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Slave Ships

Slave ships were large cargo ships specially converted for the purpose of transporting slaves. Such ships were also known as "Guineamen" because the trade involved human trafficking to and from the Guinea coast in West Africa.

Atlantic slave trade

In the early 1600s, more than a century after the arrival of Europeans to the Americas, demand for unpaid labor to work plantations made slave-trading a profitable business. The peak time of slave ships to the Atlantic passage was between the 18th and early-19th centuries, when large plantations developed in the southern colonies of North America.

To ensure profitability, the owners of the ships divided their hulls into holds with little headroom, so they could transport as many slaves as possible. Unhygienic conditions, dehydration, dysentery and scurvy led to a high mortality rate, on average 15% and up to a third of captives. Often the ships carried hundreds of slaves, who were chained tightly to plank beds. For example, the slave ship Henrietta Marie carried about 200 slaves on the long Middle Passage. They were confined to cargo holds with each slave chained with little room to move.

The most significant routes of the slave ships led from the north-western and western coasts of Africa to South America and the south-east coast of what is today the United States, and the Caribbean. As many as 20 million Africans were transported by ship. The transportation of slaves from Africa to America was known as the Middle Passage of the triangular trade.

Conditions On Slave Ships

Enslaved People

The Slave Trade Act 1788, also known as Dolben's Act, regulated conditions on board British slave ships for the first time since the slave trade started. It was introduced to the United Kingdom parliament by Sir William Dolben, an advocate for the abolition of slavery. For the first time, limits were placed on the number of enslaved people that could be carried. Under the terms of the act, ships could transport 1.67 slaves per ton up to a maximum of 207 tons burthen, after which only one slave per ton could be carried. The well-known slave ship Brookes was limited to carrying 454 people; it had previously transported as many as 609 enslaved. Olaudah Equiano was among the supporters of the act but it was opposed by some abolitionists, such as William Wilberforce, who feared it would establish the idea that the slave trade simply needed reform and regulation, rather than complete abolition. Slave counts can also be estimated by deck area rather than registered tonnage, which results in a lower number of errors and only 6% deviation from reported figures.

This limited reduction in the overcrowding on slave ships may have reduced the on-board death rate, but this is disputed by some historians

Sailors and crew

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the sailors on slave ships were often poorly paid and subject to brutal discipline and treatment. Furthermore, a crew mortality rate of around 20% was expected during a voyage, with sailors dying as a result of disease, flogging or slave uprisings. While conditions for the crew were far better than those of the enslaved people, they remained harsh and contributed to a high death rate. Sailors often had to live and sleep without shelter on the open deck for the entirety of the Atlantic voyage as the space below deck was occupied by slaves.

Disease, specifically malaria and yellow fever, was the most common cause of death among sailors. A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain's interests as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port. Crew members who survived were frequently cheated out of their wages on their return. These aspects of the slave trade were widely known; the notoriety of slave ships amongst sailors meant those joining slave ship crews did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment. This was often the case for sailors who had spent time in prison.

Abolition of the slave trade

The African slave trade was outlawed by the United States and the United Kingdom in 1807. The applicable UK act was the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act and outlawed the slave trade throughout the British Empire. The US law took effect on 1 January 1808. After that date, all US and British slave ships leaving Africa were legally pirate vessels subject to capture by the United States Navy or Royal Navy. In 1815, at the Council of Vienna, Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands also agreed to abolish their slave trade. Between 1807 and 1860 British vessels would capture slave ships and free the slaves; they captured 1,600 ships and freed 160,000 slaves in this time.

After abolition, slave ships adopted quicker, more maneuverable forms to evade capture by naval warships, one favorite form being the Baltimore Clipper. Some had hulls fitted with copper sheathing. This was very expensive work that at this time was only commonly done to Royal Navy vessels; however, it increased speed by preventing the growth of marine weed on the hull, which would otherwise cause drag. The speed of slave ships made them attractive ships to repurpose for piracy, and also made them attractive for naval use after capture; USS Nightingale and HMS Black Joke were examples of such vessels. HMS Black Joke had a notable career in Royal Navy service and was responsible for capturing a number of slave ships and freeing many hundreds of slaves.

There have been attempts by descendants of African slaves to sue Lloyd's of London for playing a key role in underwriting insurance policies taken out on slave ships bringing slaves from Africa to the Americas.

List of Slave Ships

Antelope, Spanish slave ship captured near Florida in 1820 with 283 slaves aboard, leading to The Antelope case.

Aurore, along with Duc du Maine, the first French slave ships that brought the first slaves to Louisiana.

La Amistad, general-purpose cargo ship that also carried slaves on occasion. A successful slave revolt on ship gave rise to a case that reached the Supreme Court in United States v. The Amistad.

Brookes, sailing in the 1780s.[25]

City of Norfolk, fitted out in New York City by Albert Horn.[26]

Clotilda, burned and sunk at Mobile, in 1859 or 1860.

Cora, captured by USS Constellation in 1860.

Creole, involved in the United States coastwise slave trade and the scene of a slave rebellion in 1841, leading to the Creole case.

Desire, first American slave ship.[27]

Duc du Maine, along with Aurore, the first French slave ships that brought the first slaves to Louisiana.

Elisabeth, sailing from Jamaica for West Africa.[citation needed]

Erie, the ship owned and captained by Nathaniel Gordon, the only American executed for slave trading

Esmeralda, captured 1 November 1864 off Loango, West Coast of Africa, by HMS Rattler (1864) and Taken to St. Helena to prize court by C.G. Nelson midshipman in command.[citation needed]

Fredensborg, Danish slave ship, sank in 1768 off Tromøya in Norway, after a journey in the triangular trade. Leif Svalesen [da] wrote a book about the journey.

Gallito, Spanish slave ship carrying 136 Africans when captured by HMS Nimble 16 November 1829.

Guerrero, Spanish slave ship wrecked in the Florida Keys in 1827 carrying 561 Africans.

Hannibal, an English slaver of the Atlantic slave trade.

The Hawk, The Hawk sailed for Calabar, with instructions to buy 340 slaves.[28]

Hebe, Portuguese slave ship carrying 401 Angolans when captured by HMS Nimble 13 July 1832.

Henrietta Marie, sank in 1700 near Marquesas Keys, Florida, excavated in 1980s.

Hermosa, a schooner whose 1840 grounding in the Bahamas led to a controversy between the US and Britain over the 38 slaves who had been on board the ship.

Hope, American brig that brought slaves to Rhode Island

Isabella, British slave ship that brought the first 150 African slaves to the American port of Philadelphia in 1684.

Joaquina, Spanish slave ship carrying 348 Africans when captured by HMS Nimble 10 November 1833.

Josefa, Spanish schooner carrying 206 slaves when captured by HMS Monkey 7 April 1829.

Jesus of Lübeck, a 700-ton ship used on the second voyage of John Hawkins to transport 400 captured Africans in 1564. Queen Elizabeth I was his partner and rented him the vessel.

King David, sailing from St Christophers, on St Kitts in the Caribbean 1749.[29]

La Concord, a slave ship captured by the pirate Blackbeard (Edward Teach), used as his flagship and renamed Queen Anne's Revenge. Run aground in June 1718.

La Negrita, Spanish slave ship carrying 189 Africans when captured by HMS Nimble May 1833.

Lord Ligonier. See Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley.

Don Francisco, a slave ship captured in 1837. Sold as a colonial trader and renamed James Matthews. Excavated by Western Australian Museum in 1974.

Madre de Deus, 1567. John Hawkins captured this ship and transported 400 Africans.

Manuela, built as clipper ship Sunny South, captured by HMS Brisk in Mozambique Channel with over 800 slaves aboard.

Manuelita, Spanish slave ship carrying 485 Africans when captured by HMS Nimble 7 December 1833.

Margaret Scott, confiscated and sunk as part of the Stone fleet in 1862

Meermin, a Dutch East India Company ship active between southern Africa and Madagascar, whose final voyage in 1766 ended in mutiny by the slaves: around half the crew and nearly 30 Malagasy died, and the ship was destroyed.[30]

Midas, 360-ton Spanish slave ship captured by HMS Monkey 27 June 1829. Midas had left Africa in April 1829 with 562 Africans, but only 369 were still alive when she was captured, and 72 more died of "smallpox, diarrhea & scurvy" before Monkey and HMS Nimble could take Midas into Havana.[31]

Nightingale, clipper ship captured by Saratoga near Cabinda, Angola in 1861 with 961 slaves aboard.

Pons, American-built barque captured by USS Yorktown on 1 December 1845 with 850–900 slaves.[32]

Providencia, Spanish brig carrying 400 slaves when captured by HMS Monkey in 1829.

São José Paquete Africa, a Portuguese slave ship which sank off the coast of South Africa in 1794 killing over 200 of the enslaved men and women.

Tecora, Portuguese slave ship that transported the slaves who would later revolt aboard La Amistad.

Triton captured by USS Constellation in 1861.[citation needed]

Trouvadore, wrecked in Turks and Caicos 1841. 193 slaves survived. Project commenced in 2004 to locate the ship.[33]

Wanderer, formerly last slave ship to the U.S. (November 1858) until Clotilda reported in 1859 or 1860.

Wildfire, a barque, arrested off the Florida coast by the US Navy in 1860; carrying 450 slaves.[34]

Whydah Gally, a ship that transported cargo, passengers, and slaves. Captured by the pirate Captain Samuel "Black Sam" Bellamy and used for piracy, eventually grounded during a Nor'easter at Cape Cod and sunk in April 1717.

Zong , a British slave ship infamous for the1781 massacre of 132 sick and dying slaves who were thrown overboard in an attempt to guarantee that the ship's owners could collect on their cargo insurance.

Source: Wikipedia / Slave ships

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bountyofbeads · 5 years

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Why a Banking Heiress Spent Her Fortune on Keeping Immigrants Out https://nyti.ms/2Mf71Od

"The main groups cultivated new allies in Congress, none stronger than Jeff Sessions, then a senator from Alabama, whose office served as an unofficial Capitol Hill headquarters for the restrictionist movement. Mr. Sessions, who later became attorney general in the Trump administration, hired as a spokesman Stephen Miller, who would give a keynote address at a Center for Immigration Studies event years later, in 2015, before joining the Trump campaign."

This is exordinanry look at a banking heiress who spent her fortune on keeping immigrants out of the United States. The 'New Nativist' Articles in this series examine the evolution of hard-line immigration politics.

Why a Banking Heiress Spent Her Fortune on Keeping Immigrants Out

Newly unearthed documents reveal how an environmental-minded socialite became an ardent nativist whose money helped sow the seeds of the Trump anti-immigration agenda.

By Nicholas Kulish and Mike McIntire | Published August 14, 2019 | New York Times | Posted August 14, 2019 8:02 PM ET |

She was an heiress without a cause — an indifferent student, an unhappy young bride, a miscast socialite. Her most enduring passion was for birds.

But Cordelia Scaife May eventually found her life’s purpose: curbing what she perceived as the lethal threat of overpopulation by trying to shut America’s doors to immigrants.

She believed that the United States was “being invaded on all fronts” by foreigners, who “breed like hamsters” and exhaust natural resources. She thought that the border with Mexico should be sealed and that abortions on demand would contain the swelling masses in developing countries.

An heiress to the Mellon banking and industrial fortune with a half-billion dollars at her disposal, Mrs. May helped create what would become the modern anti-immigration movement. She bankrolled the founding and operation of the nation’s three largest restrictionist groups — the Federation for American Immigration Reform, NumbersUSA and the Center for Immigration Studies — as well as dozens of smaller ones, including some that have promulgated white nationalist views.

Today, 14 years after Mrs. May’s death, her money remains the lifeblood of the movement, through her Colcom Foundation. It has poured $180 million into a network of groups that spent decades agitating for policies now pursued by President Trump: militarizing the border, capping legal immigration, prioritizing skills over family ties for entry and reducing access to public benefits for migrants, as in the new rule issued just this week by the administration.

How $180 Million of May's Fortune Has Fueled the Anti-Immigration Movement

From 2005 to 2017, the Colcom Foundation gave millions to anti-immigration and population-control groups, some with close ties to the Trump administration.

Mrs. May’s story helps explain the ascendance of once-fringe views in the debate over immigration in America, including exaggerated claims of criminality, disease or dependency on public benefits among migrants. Though their methods radically diverged, Mrs. May and the killer in the recent mass shooting in El Paso applied the same language, both warning of an immigrant “invasion,” an idea also promoted by Mr. Trump.

In many ways, the Trump presidency is the culmination of Mrs. May’s vision for strictly limiting immigration. Groups that she funded shared policy proposals with Mr. Trump’s campaign, sent key staff members to join his administration and have close ties to Stephen Miller, the architect of his immigration agenda to upend practices adopted by his Democratic and Republican predecessors.

“She would have fit in very fine in the current White House,” said George Zeidenstein, whose mainstream population-control group Mrs. May supported before she shifted to anti-immigration advocacy. “She would have found a sympathetic ear with the present occupant.”

Unlike her more famous brother, the right-wing philanthropist and publisher Richard Mellon Scaife, Mrs. May largely stayed out of the public eye. A childless widow who lived alone outside Pittsburgh, she instructed associates not to reveal her philanthropic interests and in some cases even to destroy her correspondence. While her unlikely role as the quiet bursar to anti-immigration organizations has been previously reported, her motivation and engagement in the immigration issue remained largely hidden.

The New York Times, through dozens of interviews and searches of court records, government filings and archives across the country, has unearthed the most complete record of her thinking. Mrs. May’s unpublished writings reveal her evolution from an environmental-minded Theodore Roosevelt Republican — in 1972 she was the nation’s largest single donor to mainstream congressional candidates — to an ardent nativist. Her ideological transformation presaged the Republican Party’s own shift from blue-blooded, traditional conservatism toward hard-right populism.

Chatty, handwritten notes to John D. Rockefeller III, the philanthropist Helen Clay Frick and the head of the National Audubon Society about luncheons and overseas trips gradually gave way over the years to darker exchanges with fringe figures who believed that black people were less intelligent than white people, Latino immigrants were criminals and white Americans were being displaced.

But Mrs. May disputed the notion that she was racist, writing to a grant recipient in November 1994, “Can we not put imaginary paper bags over the immigrants’ heads, see them as colorless consumers, and count only their deleterious numbers?”

Restrictionist groups she financed have blocked attempts at amnesties and immigration reform bills in Congress over the years. They fought for Proposition 187 in California to deny education, routine health care and other public services to undocumented immigrants; they argued against in-state tuition for the children of undocumented workers in Utah. They supported “show me your papers” laws in Arizona and Georgia and draconian local ordinances in Hazleton, Pa., and Farmers Branch, Tex.

“We occupied the space before anybody, and the people who helped found the organization and fund the organization, including Mrs. May, were people of enormous foresight and wisdom,” said Dan Stein, president of the Federation for American Immigration Reform, who knew Mrs. May. “They would be gratified over the fact that we’ve seen these ideas championed at the highest level.”

The groups have wasted little time seizing the moment since Donald Trump came to the White House. As Mr. Stein’s organization, known as FAIR, put it in a federal tax filing last year, Mr. Trump’s election presented “a unique opportunity” to enact its longstanding agenda of “building the wall, ending chain migration, rolling back dangerous sanctuary policies, eliminating the visa lottery” and more.

Nowhere in the document is the name of its largest benefactor ever mentioned.

“Without Cordy May, there’s no FAIR,” said Roger Conner, the organization’s first executive director. “There was no money without her.”

Two Passions Converge

Mrs. May’s immigration activism began in the 1970s, when the numbers of legal and illegal arrivals in the country were reaching heights unseen in decades. But she grew up during a period with the lowest levels of immigration in a century (and lower than any period since), thanks to a 1924 law that imposed strict quotas favoring Western European migrants. Her family lived in a part of the picturesque Ligonier Valley, outside Pittsburgh, that was more than 99 percent white when she was a child.

When the first photographs of an infant Cordelia Mellon Scaife appeared in newspapers across the country, she was heralded as potentially “the richest baby in the world.” Her life would be one of privilege: Her family vacationed in St. Moritz, Switzerland, and in Palm Beach, Fla., their movements tracked in society columns.

Young Cordy grew up in a stately Cotswold-style manor, staffed with servants, known as Penguin Court. Her eccentric mother, Sarah Mellon Scaife, tried to breed emperor penguins to waddle the grounds after the craze over Adm. Richard E. Byrd’s Antarctic expeditions.

But Mrs. Scaife, a sharp-tongued art collector, was an alcoholic and her daughter later described her youth as largely miserable. A friend of her parents, the dancer-actor Fred Astaire, tried to help her get discovered in Hollywood when she was 19 but her trip was ill timed. “The only star around was Lassie,” she remarked to an author, Burton Hersh, writing about the Mellon family.

After a marriage at age 20 that lasted just a few months, Mrs. May joined in the family tradition of philanthropy. Her mother had provided funding for Dr. Jonas Salk’s lab at the University of Pittsburgh, where he developed the polio vaccine. Mrs. May became active in local charities, including a children’s health center and a school for the blind, and started the Laurel Foundation in 1951, when she was 23, to channel her giving. She also donated to Republican candidates, both local and national.

But it was Margaret Sanger, the famous and, in some circles, scandalous founder of Planned Parenthood, who provided the sense of direction Mrs. May had craved. Mrs. Sanger was a close friend of her grandmother. Mrs. May acknowledged that it was not the birth control pioneer’s “works or ideals” that initially appealed to her but the fact that she had been jailed for her activities.

Mrs. May first worked for the Planned Parenthood chapter in Pittsburgh and later joined the board of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. “I have always admired and tried to take a part in the work that you started,” she wrote in a 1961 letter to Mrs. Sanger.

Mrs. May appeared to live relatively modestly, considering her means, but she kept a private jet nearby and flew around the world on nature expeditions. She was more comfortable banding birds at a wildlife sanctuary than hobnobbing at a cocktail party. She lived in the woods in Ligonier in a house she called Cold Comfort, after the satirical British novel “Cold Comfort Farm.” (The book’s heroine meddles in the lives of her distant rural relations and even counsels a servant about birth control.)

Her twin passions, protecting natural habitats and helping women prevent unplanned pregnancies, merged over time into a single goal of preserving the environment by discouraging offspring altogether. “The unwanted child is not the problem,” she would later write, “but, rather, the wanted one that society, for diverse cultural reasons, demands.”

Colcom Foundation giving to anti-immigration and population-control groups dwarfed its giving to environmental and other causes.

Western Pennsylvania Conservancy

$13.7 million

Immigration & population control

$179.9 million

Environment

$76.3 million

Other

$55.4 million

Source: Colcom Foundation tax filings for fiscal years 2005-17. | By Weiyi Cai

For some of America’s elite in the 1960s and ’70s, supporting efforts to limit population growth was partly an act of noblesse oblige. The Fords donated millions for United Nations-backed family planning projects worldwide.

Mrs. May joined the board of the Population Council, a group founded by John D. Rockefeller III that emphasized family planning and economic development as ways to lower birthrates around the world. She and some relatives together contributed $11.4 million to the council during the 1960s, and Mrs. May joined the group’s president, Frank Notestein, on trips to Asia to review projects.

Overpopulation became an even more mainstream concern in the United States after the runaway success of “The Population Bomb,” the 1968 book by the Stanford biologist Paul Ehrlich. After the enormous bulge of baby boomers, many Americans came to favor smaller families.

But a 1973 letter to the Population Council from Mrs. May’s office revealed her increasingly tough stance on population control. Contraceptives had made too little impact, the letter said.

“Although we are conscious of the highly sensitive nature of this subject,” it said, “we feel confident that the leadership position of the council in the population field can be used to greatly accelerate the availability of abortion services worldwide on an ‘abortion upon request’ basis.”

Sealed Borders and Sterilization

In August 1973, Mrs. May secretly remarried, this time to her childhood friend and longtime companion Robert W. Duggan, the district attorney in the county that includes Pittsburgh. The couple paid $5 for a justice of the peace in Nevada to wed them in a remote spot on Lake Tahoe.

When the marriage was disclosed, it made front-page news in Pittsburgh, in part because her new husband was fighting to stay out of prison amid a federal corruption probe. The swift nuptials had come between his appearances before a grand jury, and just days after Mrs. May was summoned by the Internal Revenue Service.

Six months later, Mr. Duggan was indicted for evading taxes on payoffs he received from an illegal gambling ring. The same day, he was found dead at his country house, apparently from a self-inflicted gunshot.

Mrs. May blamed her brother for turning on her husband. The siblings had long shared advisers, worked on charitable matters together and helped each other, but the rupture was so complete that they stopped speaking. The scandal and the ensuing tragedy in essence robbed Mrs. May of her two closest confidants.

In a letter to her fellow Pittsburgh-born heiress Helen Clay Frick, Mrs. May described how she had “wangled a cabin from a ranger in a remote canyon in Arizona,” where, she said, she had responded to nearly 2,500 condolence cards. She turned her attention to population meetings at an upcoming United Nations conference, which, she wryly concluded, would feature demands for wealth redistribution and “a thorough denunciation of the United States.”

By the end of the year, after more than two decades working with Planned Parenthood, she had resigned from the group. Two years later, her top aide delivered a stern message to Mr. Zeidenstein, the new president of the Population Council: Family planning and famine relief were a waste of money. Instead, “the U.S. should seal its border” with Mexico. According to a memo by Mr. Zeidenstein, Mrs. May’s views were becoming so radicalized that “one got the impression” she favored compulsory sterilization to limit birthrates in developing countries.

Mr. Rockefeller, taken aback by Mrs. May’s shift, wrote to her that he “had not been aware that differences of this seeming magnitude existed between us.” She responded that she would have severed ties sooner if not for her regard for him, and sent him the mission statement for a new group she had bankrolled, the Environmental Fund.

Buried in the document was a telling reference. “Immigration,” the statement said, “should also be brought into balance with emigration immediately.”

Courting Mrs. May

The Environmental Fund pushed mainstream concerns about overpopulation to the fringe and stoked opposition to immigration. Virginia Abernethy, a self-described “ethnic separatist” who became involved in the group, now called Population-Environment Balance, said in an interview that Mrs. May was “the first person who comes to mind” of those who pushed the population-control movement to oppose immigration.

“She funded a great deal of the original research,” said Ms. Abernethy, a retired Vanderbilt University professor who spoke last year at a white nationalist conference headlined by the former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke.

Through her work with the fund, the heiress struck up a close friendship with Garrett Hardin, a microbiologist and ecologist who argued that the modern welfare state encouraged overpopulation and ecological depletion. When Mrs. May sent him news clippings about riots in Los Angeles, Mr. Hardin responded that the media was finally seeing that “maybe the blacks are less than saintly” and lamented “the predominant Latinity of apprehended criminals” where he lived in California.

“The hope of the future,” he said, “lies in the intelligent practice of discrimination.”

She also met John Tanton, a charismatic eye doctor and environmentalist from Michigan, who would leverage Mrs. May’s financial resources to propel the budding anti-immigration movement forward.

With the square-jawed good looks of a soap opera M.D., Dr. Tanton, who died last month at 85, worked with Planned Parenthood and the Sierra Club and was the national president of Zero Population Growth in the 1970s. As the Baby Boom ebbed, he turned his attention to curbing immigration.

In 1978, immigration surged: The Border Patrol apprehended 863,000 unauthorized immigrants, the most in over two decades. Another 601,000 legal immigrants also arrived, the greatest number since the 1924 immigration act. U.S. News & World Report published a cover story the next year sounding the alarm about chaos at the border with “illegal aliens.”

That November, Dr. Tanton wrote a nine-page proposal for funding from Mrs. May to start a group called the Federation for American Immigration Reform, or FAIR.

“We plan to make the restriction of immigration a legitimate position for thinking people,” he wrote. Mrs. May provided $50,000 to get the group off the ground.

FAIR’s early policy goals, some reflected decades later in proposals pursued by the Trump administration, called for not only an end to illegal immigration, but also a sharp reduction in legal migration. The group advocated increased funding and staffing for Border Patrol to police the southern frontier, campaigned against Cuban refugees and pushed to restrict public benefits for undocumented immigrants.

Dr. Tanton redoubled his attention to Mrs. May with flowery letters quoting Shakespeare, research into birds she was curious about and recommendations for a game ranch in Kenya. He invited her to a nature preserve in Michigan.

His internal memorandums betrayed the cold calculus behind his attentions. “Mrs. May has been our single biggest supporter. She just gave us another $400,000,” he wrote. “That relationship is pretty well under control.”

Patrick Burns, an early employee of FAIR who would often talk to Mrs. May at the group’s events, saw her as vulnerable. “She was isolated up in Ligonier and John was a predator who got inside her perimeter wire and basically found a source of money to fund the immigration reform movement,” he said in an interview. “John looked at Cordy as a buffalo to hunt and bone out for wealth.”

The Tanton-May Network

Mrs. May faced criticism even from within her family for the groups she supported. A young cousin asked whether her causes weren’t discriminatory, racist or, as Mrs. May recalled in a letter, “the one that really puts my teeth on edge … ‘elitist.’”

She produced a five-page typed response, rife with comments about Filipinos “pouring” into Hawaii and “Orientals and Indians” sneaking across “long stretches of unmanned border” with Canada.

She compared medical science’s success in reducing infant mortality rates to veterinarians prolonging the lives “of useless cattle.” Birthrates had dropped in a few areas, she noted, and millions died of starvation every year, but population growth rates continued to climb. “Even wars no longer make much dent; during 11 years of conflict, both North and South Vietnam showed a net increase in population,” she wrote.

Legal and illegal immigration led to overpopulation, she said, “the root cause of unemployment, inflation, urban sprawl, highway (and skyway) congestion, shortages of all sorts (not the least of which is energy), vanishing farmland, environmental deterioration and civil unrest.”

Mrs. May’s Laurel Foundation gave $5,000 to the Institute for Western Values to distribute a translation of the French dystopian novel “The Camp of the Saints” in the United States. The book, about an invasion of poor immigrants overwhelming Europe, is an essential text in white-nationalist circles and has often been cited by the former Trump adviser Steve Bannon. A subsequent English edition was published by the Social Contract Press, which was founded by Dr. Tanton and funded by Mrs. May’s foundation.

Mrs. May credited Dr. Tanton with helping her realize she could take a stand for her beliefs. “I used to think that you just had to take it,” she said during a 1985 visit to the offices of U.S. English, his initiative to make English the official language of the United States. “You don’t: You can organize and be active and do something about it.”

Internal FAIR documents show that her advisers played just such an active role in the development of Dr. Tanton’s growing network of groups. Mrs. May’s longtime adviser Gregory Curtis advocated splitting off FAIR’s research component, which became the Center for Immigration Studies in 1986. Dr. Tanton also broke off FAIR’s litigation arm, and continued founding or fostering new groups.

The move was “critical in not just hiding the sources of funding, but it allowed his creations to meet the I.R.S.’s so-called public support test,” which prevents charities from relying too heavily on a single donor, said Charles Kamasaki, a fellow at the Migration Policy Institute who has worked on the pro-immigration side of the issue. “Part of Tanton’s genius, and it really was genius, was creating these multiple shells,” he said.

The sheer number of groups nurtured with Mrs. May’s money — dozens over four decades — played an important role in the success of the anti-immigration movement by giving it the appearance of broad-based support. Groups would send representatives to appear before Congress, talk to journalists and provide briefs in lawsuits, without disclosing their common origins and funding.

When Dr. Tanton had trouble getting grass-roots support for an Arizona ballot initiative in 1988 to require government business to be conducted only in English, he turned to Mrs. May to pay canvassers. When he decided in the 1980s to host a gathering of a brain trust to strengthen the intellectual underpinnings of the movement, Mrs. May committed $15,000 a year and the use of her Gulfstream jet.

Among those who attended over the years were Richard Lamm, then governor of Colorado, who co-wrote a book called “The Immigration Time Bomb,” and Jared Taylor, a white nationalist who has argued that black people are less intelligent than other races.

Charges of consorting with racists helped push Dr. Tanton to the fringe of acceptable debate, after a private memo he wrote warning of a “Latin onslaught” became public. Dr. Tanton fell further out of favor when it emerged that FAIR had secretly accepted more than $1 million from the Pioneer Fund, a group that embraced eugenics.

But Mrs. May remained loyal. “John became the one who would carry her legacy forward the way a son or a daughter would,” said Mr. Conner, the former executive director of FAIR, who has been critical of the turn the group took. “John assured her what she believed in her life would carry on.”

An Enduring and Vital Influence

In 1996, Mrs. May, then 68, established a new foundation, Colcom, to pursue her most important goals even after her death, including assisting charitable initiatives in Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania, as well as cultural and environmental causes.

But environmental groups were “doomed to failure,” she wrote in her nonprofit application to the I.R.S., until they recognized “that the degradation of our natural world results ultimately from the press of human numbers.” In addition to stricter immigration, she supported “the study of human intelligence as it relates to schools and the workplace” and “research in the area of human differences,” she explained, echoing the language of the eugenics movement.

According to tax documents, Colcom has funded not only FAIR and other large organizations Mrs. May helped create, but also lesser-known ones like the American Immigration Control Foundation, which has likened immigration to a “military conquest” with the effect of “substantially replacing the native population”; the International Services Assistance Fund, whose focus is promoting chemical sterilization of women around the world; and VDare, a website that regularly publishes white nationalists and whose name is derived from Virginia Dare, the first child of English settlers born in the New World.

John Rohe, vice president for philanthropy at Colcom, said “it’s impossible for me to know what every recipient of a grant from Colcom puts out,” but that racial discrimination had no place in Colcom’s views on immigration.

“We should have a pro-immigrant, nonracial immigration policy,” said Mr. Rohe, who previously worked with Dr. Tanton before joining Colcom. “It should not be based on race. It’s only based on the numbers.”

Colcom has given generously to a group once run by Dr. Tanton called U.S. Inc. Largely using money from Mrs. May, U.S. Inc. has funded immigration-related groups in at least 18 states and the District of Columbia.

Mrs. May and the Tanton network

Since 2005, the Colcom Foundation has given more than $150 million to groups in John Tanton’s anti-immigration network. More than $17 million went to U.S. Inc

One of them was NumbersUSA, today the largest grass-roots organization in the country advocating reduced immigration. Its greatest success was helping to derail comprehensive immigration reform under President George W. Bush, by mobilizing supporters to flood their representatives with calls and faxes.

“Without them it would be a very different situation,” Roy Beck, the president of NumbersUSA, said of Colcom. “We’d be functioning at a very different level.”

NumbersUSA and the other main restrictionist groups funded by Mrs. May emphasize that they want stricter limits on immigration, but do not oppose all immigration. They reject any contention that prejudice or xenophobia motivates them. The Center for Immigration Studies sued the Southern Poverty Law Center for designating it a hate group, a label the law center has also applied to FAIR.

The nation’s failure to stop the Sept. 11 hijackers presented the anti-immigration groups with a powerful opportunity to link migration and security, driving a militarization of the border that continues to this day. From the rise of the Minutemen to the start of the Tea Party to the Trump presidency, the Tanton-May network has harnessed each surge of anti-immigration sentiment.

The main groups cultivated new allies in Congress, none stronger than Jeff Sessions, then a senator from Alabama, whose office served as an unofficial Capitol Hill headquarters for the restrictionist movement. Mr. Sessions, who later became attorney general in the Trump administration, hired as a spokesman Stephen Miller, who would give a keynote address at a Center for Immigration Studies event years later, in 2015, before joining the Trump campaign.

Though her money and activism seeded the political landscape for Mr. Trump’s nativist policies — he argues that “the country is full,” claims Mexicans are “dirty” and “dangerous” and immigrants are stealing jobs — the heiress would not see the Queens real estate heir ascend to the presidency. Mrs. May, who had pancreatic cancer, died at her home in 2005, at age 76. Her death was ruled a suicide by asphyxiation.

She left land on the island of Maui to the Nature Conservancy of Hawaii. Her Gulfstream jet was sold for $26.7 million. She was remembered in the local press for her devotion to the environment and family planning, her support of Pittsburgh’s aviary and her quixotic bequest to a donkey sanctuary in Devon, England. Her obituary in the local paper didn’t mention immigration at all.

Mrs. May left almost everything to the Colcom Foundation. In 2005, $215 million from her family trust poured into the foundation’s coffers, along with another $30 million from her personal estate. As her affairs were wound up, another $176 million transferred from her estate in 2006.

In all, since Mrs. May’s death, the anti-immigration groups have received $180 million. The market value of Colcom’s assets is $500 million, more than she bequeathed it in the first place.

Thanks to her vast inherited fortune, Mrs. May’s ideas, and causes, survive her.

“The issues which I have supported during my lifetime have not been popular ones in many cases, nor do I anticipate that they will be so in the future,” Mrs. May wrote to Colcom’s board members in the group’s mission statement, calling on them “to exercise the courage of their convictions” after her death.

“The presence of controversy,” she said, “is often a certain sign that unexamined opinions are being challenged.”

Correction: August 14, 2019

An earlier version of this article included a graphic that incorrectly indicated Dr. John Tanton’s connection to Californians for Population Stabilization. Though he funded the group through U.S. Inc., he did not found the group.

Susan C. Beachy contributed research. Letters to John D. Rockefeller III courtesy of the Rockefeller Foundation.

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assemblyoftheway · 5 years

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Found by Dr. James A. Durr

The Owners of these SLAVES SHIPS {TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE} are ASHKENAZI {EUROPEAN} converted JEWS. 🚨🚨Converted To JUDISM in The 8th CE under King 👑 Bulan... NOTE: King Bulan was a Khazar king who led the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism. His name means "elk" or "hart" in Old Turkic. In modern Turkish, it means The one who finds. Wikipedia 🎺READ: Genesis 10:1-5 Ashkenaz is one of Gomers son {Listed} in the ISLES of The GENTILES... WIKIPEDIA: LIST of SLAVE SHIPS ✅Antelope, Spanish slave ship captured near Florida in 1820 with 283 slaves aboard, leading to The Antelope case. ✅Aurore, along with Duc du Maine, the first French slave ships that brought the first slaves to Louisiana. ✅La Amistad, general-purpose cargo ship that also carried slaves on occasion. A successful slave revolt on ship gave rise to a case that reached the Supreme Court in United States v. The Amistad. ✅Brookes, sailing in the 1780s.[24] City of Norfolk, fitted out in New York City by Albert Horn.[25] ✅Clotilda, burned and sunk at Mobile, in 1859 or 1860. ✅Cora, captured by USS Constellation in 1860. ✅Creole, involved in the United States coastwise slave trade and the scene of a slave rebellion in 1841, leading to the Creole case. ✅Desire, first American slave ship.[26] ✅Duc du Maine, along with Aurore, the first French slave ships that brought the first slaves to Louisiana. ✅Elisabeth, sailing from Jamaica for West Africa.[citation needed] ✅Esmeralda, captured 1 November 1864 off Loango, West Coast of Africa, by HMS Rattler (1864) and Taken to St. Helena to prize court by C.G. Nelson midshipman in command.[citation needed] ✅Fredensborg, Danish slave ship, sank in 1768 off Tromøya in Norway, after a journey in the triangular trade. Leif Svalesen [da] wrote a book about the journey. ✅Gallito, Spanish slave ship carrying 136 Africans when captured by HMS Nimble 16 November 1829. ✅Guerrero, Spanish slave ship wrecked in the Florida Keys in 1827 carrying 561 Africans. ✅Hannibal, an English slaver of the Atlantic slave trade. ✅The Hawk, The Hawk sailed for Calabar, with instructions to buy 340 slaves.[27] ✅Hebe, Portuguese slave ship carrying 401 Angolans when captured by HMS Nimble 13 July 1832. ✅Henrietta Marie, sank in 1700 near Marquesas Keys, Florida, excavated in 1980s. ✅Hermosa, a schooner whose 1840 grounding in the Bahamas led to a controversy between the US and Britain over the 38 slaves who had been on board the ship. ✅Hope, American brig that brought slaves to Rhode Island ✅Isabella, British slave ship that brought the first 150 African slaves to the American port of Philadelphia in 1684. ✅Joaquina, Spanish slave ship carrying 348 Africans when captured by HMS Nimble 10 November 1833. ✅Josefa, Spanish schooner carrying 206 slaves when captured by HMS Monkey 7 April 1829. ✅Jesus of Lübeck, a 700-ton ship used on the second voyage of John Hawkins to transport 400 captured Africans in 1564. Queen Elizabeth I was his partner and rented him the vessel. ✅King David, sailing from St Christophers, on St Kitts in the Caribbean 1749.[28] ✅La Concord, a slave ship captured by the pirate Blackbeard (Edward Teach), used as his flagship and renamed Queen Anne's Revenge. Run aground in June 1718. ✅La Negrita, Spanish slave ship carrying 189 Africans when captured by HMS Nimble May 1833. ✅Lord Ligonier. See Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley. ✅Don Francisco, a slave ship captured in 1837. Sold as a colonial trader and renamed James Matthews. ✅Excavated by Western Australian Museum in 1974. ✅Madre de Deus, 1567. John Hawkins captured this ship and transported 400 Africans. ✅Manuela, built as clipper ship Sunny South, captured by HMS Brisk in Mozambique Channel with over 800 slaves aboard. ✅Manuelita, Spanish slave ship carrying 485 Africans when captured by HMS Nimble 7 December 1833. ✅Margaret Scott, confiscated and sunk as part of the Stone fleet in 1862 Meermin, a Dutch East India Company ship active between southern Africa and Madagascar, whose final voyage in 1766 ended in mutiny by the slaves: around half the crew and nearly 30 Malagasy died, and the ship was destroyed.[29] ✅Midas, 360-ton Spanish slave ship captured by HMS Monkey 27 June 1829. Midas had left Africa in April 1829 with 562 Africans, but only 369 were still alive when she was captured, and 72 more died of "smallpox, diarrhea & scurvy" before Monkey and HMS Nimble could take Midas into Havana.[30] ✅Nightingale, clipper ship captured by Saratoga near Cabinda, Angola in 1861 with 961 slaves aboard. ✅Pons, American-built barque captured by USS Yorktown on 1 December 1845 with 850–900 slaves.[31] ✅Providencia, Spanish brig carrying 400 slaves when captured by HMS Monkey in 1829. ✅São José Paquete Africa, a Portuguese slave ship which sank off the coast of South Africa in 1794 killing over 200 of the enslaved men and women. ✅Tecora, Portuguese slave ship that transported the slaves who would later revolt aboard La Amistad. ✅Triton captured by USS Constellation in 1861.[citation needed] Trouvadore, wrecked in Turks and Caicos 1841. 193 slaves survived. ✅Project commenced in 2004 to locate the ship.[32] ✅Wanderer, formerly last slave ship to the U.S. (November 1858) until Clotilda reported in 1859 or 1860. ✅Wildfire, a barque, arrested off the Florida coast by the US Navy in 1860; carrying 450 slaves.[33] ✅Whydah Gally, a ship that transported cargo, passengers, and slaves. Captured by the pirate Captain Samuel "Black Sam" Bellamy and used for piracy, eventually grounded during a Nor'easter at Cape Cod and sunk in April 1717. ✅Zong, a British slave ship infamous for the 1781 massacre of 132 sick and dying slaves who were thrown overboard in an attempt to guarantee that the ship's owners could collect on their cargo insurance.

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musicgoon · 5 years

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Thank God It’s Friday

Sharing Free Online Resources and Fun Internet Deep Dives.

While I link to fresh weekly content as part of my Recommended Reading, the weekend is here for us to relax, enjoy some free resources, and do some deep dives into the Internet.

You can find all of my Friday posts with the TGIF tag. I love reading links and your comments, so please keep in touch. Have a great weekend!

Expositional Preaching - From 9 Marks Ministry and Crossway Publishing. In this free eBook PDF—written for preachers and preachers in training—pastor David Helm outlines what must be believed and accomplished to become a faithful expositor of God’s Word. In addition to offering practical, step-by-step guidance for preachers, this short book will equip all of us to recognize good preaching when we hear it.

2018 Belfast Conference - On October 5–6, 2018, Ligonier Ministries hosted a regional conference in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Drs. Sinclair Ferguson, Steven Lawson, Burk Parsons, Michael Reeves, and Derek Thomas explored the history and legacy of the Reformation and how we must continue the work of the Reformers. You can now stream all of the messages for free on YouTube.

Native Tongue - After a year-long hiatus, Switchfoot released their latest single last Friday. They are my favorite band, Jess and I consider them as our band, and their 11th album comes out in January. Their discography is evergreen, so take a deep dive through their ten previous albums all for free on their YouTube channel and Spotify. And if you're wondering how Switchfoot has stayed intact for so long, let the numbers tell the truth: over 1 million monthly listeners on Spotify and just about 300,000 subscribers on YouTube.

Vogue's 73 Questions - The Streamy Awards honors the best in online video and the creators behind it. The annual event took place on Monday, and brought together the biggest names in online video for a night of celebration, discovery, and meaningful recognition. Vogue's 73 Questions won in the category of pop-culture. Filmed in a single shot, some of our favorite personalities are challenged to answer 73 rapid-fire questions. So far, these 48 videos have garnered over 7.5 million views. Watch them all for free on this YouTube playlist.

#tgif #link #recommendation #christianity #culture

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solatgif · 4 years

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TGIF: ROUNDUP FOR OCTOBER 9, 2020

We finished our two-week series on the thoughts and experiences of two of our Black brothers in Christ, Community of Faith Bible Church Pastor Bobby Scott and Anacostia River Church Pastor Thabiti Anyabwile. Easily access all of our content on our website.

October is designated as Pastor Appreciation Month. For an inside look, check out Gabe Lee’s classic article: 3 Lessons Learned as a Pastoral Intern at an Asian American Church.

Our monthly newsletter highlights our most popular resources, and our September issue was recently released. Read it now and subscribe today so you never miss out. Do you have a link or article to share? Reach me on Twitter or Instagram.

ARTICLES FROM AROUND THE WEB

1. Sarah Eekhoff Zylstra: Justin Giboney’s Both/AND Politics

“We should be a people who are practicing politics based on the life, death, resurrection, and glorification of Jesus. Our politics should be based on the story that defines us.”

2. Steve Hoppe: When God Chooses Not to Give You Children

“If you’re like me, you will be tempted to feel inferior if you are childless. Sadly, the church has not helped in this arena, often making singles and childless couples feel like second-class citizens. You aren’t.”

3. John Piper: Why Do I Need to Read the Bible When We Have Bible Teachers Online?

“Today more than ever, Christians have access to a wealth of faithful Bible teaching online. So, why do we need to read the Bible for ourselves?”

BOOKS, PODCASTS, MUSIC, AND MORE

1. Ligonier Ministries: Stream the Luther Documentary for Free

For a limited time, you can stream Luther: The Life and Legacy of the German Reformer for free on Ligonier’s YouTube channel. Celebrate Reformation Week by remembering the events God used in Luther’s life that led him to rediscover the gospel of justification by grace alone, through faith alone, in Christ alone.

2. NewStory LA: This I Believe (The Creed)

Drums are fantastic, the electric guitar has a great part during the bridge, and the vocals shine especially at the end of the song.

3. Aaron Lee: Miscellaneous

Book Reviews: Unfolding Grace by Drew Hunter, Grace and Glory by Geerhardus Vos, The Rare Jewel of Christian Contentment by Jeremiah Burroughs, The Spirit of Holiness edited by Terry Delaney and Roger D. Duke, Dual Citizens edited by Timothy D. Padgett. Our TGIF playlist is available on Spotify. Join my Asian American Worship Leaders Facebook group.

FEATURED THIS WEEK ON SOLA NETWORK

1. Joshua S. Wu: Get Off the Bench: How Asian American Christians can Love our Black Neighbors

“So instead of just watching from the sidelines, we need to get off the bench and commit to fighting racism so that our Black brothers and sisters are not always bearing the full burden of fighting discrimination inside and outside the Church.”

2. Thabiti Anyabwil & Michael Lee: “The Long Journey Towards Biblical Justice.” Pt 2

“Now, what helps you immensely when you've got worldly undertow on one side and professing Christians’ scoffing and mocking and ridicule on the other side, is to know that you're rooted in Christ and know who you are and whose you are in the Lord Jesus Christ.”

3. Thabiti Anyabwil & Michael Lee: “The Long Journey Towards Biblical Justice.” Pt 1

“The only platform Jesus had was a cross, so if your platform that you're building isn't cross-shaped, then it's probably a guillotine.”

4. Bobby Scott: The Church and the Way Forward: American’s Long, Troubled Road Towards Racial Reconciliation, Part 4

“My hope is in Christ, but I wonder some days if our American church will fail again, and if our nation will end the way that it began: in revolution. I pray it will not be so.”

5. TGIF: Roundup for October 2, 2020

Don’t Miss the Mountains / How Things Have Changed: Reflections of a Millennial Pastor in a Gen Z World / Sisters, You Have Permission to Lead an Ordinary Life

General disclaimer: Our link roundups are not endorsements of the positions or lives of the authors.

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jayefeather · 6 years

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Ligonier Beach not opening for 2018 season after flooding

But Channel 11 News has learned it won't be opening for the 2018 season because of serious flood damage. Memorial Day weekend is typically ... from Google Alert - water damage https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&url=https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/ligonier-beach-not-opening-for-2018-season-after-flooding/756295030&ct=ga&cd=CAIyGmM1ODA0ODI0ZWVkYWI2OWU6Y29tOmVuOlVT&usg=AFQjCNFgHDpSFgfKHjuwjgpLsJZbDBkP8Q

#IFTTT #Google Alert - water damage

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madewithonerib · 4 years

Video

youtube

How Do We Know What We Know?: Blueprint for Thinking If you took a comprehensive knowledge inventory of your mind, you would probably discover that you know more than you thought you knew. On the other hand, you would probably discover deficiencies in areas where you thought you had knowledge. Whatever your level of knowledge,

How do you know what you know?

R.C. Sproul Ligonier (channel) How Do We Know What We Know?: A Blueprint for Thinking

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christianworldf · 5 years

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New Post has been published on Christian Worldview Institute

New Post has been published on https://christianworldviewinstitute.com/video-channels/ligonier-ministries/does-god-create-unbelief/

Does God Create Unbelief?

If God alone is responsible for the salvation of the elect, does that mean He creates unbelief in those He didn’t elect? Examining this question in this message entitled “Did God Create Unbelief?” Dr. Sproul clearly establishes that God is not the author of sin and does not create unbelief.

This is the 5th in a series of messages by Dr. Sproul on God’s salvation. See other videos in the series: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL30acyfm60fXGiDrDfncbzQgFZ-X-GYyz

Own this series on DVD: http://www.ligonier.org/store/chosen-by-god-dvd/?mobile=off

Learn more about Dr. R.C. Sproul: http://www.ligonier.org/about/rc-sproul/ source

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jeremyevelandus · 5 years

Video

youtube

New Testament Lesson 33 - Come Follow Me - 1 Corinthians 10 #GospelDoctrineHelps In this episode, we look at the Come Follow Me material that cover 1 Corinthians 8-13 and it entitled: "Ye Are The Body of Christ". In an effort to do less and follow the manual better for some viewers, I only cover the area of temptation, specifically, I only cover 1 Corinthians 10:1-17. That's it. So we discuss food, we discuss the sacrament a little bit. We discuss being tempted and that there will be an escape provided. I hope you find this information helpful. Please let me know your thoughts in the comment section below. Thanks for watching. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX I want to give special thanks to Grace to You for releasing Learning from Bad Examples (1 Corinthians 10:1-13). Here are some of my other favorite youtubers and their videos! Who Is the Antichrist?, Part 1 Strange Fire Panel Question and Answer, Session 1 (Selected Scriptures) When God Abandons a Nation (Romans 1:18-32) The Necessities for Effective Prayer (Mark 11:22-25) John MacArthur: Why Does God Allow So Much Suffering and Evil Celestial Signs of the Coming Savior (Luke 21:25-26) Dr. John MacArthur: GENESIS 6 - DEMONIC INVASION How To Deal With Habitual Sin The Truth About Hell (Selected Scriptures) Homosexuality and the Campaign for Immorality (Selected Scriptures) Heavenly Promises (John 14:1–6) The Armor of God: Praying at All Times (Ephesians 6:18-20) What Happens After We Die? (Larry King Live with John MacArthur) Why the World Hates Christians, Part 2 (John 15:17–25) John Macarthur 2018 Sermons ➤ ''One Of The Best Sermons Ever'' | Pastor John Macarthur Bible Study The Final Generation, Part 2 (Mark 13:28-37) Saved or Self-Deceived, Part 1 (Selected Scriptures) Bible Questions and Answers, Part 59 (Selected Scriptures) How To Deal With Private Or Hidden Sins. The wrath of God in hell - JOHN MACARTHUR (Audio) Grace to You Grace to You Grace to You Grace to You Ligonier Ministries Grace to You Erica Smith Learning Sound Theology Grace to You Grace to You Grace to You Grace to You Grace to You Grace to You Pastor John MacArthur Grace to You Grace to You Grace to You Learning Sound Theology Faith in Worship Take a look at Grace to You stats and you'll understand why I am a fan. Video Url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y72-WPjw0JE Video Title: Learning from Bad Examples (1 Corinthians 10:1-13) Username: Grace to You Subscribers: 217K Views: 44,687 views ------------------------- More at https://youtu.be/wkEk5P2xiuM from https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3fvc-Ak3I0DDFudELbkO1g

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officialyourdailyinspiration · 1 year

Video

youtube

Yahweh: The Name of God When Moses encountered the burning bush in the wilderness, he asked God what His name was. What Moses heard that day was a name unlike any other. Once we understand what this name means, we realize that this is a name that cannot be shared or confused with another. In this message, R.C. Sproul considers the sacred name of God: Yahweh.

#Ligonier Ministries (channel)#Yahweh: The Name of God #R.C. Sproul #Youtube #video

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topmediumreadersclub · 7 years

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Psychic in Ligonier PA 15658

The following article goes into detail about psychic in Ligonier Pennsylvania 15658 After conducting psychic readings, numerology readings and tarot card readings for over 20 years now, I have gained a definite perspective not only as an advisor but as a client. As a client, I have been able to see exactly how psychics who are not real work their magic. After getting a psychic reading from dozens of so-called psychic advisors, you may find yourself intoxicated by the things that the psychic tells you. If it sounds too good to be true, most likely it is. You have to understand the origins and purpose of psychic networks. Their job is to make lots of money, not to help you. Granted, there are real psychics who are gifted and working on psychic network lines, but I have found that most of the people working as psychic advisors period, are not real at all. I'm sure you have heard by now that many fake psychics use scripts and certain formats in conducting their psychic readings, but for the most part, it's really simple what they tell you that gets you hooked. For example, if after getting a psychic reading, you find yourself feeling intoxicated almost, then they have done their job superbly. To be told that the one you love, loves you and that you will marry them and be together for the rest of your life is intoxicating. They give you hope that keeps you calling and calling until after you see that you have been lied to, you begin to face reality and the truth sinks in, you now realize that what they said was not true when they said it nor will it ever turn out to be true. You will find yourself hurt and disillusioned beyond the ordinary disillusionment experienced from your own life's complications. You may even find yourself broke or in debt. It's unconscionable that people could prey on others' vulnerabilities and pain in this way. But that is exactly what they do. And in the end, there is only more pain. And the inevitable distrust of psychics. It's this "fake" paradigm, which has its roots in the first elemental phone psychic networks, that dominates the public's perception and legitimate scrutiny is reasonable. But real psychics around the globe are out there and you should make it your business to find a foolproof way of determining who is real and who is not until such time as this paradigm is changed to ensure that your advisor is authentic by virtue of their credentials as it is for any professional practitioner.

Now you may frequent sites where the advisor is given feedback after your call. This is a good thing but, it is not foolproof. I have seen fake psychics who will have almost perfectly glowing feedback that goes on and on for pages. Perfect! You may wonder why this occurs. Simple. After you hear exactly what you want to hear or want to believe verified, well, this is where that intoxication comes in, you tend to reflect your glorious feelings with equally glowing feedback! But when things don't happen the way were told, you never come back. So, others following in your footsteps will call this advisor because "they too want to believe." Another thing to watch out for is fake feedback. This is also a tactic used by fakes to fool you. On sites where feedback is left, an authentic psychic advisor has to have a very high level of integrity in order to be comfortable telling the truth despite the fact of what the client wants to hear. If the psychic does not tell them what they want to hear in a reading, the client may leave very bad comments and a bad rating. It's the price you pay for being real. In my experience when I tell a client something they didn't want to hear, for the most part, they don't leave any comments. The fact is, they will most likely go find another psychic who will reflect their own feelings about the situation. A reading can be truthful and uplifting without bringing the client down but you have to ready to hear the truth. So how do you know who is real and who is not based on feedback! That is not to say that an authentic psychic is not going to have great feedback. They do, but sometimes they will be the ones to receive bad ratings and feedback mixed in with the good. Life is all about taking the good with the bad. Honestly, it's very hard to tell. The proof is really in the reading and outcomes and developing a relationship with a few trusted advisors who have been able to connect with you and your energy and have proven that their insights and predictions have been accurate for you. But, just remember, if it sounds unbelievably good, it probably is not really true and the psychic is not real and only setting up a line to take your money and setting you up for emotional failure. So be careful of perfect feedback. It's really not always an accurate gauge of the psychic advisors true abilities; except of course their ability to fleece you out of your dollars. Of course, really consistently bad feedback is a good indication that the advisor is probably just very bad and should think about going into another line of work.

Another point, you need to understand that even if you are speaking with a gifted, authentic psychic, you and that particular psychic may not connect that well. That is different from the psychic being fake. There a many reasons why a particular psychic may not connect with you. They may not be rested and ready to take calls, or you may not be relaxed and ready to receive truthful information or in some other way blocking the flow of what is being channeled thereby skewing the information on either side. Psychic readings are not an exact science. Intuition is relied upon to conduct an accurate psychic reading for a client. The reading goes much better when both the psychic advisor and client are relaxed and ready to receive. I personally find it difficult to connect with a client who wants to hear a certain thing. I have experienced many times my client trying to guide the reading. So see your authentic psychic advisor as someone who wants to help you and be ready to assist in the flow of information. To spot a fake psychic is not impossible, but if there was a way to quantify the statistic of fakes out there, I would be willing to bet that most (due in large part to large networks hiring script readers) are not real. Unfortunate, but through observation and experience, I feel this to be true. One of the Oldest Tricks in the Book. First Warning Sign That You Have Got a Fake! One of the oldest tricks in the book and something which continues to surprise me because people are continually taken in is when a psychic tells you someone has put a curse on you or there is a negative block on you which only they can remove for some exorbitant price, HANG UP! Say goodbye, because this person could not care less about you or your problems. Psychic parlors are notorious for this kind of activity. It is not for real, the curse nor the psychic. I have always believed that having a good doctor, a good mechanic and a good psychic are all professionals that are worth taking the time to assess their skill, experience and credentials to see if they are the one for you. There is nothing more satisfying than actually making a positive difference in someone's life and their continued use of your service over many years. A walking, talking testimonial is very gratifying for this psychic advisor.

Learn More Here: Psychic in Ligonier PA 15658

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