp tướng, từng là tùy viên quân sự của Hoa Kỳ ở Cairo, sau chiến tranh trở thành trợ thủ đắc lực của MacArthur ở Nhật) soạn thảo “kế hoạch về việc chiếm đóng và cải tổ nước Nhật”, một kế hoạch “không giống ai”, thậm chí có những điểm ngược hoàn toàn với Tổng thống Truman. Kế hoạch này đã gây ra cuộc tranh luận rất căng thẳng giữa Tổng thống Truman, tướng Eisenhower và tướng MacArthur.

Điểm then chốt gây sóng gió trong quan hệ với Tổng thống lúc đó là kế hoạch của MacArthur tách thiên hoàng Hirohito ra khỏi giới quân phiệt Nhật và miễn tội chết cho thiên hoàng cùng với hầu hết các thành viên có vai trò chủ chốt trong chiến tranh của hoàng gia Nhật như thân vương Chichibu Yasuhito, nhân thân vương Asaka Yasuhiko, cựu ngạn vương Takeda Tsunehisa, hằng đức vương Higashikumi Naruhiko v.v… MacArthur cũng không cho thiên hoàng thoái vị mà giữ ở lại để thực thi chế độ “nhiếp chính”, giữ thiên hoàng Hirohito như một biểu tượng của sự hòa hợp và ổn định tình hình xã hội của nước nhật sau chiến tranh.

MacArthur giải trình với Tổng thống Truman rằng, người Nhật rất sùng kính đối với thiên hoàng và hoàng gia Nhật và bởi thế, ảnh hưởng của thiên hoàng Hirohito đối với người dân Nhật là vô cùng lớn, bất kể họ ở đẳng cấp nào, phe phái nào. Nếu khép tội chết cho thiên hoàng thì tổng thống phải điều động đủ cho ông 1 triệu quân để áp dụng chế độ quân quản, đủ sức trấn áp sự nổi dậy của các tàn quân Nhật cùng với hằng hà sa số các băng nhóm tội phạm bị giới quân phiệt Nhật lợi dụng lập ra và điều khiển trong chiến tranh.

Thống tướng Douglas MacArthur gặp Nhật hoàng Hirohito (Photo Courtesy

)

Đương nhiên Tổng thống Truman không thể đáp ứng được những yêu cầu như thế và cũng đặt niềm tin vào sự tài giỏi của vị tướng này.

Tiếp quản một nước Nhật hoang tàn sau thất bại của cuộc đại chiến và đời sống của người dân vô cùng khốn quẫn, hàng chục triệu người dân không có nhà ở, không có lương thực để cầm hơi, không có việc làm…

MacArthur một mặt chỉ đạo các ủy viên quân sự đồng minh và quan tòa Mỹ khẩn trương điều tra và xét xử các tội phạm chiến tranh (4.200 quan chức Nhật có tội, trong đó khoảng 3.000 lãnh án tù, kết án tử hình 920 người; 28 quan chức chính phủ và sỹ quan cấp cao chuyển cho tòa án quân sự của đồng minh vùng Viễn Đông, trong đó 7 người bị tuyên án tử hình). Đồng thời MacArthur ra lệnh cấm tất cả quân đồng minh tấn công người Nhật và cũng cấm họ dùng lương thực thực phẩm quá thiếu thốn của người dân Nhật. Ngoài số lương thực thực phẩm và tiền bạc khá lớn mà chính phủ Mỹ đã viện trợ, MacArthur chủ trương phải phát triển mạnh kinh tế của chính nước Nhật bằng khả năng của người Nhật.

Ông chủ trương nhiều biện pháp cải cách kinh tế theo hướng thị trường tự do và bảo đảm quyền của người dân như Cải cách ruộng đất (các chủ đất buộc phải bán cho nhà nước tất cả số ruộng đất mà họ phát canh, sau đó nhà nước bán lại cho những hộ nông dân không có đất, kết quả là toàn bộ “người cày có ruộng”, giai cấp địa chủ bị xóa bỏ tận gốc rễ cũng có nghĩa là cơ sở kinh tế của chế độ phong kiến bị xóa bỏ “một cách hòa bình”. Cuộc CCRĐ của MacArthur được coi là mẫu hình CCRĐ thành công nhất trên thế giới). Đồng thời, ông chủ trương tái cơ cấu triệt để nền công nghiệp Nhật, trong đó có việc chấm dứt vai trò độc quyền của các tập đoàn tài phiệt gia tộc (Zaibatsu), lệnh cho chính phủ ban hành luật cấm độc quyền. Ông tuyên bố toàn thể nhân dân Nhật có quyền tự do phát ngôn và hội họp, thành lập các công đoàn, quyền bình đẳng nam và nữ… là những thứ chưa bao giờ có dưới chế độ quân phiệt Nhật.

MacArthur toàn quyền quản trị toàn diện nước Nhật trong 6 năm. Ông đã bỏ ngoài tai nhiều ý kiến bất đồng của các nghị sỹ và tướng lĩnh Mỹ vì sự tái thiết nước Nhật. Người ta gọi ông là “nhà độc tài thần thánh”. Vậy nhưng “nhà độc tài” ấy lại được nhân dân Nhật thực sự tôn kính với lòng biết ơn sâu sắc.

Ngày ông trở về Mỹ, hàng trăm nghìn người dân Nhật đã đổ ra đường chào đón và tiễn đưa ông về nước. Ông là người đưa nước Nhật từ chế độ phong kiến quân phiệt độc tài sang chế độ dân chủ hiện đại. Công lao này của MacArthur lớn hơn bất cứ chiến công lẫy lừng nào của ông trong 3 cuộc chiến tranh: chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất, chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai và chiến tranh Triều Tiên. Bản thân ông cũng tự coi ông là người “mở cửa” nước Nhật lần thứ hai và thực tế, ông đã chiếm trọn trái tim của người Nhật.

Hồi ký của cựu Thủ tướng Nhật, Kiichi Miyazawa (nhiệm kỳ 1991 – 1993) có đoạn: “Ngày 16/4/1951, MacArthur rời Tokyo về Mỹ. Hôm ấy dân chúng Nhật đứng chật kín suốt hai bên đường từ trụ sở SCAP tới sân bay Haneda. Thủ tướng Nhật cùng toàn thể thành viên chính phủ ra sân bay tiễn đưa. Tôi đứng sau bộ trưởng tài chính, đối diện với chiếc chuyên cơ. MacArthur cùng vợ và con trai lần lượt bắt tay từng quan chức. Khi MacArthur bước lên cầu thang máy bay, một quan chức Nhật bỗng hô to: ‘MacArthur muôn năm’! Thế là mọi người đều dơ tay hô theo ‘Muôn năm’…” (theo Wikipedia tiếng Việt).

May mắn thay, nước Nhật sau chiến tranh đã có cơ duyên gặp được một “nhà độc tài thần thánh” mà không phải nước nào cũng có được may mắn ấy.

Hà Nội, tháng 9/2019

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brookstonalmanac · 1 year

Text

Events 12.9

536 – Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital. 730 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami. 1531 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City. 1688 – Glorious Revolution: Williamite forces defeat Jacobites at Battle of Reading, forcing James II to flee England. (Date is Old Style; the date in the New Style modern calendar is 19 December.) 1775 – American Revolutionary War: British troops and Loyalists, misinformed about Patriot militia strength, lose the Battle of Great Bridge, ending British rule in Virginia. 1822 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, in a memoir read to the Academy of Sciences, coins the terms linear polarization, circular polarization, and elliptical polarization, and reports a direct refraction experiment verifying his theory that optical rotation is a form of birefringence. 1824 – Patriot forces led by General Antonio José de Sucre defeat a Royalist army in the Battle of Ayacucho, putting an end to the Peruvian War of Independence. 1835 – Texas Revolution: The Texian Army captures San Antonio following the Siege of Béxar. 1851 – The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal. 1856 – The Iranian city of Bushehr surrenders to occupying British forces. 1861 – American Civil War: The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War is established by Congress. 1868 – The first traffic lights are installed, outside the Palace of Westminster in London. Resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps. 1872 – In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first African American governor of a U.S. state following the impeachment of Henry C. Warmoth. 1905 – In France, a law separating church and state is passed. 1911 – A mine explosion near Briceville, Tennessee, kills 84 miners despite rescue efforts led by the United States Bureau of Mines. 1917 – World War I: Field Marshal Allenby captures Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire. 1922 – Gabriel Narutowicz is elected the first president of Poland. 1931 – The Constituent Cortes approves a constitution which establishes the Second Spanish Republic. 1935 – Student protests occur in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, and are subsequently dispersed by government authorities. 1935 – Walter Liggett, an American newspaper editor and muckraker, is killed in a gangland murder. 1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking: Japanese troops under the command of Lt. Gen. Yasuhiko Asaka launch an assault on the Chinese city of Nanking. 1940 – World War II: Operation Compass: British and Indian troops under the command of Major-General Richard O'Connor attack Italian forces near Sidi Barrani in Egypt. 1941 – World War II: China, Cuba, Guatemala, and the Philippine Commonwealth declare war on Germany and Japan. 1941 – World War II: The American 19th Bombardment Group attacks Japanese ships off the coast of Vigan, Luzon. 1946 – The subsequent Nuremberg trials begin with the Doctors' Trial, prosecuting physicians and officers alleged to be involved in Nazi human experimentation and mass murder under the guise of euthanasia. 1946 – The Constituent Assembly of India meets for the first time to write the Constitution of India. 1948 – The Genocide Convention is adopted. 1950 – Cold War: Harry Gold is sentenced to 30 years in jail for helping Klaus Fuchs pass information about the Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union. His testimony is later instrumental in the prosecution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. 1953 – Red Scare: General Electric announces that all communist employees will be discharged from the company. 1956 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810, a Canadair North Star, crashes near Hope, British Columbia, Canada, killing all 62 people on board. 1960 – The first episode of Coronation Street, the world's longest-running television soap opera, is broadcast in the United Kingdom. 1961 – Tanganyika becomes independent from Britain. 1965 – Kecksburg UFO incident: A fireball is seen from Michigan to Pennsylvania; with witnesses reporting something crashing in the woods near Pittsburgh. 1968 – Douglas Engelbart gave what became known as "The Mother of All Demos", publicly debuting the computer mouse, hypertext, and the bit-mapped graphical user interface using the oN-Line System (NLS). 1969 – U.S. Secretary of State William P. Rogers proposes his plan for a ceasefire in the War of Attrition; Egypt and Jordan accept it over the objections of the PLO, which leads to civil war in Jordan in September 1970. 1971 – Indo-Pakistani War: The Indian Air Force executes an airdrop of Indian Army units, bypassing Pakistani defences. 1973 – British and Irish authorities sign the Sunningdale Agreement in an attempt to establish a power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive and a cross-border Council of Ireland. 1979 – The eradication of the smallpox virus is certified, making smallpox the first of only two diseases that have been driven to extinction (with rinderpest in 2011 being the other). 1987 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: The First Intifada begins in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. 1992 – American troops land in Somalia for Operation Restore Hope. 1996 – Gwen Jacob is acquitted of committing an indecent act, giving women the right to be topless in Ontario, Canada. 2003 – A blast in the center of Moscow kills six people and wounds several more. 2008 – Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich is arrested by federal officials for crimes including attempting to sell the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by President-elect Barack Obama. 2012 – A plane crash in Mexico kills seven people. 2013 – At least seven are dead and 63 are injured following a train accident near Bintaro, Indonesia. 2016 – President Park Geun-hye of South Korea is impeached by the country's National Assembly in response to a major political scandal. 2016 – At least 57 people are killed and a further 177 injured when two schoolgirl suicide bombers attack a market area in Madagali, Adamawa, Nigeria in the Madagali suicide bombings. 2017 – The Marriage Amendment Bill receives royal assent and comes into effect, making Australia the 26th country to legalize same-sex marriage. 2019 – A volcano on Whakaari / White Island, New Zealand, kills 22 people after it erupts. 2021 – 55 people were killed and more than 100 injured when a truck with 160 migrants from Central America overturned in Chiapas, Mexico.

#Events

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tiny-librarian · 6 years

Photo

Royal Birthdays for today, October 20th:

Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise, 1406

Stanisław I, King of Poland, 1677

Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, Duchess of Modena, 1700

Pauline Bonaparte, Duchess of Guastalla, 1780

Yasuhiko Asaka, Japanese Prince, 1887

Michiko, Empress of Japan, 1934

#claude de lorraine #stanislaw i #pauline bonaparte #charlotte aglae d'orleans #Yasuhiko Asaka #empress michiko #long live the queue #royal birthdays

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tiny-librarian · 7 years

Photo

Royal Birthdays for today, October 20th:

Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise, 1406

Stanisław I, King of Poland, 1677

Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, Duchess of Modena, 1700

Pauline Bonaparte, Duchess of Guastalla, 1780

Yasuhiko Asaka, Japanese Prince, 1887

Michiko, Empress of Japan, 1934

Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster, 1974

#pauline bonaparte #empress michiko #alexander windsor #charlotte aglae d'orleans #claude de lorraine #stanislaw i #Yasuhiko Asaka #long live the queue #royal birthdays

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royal-confessions · 4 years

Photo

“I dislike the Showa generation of Japanese royals for their participation in Japanese war crimes in WWII (Hirohito, Princes Chichibu & Yasuhiko Asaka etc), but I have a lot of respect for Prince Takahito of Mikasa (Hirohito’s brother). He had an interesting life, being the first centenarian of the family and for his unusual views. He was horrified of the war crimes his country committed in China and wrote about it in 1944 (which only re-surfaced in 1994 after the army classified it). Takahito also made a genuine apology to then Chinese president, saying his conscience still haunts him for the war. He was a well-read scholar as well as someone who voiced his opinion against monarchy system. Not to mention his ability to quickly adapt to a life without royal perks after the new constitution and became the 1st Japanese royal to take public transport to work!” - Submitted by Anonymous

#Prince Mikasa #japanese imperial family

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brookstonalmanac · 2 years

Text

Events 12.9

536 – Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital. 730 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami. 1531 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City. 1688 – Glorious Revolution: Williamite forces defeat Jacobites at Battle of Reading, forcing James II to flee England. 1775 – American Revolutionary War: British troops lose the Battle of Great Bridge, and leave Virginia soon afterward. 1824 – Patriot forces led by General Antonio José de Sucre defeat a Royalist army in the Battle of Ayacucho, putting an end to the Peruvian War of Independence. 1835 – Texas Revolution: The Texian Army captures San Antonio. 1851 – The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal. 1856 – The Iranian city of Bushehr surrenders to occupying British forces. 1861 – American Civil War: The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War is established by Congress. 1868 – The first traffic lights are installed, outside the Palace of Westminster in London. Resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps. 1872 – In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first African-American governor of a U.S. state. 1905 – In France, a law separating church and state is passed. 1911 – A mine explosion near Briceville, Tennessee, kills 84 miners despite rescue efforts led by the United States Bureau of Mines. 1917 – World War I: Field Marshal Allenby captures Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire. 1922 – Gabriel Narutowicz is elected the first president of Poland. 1931 – The Constituent Cortes approves a constitution which establishes the Second Spanish Republic. 1935 – Student protests occur in Beiping's Tiananmen Square, and are subsequently dispersed by government authorities. 1935 – Walter Liggett, an American newspaper editor and muckraker, is killed in a gangland murder. 1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking: Japanese troops under the command of Lt. Gen. Yasuhiko Asaka launch an assault on the Chinese city of Nanking. 1940 – World War II: Operation Compass: British and Indian troops under the command of Major-General Richard O'Connor attack Italian forces near Sidi Barrani in Egypt. 1941 – World War II: China, Cuba, Guatemala, and the Philippine Commonwealth declare war on Germany and Japan. 1941 – World War II: The American 19th Bombardment Group attacks Japanese ships off the coast of Vigan, Luzon. 1946 – The subsequent Nuremberg trials begin with the Doctors' Trial, prosecuting physicians and officers alleged to be involved in Nazi human experimentation and mass murder under the guise of euthanasia. 1946 – The Constituent Assembly of India meets for the first time to write the Constitution of India. 1948 – The Genocide Convention is adopted. 1950 – Cold War: Harry Gold is sentenced to 30 years in jail for helping Klaus Fuchs pass information about the Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union. His testimony is later instrumental in the prosecution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. 1953 – Red Scare: General Electric announces that all communist employees will be discharged from the company. 1956 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810, a Canadair North Star, crashes near Hope, British Columbia, Canada, killing all 62 people on board. 1960 – The first episode of Coronation Street, the world's longest-running television soap opera, is broadcast in the United Kingdom. 1961 – Tanganyika becomes independent from Britain. 1965 – Kecksburg UFO incident: A fireball is seen from Michigan to Pennsylvania; with witnesses reporting something crashing in the woods near Pittsburgh. 1968 – Douglas Engelbart gave what became known as "The Mother of All Demos", publicly debuting the computer mouse, hypertext, and the bit-mapped graphical user interface using the oN-Line System (NLS). 1969 – U.S. Secretary of State William P. Rogers proposes his plan for a ceasefire in the War of Attrition; Egypt and Jordan accept it over the objections of the PLO, which leads to civil war in Jordan in September 1970. 1971 – Indo-Pakistani War: The Indian Air Force executes an airdrop of Indian Army units, bypassing Pakistani defences. 1973 – British and Irish authorities sign the Sunningdale Agreement in an attempt to establish a power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive and a cross-border Council of Ireland. 1979 – The eradication of the smallpox virus is certified, making smallpox the first of only two diseases that have been driven to extinction (with rinderpest in 2011 being the other). 1987 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: The First Intifada begins in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. 1992 – American troops land in Somalia for Operation Restore Hope. 1996 – Gwen Jacob is acquitted of committing an indecent act, giving women the right to be topless in Ontario, Canada. 2003 – A blast in the center of Moscow kills six people and wounds several more. 2008 – Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich is arrested by federal officials for crimes including attempting to sell the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by President-elect Barack Obama. 2012 – A plane crash in Mexico kills seven people. 2013 – At least seven are dead and 63 are injured following a train accident near Bintaro, Indonesia. 2016 – President Park Geun-hye of South Korea is impeached by the country's National Assembly in response to a major political scandal. 2016 – At least 57 people are killed and a further 177 injured when two schoolgirl suicide bombers attack a market area in Madagali, Adamawa, Nigeria in the Madagali suicide bombings. 2017 – The Marriage Amendment Bill receives royal assent and comes into effect, making Australia the 26th country to legalize same-sex marriage. 2019 – A volcano on Whakaari / White Island, New Zealand, kills 22 people after it erupts.

#Events

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