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#Brule Formation
pwlanier · 2 years
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Extraordinary Subhyracodon sp. ; Oligocene (34 million years)
Brule Formation, South Dakota, U.S.A.
Sotheby’s
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standfucker · 1 month
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Who are your top five blorbos and why? MLA Format (J/K)
Being polyamorous my structure is a little different. It goes:
Marco / Jinbe
Almost everybody else.
I really do like the vast majority of major and minor characters in OP. It's really hard for me to rank them. Here is a list of characters I'd bang though. It's very large so excuse me. And when I say I have wide and varied tastes, I mean it. I am extremely polyamorous.
Straw Hats (minus Chopper) Red Hair Pirates (minus Monster) Bell-mere Arlong Pirates Dalton, Koza, Pell, Chaka Crocodile, Zala/Miss Doublefinger, Bentham/Mr. 2 Bon Clay, Gem/Mr. 5, Mikita/Miss Valentines, Galdino/Mr. 3 Bellamy, Noland, Kalgara, Wyper, Raki, Kamakiri Iceberg, All of Galley-La, Tom Zambai, Kiev, Kiwi, Mozu All of CP-9 (minus Fukuro, Nero, and Spandam) Perona, Cindry Hody, Hammond, all merfolk including Sharly, Aladdin, Fisher Tiger, Fukaboshi Heart Pirates Monet, Vergo Kyros, Scarlet, Viola, Koala, Sabo, Hack Doflamingo, Rosinante, Diamante, Gladius, Baby 5 Bartolomeo, Blue Gilly, Cavendish, Sai, Boo, Ideo, Hajrudin, Suleiman Nekomamushi, Inuarashi, Shishilian, Concelot, Giovanni, Wanda, Pedro, Roddy, Milky Perospero, Katakuri, Daifuku, Oven, Amande, Cracker, Brulee, Smoothie, Praline, Galette, Poire, Myukuru, Joconde, Raisin, Custard, Angel   All Sanji’s siblings Akazaya Nine (minus Raizo) Oden, Toki, Hiyori, Tsurujo/Otsuru, Yamato Kaido, King, Page One, Ulti, Black Maria, Sasaki Worst Generation (minus Apoo) Roger Pirates (most of them) All Warlords (minus Weevil) Kid Pirates Whitebeard Pirates: Whitebeard (young and old,) Marco, Ace, Thatch, Vista, Rakuyo, Namur, Jozu, Curiel, Haruta, Izou, Tate+the nurses, Whitey Bay, Decalvan Brothers Blackbeard, Lafitte, Van Augur Marines: Three Admirals (ESPECIALLY KUZAN I LOVE KUZAN), Sengoku, ISSHO, Bastille, Smoker, Tashigi, Garp, Momonga, Dalmatian, Maynard, Koby (post-TS)
As for the "why" ... I don't know OTL I just love characters.
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angelkarafilli · 10 months
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Pawnee Buttes,Weld, Colorado, United States
The Pawnee Buttes are two prominent buttes located within the Pawnee National Grassland in Weld County, of northeastern Colorado. Rising approximately 300 feet above the surrounding plains, the buttes are erosional remnants left standing in isolation as the surrounding High Plains surface has gradually worn away. The lower portions of the buttes are composed of relatively soft, clay-rich sedimentary rock called the Brule formation. The Brule formation is protected by an overlying layer of sandstone and conglomerate sediments called the Arikaree formation, which are more resistant to weathering. - Wikipedia
photo by JR Goodwin on Flickr
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New-York Brule-t-il ? - Dominique Lapierre - Larry Collins
New-York Brule-t-il ? – Dominique Lapierre – Larry Collins Auteur(s) : Dominique Lapierre – Larry Collins Format: Broché Parution : 01/01/2004 309 pagesRésumé. Trois ans après la tragédie du 11 septembre, des terroristes cachent une bombe atomique au cœur de New York. Si le président américain n’oblige pas les Israéliens à quitter toutes les colonies des territoires arabes occupés, Manhattan…
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usacountryguide · 8 months
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10 Breathtaking Canoe Trails for an Unforgettable Adventure
Finding isolation may be as simple as packing up a canoe, setting out and casting a line into the bush without having to wear a heavy pack or travel for ten kilometers. Everything you need for a canoe journey is in a boat with you, so you do not have to worry about trying to squeeze past others on a crowded route or carrying heavy water containers. You can end yourself falling in true love with canoeing after taking a few journeys.
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10 Best Canoe Trails
This list is not comprehensive. These best canoe camping trips USA are a fantastic place to start, but there are just too many beautiful spots to paddle & not enough time.
Boundary Waters, USA
On the boundary of the Canadian province both of Ontario and the US state of Minnesota, you will find the first canoeing location in this list. It is a safeguarded wilderness region with excellent animal viewing opportunities, making it the perfect place to go canoeing! After one day of paddling, you may rest and unwind at one of the roughly 2,000 distinct camp sites in the wilderness region!
Buffalo National River
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Over 130 miles of canoeing are available on the Buffalo National River in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas, which is suited for both novice and experienced paddlers. Both tranquil and rougher waters may be found in the river. Given the correct weather and season, it is possible to paddle the whole river in around ten days. Plan your trip according to the season since during dry weather the water levels drop too low to properly paddle the whole river.
Northern Forest Canoe Trail
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This kayaking adventure is not for timid. It takes about a month to travel the 740 miles of Northern Forest Canoe Trail that crosses both Canada and the United States. Huge lakes, rough rapids, tranquil streams, and the odd portage—a road for moving your canoe from a stream to the next—can all be seen along the trail.
Current River
A panorama of lush, southern woodlands and numerous caverns may be seen from Current River, which is situated in Missouri's Ozark Mountains. If you want to go kayaking while taking in the autumn foliage, Current River is truly a fantastic option. All abilities of paddlers may safely use the river, however it is important to note that the upper river has choppier water that is preferred by experienced paddlers. Even the most difficult rapids are not so dangerous, although occasionally dangerous situations might arise due to the river's powerful current.
Bois Brule River
The Bois Brule River is located in Brule River State Forest, which is 45 minutes by car from Duluth, Minnesota. The 44-mile river section is a well-liked spot for canoeing and passes through a range of environments, from bogs to the boreal woods. The river may be paddled lazily for the most part, although there are certain spots where the water gets choppy. For novices, the upper river always is suggested.
Everglades National Park
Paddlers have essentially limitless options in Florida's Everglades. 10,000 distinct islands, innumerable mangroves, and a maze of waterways may all be found in the Everglades. Setting a camp on one of these islands & exploring the nearby rivers is all it takes to paddle through the Everglades. Animals including herons, dolphins, alligators, & bears have all been spotted in the wild. This will be one amid the best adventure vacations in USA.
Green River
While the paddling here is not difficult, maintaining your focus on the water could be. Labyrinth Canyon & Stillwater Canyon are two of the 120 miles of the Green River that pass through deep, red gorges and provide views of amazing rock formations. If Labyrinth Canyon is your preferred route, start at the Green River State Park & finish around 50 miles later in Mineral Bottom. The canyon walls increase steeper as you float through them over the following several days, and during the evening you will see bighorn sheep. To go into the canyon, you must get a permission from the Bureau of Land Management.
Bowron Lakes
In the Canadian Rockies' Cariboo Mountains region, there are 72 miles of the connected rivers, lakes and portages. The canoe circuit of Bowron Provincial Park truly is well-known across the world (in fact, all three of the testimonials on the website of a local outfitter are from Europeans). The Bowron canoeing adventure includes backcountry campsites, an abundance of animals, mountains, woods, and deep, clear lakes. For the entire circuit, allow 7–10 days. Gold Lake- The tranquilly you seek can be found at Gold Lake if you prefer a laid-back canoe or kayak journey. Gold Lake is one of California's top family campgrounds, and it is 9 miles southwest of the Graegale, California, amid the picturesque foothills of the Sierra. Gold Lake is a great place for the entire family to have fun because there are 20 smaller lakes close by and a variety of recreational opportunities.
Wekiva Island
Wekiva Island though is not an island in the true sense,it does provides a relaxed haven both for friends & families alike in search for a place to gather along Wekiva River. The Wekiva Island located in Central Florida gives water lovers assorted family-friendly activities all along the beautiful Wekiva River. Should you desire in exploring this 16-mile river through your own paddles, then carry your own, else you may hire a kayak or canoe from the oasis too.
Canoeing is an excellent means of fitness and outdoor recreation for people of every age & skill level. Where will you be paddling next among the tens of thousands of best canoe trips USA that exist across the country?
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stargazeraldroth · 1 year
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Did I just spend almost all of my morning coming up with a half-assed overview for a fanmade update idea? Yes. Do I regret it? Not really, but this biology exam is glaring daggers at me, and so is my grade in the class. But anyway, even though this should be obvious, nothing in this thing is CANON except to my OWN characters. Just a little disclaimer.
Anyway, as I said, this is how I imagine an update for my St. Pastry Order and Parfaedia Detective Agency OCs would be. I split the update into 3 separate parts, each with its own new mechanics and events, and tried to format it similar to if it was a legitimate release.
With that being said, not everything is solid in how a legitimate release would be. This was purely for fun.
~Main Event~
The first part of the update- called the “Eyes of the Order” update- would start a new storyline which takes place in the city of Parfaedia. In the opening of the story, players are introduced to a character named Cinnamon Sugar Cookie, a scholar at the Parfaedia Institute who has been working on a research paper regarding the origin of Cookies and their connection to the Witches. This NPC is then interrupted by a silhouetted figure, where the scene cuts to black. This is the introduction to the update’s main event.
The main event is a murder mystery where players must gather clues by completing sets of missions and interviewing potential suspects for reports. As players progress through the event, they’ll follow along the main characters of the update- Chocolate Torte Cookie, Candy Apple Cookie, and Creme Brulee Cookie- as they search for the culprit behind Cinnamon Sugar Cookie’s crumbling. This storyline also has three main antagonists- Lemon Meringue Cookie, Key Lime Cookie, and S’mores Tart Cookie- three Shadow Sisters of the St. Pastry Order. In addition, there is a side antagonist- Berliner Cookie- who appears later in the storyline.
This event and storyline brings players the return of two previously released characters, Almond Cookie and Pastry Cookie, as well as some Ovenbreak characters as NPCs, such as Walnut Cookie.
~First Part~
New Cookies: Chocolate Torte Cookie (Epic, Magic, Middle), Candy Apple Cookie (Epic, Charge, Front).
New Magic Candy: Almond Cookie, Pastry Cookie.
New Treasures: Lead Detective’s Briefcase (Epic), Investigator’s Magnifying Glass (Rare).
New Mechanics: Additional Tower of Sweet Chaos trays, new decor added to the Parfaedia Fantasy theme, new bonds added.
New Events: Chocolate Torte Cookie & Candy Apple Cookie’s featured banners, Murder Mystery/Investigation event Pt. 1, Detective Agency’s Daily Login Gifts.
~Second Part~
New Cookies: Lemon Meringue Cookie (Epic, Ambush, Middle), S’mores Tart Cookie (Epic, Support, Rear).
New Treasure: Holy Palmier Crest (Epic).
New Mechanics: New decor added to the St. Pastry Order theme, St. Pastry Order resonant toppings added (I hate resonant toppings tbh-), new Cookie House designs added.
New Events: Lemon Meringue Cookie & S’mores Tart Cookie’s featured banners, Murder Mystery/Investigation event Pt. 2, The Order’s Daily Login Gifts.
Mileage Shop: Chocolate Torte Cookie and Candy Apple Cookie Soulstones.
~Third Part~
New Cookies: Key Lime Cookie (Epic, Defense, Front), Berliner Cookie (Epic, Bomber, Middle).
New Mechanics: New decor added to the St. Pastry Order theme, new bonds added.
New Events: Key Lime Cookie & Berliner Cookie’s featured banners, Murder Mystery/Investigation event Pt. 3, Squirrel Shop, Pastry Cookie’s Vigilante Arc Real (a side story to the main storyline of the update, featuring Pastry Cookie as the main character and Berliner Cookie as the main antagonist),
Mileage Shop: Lemon Meringue Cookie and S’mores Tart Cookie Soulstones.
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wereadersworld · 2 years
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[Download] The Monocle Guide to Better Living BY : Monocle
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The Monocle Guide to Better Living
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 Full of writing, reports, and recommendations, The Monocle Guide to Better living is original, informative, entertaining, and comprehensive. Monocle is one of the most successful magazines to be developed in the past decade. Armed with an unmistakable sense of aesthetics and journalistic tenacity, its team -- led by editor-in-chief tyler Brule --has created an intelligent publication that continually inspires a global readership who are interested in everything from diplomacy to design. For its first-ever book, the editorial team looks at one of their core themes: how to live well. The result is The Monocle Guide to Better living, a collection of writing, reports, and recommendations. This is not a book about glitz but rather an upbeat survey of products and ideas meant to be treasured and last. Structured into chapters on the city, culture, travel, food, and work, the book also provides answers to some key questions. Which cities offer the best quality of life? How do you build a
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spectrometrie · 4 years
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thorsenmark · 3 years
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Prairie Grasslands Beyond the Badlands of Panorama Point (Badlands National Park)
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Prairie Grasslands Beyond the Badlands of Panorama Point (Badlands National Park) by Mark Stevens Via Flickr: An idea I got from another photographer with a view across some eroded landscape of badlands and prairie grasses that seemed to stretch out to a distant horizon. This is a view looking to the southeast from the main overlook.
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earthstory · 6 years
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palaeoart Next up for some prep is this near complete Mesohippus bairdi skull from the Brule Formation of Wyoming. Most Mesohippus fossils I’ve prepped previously have lost their snout but this one is near perfect. Mesohippus (from the Greek ‘Middle Horse’) was an extinct early ancestor to modern horses 🐎 which still had a three-toed foot. It’s teeth are low-crowned suggesting it fed more on low foliage and fruit rather than grass like modern horses. This should be a fun prep job!
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pwlanier · 2 years
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Giant fossil turtle Testudo sp. ; Oligocene (34 million years old) Brule Formation, White River Badlands, South Dakota, U.S.A.
Sotheby’s
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mmepastel · 5 years
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J’ai encore beaucoup aimé ce roman de Claire Messud, pour la justesse de son histoire et l’amitié fusionnelle des deux héroïnes, Juju et Cassie. Leur amitié forteresse, leur amitié bastion, la congrégation de leurs personnalités en même temps que leurs spécificités irréductibles. C’est très juste, et beau, et ça m’évoque des souvenirs...
Mais aussi pour des pages comme celles-ci :
« Parfois, je me disais que grandir en étant une fille, c’était apprendre à avoir peur. Pas exactement à être parano, mais à toujours rester sur ses gardes et lucide, comme quand on vérifie l’emplacement de la sortie de secours au cinéma ou à l’hôtel. Vous découvriez, avec une acuité inconnue dans l’enfance, la vulnérabilité du corps que vous habitiez, ses fortifications imparfaites. À la télévision, dans les journaux, les livres et les films, jamais ce ne sont des hommes qui se font violer, kidnapper, lapider, démembrer ou brûler à l’acide. Mais dans les romans, dans les séries et les films policiers aussi bien que dans la vraie vie, ça arrive tout le temps, tout autour de vous. Donc vous apprenez en votre for intérieur que votre corps a besoin d’être protégé. Il est à la fois précieux et totalement négligeable, tout dépend de qui vous rencontrez. Vous n’avez pas envie d’aller à une fête sans savoir comment rentrer chez vous.
Vous n’avez pas envie de vous retrouver à marcher dans la rue – surtout une rue déserte – la nuit sans être accompagnée. Et encore moins d’ouvrir votre porte à un inconnu si vous êtes seule, jamais de la vie, même s’il porte un uniforme. Parce que cet uniforme pourrait être un déguisement. Ça arrive. Je l’ai vu à la télé.
Vous grandissez, et à cause de toutes les histoires qu’on vous raconte vous apprenez comment est le monde, et vous commencez à perdre des libertés. Même si personne ne vous dit de vive voix que vous les avez perdues, vous savez qu’il faut faire attention. Sans une amie avec vous, interdiction de faire du vélo sur le sentier Audubon, de nager dans la carrière, de marcher dans les bois. Méfiez-vous de l’obscurité, de l’isolement, des espaces naturels, des fenêtres mal fermées, des hommes que vous ne connaissez pas. Et ensuite vous découvrez que même les hommes que vous connaissez, ou croyiez connaître, peuvent se révéler dangereux. »
Oui, ce livre parle du passage à l’âge adulte, et révèle le poids du milieu social dans ce passage, même si c’est subtilement fait, avec des zones qui restent opaques, car on n’est pas dans un traité sociologique ni psychologique.
Ce livre dit aussi l’éloignement irrémédiable, le cordon coupé dans beaucoup de rage et/ou de tristesse selon les héroïnes, car le malheur, le mal être, est parfois plus dur à partager avec ceux qui vous ont connu heureux. Le temps passe et le retour est parfois impossible.
C’est très beau. Et Cassie, par cette narration unilatérale qui préserve ses secrets, demeure pour nous une demoiselle scintillante auréolée de mystère et de blessures, un oiseau pas fini, dont les ailes - on l’espère-, pousseront quand même.
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oldblogger · 3 years
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“North Dakota is still the least visited state in the nation”
“North Dakota is still the least visited state in the nation”
The quote is from an article in The Writer’s Almanac, published daily on the Internet by americanpublicmedia.org. My immediate reaction was to visit North Dakota but I quickly, and practically, let that impulse fade. This created a disappointment in me which I decided to assuage by discovering more about North Dakota, and to perform a virtual visit. Here it begins: Formation of the land within…
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cazimagines · 3 years
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Hi I can't get to sleep as I was chatting to @rumblelibrary and we brought up modern Laszlo Kreizler on twitter and it lead me to thinking about other Daniel characters on social media and here I am writing headcanons for the characters of his I have watched.
Zemo: I hate to say this but I feel that Zemo is one of those rich older guys who tries to relate to a younger audience but doesn't quite grasp it but everyone appreciates his efforts and hypes him up anyway. Does he have tiktok? Yes. At first he would try to make funny tiktoks and tiktoks he would believe are relatable but he doesn't really know what he is doing. However when he starts to make posts about being a baron and things he can do being rich they are what get views and it sorta becomes his niche. He also uses twitter but he is one of those people who post a few things like comments on what's happening on the news then disappears from it for months. He is however aware of memes and will occasioannly post his own memes he makes on twitter. Unfortunetly his meme knowledge only goes to early 2010 meme format which leads to him making memes such as:
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He will use memes to be passive-aggressive to the avengers trying to get more of a younger audience on his side through them.
Andrea Marowski: Though he is the youngest of the bunch if he had social media I feel that he would be a Facebook boy. It would be the only social media Ursula and Janet know how to work so they would occasionally post photos of him and videos of him playing the violin for all their other old lady friends to comment on about what a nice young boy he is and he is always thanking them on there for how nice they are. He wouldn't make posts often on there himself but if they did he would use polish more than English. He would have Instagram as well but he doesn't really know what to post there. He might post photos of some of the food Ursula and Janet make as he really likes it and saw other people post food pics so that's the normal thing right? I can also see awkward but adorable selfies. He doesn't use Twitter. Twitter scares him.
Laszlo Kreizler: Laszlo however does use twitter. He would post a lot about obscure information related to psychology. He would tweet about new theories he has, observations he has picked up on. He would get into Twitter arguments with people who disagree with him, he enjoys debating it. He hates trolls however and gets in a lot of arguments with them. He will also get into arguments with other psychologists if he doesn't agree with their theories and will try to debate them on it. He's a big advocater as well for equal rights and diversity so he is always posting pro-social-type tweets. He doesn't like using other social media as he doesn't like posting about himself or pictures about himself. He doesn't see the point. He would however comment under stuff John posts usually with a funny/teasing remark.
Niki Lauda: Similarly to Laszlo Niki would use Twitter a lot. He would get into even more arguments with people online, ready at any moment to disagree with someone who doesn't have the same opinion as him. He doesn't hold back tweeting his opinions on situations/drivers as well. If there was an incident where it was debated if a driver got in the way of another even if he wasn't involved in it he would make himself involved through tweeting about it. James Hunt would find it funny to rile Niki up on Twitter. He would Tweet something he knows Niki would have a go at on Twitter, then leaves it for a few hours annoying Niki by ignoring him. Niki would also use Instagram but he would use it to almost show off. He would post a lot about f1, pictures of him driving, pictures of him celebrating the races he has won. The captions would be passive-aggressive towards Hunt. The news is always checking their social media writing new articles about the new drama between them but they don't hate each other as much as they make it seem on social media.
And for the hell of it, I'll include Daniel's character from Travis's music video everything at once, Dirk Brulee: Dirk is extremely sassy and LOVES drama. Therefore like most tv show hosts, he uses all forms of social media lots to reach out to a larger audience. He posts frequently on TikTok, Twitter, Instagram. He has a PR team to help him through. On Twitter he comments about the current drama that's happening, trying to build up hype for his scoop on the show later tonight. On Instagram, he is like a typical influencer and posts random things about his day, lots of selfies of himself, pictures of him meeting all sorts of other celebrities. On TikTok, he gets involved in all the trends, especially the dance ones, he loves dancing. He's the celeb that everyone loves as he is so charismatic and doesn't do anything to be canceled.
I hope you enjoyed I am now off to try and get some sleep but if you have any ideas of other social media headcanons please comment I'll love to read them.
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a-dinosaur-a-day · 5 years
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Bathornis
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By Ripley Cook
Etymology: Tall Bird
First Described by: Wetmore, 1927
Classification: Dinosauromorpha, Dinosauriformes, Dracohors, Dinosauria, Saurischia, Eusaurischia, Theropoda, Neotheropoda, Averostra, Tetanurae, Orionides, Avetheropoda, Coelurosauria, Tyrannoraptora, Maniraptoromorpha, Maniraptoriformes, Maniraptora, Pennaraptora, Paraves, Eumaniraptora, Averaptora, Avialae, Euavialae, Avebrevicauda, Pygostaylia, Ornithothoraces, Euornithes, Ornithuromorpha, Ornithurae, Neornithes, Neognathae, Neoaves, Inopinaves, Telluraves, Australaves, Cariamiformes, Bathornithidae
Referred Species: B. celeripes, B. cursor, B. fax, B. fricki, B. geographicus, B. grallator, B. minor, B. veredus
Status: Extinct
Time and Place: From 37 to 20 million years ago, between the Priabonian of the Eocene of the Paleogene and the Burdigalian of the Miocene of the Neogene 
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Bathornis is known from a very wide number of formations - which makes sense, given how many species have been referred to the genus. Bathornis is known from the Chadron Formation, the Brule Formation, the Willow Creek Site (not Formation, that’s from the Cretaceous because people keep reusing names), the Washakie Formation, and the Willwood Formation - and it is possible that it is also known from other locations throughout North America. It appears to have concentrated on the western half, however, being known from formations in Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming. 
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Physical Description: Bathornis was a large, flightless predatory dinosaur from the Cenozoic - and, despite being in the same general group of birds as they, it isn’t a terror bird! Bathornis, unlike the Terror Birds, still had decently sized wings (even though they couldn’t be used in flight) and, more importantly, it had a well-developed hind toe, whereas the Terror Birds had reduced hind toes. Still, it was doing essentially the same thing, but in North America. It had long, thin legs, built well for running; a squat body; small-ish wings; reduced musculature in the shoulder and chest area; large heads, and long, sharp beaks. These beaks weren’t as tall as those found in the Terror Birds, but that didn’t take away from their ability to pack a devastating bite. The variety of species ranged widely in size, with some as short as 60 centimeters, and some as tall as 2 meters (though it is possible the smaller species were just juveniles).
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By Julio Lacerda
Diet: Bathornis was a terrestrial carnivore, able to utilize its large beak to grab and crush large prey - even large mammals. It is even possible that in many environments, Bathornis was one of the primary large predators, similar to the Terror Birds of the south.
Behavior: Bathornis, being a very large terrestrial predator, would have spent a good portion of its time on the move. Its long, strong legs were good for running, as well as probably kicking. Not being able to fly, they would have relied on their legs to get around and chase prey. Powerful kicks of the legs would have aided Bathornis in killing its prey, however, it would have primarily relied upon its beak to deliver the final blows. The powerful crushing action of the beak would have allowed it to break apart extremely tough prey, potentially even crushing bone. It may have still used its wings in some flapping action to aid in hunting, though it doesn’t seem likely it used them as much as the earlier terrestrial raptors of the Mesozoic era. Being a predator, it doesn’t seem likely that Bathornis was very social; modern Seriemas hunt primarily alone, and there’s no evidence Bathornis did otherwise. Still, it probably did care for its young in some capacity. 
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By Nix, CC BY-NC 4.0 
Ecosystem: Bathornis is known from a variety of ecosystems across Northwestern America in the Cenozoic Era; it seems, however, it favored wetlands to open savanna and grassland. It may have also been found in more sparse woodland. This means that, while it was fast, running great distances across open habitat wasn’t its usual activity. It may have even used its long legs to aid in wading through the water towards sources of food. That doesn’t mean it never inhabited open areas, of course - just that it probably preferred bogs and swamps to prairies. Bathornis often lived alongside large mammals, including large mammalian predators such as Haenodonts, Entelodonts, and Nimravids. Odd-toed ungulates like Megacerops and Merycoidodon were often found closely associated with Bathornis, indicating that they were common sources of prey for this dinosaur. It also was often found with its close relative, Paracrax, which would have been direct competition for it. Many other dinosaurs are known to have lived alongside Bathornis, more than I can reasonably list; but it probably encountered the fowl Procrax, the flighted predator birds Phasmagyps and Palaeoplancus, the tody Palaeotodus, the flighted ratites Lithornis and Paracathartes, the large herbivorous bird Gastornis, the flightless wading birds Geranoides and Palaeophasianus, the owl Eostrix, the mousebirds Anneavis and Eobucco, and the Sandcoleid sandcoleus. It’s interesting that Bathornis quite probably encountered Gastornis, given that Gastornis used to be thought to have Bathornis’ job, and is now known to have been a similarly-sized large herbivore instead. 
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By José Carlos Cortés
Other: Bathornis was very closely related to the contemporaneous (but Southern) Terror Birds, but it actually evolved for the same niche independently. This happened all over their group of dinosaurs, the Cariamiformes (Seriemas and their many, many extinct relatives). This indicates that the long-legged terrestrial predatory lifestyle of the Seriema group made them especially prone to growing larger, and losing their flight capabilities. The common nature of Bathornis and its relatives in the Northern Hemisphere is also important biogeographically. Many think that the Terror Birds went extinct due to the influx of large mammal predators after North and South America combined. However, Bathornis lived alongside these North American Large Mammals - and even thrived in its environment. So, clearly, large avian predators and large mammalian predators were perfectly capable of coexisting. So why did Bathornis - and then, later, their southern Terror Bird cousins - go extinct? Jury is, sadly, still out. 
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By Scott Reid
Species Differences: There are a wide variety of species of Bathornis, though some may not be the same species, and it is entirely possible that these animals shouldn’t be grouped under one genus from a phylogenetic standpoint. B. veredus is known from the Eocene and Oligocene of the Chadron Formation, and was about the size of a living emu. B. cursor is different from B. veredus primarily because of differences in the ankle, and it was slightly larger and earlier in time. B. geographicus is known from South Dakota, Nebraska, and Wyoming, and it may be a descendant of B. veredus; it was larger than both veredus and cursor, and it is possibly the largest species in the genus. B. fax is the smallest species known, but it also lived with B. veredus and is probably just the juvenile form. B. celeripes is known from the end of the Oligocene, and it was about the same size as B. cursor, so a mid-sized species of the genus. B. fricki is from the Early Miocene, making it one of the youngest species of all; it may have been a direct descendant of B. celeripes, to which it was very similar. B. minor lived in the same time and place as B. fricki, and they differ due to small changes in the leg bones. B. grallator, finally, is the best known form; coming from the Eocene, it was originally called Neocathartes before being combined into Bathornis by Mayr in 2016. It was originally thought to be flighted, but further research has shown it was also flightless. It was actually first thought to be a vulture! Life is funny like that.
~ By Meig Dickson
Sources under the Cut 
Angolin, F. L. 2009. Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoides (Gruiformes, Cariamae). Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara: 1 - 79.  
Benton, R. C., D. O. Terry, E. Evanoff, H. G. McDonald. 2015. The White River Badlands: Geology and Paleontology. Indiana University Press.  
Carroll, R. L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution 1-698
Cracraft, J. 1968. A review of the Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes) with remarks on the relationships of the suborder Cariamae. American Museum Novitates 2326: 1 - 46.
Cracraft, J. 1971. Systematics and evolution of the Gruiformes (Class Aves). 2, Additional comments on the Bathornithidae, with descriptions of new species. American Museum Novitates 2449: 1 - 14.
Galbreath, E. C. 1953. A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology of northeastern Colorado. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Vertebrata 4:1-120.
Lambrecht, K. 1933. Handbuch der Palaeornithologie. 1-1024
Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Mayr, G., J. Noriega. 2013. A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early Miocene seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Aves, Cariamidae). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.  
Mayr, G. 2016. Osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the middle Eocene North American Bathornis grallator - one of the best represented, albeit least known Paleogene cariamiform birds (seriemas and allies). Journal of Paleontology 90 (2): 357 - 374.  
Mayr, G. 2017. Avian Evolution: The Fossil Record of Birds and its Paleobiological Significance. Topics in Paleobiology, Wiley Blackwell. West Sussex.
Olson, S. L. 1985. Farner, D. S., ed. The Fossil Record of Birds, section X. A. I. b. The Tangle of the Bathornithidae. Avian Biology 8. New York: Academic Press. 146 - 150.
Wetmore, A. 1927. Fossil birds from the Oligocene of Colordao. Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History 7 (2): 1 - 14.
Wetmore, A. 1944. A new terrestrial vulture from the Upper Eocene deposits of Wyoming. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 30: 57 - 69.  
Wetmore, Alexander (1950). "A Correction in the Generic Name for Eocathartes grallator". Auk. 67 (2): 235.
218 notes · View notes
spaghetittii · 5 years
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Top ten sexiest rock formations
1. Angels landing
Sexiness out of 40: 23
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2. Munising formation
Sexiness out of 40: 29
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3. Brule formation
Sexiness out of 40: 31
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4. Bright angel shale
Sexiness out of 40: 36
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5. Hell Creek formation
Sexiness out of 40: 37.3
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6. Morrison formation
Sexiness out of 40: 39
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7. Toroweap formation
Sexiness out of 40: 42
8. Hermit formation
Sexiness out of 40: 45
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9. Queenston formation
Sexiness out of 40: 54.7
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10. Chimney rock
Sexiness out of 40: 68
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13 notes · View notes