一剪梅·红藕香残玉簟秋 - plum blossom cutting · red lotuses linger in remnants of fragrance
by 李清照 (Li Qingzhao, 1084 -1155)
红藕香残玉簟秋
hóngǒu xiāng cán yù diàn qiū
Red lotuses linger in remnants of fragrance; on bamboo mats, jade-like, there is a touch of Autumn.
轻解罗裳 独上兰舟
qīng jiě luōshang dú shàng lánzhōu
Slightly parting the light silk skirt, alone, she boards the magnolia-wood boat.
云中谁寄锦书来
yún zhōng shéi jì jǐnshū lái
From within the clouds, whose letter for home approaches?
雁字回时 月满西楼
yàn zì huí shí yuè mǎn xī lóu
When geese return in their word formation, the moon fills the west storeyed pavilion.
花自飘零水自流
huā zì piāolíng shuǐ zìliú
Alone, flowers fall. Alone, water flows on.
一种相思 两处闲愁
yī zhǒng xiāngsī liǎng chù xián chóu
A particular yearning in two places, twice the idle sorrow.
此情无计可消除
cǐ qíng wú jì kě xiāochú
This feeling which no scheme can dispel,
才下眉头 却上心头
cái xià méitóu què shàng xīntóu
was just shed from the brow, yet rises in the heart.
…………………………………………………………………………….
NOTES
F O R M A T
So this is another Song Lyric. But it is a song lyric in more ways than one.
《一剪梅·红藕香残玉簟秋》 is a 宋词 (sòng cí) or Song Dynasty lyric by the poet Li Qingzhao. The 词 lyric was a form that came after 诗 poetry. Unlike 诗 though, they are not just poems, but also literally lyrics. Each work has an accompanying melody.
To write a 词 piece, poets must use various poetic meters from fixed pattern forms, using fixed-rhythm, fixed-tone, and line-lengths that may vary based on an original melody also known as tune pattern 词牌 (cípái). The resulting lyrics are sung using that melody. Unfortunately, all of the melodies for these lyrics have been lost to time, though there have been attempts to reconstruct them in more modern times.
The title can usually be read as 《tune pattern title · first line of lyric》 and are often translated as: To the tune of <tune pattern/cipai title>, <first line of lyric>. I didn’t do that here to keep my title short xD
B A C K G R O U N D
Or my best guess at it anyway!
In the second year after Li Qingzhao's marriage to Zhao Mingcheng, due to ~political struggles~ between factions from the new court and the previous one, her father Li Gefei was dismissed from office and could only return to his place of origin with his family. Li Qingzhao as his daughter, was also implicated in this as a child of someone in the Yuanyou faction. It was decreed that children of criminal officials of the Yuanyou faction were not allowed to live in the capital, so she had no choice but to separate from her husband and return to her hometown alone to join her parents. This supposedly happened in the Summer of the year 1103, which was a year after their marriage.
As far as I know, this was the only time early on in their marriage that they were separated. So there’s a good chance this work was a result of that period in her life.
P O E M
红藕香残玉簟秋
red lotus / fragrance / remnants // jade / bamboo mat / Autumn
红藕 is an alternate name for the red lotus. A search on gushiju.net, with the field narrowed on Song Dynasty yields 27 poems with the word 藕 in their titles, and at least 15 in which the title is referring to a lotus flower of some sort. 香 can sometimes be used to allude to a flower, but I am leaning towards this one being about the lotus’ fragrance. And then, it is still difficult to see 残 and not think damaged and hence, incomplete. In this case, I suppose it would mean remnants. The remnants of the lotus’ lingering fragrance.
So, the speaker is near a water body. Somewhere where there is enough water and enough lotuses that their lingering fragrance can be smelled. Wikipedia tells me that lotus plants are adapted to grow in the flood plains of slow-moving rivers and delta areas, while Baidu informs me that they live where waters are calm and still, and where there is shallow waters, especially lakes, marshes and ponds. Let’s see where this poem takes us!
Two notes on the lotus:
The flowers of lotus plants bloom in the Summer and in the Autumn, they either bud or, having reached the end of their flowering season, fall.
I had to google 红藕 the way that I did, because the word 藕 refers to the root of the lotus, which we like very much to eat. It was instantly recognizable as the other half of 莲藕, meaning lotus root. When chopped and cooked in soup, it oxidizes and turns a pale brownish pink colour.
(Source)
While thinking about this, I got curious about how a full lotus plant looks like, and went to google for a picture. This was my first time seeing the full lotus plant, even in illustration. Should really have expected this, but somehow the position of the ‘root’ still surprised me.
(Source)
A 簟 (diàn) is a mat of woven bamboo usually used for lying on or sitting. It has a cooling effect in the Summer, sort of like the waterbeds of today.
(Source)
The usage of 玉 in 玉簟, is a simile comparing the bamboo mat to jade. This is a way of describing the surface of the bamboo mat, that it has that same lustor and beauty, and that it is very cool to the touch, the way that jade (specifically jadeite as opposed to nephrite) is even at room temperature. Building on that, 秋 feels like an adjective. And yet, 秋 is Autumn. What is going on?
This is a depiction of a scene as felt through the senses. How do we know that there are lotuses wilting? Through the lingering notes of their fragrance. How do we know the season? Through the jade-like chill of the lustrous bamboo mat beneath us and the fading of the lotus’ fragrance. Autumn is here.
轻 / 解 / 罗裳 // 独 / 上 / 兰舟
gently / undoing / silk upper robe // alone / boarded / magnolia-wood boat.
The 解 usage here I thought was 解衣 at first - to take off an article of clothing (which, just FYI dates back to 《战国策》 Annals of the Warring States, edited and compiled by Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty). And so the line was translated as: gently doffing silk summer robes.
But stealing a bit of time during team building at work (on stone ‘homework’ benches too!) to stare at this poem in my notebook, it suddenly didn’t make sense again… Although Autumn’s chill also explains why it's time to take off summer clothes, especially if you’re getting on a boat since its always colder and windier where there is water, there is quite a bit of an awkward time gap between changing out your summer clothes and getting on a boat!
This was when I concluded that it was TIME TO MOVE ON and look at this entire part of the poem as a whole.
A particular weave of silk fabric, 罗 (luō) is lightweight and very suitable for summer clothes. Here’s an example of a fancier type of it.
Meanwhile, the 裳 (read: shang) is the equivalent of a skirt. Like what the lady is wearing in the photo below.
(Source)
兰舟 is actually just a fancier way to say ‘boat’. BUT it can apparently also mean bed, I didn’t manage to find any examples in my quick skim of gushiju, but a lot of dictionaries do say this, so I suspect it may just be rarely used. Its one of the many reasons I’ve been chewing at this line for a while.
The first 兰舟 was a boat made with wood from the magnolia tree by the famous architect, carpenter and engineer Lu Ban of the Zhou dynasty, according to a story in the lower volume of 《述异记》, which was a compilation of supernatural stories from the Northern and Southern Dynasties by Zu Chongzhi. By the way, he had A LOT of hobbies (whoa! see the ss below). This probably makes it the dated version of an urban legend? Anyway.
I do prefer to think the intended meaning was boat, not bed - just taking a moment here to be amused at the pronunciations of 船 (chuán) boat and 床 (chuáng) bed being so close in mandarin xD - because of the previous imagery from the association of lotuses with water bodies and vibe of the scene. The idea or image of 兰舟 in my mind is one that calls up feelings of being adrift and alone. A small little leaf of a boat on a vast lake. ‘Boarding alone’ reinforces that lonely image but also adds a hint of wanting to be on their own. After all, they chose to come here (wherever ‘here’ is).
So then, with the decision that the second half of the sentence will be some variation of ‘boarding the magnolia-wood boat alone’, there were two options for the action with the clothing or skirt in the first part of that sentence.
Deftly remove the light summer silks
Lightly part the silk skirts
Actually, upon first reading the line without pleco or googling, the image in option 1 automatically came up in my mind. But then it came to a screeching halt when she boarded the boat! Knowing that the chill of Autumn is upon us, surely it wouldn’t make sense to be wearing only lightly woven silk clothing and then be disrobing at this time? It makes even less sense to be wearing something light on top of more weather appropriate ones and then taking it off later. And there could be an unspoken step in between 轻解罗裳 and 独上兰舟 of putting on clothes. But that’s just hmmm… unnecessarily complicated.
But 解 doesn’t always mean remove completely. You could just be in the middle of untying a knot partially undoing something or perhaps, by extension, ‘partially disrobing’ via lifting up your skirt. Option 2 was adopted for finally being a mental image I can fully support.
And so, amidst the lingering fragrance of fallen lotus flowers, in the Autumn chill, someone gently parts her fine silk skirts and boards a boat alone.
The next two lines are where you have to activate all your vibe receptors.
云中 / 谁 / 寄 / 锦书 / 来
within clouds / who / sends / letter for home / coming here
雁 / 字 / 回 / 时 // 月 / 满 / 西 / 楼
geese / word / return / time // moon / fills / west / building
(I’m doing these together because they are closely related)
If we follow the narration in this poem, everything after 独上兰舟 is happening in the boat. The speaker is looking up into the sky, where they may be seeing the wild geese setting off on their annual migration. As it is Autumn, this is the right season for birds to be setting off on their long haul flights. Supporting this is the next line which starts with ‘when the geese return in their word formations’ referring to the V (in English) or 人 (in Chinese) shape they tend to fall into when flying as a flock.
Note the word ‘when’ (i.e. x happens 时). This is an imagined situation.
(Source)
Something I found out because I wondered why how birds could be flying when the moon is supposed to be out and vaguely to the West: Geese also continue their migratory flights at night to avoid predation and, to save energy, not be flying when there is turbulence in the air which occurs during the day where there are more thermals.
The 锦书, literally brocade letter, is a word derived from the story of the poet Su Hui, a poet of the Middle Sixteen Kingdoms period (304 to 439) during the Six Dynasties period. After a particularly fierce quarrel with the concubine her husband had brought back from his desert exile, she refused to leave with him to his new post in Xiangyang. Hence, when he finally went, he brought only his concubine along with him, leaving her behind as she had wanted. Soon after, she regretted the decision and embroidered a palindrome poem on silk brocade and sent it to him. This work consisted of over 840 words and could be read in many different ways and directions.
(Source)
The piece impressed and touched him so much that he returned to fetch her with gifts. The term 锦书 has since been used to refer to beautiful letters, usually from wife to husband but sometimes the other way round as well, when they are apart.
The sight of geese in the sky would evoke thoughts of letters from someone far from home. Originating from the story of a loyal diplomat of Han who had been sent as an ambassador to the Xiongnu, and suffered much hardship for it. When it was time for him to return, the Chanyu (Leader of the Xiongnu) pretended he was already dead and refused. Years later, another envoy discovered that he and his men were still alive. To force the Chanyu to release them, someone made up a story that the Emperor of Han had killed a migratory goose while hunting, and that a letter from Su Wu seeking help was found on the bird's foot, whereupon they all got to return home. The association of swan-geese with letters, wandering, longing and hope has only gotten deeper since, and its imagery is used often in literature.
We even have a chengyu for it! 鸿雁传书 / roughly: the swan-goose delivers a letter.
A little note on architecture. Courtyard houses, also known as siheyuan were the traditional type of houses built with a specific layout. The rooms on the West were reserved for the ladies in a family, the East were for the sons and their wives. For a more detailed introduction, do check out this video! The relevant portion starts at about the three minute mark.
Just purely from the position, rooms and buildings in the West side of the house have a good view for sunset and the moon as well. A friend pointed this out, and I was like O.O oh yeah! So it does! Perfect place for ~romance~ and staring longingly out into the distance.
After boarding the boat, she looks up at the sky where there are geese setting off Southwards on their annual Autumn-Winter migration, wondering if she will receive a letter from her husband. She pictures it clearly in her mind’s eye, when they return after Winter, there will be a full moon shining down, and her world will be bright and it will be a time of reunion.
No vibes now. These are all feelings from here on xD
花 / 自 / 飘零 / 水 / 自 / 流
flowers / naturally | on their own / fall // water / naturally | on its own / flows
一 / 种 / 相思 // 两 / 处 // 闲愁
one / type (of) / longing between two (people) // two / places / vain woe
The original translation for the first line was 'flowers fall and rivers flow on, as is their nature', because I thought the line was saying that it is as unaffected and natural for a parted couple to miss each other dearly, helplessly. The pairing of falling flowers and running water has always been an imagery associated with vicissitudes, uncertainty and wandering adrift. And on top of that, falling flowers symbolize the passing of beautiful things, the passage of time, while flowing water is associated with unending sorrows, so these two very aptly express the depth of their feeling and their circumstances.
But I was halfway through doodling this line down when I realised 自 can also be read as ‘on one’s own’. Which means we could also interpret that as the speaker metaphorically comparing the falling flowers to herself and the flowing water to her husband. Even if falling flowers and flowing water allude to wandering unmoored, they are still together. But not anymore. Both are troubled by their separation, but because of this separation, they are feeling it alone. It is the same longing, but because it is in two hearts, two places, it is a sorrow that settles deep and is felt in vain.
(yjtc: *mindblown*)
And why is it 闲愁?
此 / 情 / 无 / 计 / 可 / 消除
this / feeling / no / plan / can / utterly dissipate
才 / 下 / 眉头 // 却 / 上 / 心头
just / down (from) / brows // yet / up (in) / heart
There’s nothing that can be done to dispel the love that gives rise to the longing, the sorrow, no clever idea, no cunning scheme can trick it. It almost feels like it is everywhere, around her, within her. The pain may be smoothed from a tightly knit brow, but then it immediately rises in the heart.
Curious about this, on the way to the meetup location for team building on Wednesday, I did a silly little experiment on the bus: First I arranged a short playlist of five songs that never fail to hurt me in order of lightest to worst, then stared out of the window from a comfortable seat, and started to listen. When the words first caused me to tear up, my face scrunched up slightly, involuntarily and the feeling of wanting to cry came from the area of my eyes - obviously, I blinked it away xD Next, briefly, my throat sort of closed up. And finally, there was tightness around my chest and a stabbing feeling in my heart.
I did a quick google consult with Science and they tell me that ‘the link between sadness and physical pain such as heartache has been empirically proven’.
Conclusion: The poet has some excellent observation skills!
Jokes aside, I think it’s amazing that she expresses the killing blow in this poem with such simplicity.
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Happy Gushiwensday Shabbes! We have another Li Qingzhao tonight! I've missed her.
Above the sky the starry river turns;
night's curtain drops to shade the world of men.
My mat and pillow growing cold as tearstains spread and dry--
I rise, undo my robe, and idly wonder,
"Ah, is it full, deep night again?"
These green-embroidered lotus pods are small;
the roots and leaves of golden thread are sparse.
Cold weather's like it's always been, and clothing doesn't change--
Only our moods and whims are any different
from olden times, when they were just like us.
Original text and notes under the cut.
南歌子·天上星河转
天上星河转,人间帘幕垂。凉生枕簟泪痕滋。起解罗衣聊问、夜何其。
翠贴莲蓬小,金销藕叶稀。旧时天气旧时衣。只有情怀不似、旧家时。
This is in meter because I accidentally wrote the first line in meter and decided hey, why not? Here are some notes. Not a lot, this one was quite simple to translate! You can rely on Li Qingzhao to be pretty straightforward.
night's curtain... men --- literally "the human world; a door-curtain hangs down." I originally read this as calling the human world thin or liminal, marking the space between, I don't know, heaven and the ground beneath.
tearstains spread and dry --- I don't actually thing the evaporating tears are what's making the bedding cold (I think it's cold weather, as alluded to in the second stanza), but I wanted to add this as a transition to make the next line less abrupt; here I'm implying that she's already kind of detached from her crying sesh. She's so over it. What time is it?
full, deep night --- if I had to translate this literally I'd go with "it's very night." lol.
small, sparse --- there's some confusion about whether this is referring to the original embroidery being insufficient or whether it's referring to embroidery wearing out over time. I chose the former because I'm just not clear on how "small" could refer to the latter.
olden times --- the phrase 旧时 "olden times" is actually repeated twice in the line about cold weather and clothing, and comes back in the last half-line as 旧家时 the time of great old families, I guess? I'm not actually sure if this is the same as ancient times; Laurence's interpretation was like, previous times this person has worn these clothes, which I kind of like better, but I'm too lazy to retranslate it...
when they were just like us --- completely invented this bit to fill out the meter. It's a bit of interpretation trying to convey the poet's philosophical mood.
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