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gemboundprism · 1 year

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Aardonyx Abdarainurus Abelisaurus Abrictosaurus Abrosaurus Abydosaurus Acantholipan Acanthopholis Achelousaurus Acheroraptor Achillesaurus Achillobator Acristavus Acrocanthosaurus Acrotholus Adamantisaurus Adasaurus Adelolophus Adeopapposaurus Adratiklit Adynomosaurus Aegyptosaurus Aeolosaurus Aeolosaurus Aepyornithomimus Aerosteon Afromimus Afrovenator Agathaumas Agilisaurus Agrosaurus Agujaceratops Agujaceratops Agustinia Ahshislepelta Ajkaceratops Ajnabia Akainacephalus Alamitornis Alaskacephale Albalophosaurus Albertaceratops Albertadromeus Albertavenator Albertonykus Albertosaurus Albinykus Alcmonavis Alcovasaurus Alectrosaurus Aletopelta Algoasaurus Alioramus Alioramus Allosaurus Allosaurus Allosaurus Almas Alnashetri Altirhinus Altispinax Alvarezsaurus Alxasaurus Amanzia Amargasaurus Amargatitanis Amazonsaurus Ambiortus Ambopteryx Ampelosaurus Amphicoelias Amtocephale Amurosaurus Amygdalodon Anabisetia Analong Anasazisaurus Anchiceratops Anchiornis Anchisaurus Andesaurus Angolatitan Angulomastacator Anhuilong Aniksosaurus Animantarx Ankylosaurus Anodontosaurus Anomalipes Anoplosaurus Anserimimus Antarcticavis Antarctopelta Antarctosaurus Antarctosaurus Antarctosaurus Antarctosaurus Antetonitrus Antrodemus Anzu Aoniraptor Aorun Apatoraptor Apatornis Apatosaurus Apatosaurus Appalachiosaurus Apsaravis Aquilarhinus Aquilops Arackar Aragosaurus Aralosaurus Aratasaurus Archaeoceratops Archaeoceratops Archaeodontosaurus Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx Archaeorhynchus Archaeornithoides Archaeornithomimus Archaeornithomimus Archaeornithura Arcovenator Arcusaurus Arenysaurus Argentinosaurus Argyrosaurus Aristosuchus Arkansaurus Arkharavia Arrhinoceratops Arrudatitan Asfaltovenator Asiaceratops Asiaceratops Asiahesperornis Asiatosaurus Asiatosaurus Astrophocaudia Asylosaurus Atacamatitan Atlantosaurus Atlantosaurus Atlasaurus Atlascopcosaurus Atrociraptor Atsinganosaurus Aublysodon Aucasaurus Augustynolophus Auroraceratops Aurornis Australodocus Australotitan Australovenator Austrocheirus Austroposeidon Austroraptor Austrosaurus Avaceratops Aviatyrannis Avimimus Avimimus Avisaurus

Baalsaurus Bactrosaurus Bactrosaurus Bagaceratops Bagaraatan Bagualia Bagualosaurus Bahariasaurus Bainoceratops Bainoceratops Bajadasaurus Balaur Bambiraptor Banji Bannykus Baotianmansaurus Baptornis Barapasaurus Barilium Barosaurus Barrosasaurus Barsboldia Baryonyx Bashanosaurus Batyrosaurus Batyrosaurus Baurutitan Bauxitornis Bayannurosaurus Beg Beibeilong Beiguornis Beipiaognathus Beipiaosaurus Beishanlong Bellusaurus Berberosaurus Berthasaura Bicentenaria Bienosaurus Bissektipelta Bistahieversor Blasisaurus Blikanasaurus Bohaiornis Bolong Boluochia Bonapartenykus Bonapartenykus Bonapartesaurus Bonatitan Bonitasaura Borealopelta Borealosaurus Boreonykus Borogovia Bothriospondylus Brachiosaurus Brachyceratops Brachylophosaurus Brachytrachelopan Bradycneme Brasilotitan Bravasaurus Bravoceratops Breviceratops Brighstoneus Brodavis Brodavis Brodavis Brodavis Brohisaurus Brontomerus Brontosaurus Buitreraptor Burianosaurus Buriolestes Byronosaurus

Caenagnathasia Caenagnathus Caihong Calamosaurus Callovosaurus Camarasaurus Camarasaurus Camarasaurus Camarasaurus Camarillasaurus Camelotia Camposaurus Camptodontornis Camptosaurus Campylodoniscus Canadaga Canardia Carcharodontosaurus Carcharodontosaurus Cardiodon Carnotaurus Caseosaurus Cathartesaura Caudipteryx Caudipteryx Cedarosaurus Cedarpelta Cedrorestes Centrosaurus Ceramornis Cerasinops Ceratonykus Ceratops Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus Ceratosuchops Cerebavis Cetiosauriscus Cetiosaurus Changchengornis Changchunsaurus Changmiania Changyuraptor Changzuiornis Chaoyangia Chaoyangsaurus Charonosaurus Chasmosaurus Chasmosaurus Chasmosaurus Chebsaurus Chenanisaurus Chialingosaurus Chiappeavis Chiayusaurus Chiayusaurus Chilantaisaurus Chilesaurus Chindesaurus Chingkankousaurus Chinshakiangosaurus Chirostenotes Choconsaurus Chondrosteosaurus Chongmingia Choyrodon Chromogisaurus Chuandongocoelurus Chuanjiesaurus Chuanqilong Chubutisaurus Chungkingosaurus Chupkaornis Chuxiongosaurus Cimolopteryx Cimolopteryx Citipati Citipes Claosaurus Coahuilaceratops Coelophysis Coelurus Colepiocephale Coloradisaurus Comahuesaurus Compsognathus Compsosuchus Concavenator Conchoraptor Concornis Condorraptor Confuciusornis Confuciusornis Confuciusornis Confuciusornis Convolosaurus Coronosaurus Corythoraptor Corythosaurus Corythosaurus Craspedodon Craterosaurus Cretaaviculus Crichtonpelta Crichtonsaurus Cristatusaurus Crittendenceratops Cruxicheiros Cryolophosaurus Cumnoria

Dacentrurus Daemonosaurus Dakotadon Dakotaraptor Dalianraptor Daliansaurus Dandakosaurus Daspletosaurus Daspletosaurus Datanglong Datonglong Datousaurus Daurlong Daxiatitan Deinocheirus Deinodon Deinonychus Deltadromeus Demandasaurus Denversaurus Diabloceratops Diamantinasaurus Dicraeosaurus Dilong Dilophosaurus Diluvicursor Dineobellator Dinheirosaurus Diplodocus Diplodocus Diplodocus Dongbeititan Dongyangopelta Dongyangosaurus Draconyx Dracoraptor Dracovenator Dreadnoughtus Dromaeosauroides Dromaeosaurus Dromiceiomimus Drusilasaura Dryosaurus Dryptosaurus Dubreuillosaurus Duriatitan Duriavenator Dynamoterror Dyoplosaurus Dysalotosaurus Dysganus Dysganus Dysganus Dysganus Dyslocosaurus Dzharaonyx Dzharatitanis

Echinodon Edmontonia Edmontonia Edmontosaurus Edmontosaurus Efraasia Einiosaurus Ekrixinatosaurus Elaltitan Elaphrosaurus Elmisaurus Elopteryx Elrhazosaurus Emausaurus Enaliornis Enaliornis Enaliornis Enantiophoenix Enigmosaurus Eoabelisaurus Eocarcharia Eoconfuciusornis Eocursor Eodromaeus Eogranivora Eolambia Eomamenchisaurus Eoraptor Eosinopteryx Eotrachodon Eotriceratops Eotyrannus Eousdryosaurus Epachthosaurus Epanterias Epichirostenotes Epidexipteryx Equijubus Erectopus Erketu Erliansaurus Erlikosaurus Erythrovenator Eshanosaurus Eucamerotus Eucercosaurus Eucnemesaurus Eucnemesaurus Euhelopus Euoplocephalus Europasaurus Europatitan Europelta Euskelosaurus Eustreptospondylus Evgenavis Evgenavis

Falcarius Falcatakely Ferganasaurus Ferrisaurus Foraminacephale Fosterovenator Fostoria Fruitadens Fukuipteryx Fukuiraptor Fukuisaurus Fukuititan Fukuivenator Fulgurotherium Fumicollis Fushanosaurus Fusuisaurus Futalognkosaurus Fylax

Galeamopus Galeamopus Galleonosaurus Gallimimus Gallornis Galvesaurus Gannansaurus Gansus Gansus Ganzhousaurus Gargantuavis Gargoyleosaurus Garrigatitan Garudimimus Gasosaurus Gasparinisaura Gastonia Gastonia Geminiraptor Genusaurus Genyodectes Geranosaurus Gettyia Gideonmantellia Giganotosaurus Gigantoraptor Gigantspinosaurus Gilmoreosaurus Gilmoreosaurus Gilmoreosaurus Gilmoreosaurus Giraffatitan Glacialisaurus Glishades Glyptodontopelta Gnathovorax Gobihadros Gobioolithus Gobioolithus Gobipteryx Gobiraptor Gobisaurus Gobititan Gobivenator Gojirasaurus Gondwanatitan Gongpoquansaurus Gongxianosaurus Gorgosaurus Goyocephale Graciliceratops Graciliraptor Gravitholus Gryphoceratops Gryposaurus Gryposaurus Gryposaurus Gryposaurus Guaibasaurus Gualicho Guanlong Guemesia

Hadrosaurus Haestasaurus Hagryphus Halimornis Halszkaraptor Hamititan Hanssuesia Haplocanthosaurus Haplocanthosaurus Haplocheirus Harpymimus Haya Heptasteornis Herrerasaurus Hesperonychus Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornithoides Hesperosaurus Heterodontosaurus Hexing Hexinlusaurus Heyuannia Hippodraco Histriasaurus Hollanda Homalocephale Hongshanornis Hoplitosaurus Horshamosaurus Hortalotarsus Huabeisaurus Hualianceratops Huallasaurus Huanansaurus Huanghetitan Huangshanlong Huaxiagnathus Huayangosaurus Hudiesaurus Huehuecanauhtlus Huinculsaurus Hulsanpes Hungarosaurus Hylaeosaurus Hypacrosaurus Hypacrosaurus Hypselosaurus Hypselospinus Hypsilophodon

Iaceornis Iberospinus Ibirania Ichthyornis Ichthyovenator Ignavusaurus Iguanacolossus Iguanodon Iguanodon Iguanodon Ilokelesia Imperobator Incisivosaurus Indosaurus Indosuchus Ingentia Intiornis Invictarx Irisosaurus Irritator Isaberrysaura Isanosaurus Isasicursor Ischioceratops Isisaurus Issi Itapeuasaurus Itemirus Iuticosaurus Iyuku

Jainosaurus Jakapil Jaklapallisaurus Janenschia Jaxartosaurus Jeholornis Jeholornis Jeholornis Jeholosaurus Jeyawati Jianchangornis Jianchangosaurus Jiangjunosaurus Jiangshanosaurus Jiangxisaurus Jianianhualong Jibeinia Jinbeisaurus Jinfengopteryx Jingshanosaurus Jinguofortis Jintasaurus Jinyunpelta Jinzhousaurus Jiuquanornis Jiutaisaurus Jixiangornis Jobaria Judiceratops Judinornis Juratyrant Juravenator

Kaatedocus Kaijiangosaurus Kaijutitan Kakuru Kamuysaurus Kangnasaurus Kansaignathus Kaririavis Karongasaurus Katepensaurus Kayentavenator Kazaklambia Kelmayisaurus Kelumapusaura Kentrosaurus Kerberosaurus Khaan Khinganornis Kholumolumo Khulsanurus Kileskus Kinnareemimus Klamelisaurus Kol Kompsornis Kookne Koparion Koreaceratops Koreanosaurus Koshisaurus Kosmoceratops Kotasaurus Kritosaurus Kryptops Kulceratops Kulindadromeus Kunbarrasaurus Kundurosaurus Kuru Kurupi Kuszholia

Labocania Laevisuchus Laiyangosaurus Lajasvenator Lamarqueavis Lamarqueavis Lamarqueavis Lambeosaurus Lambeosaurus Lambeosaurus Lanzhousaurus Lapampasaurus Laplatasaurus Lapparentosaurus Laquintasaura Latenivenatrix Latirhinus Latirhinus Lavocatisaurus Leaellynasaura Ledumahadi Leinkupal Leonerasaurus Lepidus Leptoceratops Leptorhynchos Leshansaurus Lesothosaurus Lessemsaurus Levnesovia Lexovisaurus Leyesaurus Liaoceratops Liaoningosaurus Liaoningotitan Liaoningvenator Ligabueino Ligabuesaurus Liliensternus Limaysaurus Limenavis Limusaurus Lingwulong Lingyuanosaurus Linhenykus Linheraptor Linhevenator Lirainosaurus Liubangosaurus Llukalkan Lohuecotitan Longicrusavis Longipteryx Longirostravis Longusunguis Lophorhothon Lophostropheus Loricatosaurus Losillasaurus Lourinhasaurus Luanchuanraptor Lucianovenator Lufengosaurus Lufengosaurus Luoyanggia Lurdusaurus Lusotitan Lusovenator Lycorhinus Lythronax

Maaqwi Machairasaurus Machairoceratops Macrocollum Macrogryphosaurus Macrurosaurus Macrurosaurus Magnamanus Magnapaulia Magnosaurus Magyarosaurus Magyarosaurus Mahakala Mahuidacursor Maiasaura Maip Majungasaurus Malarguesaurus Malawisaurus Maleevus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Manidens Mantellisaurus Mapusaurus Maraapunisaurus Marmarospondylus Marshosaurus Martharaptor Masiakasaurus Massospondylus Massospondylus Matheronodon Maxakalisaurus Mbiresaurus Medusaceratops Megalosaurus Megapnosaurus Megapnosaurus Megaraptor Mei Melanorosaurus Mendozasaurus Menefeeceratops Mengciusornis Menucocelsior Meraxes Mercuriceratops Meroktenos Metriacanthosaurus Microceratus Microceratus Micropachycephalosaurus Microraptor Microraptor Microraptor Microvenator Mierasaurus Minmi Minotaurasaurus Miragaia Mirarce Mirischia Mnyamawamtuka Moabosaurus Mochlodon Mochlodon Mongolostegus Monkonosaurus Monolophosaurus Mononykus Montanoceratops Morelladon Moros Morrosaurus Mosaiceratops Murusraptor Mussaurus Muttaburrasaurus Muyelensaurus Mymoorapelta Mystiornis

Naashoibitosaurus Nambalia Nankangia Nanningosaurus Nanosaurus Nanshiungosaurus Nanuqsaurus Nanyangosaurus Narambuenatitan Narindasaurus Nasutoceratops Natovenator Navajoceratops Nebulasaurus Nedcolbertia Nedoceratops Neimongosaurus Nemegtomaia Nemegtonykus Neogaeornis Neosodon Neovenator Neuquenornis Neuquenraptor Ngwevu Nhandumirim Niebla Nigersaurus Ningyuansaurus Ninjatitan Niobrarasaurus Nipponosaurus Noasaurus Nodocephalosaurus Nodosaurus Nomingia Nopcsaspondylus Normanniasaurus Notatesseraeraptor Nothronychus Notoceratops Notocolossus Notohypsilophodon Nqwebasaurus Nullotitan Nuthetes

Oceanotitan Ohmdenosaurus Ojoceratops Ojoraptorsaurus Oksoko Olorotitan Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omnivoropteryx Ondogurvel Oohkotokia Oplosaurus Orkoraptor Ornatops Ornitholestes Ornithomimus Ornithomimus Ornithomimus Ornithopsis Orodromeus Orthomerus Oryctodromeus Osmakasaurus Ostafrikasaurus Ostromia Ouranosaurus Overoraptor Overosaurus Oviraptor Owenodon Oxalaia Ozraptor

Pachycephalosaurus Pachyrhinosaurus Pachyrhinosaurus Pachyrhinosaurus Padillasaurus Palaeopteryx Palintropus Paludititan Pampadromaeus Pamparaptor Panamericansaurus Pandoravenator Panguraptor Panoplosaurus Panphagia Pantydraco Papiliovenator Parabohaiornis Parahesperornis Parahesperornis Parahongshanornis Paralitherizinosaurus Paranthodon Parapengornis Pararhabdodon Parasaurolophus Parasaurolophus Parasaurolophus Paraxenisaurus Pareisactus Parksosaurus Paronychodon Paronychodon Parvicursor Pasquiaornis Pasquiaornis Patagonykus Patagonykus Patagopteryx Patagosaurus Patagotitan Pawpawsaurus Pectinodon Pedopenna Pegomastax Pelecanimimus Pellegrinisaurus Peloroplites Pelorosaurus Pendraig Penelopognathus Pengornis Pentaceratops Perijasaurus Petrobrasaurus Phaedrolosaurus Philovenator Phuwiangosaurus Phuwiangvenator Phyllodon Piatnitzkysaurus Pilmatueia Pinacosaurus Pinacosaurus Piscivoravis Pitekunsaurus Piveteausaurus Planicoxa Plateosaurus Plateosaurus Plateosaurus Platypelta Plesiohadros Pneumatoraptor Poekilopleuron Polacanthus Polarornis Polyodontosaurus Polyonax Potamornis Powellvenator Pradhania Prenocephale Prenoceratops Priconodon Proa Probactrosaurus Probrachylophosaurus Proceratosaurus Procompsognathus Proornis Propanoplosaurus Prosaurolophus Protarchaeopteryx Protoceratops Protoceratops Protognathosaurus Protohadros Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Pterospondylus Puertasaurus Pukyongosaurus Pulanesaura Punatitan Pycnonemosaurus Pyroraptor

Qantassaurus Qianzhousaurus Qiaowanlong Qijianglong Qinlingosaurus Qiupalong Qiupanykus Quetecsaurus Quilmesaurus

Rahiolisaurus Rahonavis Rajasaurus Rapator Rapaxavis Rapetosaurus Raptorex Ratchasimasaurus Rativates Rayososaurus Rebbachisaurus Regaliceratops Regnosaurus Rhabdodon Rhabdodon Rhadinosaurus Rhinorex Rhoetosaurus Rhomaleopakhus Riabininohadros Rinchenia Rinconsaurus Riojasaurus Riparovenator Rugocaudia Rugops Rukwatitan Ruyangosaurus

Sahaliyania Saichania Saltriovenator Sanjuansaurus Sanpasaurus Santanaraptor Sanxiasaurus Sapeornis Sarahsaurus Sarcosaurus Sarmientosaurus Saturnalia Saurolophus Saurolophus Sauroniops Sauropelta Saurophaganax Sauroplites Sauroposeidon Saurornithoides Saurornitholestes Saurornitholestes Savannasaurus Scansoriopteryx Scelidosaurus Schizooura Schleitheimia Scipionyx Sciurumimus Scolosaurus Scolosaurus Scutellosaurus Secernosaurus Sefapanosaurus Segisaurus Segnosaurus Seitaad Sektensaurus Serendipaceratops Serikornis Shamosaurus Shanag Shantungosaurus Shanweiniao Shanxia Shanyangosaurus Shaochilong Shengjingornis Shenqiornis Shenzhousaurus Shidaisaurus Shingopana Shishugounykus Shixinggia Shri Shuangbaisaurus Shuangmiaosaurus Shunosaurus Shuvuuia Siamodon Siamosaurus Siamotyrannus Siamraptor Siats Sibirotitan Sierraceratops Sigilmassasaurus Silvisaurus Similicaudipteryx Sinocalliopteryx Sinocephale Sinoceratops Sinornithoides Sinornithomimus Sinornithosaurus Sinornithosaurus Sinosauropteryx Sinosaurus Sinosaurus Sinotyrannus Sinovenator Sinraptor Sinraptor Sinusonasus Sirindhorna Skorpiovenator Smitanosaurus Songlingornis Sonidosaurus Sonorasaurus Soriatitan Soroavisaurus Spectrovenator Sphaerotholus Sphaerotholus Sphaerotholus Spiclypeus Spinophorosaurus Spinops Spinosaurus Spinostropheus Staurikosaurus Stegoceras Stegoceras Stegopelta Stegosaurus Stegosaurus Stegosaurus Stegouros Stellasaurus Stenonychosaurus Stenopelix Stokesosaurus Streptospondylus Struthiomimus Struthiosaurus Struthiosaurus Struthiosaurus Styracosaurus Styracosaurus Suchomimus Suchosaurus Suchosaurus Sulcavis Supersaurus Suskityrannus Suuwassea Suzhousaurus Syngonosaurus Szechuanosaurus

Tachiraptor Talarurus Talenkauen Talos Tamarro Tambatitanis Tangvayosaurus Tanius Tanius Tanycolagreus Taohelong Tapuiasaurus Tarbosaurus Tarchia Tarchia Tarchia Tastavinsaurus Tatankacephalus Tataouinea Tatisaurus Taurovenator Tawa Tazoudasaurus Tehuelchesaurus Telmatosaurus Tendaguria Tengrisaurus Tenontosaurus Tenontosaurus Teratophoneus Terminocavus Tethyshadros Texacephale Texasetes Thanatotheristes Thanos Thecocoelurus Thecodontosaurus Theiophytalia Therizinosaurus Thescelosaurus Tianyulong Tianyuornis Tianyuraptor Tianzhenosaurus Tienshanosaurus Timimus Timurlengia Tingmiatornis Titanoceratops Titanosaurus Titanosaurus Tlatolophus Tochisaurus Tonganosaurus Tongtianlong Tornieria Torosaurus Torosaurus Torvosaurus Torvosaurus Torvosaurus Tototlmimus Tralkasaurus Transylvanosaurus Tratayenia Traukutitan Triceratops Triceratops Trierarchuncus Trigonosaurus Trinisaura Triunfosaurus Troodon Tsaagan Tsagantegia Tsintaosaurus Tuebingosaurus Tugulusaurus Tuojiangosaurus Turanoceratops Turiasaurus Tylocephale Tyrannosaurus Tyrannotitan

Uberabatitan Ubirajara Udanoceratops Ultrasaurus Ulughbegsaurus Unaysaurus Unenlagia Unenlagia Unescoceratops Unquillosaurus Urbacodon Utahceratops Utahraptor Uteodon

Vahiny Valdoraptor Valdosaurus Vallibonavenatrix Variraptor Vayuraptor Vectaerovenator Vectiraptor Vegavis Velafrons Velocipes Velociraptor Velociraptor Velocisaurus Venenosaurus Vescornis Vespersaurus Veterupristisaurus Viavenator Vitakridrinda Volgatitan Volkheimeria Vorona Vouivria Vulcanodon

Wakinosaurus Walgettosuchus Wamweracaudia Wannanosaurus Weewarrasaurus Wellnhoferia Wendiceratops Wiehenvenator Wintonotitan Wuerhosaurus Wuerhosaurus Wulagasaurus Wulatelong Wulong

Xenoceratops Xenoposeidon Xenotarsosaurus Xianshanosaurus Xiaosaurus Xiaotingia Xingtianosaurus Xingxiulong Xinjiangovenator Xinjiangtitan Xiongguanlong Xixianykus Xixiasaurus Xiyunykus Xuanhanosaurus Xuanhuaceratops Xunmenglong Xuwulong

Yamaceratops Yamatosaurus Yandangornis Yangavis Yangchuanosaurus Yangchuanosaurus Yanornis Yanornis Yaverlandia Yehuecauhceratops Yi Yimenosaurus Yingshanosaurus Yinlong Yixianornis Yixianosaurus Yizhousaurus Yongjinglong Ypupiara Yuanchuavis Yuanmousaurus Yueosaurus Yulong Yunganglong Yunmenglong Yunnanosaurus Yunnanosaurus Yunnanosaurus Yunyangosaurus Yurgovuchia Yutyrannus Yuxisaurus

Zalmoxes Zalmoxes Zanabazar Zapalasaurus Zaraapelta Zby Zephyrosaurus Zhanghenglong Zhenyuanlong Zhongjianornis Zhongjianosaurus Zhongornis Zhongyuansaurus Zhouornis Zhuchengceratops Zhuchengtyrannus Ziapelta Zigongosaurus Zizhongosaurus Zuniceratops Zuolong Zuoyunlong Zupaysaurus Zuul

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a-dinosaur-a-day · 5 years

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Barosaurus lentus

By Ripley Cook

Etymology: Heavy Reptile

First Described By: Marsh, 1890

Classification: Dinosauromorpha, Dinosauriformes, Dracohors, Dinosauria, Saurischia, Eusaurischia, Sauropodomorpha, Bagualosauria, Plateosauria, Massopoda, Sauropodiformes, Anchisauria, Sauropoda, Gravisauria, Eusauropoda, Neosauropoda, Diplodocoidea, Diplodocimorpha, Flagellicaudata, Diplodocidae, Diplodocinae

Status: Extinct

Time and Place: Between 150 and 149 million years ago, in the Tithonian of the Late Jurassic

Barosaurus is known from the Brush Basin Member of the Morrison Formation in South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. Potential specimens of Barosaurus are known from other locations of the Morrison Formation; the entire range of this habitat at the time of Barosaurus is shown below in green (with the range of Barosaurus inside of it, in blue).

Physical Description: Barosaurus in a lot of ways is a fairly typical Diplodocid sauropod - long, large, and with a distinctive whip-tail. But, when you dig under the surface, Barosaurus has nothing truly “typical” about it. The neck of Barosaurus is next-level in its length - and the tail is ridiculous to match. In fact, the estimates of the length of Barosaurus get huge - it was probably more than twenty-six meters long, and some of the most upper estimates of Barosaurus have it at fifty meters long! This would make it one of, if not the, largest known dinosaurs - and certainly the longest! Though it does have a long tail, it differs in appearance from its cousin Diplodocus primarily by having a proportionally longer neck and shorter tail. It was also more slender than Apatosaurus, though it was longer than that contemporary. How did Barosaurus get such a long neck? It literally converted one of the back vertebrae into a neck vertebra! This is so fascinating that I can’t get over it - its close relatives, like Diplodocus, did not employ this to get a longer neck, indicating Barosaurus was using its long neck for things that its cousins were not. Barosaurus was also weird in not having as high of spines on its vertebrae as its cousin Diplodocus and other members of the group. In addition to all of that - it had shorter vertebrae in the tail, which made it shorter than in other members of this group! Interestingly, the bones on the underside of the tail were forked and had forward spikes, which would have given it similar strength to that of Diplodocus; it was probably still a whiptail like other members of this group, though not as much of one as its relatives.

By Slate Weasel, in the Public Domain

Of course, the distinctiveness of Barosaurus is primarily limited to the length of the animal and its spine. In terms of limbs, it had fairly identical limbs to its cousin Diplodocus, though it did have fairly long forelimbs compared to its cousin (by… an almost imperceptible amount, however). Though the feet of Barosaurus aren’t known, it is reasonable to suppose that it would have had feet similar to Diplodocus - with only one claw on the front feet and three small claws on the hind feet. The skull of Barosaurus is not known, but it probably would have been long and low, with peg-like teeth in the front of the jaws for grazing on plants. Its neck was not very flexible in the vertical sense, but it was much more flexible in sweeping from side to side. It is possible that there were spikes of some sort at the end of the tail, which would have packed quite a punch when the tail was used to whip other animals. And, finally, it would have been entirely - if not almost entirely - scaly all over its body. It is also possible that Barosaurus may have featured some brilliant colors, especially in the tail, for communication with other members of the species.

Diet: Barosaurus would have primarily fed on high-level vegetation, able to reach much of it at its natural neck height and then - on top of that - being able to rear up to 50 meters high via going on its hind legs. However, a lack of vertical reach in terms of neck flexibility means that it probably would have swept over a wide area for food, rather than going up and down in the tree level like other Diplodocids. This would have allowed Barosaurus to move very little - if at all - while eating, instead of moving over large distances in search of vegetation.

By Scott Reid

Behavior: Barosaurus was not especially common in its environment, so the question of its social nature is actually somewhat important. Fossil evidence indicates at least some sociality in other Diplodocids - herding, or at least small herds, of other sauropods on the Morrison are clear from fossil evidence and trackways. The question remains - did Barosaurus do what its cousins did? The question is, of course, up in the air without more fossil evidence. It is possible that, in an environment with hundreds and hundreds of large sauropods to feed, Barosaurus may have been more solitary to aid in getting enough food without competing too much with one another. Alternatively, it may have also lived in social groups, allowing for the safety of weaker members of the herd and more cohesiveness in finding food.

Barosaurus, like other Diplodocids, would have been able to rear up on its hind legs to get food. This action would have also made Barosaurus even taller than usual, which would have been fairly imposing to predators nearby. It had a whip-tail, which would have allowed Barosaurus to make very loud sonic cracks in the air; if that tail was covered with spikes, as in other members of the group, it would have also lacerated the skin of other dinosaurs. Still, even without spikes, it would have packed quite a punch for any predators that might have tried to attack it. The sounds of the tail would have been a warning; it is possible that such sounds would have been used in communication with one another, and potentially even display in competition for mates and food and similar things. The impossibly long neck probably was also a sort of sexual display structure, since the longer neck indicated being able to reach more food without walking around. It is uncertain whether or not it would have taken care of its young; while there is no evidence either way - which usually would lead to concluding it did, given the fact most living archosaurs do and there’s extensive evidence of such in extinct dinosaurs - other sauropods (aka the titanosaurs) probably didn’t. So, for now, the jury on that is out.

By Fred Wierum, CC BY-SA 4.0

Ecosystem: Barosaurus lived in the Morrison Formation - an extensive, expansive semi-arid, seasonal floodplain that covered most of Western North America during the Jurassic and was filled with iconic dinosaurs and other animals that we usually think of when we think of the “Jurassic.” Though the Morrison was as arid and open as a modern savanna, the lack of extensive flowering plants at this time rendered the habitat more like a ridiculously huge scrubland. There were a variety of trees - conifers, ginkgos, cycads, and tree ferns - dispersed among the bushes and horsetails and other plants. They congregated around rivers, which were havens of life amongst the arid territory. At the time of the Brushy Basin Environment - the last part of the formation, where Barosaurus could be found - this environment was much muddier and wetter, potentially indicating a change in ecology that would lead to the end of the Morrison Formation, and an extinction of the animals there. There were also expansive volcanic explosions that lead to much of the preservation we see there. A large salt lake present would have been a major feature of the environment, and it was connected to extensive wetlands that formed a break in the wider scrubland around the habitat.

By Danny Cicchetti, CC BY-SA 3.0

Barosaurus may be known from the entire Brushy Basin Environment of the Morrison; however, confirmed fossils of this dinosaur are only known from a few sites. So, in my map above, I give two colors - the wider green color to show the whole ecosystem, aka the wider area that Barosaurus may have ventured in to; and the smaller blue color to show the confirmed range of this dinosaur. In that confirmed range, Barosaurus lived alongside a lot of other animals - in fact, there’s a reason the Morrison is so iconic - its characteristic and distinctive fossils, both of dinosaurs and not of dinosaurs. Barosaurus has been found in, literally, the same sites as other animals - it is known to have lived alongside the predator Allosaurus; in another site, turtles and Pseudosuchians and the Choristodere Cteniogenys, as well as Allosaurus and the more bulky sauropod Camarasaurus; in yet another, Barosaurus lived alongside many turtles, the Pseudosuchians Hoplosuchus and Goniopholis, the tuatara-like Opisthias, and a wide variety of dinosaurs - other sauropods like Diplodocus Apatosaurus and Camarasaurus, predators like Allosaurus Torvosaurus and Ceratosaurus, and Ornithiscians like Stegosaurus Dryosaurus and Uteodon. So, Barosaurus was a part of a very wide and diverse community, with a great diversity in terms of herbivores and predators that would have attacked Barosaurus. That being said, there were many other animals that may have lived alongside Barosaurus, based on just… probability, even though they weren’t found directly with it. There were other stegosaurs like Alcovasaurus and Hesperosaurus; more small running herbivores like Nanosaurus; larger bulky bipedal herbivores like Camptosaurus; more sauropods, including Apatosaurus and Supersaurus; and smaller predators that would have probably been more of a threat to Barosaurus young than adults - Marshosaurus, Coelurus, Ornitholestes, and Stokesosaurus. Sadly, the organization of the Morrison is something of a mess - so, while many other dinosaurs and animals lived alongside Barosaurus, we can’t exactly be sure which ones. There were probably a variety of Multituberculate, Tinodontid, Eutriconodont, and Dryolestoid mammals, as well as others; some pterosaurs were probably there like Harpactognathus, and, of course, there were amphibians as well. This makes the Morrison one of the better examples of an environment to highlight as a representative of a particular time in Earth’s history - since it showcases so many different living things!

By José Carlos Cortés

Other: Barosaurus was a close relative of Diplodocus, though it is difficult to determine how close, as the evolutionary relationships between the Diplodocids are still being worked out via phylogenetic studies. It is possible that an offshoot of Diplodocus (which were around before Barosaurus evolved) split to take advantage of not moving much to eat, and instead sweeping its neck around to gather food. For a while, another sauropod in Africa was considered to be a species of Barosaurus; today, however, it seems to be very clearly in its own genus, Tornieria, and actually far removed from both Diplodocus and Barosaurus (while still being in this closely related family group). So, for now, Barosaurus is only known from North America. These dinosaurs were distinctive long and slender sauropods, as opposed to their long and bulky cousins, the Apatosaurines, that they lived alongside.

~ By Meig Dickson

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