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thedogmanscave · 14 days

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Gone but not Forgotten: HousePsych's Onyroid Page

The oneiroid webpage seems to have died... 🙁 luckily, I archived it and saved a copy!

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Oneiroid is an illusory perception of reality, accompanied by a dream-like disorientation with the presence of dreamy unfolded fantastic pictures, pseudo-hallucinatory experiences that intertwine with the phenomenon up to its absolute replacement. With oneiroid, spatio-temporal disorientation (often a loss of orientation in the personality) varies somewhat from stunning (manifested by a lack of orientation) and amentia (found in a steady futile search for orientation).

The patient with onyroid takes part in the experienced pseudo-hallucinatory reality. The following typical signs of a neuroid can be distinguished: disorientation, transformation of the subject of perception, modification of the self. This pathology develops in stages, it is accompanied by emotional-volitional and motor failures, dysfunction of thinking and speech disorder.

Oneroi - what is it?

The pathology under consideration is expressed in a qualitative disorder of consciousness. Also, oneiroid this in psychology is a dream disorder, in addition, it can also be called a dream-like disorder.

Oneeroid is characterized by the absolute detachment of patients from the environment, a change in I up to its transformation. Their experiences have a fantastic content, they are rarely mundane, unfold in the form of alternating unreal scenes.

Onyroid cannot be attributed to syndromes specific to a specific ailment. Its etiology is due to both exogenous factors and endogenous factors. You can talk about the endogenous nature in the absence of the phenomenon of intoxication and signs of any clinically important organ dysfunctions.

Clouding of consciousness according to the oneiric type is like a waking dream. It manifests itself in a clouding of consciousness, coupled with an influx of involuntarily arising representations of fantastic content. Figurative representations of patients always have an internal projection. In other words, with onyroid, the prevalence of pseudo-hallucinatory phenomena, unusually colorful and unusual, is detected, which distinguishes it from delirium. The environment is perceived as specially tuned as if a "performance" is being played.In addition, spatial-temporal disorientation is noted. So, for example, the patient realizes that he is in a medical institution and at the same time considers himself the commander of a spacecraft crossing the galactic expanses, and he perceives the surrounding medical staff and other patients as fellow astronauts.

What is oneiric syndrome? The behavior of a patient in a one-neyroid clouding of consciousness contrasts with his unrealistic pseudo-hallucinatory symptoms. The patient usually lies motionless, his eyes are covered, sometimes he makes smooth “flying” movements with his hands, observing his own adventures, as if from the side. There is also a violation of awareness of one's own age and perception of time. An individual may seem to have been in flight for several years. Sometimes an individual suffering from a neuroid can wander, smiling thoughtfully. In this case, sometimes the patient to persistent inquiries can tell some of his fantastic paintings of imagination .

Upon leaving the state of an onyroid attack, the individual retains memories of his own fantastic ideas, and the actual events during this attack, on the contrary, are forgotten.

Causes of Onyroid

The main factor generating a neuroid is considered heredity. If someone from the patient’s inner circle is diagnosed with psychosis with concomitant hallucinations and stupefaction or schizophrenia, then most likely the cause of the ailment in question is precisely heredity. But if the described abnormalities were not found in the family, then the oneiroid can be provoked by intense emotional experiences that prompted him to escape from reality into an illusory world.

In addition, the considered syndrome can also be triggered by physical factors, for example, head trauma, epipressures, poisoning with pharmacopeia drugs.

It should be noted that usually oneiric syndrome is a manifestation of recurrent or catatonic schizophrenia . Therefore, if the mental disorder became the cause of the described onyroid syndrome, the manifestations of the disease can last several days or even months.

In addition to these factors, the development of a neuroid can provoke:

- acute intoxication processes caused by the abuse of psychoactive drugs or narcotic drugs, as well as substances similar in purpose to the use of narcotic drugs (glue, acetone);

- exposure to certain drugs used for general anesthesia;

- a variety of infectious processes of bacterial etiology or viral genesis, passing with hyperthermia and intoxication;

- poisoning with alcohol-containing liquids;

- encephalitis of various nature;

- epilepsy , accompanied by the development of psychoses or mental convulsive seizures equivalent to epiprides;

- non-infectious genesis of organ pathology, accompanied by serious vascular disorders or changes in metabolic processes (myocardial infarction, renal and hepatic lesions with the formation of insufficiency of function);

- immune disorders (lupus erythematosus);

- endocrine dysfunctions (diabetes, adrenogenital syndrome, Addison's disease);

- heavily current pellagra;

- malignant neoplasms of various localization, if they lead to intoxication and cachexia.

Often, oneiric syndrome is a sign of somatogenic psychosis. It occurs due to the formation of encephalopathy of vascular genesis or intoxication etiology with a lot of severely ongoing somatic ailments. In an infectious process, the cause of impaired consciousness is often a diffuse lesion of neurons, the occurrence of toxic swelling of nerve structures, or interruptions in the microcirculation of the brain.

Symptoms and signs of a neuroid

In the debut of the development of the onyroid state, the patient’s mood becomes unstable, often increased or decreased. These affective disorders are accompanied by insomnia, alternating with colorful dreams. Patients suffer from fear of madness. With the addition of mental disorders, disorders of the emotional sphere become brighter, vegetative dysfunctions appear: algias in the myocardium, headaches, loss of appetite.

Gradually, with the escalation of affective disorders, delusions appear. As a rule, there is an unsystematic delirium of hypochondriacal content, delirium of persecution or death. Then he is inherited by the delirium of the double, either positive, in which the patient begins to consider the people around him as a familiar person who changes his appearance, or negative, in which the patient thinks that someone from his family or himself was replaced by a double.

After that, the clinical symptomatology of the neuroid begins to be dominated by imaginative nonsense of fantastic content, transforming into antagonistic nonsense (Manichaean), which in structure is similar to mystical. The patient feels himself at the epicenter of the battle of the army of good and the forces of evil. The army of good (angels, “good” aliens) “sends” him positive hallucinations, and the army of evil (“evil” aliens, devils) sends negative messages. A patient suffering from a Manichaean type of delirium is often dangerous for the environment and his own person.

In the future, fantasies begin to suppress reality, the patient becomes a full-fledged actor in his own pseudo-hallucinations. With partial contact with reality, the patient can perform some motor acts that correspond to the nature of pseudo-hallucinations, but the activity of his level, characteristic of delirium , does not reach. With the loss of contact with reality, the patient refuses what is happening, goes into a catatonic stupor, does not react to the surrounding reality. Regardless of maintaining contact with reality, the patient's activity in his hallucinations exceeds the level of his liveliness in reality.

Most often, oneiroid is an emotional disturbance. And above all, the lability of emotions arises. Sometimes there is also a one-sided modification of emotions, distortion of negative emotions or emotions of positive content. There is a disorder of dreams: insomnia, alternating with vivid dreams. There is a fear in the patient to lose his mind. Later joins nonsense.

A kind of onyroid is due to the predominance of a certain affect , as a result of which its depressive form and expansive are distinguished. The first is characterized by apathy , powerlessness, anxiety, irritability , powerlessness, the second - by a sense of admiration, disheartened, insight.

Dysfunctions of the emotional sphere are accompanied by autonomic dysfunctions: loss of appetite, head and heart. Typical signs of an onyroid are disruptions in the affective region along with motor impairments.

As described above, the considered oneiric state is characterized by the presence of delirium, the essence of which is determined by the nature of pseudo-hallucinations. The delusional state grows gradually, after dysfunctions of the emotional sphere.

First, a delirious mood arises, which is delirium of death, persecution, hypochondriacal delirium. Partial disorientation appears.

Then there is a delusion of dramatization, accompanied by phenomena of symbolism. Here the delirium of a double of positive or negative is characteristic. At the described stage, psychic automatisms, verbal affective illusions , less often verbal hallucinations may appear. They are replaced by the paraphrenic stage, accompanied by the phenomena of first imaginative retrospective fantastic content of delirium, and then of Manichaean delirium. Here, the individual’s self-awareness is still preserved.

Oneiric hallucinations are fantastic. Dreaming in this disorder is not characterized by the presence of projection outside. They unfold within the mind, in the personal mental space. Therefore, they are considered not genuine hallucinosis, but pseudo-hallucinations. The images experienced by the patient are colorful, often of a fantastic orientation. Visual pictures, more often, resemble scenes, are associated with a certain storyline.

Despite the patient’s participation directly in the situations experienced by him, psychomotor agitation is unusual for a neuroid. Patients suffering from the described pathology, on the contrary, are more often numb. They are estranged from reality, facial expressions are like “frozen”, monotonous. Catatonic disturbances are not excluded. At the same time, there is a mismatch between the patient’s behavioral pattern in a real world and in a fantasy world invented by him, where he is an active figure.

The described phenomenon distinguishes oneiroid from delirium, characterized by increased activity of the subject, which is likely to cause self-harm or harm to the environment.

In addition to the listed symptoms, with onyroid, attention disorders are also noted, its absent-mindedness, and memory are characteristic. Memory impairment is manifested in amnesia . An individual who exits from an experienced state may not remember real events.

Classification and stages of development of a neuroid

The modern classification of ailments does not contain the term “oneiroid”, since it is not considered a separate ailment, but is a kind of qualitative clouding of consciousness. Oneroi is included in the concept of “delirium”.

Onyroid in psychology is considered a special variation of impaired consciousness.

According to the classification proposed by academician A. Snezhnevsky, the oneiroid is distributed according to the following signs, namely: orientation in events of reality and by nature and prevailing affect.

In their turn, depending on the orientation, they actually distinguish: a dreamlike and fantastically illusory oneiric syndrome. The first is characterized by a change in the self of the individual . It is characterized by the patient's complete detachment from external reality and his immersion in events that occur in the imagination. Secondly, fragments of reality are mixed with fantastic unreal figurative paintings.

Depressive onyroid and expansive are distinguished depending on the nature and dominant affect.

According to Demanova’s classification, onyroid states are divided into four variations: dreamlike (complete detachment from the outside world, immersion in imaginary events), stage-hallucinatory (is a consequence of schizophrenic delirium, sometimes senile dementia , fantastic hallucinations are noted), fantastic-illusory (occurs with schizophrenia, accompanied by a kaleidoscopic mixture of delirium and reality), dream-oriented (a consequence of psychoses that arose due to toxic damage I have brain structures).

Classical onyroid goes through certain stages of development: autonomic dysfunctions, general somatic pathologies, delusional disorder, depersonalization and derealization , onyroid catatonia .

At the initial stage, affective disorders are detected. Its duration can be weeks, or even months, due to the etiological factor. It is characterized by an escalation of emotional symptoms.

The period of crazy ideas is quite short - from a couple of hours to several days. The disease at the described stage speaks of itself through paranoid tendencies and by increasing emotional tension.

Delusions of dramatization can be observed longer (up to a month). It is manifested by illusory phenomena and detachment syndrome.

Paraphrenic delusions , the duration of which is no more than a few days, are inherent in the oriented onyroid stage.

True onyroid is considered the shortest stage. Therefore, it is on it that the detailed symptoms of a mental disorder are noted. After that, the clinical manifestations of the neuroid are minimized until they disappear.

Diagnosis and treatment of onyroid

Diagnosis of the described disease is carried out according to the clinical picture, and the family history, conditions of the patient’s vital activity and the ailments that he previously suffered are also taken into account. In order to identify the etiological factor, it is necessary to conduct a complete examination using laboratory tests and instrumental methods.

To confirm the diagnosis, it is necessary to differentiate onyroid with onyrism - a disorder of consciousness manifested by a violation of dreams. Onyrism arises due to a severe infectious process or a burn disease. It is characterized by the interweaving of reality in the consciousness of the subject with dreams. However, with onyrism, hallucinations and illusions of a fantastic content are absent, in contrast to the oneiric syndrome.

Almost always, treatment of a neuroid requires hospitalization.

If the disease was the result of drug abuse, a consequence of chemical intoxication or alcohol poisoning, detoxification urgent measures are taken. If the diagnosis revealed severe vascular pathologies, endocrine dysfunctions, infectious processes, then it is mainly necessary to treat these pathologies, since it was they that could give rise to the violation in question.

In order to eliminate the manifestations of the directly onyroid syndrome, the appointment of nootropics is shown, the action of which is aimed at stimulating memory, improving brain activity, and adjusting the functioning of the autonomic system. In addition, antipsychotics are actively used, which have an impact on the central nervous system. The purpose of their appointment is to eliminate hallucinations, stop delusional states, restore constancy of emotions.

Treatment of a neuroid in extreme circumstances, when antipsychotics and nootropics have proven to be ineffective, involves the use of electroconvulsive therapy. However, the effect of this method requires further study. Moreover, the effectiveness of this procedure has been repeatedly proven during the use in the treatment of depersonalization, hallucinatory syndromes and suicidal conditions.

To prevent the development of the onyroid syndrome, it is recommended to exclude the use of drugs, abuse of alcohol-containing fluids, try to avoid head injuries, be examined annually, timely eliminate organ dysfunctions, and develop stress resistance.

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