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todaysdocument · 11 months

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Mandate in West Virginia v Barnette, June 14, 1943.

This Supreme Court decision held that public schoolchildren could not be required to salute the flag.

Record Group 267: Records of the Supreme Court of the United States

Series: Appellate Jurisdiction Case Files

File Unit: Case File for West Virginia v. Barnette

Transcription:

United States of America, ss:

The President of the United States of America,

(SEAL)

To the Honorable the Judges of the District

Court of the United States for the Southern

District of West Virginia

GREETING:

Whereas, lately in the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of West Virginia, before you, or some of you, in a cause between Walter Barnette, Paul Stuff and Lucy McClure, Plaintiffs, and The West Virginia State Board of Education, Composed of Hon. W.W. Trent, President, et al., Defendants, No. 242, wherein the decree of the said District Court, entered in said cause on the 6th day of October, A.D. 1942, is in the following words, viz:

“This cause coming on to be heard on motion for interlocutory injunction before the undersigned constituting a District Court of three judges convened according to statutes; and being heard upon the bill of complaint, as amended, the motion to dismiss and the arguments of co-nsel; and being submitted for final decree; and the Court having made findings of fact and conclusions of law, which are filed herewith:

Now, therefore, for reasons set forth in the written opinion herewith filed, it is ordered, adjudged and decreed that the defendants, the West Virginia State Board of Education and the individual members thereof, and all boards, officials, teachers and other persons in any way subject to the jurisdiction of said West Virginia State Board of Education, be, and they are hereby, restrained and enjoined from requiring the children of the plaintiffs,

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or any other children having religious scruples against such action, to salute the flag of the United States, or any other flag, or from expelling such children from school for failure to salute it; and that plaintiffs recover of defendants the costs of suit to be taxed by the clerk of the court.”

as by the inspection of the transcript of the record, [blank] of the said District Court, which was brought into the SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES by virtue of an appeal, agreeably to the act of Congress, in such case made and provided, fully and at large appears.

#archivesgov #June 14 #1943 #1940s #SCOTUS #Supreme Court #West Virginia v Barnette #first amendment #freedom of speech

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religion-is-a-mental-illness · 6 months

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By: Michael Shermer

Published: Oct 13, 2023

As the horror of violence, rape, and murder of Jews in Israel by Hamas terrorists unfolded this past week I was astonished—and sickened—to hear the “whataboutism” and “bothsideism” response of many commentators and activists on the political Left that sounded eerily similar to the moral equivalency arguments I encountered when researching my book Denying History, on “who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it?” (co-authored with Alex Grobman). To be fair, some commentators on the political Right have used their platforms to blame Joe Biden for enabling or emboldening Iran to back Hamas terrorism—as Ted Cruz did on Megyn Kelly’s show—but at least the Right has the moral clarity to distinguish between genocide and complex political issues such as instituting a Two-State solution to the the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

By contrast, the progressive Left (a term I use to distinguish them from more mainstream center-left liberals and classical liberals) seems hopelessly adrift at sea without a moral compass. As I posted on X, what’s the difference between White supremacists at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia chanting "Jews will not replace us" and “You will not replace us” and Palestinian Supremacists at a rally in Sydney, Australia celebrating the Hamas murder of Jews chanting "Gas the Jews" and “Fuck the Jews”? If you go far enough to the Left you end up on the far end of the Right. (This is called the horseshoe theory, in which the far Left and the far Right are actually close in ideology at the two ends of the bent political spectrum.)

In another post on X I declared that it is not fair to compare Hamas to Nazis (which some on the Right are doing)—not fair to the Nazis I meant! Why? Because at least the Nazis knew that the orchestrated extermination of European Jewry was wrong and would be condemned by other nations. That’s why the Nazis murdered most of the Jews (and others) in secret, mostly in isolated death camps in Eastern Europe and Poland, such as Auschwitz, Majdanek, Treblinka, Sobibor, Chelmno, and Belzec. That’s why the paramilitary Schutzstaffel (SS) Einsatzgruppen death squads responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, was conducted far from the prying eyes of German citizens in Nazi occupied territories to the East. That’s why the Wannsee Protocol, like that of most Nazi documents in dealing with the “Jewish question,” is obfuscated by innocuous-sounding jargon, such as:

action, special action, large-scale action, reprisal action, pacification action, radical action, cleaning-up or cleansing action, cleared or cleared of Jews, freeing the area of Jews, Jewish problem solved, handled appropriately, handled according to orders, liquidated, over-hauling, rendered harmless, ruthless collection measures, severe measures, special treatment or special measures, executive tasks, elimination, evacuation, eradication, relocation, and, of course, Final Solution (Endlösung).

That’s why this letter from Heinrich Himmler to Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who succeeded Reinhard Heydrich as chief of security police and SD after Heydrich’s assassination, is declared to be “Top Secret!”:

Reichsfuhrer-SS Field HQ April 9, 1943 Top Secret! To the Chief of the Security Police and SD Berlin: I have received the Inspector of Statistics’ report on the Final Solution of the Jewish Question. I consider this report well executed for purposes of camouflage and potentially useful for later times. For the moment, it can neither be published nor can anyone be allowed sight of it. The most important for me remains that whatever remains of Jews is shipped East. All I want to be told as of now by the Security Police, very briefly, is what has been shipped and what, at any points, is still left of Jews. Hh

That’s why at war's end the Nazis covered over their crimes, burned documents, destroyed the crematoria and gas chambers, and denied any wrong doing after. And that’s why throughout the 1930s the Nazis went to great lengths to change German law to later justify their actions as legal, under the pretense that if they lost the war they could argue—which they did at the Nuremberg war-crime trials—that national sovereignty precludes one nation judging the actions of members of another nation whose laws differed at the time. That defense didn’t fly and the murderers were brought to justice.

By contrast, far from denying their crimes, for the past week Hamas has been bragging about murdering Jews, posting videos on social media and declaring "Allahu Akbar" (God is Great). Worse, many on the progressive Left in the United States have been condemning…Israel! At The Free Press Bari Weiss has compiled a list of examples that reveal, in her words, “the rot inside our universities”:

Over 30 student groups at Harvard said of the 1,200 Israelis who have been slaughtered that “The apartheid regime is the only one to blame.”

A joint statement from Columbia University’s Palestine Solidarity groups wrote “we remind Columbia students that the Palestinian struggle for freedom is rooted in international law, under which occupied peoples have the right to resist the occupation of their land.”

Northwestern University’s Middle Eastern and North African Student Association “grieves for the martyrs and the civilians lost in this time.”

A student group at California State University in Long Beach advertised its “Day of Resistance: Protest for Palestine” event on Tuesday with a poster that showed a crowd waving the Palestinian flag and a Hamas paraglider—a symbol of mass murder—in the top corner.

At Stanford, hand-painted signs appeared on buildings declaring: “The Israeli occupation is NOTHING BUT AN ILLUSION OF DUST.” (In The Stanford Review, Free Press intern Julia Steinberg wrote that, on Instagram, “my classmates posted infographics declaring that, ‘from the river to the sea, Palestine will be free.’ ”)

Students for Justice in Palestine at the University of Virginia declared on Sunday that “The events that took place yesterday are a step towards a free Palestine.”

To be blunt, these people are genocide deniers, almost indistinguishable from the Holocaust deniers I encountered and debunked over twenty years ago. Here is what we wrote in Denying History about the moral equivalency argument and why it is not just wrong but morally obscene:

Ironically, after denying that the Nazis intended to exterminate the Jews, deniers argue that what the Nazis did to the Jews is really no different from what other nations do to their perceived enemies. David Irving, for example, points out that the U.S. government obliterated two Japanese cities and their civilian populations with atomic weapons—the only government in history to do so. Furthermore, Mark Weber notes, Americans concentrated Japanese Americans in camps, much as Germans did to their perceived internal enemy—the Jews. These examples and others, such as Irving’s citation of the mass bombing of Dresden, have a not-so-hidden agenda: to implicate America and Britain as equally guilty, along with Germany, in the mass destruction of the Second World War.

But what is missing in this comparison? First, there is a big difference between two nations fighting one another, both using trained soldiers, and the systematic, state-organized killing of unarmed, unsuspecting people—not in self-defense, not to gain territory or wealth (although these may accrue as a beneficial by-product), but because of anti-Semitism. Scholars and the general public debate the morality of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the internment of Japanese Americans in concentration camps, and the mass bombing of Dresden. But historians do not try to equate these actions with the Holocaust. If we take the mass bombing of Dresden, for instance—although it was admittedly one of the worst acts against the Axis powers by the Allies, it resulted in about 35,000 deaths, not the 250,000 first claimed by the Germans (Goebbles exaggerated the number for propaganda purposes), and nowhere near the 6 million of the Holocaust.

At his trial in Jerusalem Adolf Eichmann, SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer of the Reich Security Main Office and one of the chief planners and organizers of the Final solution, tried to make the moral equivalency argument. The judge, however, did not accept his rationalizations, as this sequence from the trial transcript shows (and let this serve as a refutation of today’s claim for the moral equivalency of Hamas and Israel):

Judge Benjamin Halevi to Eichmann: You have often compared the extermination of the Jews with the bombing raids on German cities and you compared the murder of Jewish women and children with the death of German women in aerial bombardments. Surely it must be clear to you that there is a basic distinction between these two things. On the one hand the bombing is used as an instrument of forcing the enemy to surrender. Just as the Germans tried to force the British to surrender by their bombing. In that case it is a war objective to bring an armed enemy to his knees. On the other hand, when you take unarmed Jewish men, women, and children from their homes, hand then over to the Gestapo, and then send the to Auschwitz for extermination it is an entirely different thing, is it not?

Eichmann: The difference is enormous. But at that time these crimes had been legalized by the state and the responsibility, therefore, belongs to those who issued the orders.

Judge Halevi: But you must know surely that there are internationally recognized Laws and Customs of War whereby the civilian population is protected from actions which are not essential for the prosecution of the war itself.

Eichmann: Yes, I am aware of that.

Judge Halevi: Did you never feel a conflict of loyalties between your duty and your conscience?

Eichmann: I suppose one could call it an internal split. It was a personal dilemma when one swayed from one extreme to the other.

Judge Halevi: One had to overlook and forget one’s conscience.

Eichmann: Yes, one could put it that way.

In assessing the initial response to the rape, torture, and murder of Jews in Israel by Hamas this week I can only conclude that the progressive Left denouncing Israel and celebrating Hamas have had to overlook and forget their moral conscience.

#Michael Shermer #Israel #palestine #hamas #moral equivalence #morality #moral confusion #antisemitism #ideology #decolonization #ethnic cleansing #religion is a mental illness #The Holocaust #Holocaust

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archivist-crow · 4 months

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On this day:

WHEELS OF FIRE

On December 20, 1893, an enormous sky wheel burst into flames over Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Numerous witnesses watched the brilliantly luminous wheel, the size of a table, rolling toward the eastern horizon. The sound of its passage could be heard until it stopped to hover in place for about fifteen minutes before silently vanishing. Seldom are fire wheels seen in the air; most reports say they appear on, or in rare instances under, water. The wheel size varies from quite large to over a mile in diameter. The form they take can also change, either during the same episode or over a series of unrelated events. Hundreds of different sightings have been reported.

On December 20, 1927, the vessel SS Arracan reported sighting phosphorescent clusters of light on the surface of the Andaman Sea. In the beginning the luminosity was shapeless and random, but then it formed itself into a number of separate wheels with rotating spokes. Each complete turn lasted thirty seconds, and the fiery wheels would change their spin from clockwise to counter-clockwise, and then to clockwise again, changing direction every five minutes.

In 1961, near a Polish resort on the Baltic Sea, several vacationers, upon hearing the sound of rushing waters, watched as a "round hill" of water was "pushed up from beneath" the sea, 100 yards out. A "belt of steady white light segmented by a number of convex dark streaks" hovered for about a minute a few meters in the air, when a second glow of light from beneath caused it to move upward at a 45-degree angle and off to the north. The object was revealed to include a dark circular perimeter; a wide, bright ring near the center; and three triangular spokes.

Text from: Almanac of the Infamous, the Incredible, and the Ignored by Juanita Rose Violins, published by Weiser Books, 2009

#on this day #december #mysterious phenomena

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power-chords · 6 months

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After the war, as a student first at Brooklyn College and then at Columbia, Hilberg was quickly drawn to the academic study of the fate he had escaped in Europe but that many of his relatives had not. "Briefly I weighed the possibility of writing a dissertation about an aspect of war crimes, and then I woke up," he explained in his autobiography. "It was the evidence that I wanted. My subject would be the destruction of the European Jews." He was soon spending long hours in a torpedo factory in Virginia that had been transformed into a repository for countless boxes of captured Nazi archives. Hilberg’s decision to study this material was not considered a professionally prudent one at the time, which may seem odd in the current era of Holocaust movies and proliferating Holocaust studies departments. But in the late 1940s and ’50s, the genocide of the Jews was a subject ignored in academic circles. History books of the era focused on the cult of Hitler and the Nazi terror but generally did not identify the slaughter of the Jews as a central part of the story of World War II. In the United States, the first college-level course dedicated to the subject of the Holocaust was taught in 1974–by Raul Hilberg. More than twenty years earlier, when Franz Neumann, Hilberg’s adviser at Columbia, learned of his dissertation topic, he quipped, "It’s your funeral."

Hilberg’s study opens with a bold statement: "Lest one be misled by the word ‘Jews’ in the title, let it be pointed out that this is not a book about the Jews. It is a book about the people who destroyed the Jews." Hilberg toiled for nearly a decade in the archives of the Nuremberg trials and other collections of recovered German documents. During his last lecture, which he delivered in Vermont just a few months before his death, he recalled the void that engulfed him at the outset of his research. "I was transported into a world for which I was totally unprepared," he explained in his dry, austere manner. "I would read a document, but I would not understand what it meant. The context had to be built record by record."

In Hilberg’s telling, the murder of the Jews was not a product simply of Hitler’s anti-Semitic rage (as Dawidowicz would later argue), nor was it preordained the moment the Nazi Party coalesced or even by the terror of Kristallnacht. "The destruction of the Jews was an administrative process, and the annihilation of Jewry required the implementation of systematic administrative measures in successive steps." Hilberg presented a staggering picture of the bureaucratic machinery of extermination, which developed slowly over time and inundated every sector of German society–not just the Einsatzgruppen and the SS but also the finance ministry, foreign office and railways; everyone knew what was happening, and everyone cooperated.

Hilberg defended his dissertation in 1955 and submitted it to prominent publishing houses. It was roundly rejected until 1961, when a young press in Chicago, Quadrangle Books, decided to publish the work, printing it in double columns on cheap paper. From there, the massive tome began quietly and slowly to win over admirers. In a glowing review in Commentary, the British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper wrote that Hilberg’s book was "not yet another chronicle of horrors. It is a careful, analytic, three-dimensional study of a social and political experience unique in history: an experience which no one could believe possible till it happened and whose real significance still bewilders us." Michael Marrus, the foremost historiographer of the Holocaust, says that it is now generally agreed that before Hilberg "there was not a subject. No panoramic, European-wide sense of what had happened. That’s what Hilberg provided."

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fuzzydreamin · 5 months

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OC Memory

Thanks for the tags @bokatan and @new-eyes-extra-colors! 💖

No pressure tags: @raid3r-r4bbit @nukanaptime @ss-bullseye @vnknowncrow @redvelvetrevolver

Name: Nora Diane Sosu Nickname/Alias: The General, The Silver Shroud (temp), Whisper (Railroad) Gender: Cis woman (she/her) Star sign: Scorpio (November 21, 2049) Height: 5’8” Orientation: Bi + poly Nationality: American (white) Favourite fruit: Strawberries and raspberries Favourite season: Spring Favourite flower: Roses Favourite scent: Brewing coffee Coffee, tea, or hot chocolate: Coffee Average hours of sleep: 7-9 if she's being good, but she has a habit of staying up late and being a somewhat early riser. Dog or cat person: Dog - she likes how they can be trained. Dream trip: None. She travelled before the bombs and has far too much to do now in the Commonwealth to be leaving it. She wouldn't mind seeing other places, but it's not something she really thinks too much about. Number of blankets they'd choose to sleep with: One or two - depends if she has anyone else keeping her warm. Random fact: Some of the states included in Nora's pre-war travels are Georgia, Virginia, and Utica. These ones in particular were related to her career in the JAG. She may have also visited overseas - I'm thinking England and France?

Name: Alberta Jefferson Nickname/Alias: The Lone Wanderer, Sentinel Lyonheart (Brotherhood), Styx (Railroad) Gender: Nonbinary woman (she/they) Star sign: Cancer (July 13, 2258) Height: 5’0” Orientation: Bi with masc leaning attraction Nationality: American (mixed black/white) Favourite fruit: Apple (they rather like the taste of Punga (mutated paw paw) too, but can't/won't eat a lot of it due to it's side effects; addiction and presence of annonacin). Favourite season: Spring Favourite flower: None (she would like things like feverblossom that have neat chemical uses, but otherwise they aren't exposed to flowers much and don't think about them aesthetically). Favourite scent: Leather and certain types of cologne (after leaving the vault the familiar smell of Butch's jacket reminded Al of home, which was a comfort in the strange outside world -that stuck with them a little. Also they will never admit that. Butch might hear and get a big head or something.). Coffee, tea, or hot chocolate: Hot chocolate Average hours of sleep: Depends. If they get the choice they'd stay up late and sleep in - if they couldn't sleep in then they'd get less sleep than average. But also being really really sick means she spends a lot of time sleeping now when she doesn't want to be. Dog or cat person: Cat. They can vibe with that energy, and are sort of afraid/wary of most dogs. Dream trip: Anywhere. Just more of the wasteland that she hasn't been able to see yet because of being sick. Going out west could've been fun. Number of blankets they'd choose to sleep with: One, thickness changing depending on how hot or cold it is. Al could easily sleep without a blanket if they were comfortable enough. Random fact: Al can't swim. The vault never had a pool, and they can't control their body well in water.

#fuzzy.post #fuzzy.oc #oc: nora sosu #oc: alberta jefferson

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lonestarbattleship · 3 months

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"Newport News, Virginia Aerial photograph of the yard's pier area. USS West Virginia (BB-48) is fitting out in the left center. In right center is S.S. Leviathan, refitting for commercial service."

Date: February 1923

U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command: NH 93533

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vandaliatraveler · 2 years

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Dent’s Run Covered Bridge at Laurel Point, West Virginia. The structure was originally built in 1889 and has managed to survive all manner of natural disasters through the years, including a visit by Al and SS.

#appalachia #vandalia #west virginia #laurel point #monongalia county #human history #historic structures #dent's run covered bridge #covered bridge

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paperstarzz · 4 months

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All my girls, in one post

SS Arctic

SS Princess Sophia

USS Missouri

SS Andrea Doria

RMS Titanic

USS West Virginia

SS Stockholm

SS Edmund Fitzgerald

USS Arizona

SS Île de France

Linktree

#oc #my oc #ships #art #my art #digital art #my silly little girls #my excuse to draw vintage womnen

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soberscientistlife · 2 years

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A Virginia man who was infamously photographed wearing a “Camp Auschwitz” sweatshirt and an “SS” t-shirt inside the US Capitol on January 6, 2021, was sentenced by a federal judge Thursday to more than two months in jail.

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todaysdocument · 1 year

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“Prince Vaughan . . . enlisted in the [1st Rhode Island] Black Regiment commanded by Colonel Greene, in the company commanded by Captain Elijah Lewis as a private in the month of March 1778 . . . “

Pension Affidavit, April 21, 1818.

Record Group 15: Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs

Series: Case Files of Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Applications Based on Revolutionary War Service

File Unit: Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application File W1543, for Prince Vaughan, Rhode Island

Transcription:

Sold by J.B. Jansen

NEW-YORK MAYOR'S COURT.

In the Court of Common Pleas, called the Mayor's Court

of the City of New-York, held at the City-Hall, in and

for the said City, before the Judges of the same Court,

of June term, in the year of our Lord

one thousand eight hundred and twenty

PRESENT the Honorable Peter A. Day Recorder

City of New-York, ss. Be it Remembered, That on the twenty ninth

day of June in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty

personally appeared in the Court of Common Pleas, called the Mayor's Court of the city

of New-York, in open court, the said court being a court of record for the city and

county of New-York, according to the charter of the said city and the laws of the state of

New-York, Prince Vaughan aged fifty seven years,

resident in the City of New York in the State of New York and in the United States of America

who being first duly Sworn according to law, doth on his oath declare, that he

served in the revolutionary war as follows: that is to say, he enlisted in the

Black Regiment commanded by Colonel Greene, in the com-

pany commanded by Captain Elijah Lewis as a private

in the month of March 1778 he enlisted for and during the

War in the Continental Service, deponent was in the

battles, of New Port, White Plains, and at the Siege of

Little York in Virginia at the time Lord Cornwallis Sur=

rendered - deponent was in the Oswego expedition under the

command of Colonel Willet when he had all his toes frozen

on his right foot, and his left partially frozen, and he was

honorably discharged by Captain William Allen at

Albany in the year 1783

and that his original declaration is dated the twenty first day of April

one thousand eight hundred and eighteen and that his pension certificate is No. 9448.

(copy) [scored out] Prince Vaughan [signature]

#archivesgov #April 21 #1818 #Revolutionary War #American Revolution #Black history #African American history #Rhode Island #military #pension

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sniperct · 2 years

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for no particular reason, a list of people convicted for treason in the united states

Philip Vigil and John Mitchell, convicted of treason and sentenced to hanging; pardoned by George Washington; see Whiskey Rebellion.

John Fries, the leader of Fries' Rebellion, was convicted of treason in 1800 along with two accomplices, and pardoned that same year by John Adams.

In a case famous at the time, Aaron Burr was acquitted of treason, and then burned in effigy, in 1807. He voluntarily exiled himself to the United Kingdom for 5 years.

Governor Thomas Dorr 1844, convicted of treason against the state of Rhode Island; see Dorr Rebellion; released in 1845; civil rights restored in 1851; verdict annulled in 1854.

The abolitionist John BrownThe first person executed for treason in the country's history, convicted in 1859 of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, murder, and fomenting a slave insurrection for his part in the Harpers Ferry raid;.

Aaron Dwight Stevens, took part in John Brown's raid and was executed in 1860 for treason against Virginia.

William Bruce Mumford, convicted of treason and hanged in 1862 for tearing down a United States flag during the American Civil War.

David Herold, Lewis Powell, David Atzerodt, and Mary Surratt, convicted of treason and hanged for conspiring in the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865.[13]

Walter Allen was convicted of treason on September 16, 1922 for taking part in the 1921 Miner's March against the coal companies and the U.S. Army at Blair Mountain, West Virginia. He was sentenced to 10 years and fined. During his appeal to the Supreme Court he disappeared while out on bail. United Mineworkers of America leader William Blizzard was acquitted of the charge of treason by the jury on May 25, 1922.[14]

Max Stephan, a German-born Detroit tavernkeeper, was convicted of treason on July 2, 1942, after the jury deliberated for only one hour and 23 minutes. In April 1942, Stephan harbored and fed a Luftwaffe pilot at his tavern who escaped from a Canadian POW camp.[15] On August 6, Judge Arthur J. Tuttle sentenced Stephan to death by hanging.[16] He was the first man convicted and sentenced to death on a federal treason charge since the Civil War. His sentence was later commuted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to life in prison.[17]

Hans Max Haupt, Walter Otto Froehling and Otto Richard Wergin were convicted of treason and sentenced to death, and Erna Emma Haupt, Lucille Froehling and Kate Martha Wergin were convicted of treason and sentenced to 25 years in prison on November 24, 1942, in a joint indictment.[18] All six individuals were charged with treason for giving aid and comfort to the executed German saboteur Herbert Hans Haupt. On appeal, these judgments were reversed and remanded to be retried.[19] Hans Max Haupt was convicted again on June 9, 1944.[20] He was sentenced to life in prison. He appealed again, but the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed this judgement.[21] Walter Otto Froehling and Otto Richard Wergin were sentenced to 5 years in prison on July 22, 1944 as accessories to treason.[22] Hans Max Haupt eventually appealed the case up to the Supreme Court, which sustained the verdict against him.[23]

Martin James Monti, United States Army Air Forces pilot, convicted of treason for defecting to the Waffen-SS in 1944. He was paroled in 1960.

Max Otto Koischwitz, charged with treason for defecting to Nazi Germany during World War II in 1943, died of tuberculosis in 1944.

Edward Leo Delaney, charged with treason for defecting to Nazi Germany during World War II in 1943, charges were dropped in 1947.

Jane Anderson, American journalist indicted on charges of treason in 1943, defected to Nazi Germany in World War II, charges were dropped in 1947.

Frederick Wilhelm Kaltenbach, indicted for defecting to Germany during World War II as a broadcaster in 1943, died in Soviet custody

Douglas Chandler, worker for National Geographic, convicted of treason in 1947 for defecting to Germany during World War II, sentence commuted by president John F. Kennedy[13]

Robert Henry Best, convicted of treason on April 16, 1948 and served a life sentence.

Iva Toguri D'Aquino, who is frequently identified by the name "Tokyo Rose", convicted 1949. Subsequently, pardoned by President Gerald Ford.

Mildred Gillars, also known as "Axis Sally", convicted of treason on March 8, 1949; served 12 years of a 10- to 30-year prison sentence.

Herbert John Burgman, convicted of treason in 1949 during WWII for spreading Nazi propaganda; sentenced to 6–20 years in prison.

Tomoya Kawakita, sentenced to death for treason in 1952, but eventually released by President John F. Kennedy to be deported to Japan.

#note how infrequently the death penalty is actually applied #for that matter how infrequently the charges are even brought #treason is a high #high bar

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