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sugar-petals · 3 years

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I think stray kids hyunjin can literally pull off both dramatic and natural clothing like--- he can literally pull off every clothes in my opinion. Thoughts?

it’s the same with angelina jolie: if the person is otherworldly attractive, yang-dominant, experiences weight loss, and wears two adjacent style categories as their personal style (dramatic, natural), kibbe typing is all the harder. imo these people ironically don’t pull off all clothes, it’s just that they never deviate from whatever resembles their kibbegory.

either their stylists have a good eye,

their public image matches what kibbe recommends,

or they happen to have a popular type of physique that the industry currently caters to as a trend.

hyunjin has been pretty blessed with all three things.

only when experiments go down, which is rare, it still can happen that he’s not pulling off an outfit. what yoongi could wear on the daily, hyunjin looks funny in, gamine outfit with a 2nd gen bowl cut (lmao!) right here:

but other than that, he’s doing well and he’s extremely beautiful which is why it’s hard to type him. hyunjin has a blend of lines going, hard to see if it’s sharp yang with a yin undercurrent (=Soft Dramatic) or blunt yang with a sharp yang undercurrent (=Flamboyant Natural). he looks like a FN in terms of his imposing frame, but SD clothes flatter him more 🤔 you can see the conflict. going back and forth, i’d prefer the styling that’s angular, long, dark and glam, with the waist cinched and the hair controlled...

...over unconstructed, loose and sporty. it seems more chaotic at the top, too large for his arms, overpronounces the yin of his face:

of course he’s handsome, but it feels like a less exciting outfit than when he does classic stray kids stage wear. flamboyant natural lines don’t necessarily add to him even if he carries their bulkiness. it makes his face even more rounded (see lower cheeks, lips, nose) rather than setting an even tone.

it feels like he looks the most himself if it is something that holds a geometric shape and amps up the contrast with his black hair and strong brows. naturals can’t go as far and rather excel the other way around, with less makeup, less aggressive stylings. hence namjoon can wear brunette hair and pastels so well (it also has to do with seasonal color, but kibbe also incorporates it). so, you can see how contrast serves hyunjin:

now i’ve been typing through clothes, not through body here. but it also works the other way around. the recent picture that was decisive being this airport shot. it’s more on eye level with tighter clothes so we see his outline. most of the time, they dress hyunjin in the most elaborate things so you never really see whether he’s wider (natural frame) or slimmer (dramatic frame). if you ask me, he has the narrow dramatic characteristic all the way. the broadness from the top comes from how soft dramatic has a T-silhouette. in actuality, the first impression is that he’s tall and angular rather than tall and beveled.

it shows by comparison. see changbin’s more stocky and rounded natural frame that fills out casual clothings without effort, worlds apart. like bro... it reminds you again that most naturals are walking war machines once they work out. they gain muscle fast and the best in kibbe, and look less ‘from outer space’. hence the type is called natural: these guys look more down to earth.

the most important lesson being in their bones VS their flesh. e.g. hyunjin’s face is very sharp. the jaw gives it away. but the flesh is yin and makes it seem wider. but the flesh is on top — that gives the yin addition to his dramatic body. changbin’s bones are already more rounded. see how much flatter the chin is, or the elbows, the nose. he couldn’t appear gaunt if he tried. that’s how you know he tends more toward natural.

meanwhile, hyunjin’s limbs appear way longer even when he works out. it feels more angular and sinewy and the muscles look endlessly stretched, not big. only the upper arm feels more voluminous: because soft dramatics gather some more flesh there, like in the thighs. but the skeleton is very elongated.

i think if you look at the bones versus what’s on top, it’s easier to find the kibbegory.

#kibbe #hyunjin #changbin #skz #kibbe body types #anon #ask #cub mail 🐆

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biomedgrid · 4 years

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Biomed Grid | Femur Open Wedge Corrective Osteotomy and Gradual Deformity Correction

Case Report

A seventeen-year-old boy presented with pain and swelling of his left thigh following a futsal game. He denies any significant trauma during the game besides stomping on his left foot multiple times. He was still able to weight bear with pain after the game. Further history taking reveals that he was involved in a high energy motor vehicle accident on September 2017 and sustained open fracture supracondylar left femur and left tibial plateau. Open reduction and locking plate fixation were done for his femur and tibia at that point of time. He claims to be ambulating well with no pain, shortening or instability following the surgical intervention. He also denies any history of chronic discharge or fever.

Examination reveals a short limb and antalgic gait. Lateral bowing of his left femur along with 2cm shortening of his left femur. Deep tenderness over his distal femur and slight mobility appreciated over his distal femur. Otherwise there was no local signs suggestive of infection, such as increased warmth, erythema or sinus discharge.

White blood cell count and C- reactive protein was not elevated with the reading of 3.8x109/L and 0.5 mg/dL respectively. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was slightly elevated at 30mm/hr. His lower limb radiograph reveals a broken implant and atrophic non- union of his distal femur with thirty degrees medial angulation (Figure 1). There was no significant antero- posterior angulation or translation (Figure 2). The radiograph was not suggestive of any long-standing infective process or osteomyelitis.

Figure 1: Full length antero- posterior plain radiograph reveals a broken implant, atrophic non- union of left distal femur with thirty degrees medial angulation.

Figure 2:Lateral radiograph reveals no significant anteroposterior angulation or translation.

Figure 3:Left knee antero- posterior plain radiograph at postoperative day one.

Figure 4:Full length antero- posterior plain radiograph at ten weeks post operative shows compete correction of the angular deformity

He underwent removal of implant, corrective osteotomy, left Illizarov external fixation and gradual deformity correction (Figure 3). Intra- operatively there was no local signs of infection to the distal femur and intra- operative cultures came back nil of growth/ organism. At ten weeks post-operative the deformity was corrected (Figure 4).

Discussion

Distal femur fractures show two peaks. It is seen in both young and old patients. In the young, it is usually a sequelae of a high energy road traffic accident and in the elderly from a trivial fall. Precise reduction and fixation of distal femur fractures with adequate stability allowing early mobilization is crucial. Nonunions of distal femur do not commonly occur. However, if it happens it causes significant morbidity and remains a nightmare to treat. The typical diagnostic criteria of non-union are pain and tenderness over the fracture site along with serial radiographic evidence showing no visible progressive signs of healing for three months, six months after the fracture [1]. In this case report, the fracture occurred twenty-six months ago and he still experienced pain and tenderness over the fracture site despite. We do not have a three months serial radiograph on him, however at twenty-six months following the fracture, a clear visible fracture line is still seen, indicating a non-union of his left distal femur.

Non-unions are broadly classified into septic and aseptic non-unions. Aseptic non-union is further divided into atrophic or hypertrophic. Atrophic non- union is avascular, nonviable and avital. It is associated with inadequate or poor vascularity with poor healing. Radiographically, it exhibits minimal callus formation filling the fracture gap surrounded by fibrous tissue. Hypertrophic non- union is said to be hyper vascular, viable and vital and occurs due to inadequate immobilization. The vascularity and healing is adequate. Radiographically, hypertrophic non- union shows increased callus formation in a horseshoe or elephant foot pattern [2]. As evident via clinical history and plain radiographs in this case, there was minimal callus seen around the fracture site indicating an atrophic non- union. The likely cause of this atrophic non- union is due to the high energy trauma he sustained leading to avascular, nonviable and avital tissues around the fracture site. Furthermore, the internal fixation he underwent further disrupt the blood supply over the fracture site contributing to the non-union.

Paul J Harwood et al. categorized the causes of non-union into four main groups, namely due to deficient of bone producing cells, deficient of signaling molecules, deficient of stability and deficient of bone conducting framework [3]. Craig S. Roberts et al. on the other hand categorized the causes of non-union into two main categories, namely the systemic causes and local causes. Systemic causes such as malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking and nicotine use, osteoperosis and use of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs have been said to be the cause on non-union. As for the local causes, impaired vascularity, unstable fixation, presence of bone gap, infections, mal- alignment or rotation, lack of stimulation (eg: weight bearing), impact of injury (high- energy versus low- energy) and iatrogenic factors such as aggressive periosteal stripping plus local trauma to soft tissue and bone vascularity during fixation are the causes of non-union [4]. This patient does not have any significant systemic disorder contributing to his non-union. However, he has multiple contributing local causes such as impaired vascularity, high magnitude of injury and iatrogenic disruption to periosteum, bone and soft tissue during fixation.

Edward K. Rodriguez et al. in 2013 conducted a multi- centre, retrospective case control study on the predicting factors for non- union of distal femoral fracture following lateral locking plate fixation. He concluded that the only statically significant contributing factors to non- unions were compound fractures (open fractures), presence of an local infection, the use of a stainless steel implant and being obese with a body mass index of above 30 [5]. In this case, he sustained an compound fracture to his left distal femur

Deformity is defined as any deviation from the normal anatomy [6]. This includes any abnormalities of length, rotation, translation or angulation. This is assessed both clinically and radiographically. Clinically, first assess the frontal plane alignment with the patient standing straight.

Look for pelvic tilt, genu varum/ valgum, foot varus/ valgus/ abducrus/ adducrus/ supinated/ pronated, any obvious diaphyseal deformity and trendelenburg sign. Then assess the rotation alignment by looking at the patellar orientation and foot orientation. For length discrepancy, look for pelvic tilt, knee flexion or equinus stance, and the use of blocks for measurement. Then assess the sagittal plane alignment (standing lateral view) for spine lordorsis/ kyphosis, any hip flexion deformity, knee flexion or recurvatum deformity, ankle equinus or calcaneus, flat foot or cavus foot. Finally, assess the gait, patellar and foot progression angle. All this deformity is then confirmed clinically in sitting, supine and prone position. Radiographically, the normal anatomy is needed for comparison, in order to ascertain that the limb is abnormal and thereby deformed. Perform a long limb standing antero- posterior and lateral radiograph to evaluate the lower limbs. The anatomic axis is a line that bisects the medullary canal of the long bone longitudinally into two equal parts.

The mechanical axis of the lower limb is a point from the centre of the femoral head to the midpoint of the ankle. The normal mechanical axis deviation (MAD) is 1mm to 15mm medial to the center of the knee joint. MAD above 15mm medial to the knee midpoint indicates a varus malalignment and a MAD lateral to the knee midpoint indicates a valgus malalignment. This is known as the mechanical axis deviation test. Secondly run the malalignment test to determine the origin of the frontal plane malalignment. Draw the individual mechanical axis of the femur and tibia then measure the lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA) and medial proximal tibia angle (MPTA); normal value 85- 90 degrees. If there is any discrepancy in the value, the source of deformity if from within that bone. Also look for any intra- articular source of malalignment by drawing two parallel lines across the two opposite articular surface of the joint (knee and ankle joint). The normal value is about two degrees, beyond this value there is intra- articular source of malalignment. The common cause of this malalignment is due to ligament laxity and articular cartilage loss. Lastly, look for malorientation with the malorientation test. Deformities close to the hip or ankle joint may cause minimal or no malalignment or mechanical axis deviation. For the hip, look for the lateral proximal femur angle (LPFA) and medial proximal femoral angle (MPFA).

Relative to the mechanical axis, a line is drawn from the tip of the greater trochanter to the center of the femoral head; normal value LPFA 85- 95 degrees. Relative to the anatomic axis, the same line is drawn from the tip of the greater to the centre of the femoral head; normal MPFA value is 84 degrees. Also measure the femoral neck shaft angle; normal value 130 degrees. For the ankle, the ankle plafond has the same angular relationship with both the mechanical and anatomic axes of the tibia. Thereby the lateral and medial distal tibial angle is normally 90 degrees.

The concept of osteotomy to treat limb deformity has exist some 2000 years ago. In recent years, pain has been added on as an indication for osteotomy, with the development of high tibial osteotomy to treat knee osteoarthritis [7]. Osteotomy is a surgical procedure to create a surgical discontinuity of the involved bone to aid in the realignment and a consequent shift of weight bearing from an injured area to a relatively normal area of the joint surface. Osteotomy can also be done to correct discrepancy in limb length and to correct any angular deformity [8]. For limb lengthening of the femur, the corticotomy is usually done just distal to the lesser trochanter and for the tibia, corticotomy is carried out at the proximal metaphysis and diaphysis interval, distal to the tibial tuberosity. To correct angular deformitiy on the other hand, one must be familiar with the normal anatomy of the limb. Identify the site of deformity and mid- diaphyseal lines are drawn on the radiograph on either site of the deformity. The intersection where these lines bisect is the centre of rotation and angulation (CORA).

The angle between these lines is the degree of the deformity. Creating an osteotomy at the CORA will allow angular correction to occur without translation. In the event of limb length discrepancy and angular deformity, if the potential of bone healing is good a single osteotomy can be done at the CORA. Another option, a double level osteotomy can be done, one at the CORA for deformity correction and another at the suitable level for lengthening of the bone. The concept of ‘distraction osteogenesis’ is applied to this gradual correction and lengthening process. A distraction rate of 1mm per day, 0.25mm each time for four times a day. Bone will regenerate at the distraction gap. Time interval from the time of osteotomy until the commencement of the lengthening process is known as the latency phase. This is usually seven to ten days. This duration of correction and lengthening is the “distraction phase”. And the duration from the end of distraction phase until bony union is the “consolidation phase”. To optimize the chances of achieving union in an atrophic non-union, the bone ends should be refrashioned to achieve good bleeding over both ends plus good bony contact between them. A study conducted by Kevin D. Tetsworth et al. concluded that this technique of gradual correction via the dynamic external fixation can restore alignment and correct complex deformities with good accuracy. The accuracy of correction increases with surgeons experience [9]. Hiroyuki Tsuchiya et al. also concluded that the illizarov method was very effective to treat deformity combined with shortening [10]. He suggested that monofocal treatment might be better to treat patients with a small amount of lengthening as it reduces surgical incisions. However, bifocal treatment does not affect bone formation and is warranted if a large amount of lengthening is required.

Like every procedure, it has complications. Immediate intraoperative complications include direct trauma to the neurovascular bundle. Early complications include pain, hemorrhage which may in turn cause an compartment syndrome, venous thrombolic events such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, neuropraxia or axonomesis due to stretching of the involved nerve and infections, especially pin site infections. Other serious complications include joint subluxations, contractures and soft tissue contractures. Late complications include recurrent chronic pin site infection, osteomyelitis, premature union over the site of distraction, delayed or non- union, implant failure, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, late bowing and refractures. Majority of these complications however are manageable. Rate of complications decreases with surgeon’s experience. Dror Paley reported all these complications, however in his article he concluded that despite, fifty seven of his sixty subjects achieved the original goal and patient satisfaction was reported to be as high as ninety four percent of forty-six cases [11].

As for patient’s satisfaction on illizarov procedure, Micheal D. McKee reported low SF36 and Nottingham Health Profile score preoperative and during treatment and correction. This however increased postoperatively. He concluded that illizarov reconstruction of deformity not only restores bony configuration, but also helps improve the general health status of patients [12].

In conclusion, this patient suffered from atrophic non- union of his left distal femur following a high energy road traffic accident he sustained twenty- six months ago. The non- union was initially masked by the intact implant and he was able to ambulate as usual. The implant was able to withstand his body weight on ambulation. However, upon exertion during his sports activity the implant eventually gave-way and the underlying non- union manifested itself. The likely cause of his atrophic non- union is due to the high energy trauma he sustained which impaired the vascularity around the fracture site, it was a compound fracture and the internal fixation he undergone lead to iatrogenic disruption to the periosteum, bone and soft tissue. Corrective osteotomy, illizarov external fixation and gradual deformity correction was chosen for him as his fracture and deformity had gradually developed over the past twenty- six months, an acute correction may put his nerve at risk of excessive stretching leading to neuropraxia or worst an axonometsis injury. He also had a shortening deformity. Osteotomy and deformity correction rule one can easily address this shortening. Also, should the correction of shortening with the application of rule one is inadequate, the illizarov extenal fixator can easily be readjusted to allow a proximal femur osteotomy and bone transport to achieve the desired length. In addition, in any case of non- union one should always be very caution of an underlying local infection contributing to the non- union, thereby illizarov external fixation is the safest option in this case for the best outcome as evident in this case.

Conclusion

Open wedge osteotomy and gradual deformity correction with illizarov external fixation remains the treatment of choice for chronic limb deformities especially in cases suspicious of infection. This will successfully address the angular and shortening deformity as well as reduces the risk of neurovascular tractional injury and implant related infection associated with acute deformity correction and internal fixation.

Acknowledgements

None

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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thegaitguys · 6 years

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Femoral versions and torsions?

While searching for something else, we ran across this post. A pretty good lay discussion and explanation about femoral torsions. Technically, versions are NORMAL variations or limb rotations that are within accepted limits and TORSIONS are pathological, when it measures 2 or greater standard deviations from the mean and is considered pathological. Femoral versions are the angular difference between the transcondylar and transcervical axes. The femur is normally anteverted (1).

We liked the last section talking about how to compensate for them and "acceptable" work arounds and biomechanics.

https://b-reddy.org/2013/05/09/talking-about-hip-retroversion/

1. Staehli L in: Fundamentals of Pediatric Orthopedics Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Jun 15, 2015 p 144

#version #torsion #ante #retro #retroversion #retrotorsion #antetorsion #anteversion #femoral #head #angle

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gunnerujsc820-blog · 4 years

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Acrobatics: Basic movement skills offer the basis of physical literacy

Essential motion abilities are the foundational motions, or precursor patterns, to the much more complicated and also specialist abilities made use of in play, video games and certain sports. Physical proficiency describes the ability of a person to advise the body to do an activity properly and also with self-confidence and to recognize the physical, social, psychological and cognitive qualities required to do so successfully. Gymnastics-like tasks advertise the development of all movement patterns. Physical motion in between factors in space.I saw a movement because grass on capital.(horology) For a clockwork, a clock, or a watch, a gadget that reduces time in equal portions.The perception of motion in an artwork, paint, novel and so on A trend in different fields or social groups, a group of individuals with a common ideology that try together to achieve certain general goalsThe labor activity has been battling in America given that the passage of the Taft-Hartley act in 1947.(songs) A large department of a larger make-up.(aviation) A circumstances of an airplane removing or landing.Albuquerque International Sunport serviced over 200,000 motions last year.(baseball) The variance of a pitch from ballistic flight.The motion on his cutter was devastating.An act of emptying the bowels.

Note the primary involvement of the posterior team muscles and of the vastus intermedius and medialis in (A) as well as the diffuse participation of all thigh muscular tissues with family member sparing of the sartorius (B). Keep in mind the differential involvement in between side and medial head of the gastrocnemius and the involvement of the soleus (C) and also the unbalanced involvement of soleus, gastrocnemius median as well as lateral, as well as tibialis former (D). With development of the illness, other thigh muscular tissues were also impacted, relying on scientific intensity. The adductors and semimembranosus muscles were likewise involved in young clients with minimal useful motor impairment.

youtube

Special Movements.

Carry out these exercises 3 collections of 12 repeatings. Object control skills need controlling executes as well as items such as spheres, hoops, bats and ribbons by hand, by foot or with any other part of the body. Instances are tossing, catching, kicking, striking, bouncing and also dribbling. Using hand device to promote object control abilities and prolong acrobatics activities is a style present in all the units of job, which makes it distinct in its method to comprehensive gymnastics. The activities provide an innovative option to the direct learning of gymnastics-specific skills as well as offer an avenue where to establish object control abilities in a gymnastics atmosphere.

Closing arms to the breast or bringing knees together are other examples of adduction. Adduction of the wrist, moving a hand towards the body at the wrist when that arm is at the person's side, is additionally called ulnar deviation. Any type of muscular tissue that develops this type of activity is called an adductor. Abduction is specified as the movement of a body part, particularly the arm or legs as well as figures away from the body's side. So a kidnapping exercise would be the moving of a limb away from the body.

Motion at Synovial Joints.

D, The flap is after that elevated on the basis of the distal perforators of the radial artery. E, It is transposed right into the initial webspace following K-wire addiction of the thumb as well as index metacarpals in kidnapping. , these muscular tissues work carefully with the scapular downward rotators to produce adduction of the shoulder in its entirety.

F, Ground response force; Fs, force in lateral soft tissues; Fm, muscle mass (quadriceps) pressure; RI, side joint reaction force; Rm, medial joint response pressure.

This activity is produced at the very first carpometacarpal joint, which is a saddle joint developed between the trapezium carpal bone as well as the initial metacarpal bone.

Exercises that include twisting happen in this aircraft.

These little bones develop many squashed aspects between each other to supply outstanding flexibility to the hands and feet.

3.2 Laryngeal Adduction During Swallow.

This is conveniently confused with lateral and median turning, but the distinction is refined. With your hand hing on a table in front of you, and maintaining your shoulder and joint still, transform your hand onto its back, palm up. This is the supine setting, therefore this activity is supination. Medial turning is a rotational motion in the direction of the midline. It is sometimes referred to as internal turning.

Exercises for the Frontal, Sagittal and also Transverse Planes.

There are several various kinds of angular movements, including flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, kidnapping, as well as circumduction. Flexion, or bending, takes place when the angle in between the bones decreases. Relocating the lower arm upward at the elbow or relocating the wrist to relocate the hand toward the lower arm are instances of flexion. In expansion, the opposite of flexion, the angle in between the bones of a joint boosts.

Rotational activity is the motion of a bone as it rotates around its longitudinal axis. Rotation can be toward the midline of the body, which is described as medial turning, or away from the midline of the body, which is referred to as lateral turning. Motion of the head from side to side is an example of rotation.

The synergist muscles include the psoas, piriformis, tensor fascia latae (TFL), sartorius, quadratus lumborum, as well as rectus femoris. If the children have comprehensive paralysis they regularly wind up after substantial and time-consuming surgical treatment with stiff extended hips and knees which are useless to those that are going to spend the majority of their time sitting in what’s the difference between abduction and adduction? a chair. Misplacement is probably best left alone in people who are not mosting likely to be active pedestrians.

Whats the difference between adduction and abduction?

Abduction and adduction are two terms that are used to describe movements towards or away from the midline of the body. Abduction is a movement away from the midline â€“ just as abducting someone is to take them away. For example, abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body.

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angrycollectordaze-me-blog · 5 years

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Paper代写：Application of intelligent robot

本篇paper代写- Application of intelligent robot讨论了智能机器人的应用。智能机器人是人类智慧的结晶，它在一定程度上使人们从繁忙的工作中解脱出来。未来军事发展的必然趋势就是利用智能机器人代替士兵作战。随着新的工业时代到来，工业机器人与人工智能相结合，智能机器人在工业领域的应用越来越普及，一场新的工业革命正在拉开序幕。作为在医疗领域应用的深化，智能机器人能有效地帮助医生进行一系列医疗方面的诊断或进行辅助治疗。而教育领域的智能教育机器人拥有自主判断、智能识别、优化决策等功能，能够根据不同学生的不同情况制定出不同的学习计划。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Intelligent robot is the crystallization of human intelligence, it makes people free from busy work to some extent. This paper introduces the practical application of intelligent robot in military, industrial, medical and educational fields, and forecasts the future development of intelligent robot in China.

With the progress of human science and technology, artificial intelligence technology is gradually mature, and information technology is increasingly combined with traditional machinery. Since then, intelligent robot was born. Intelligent robots can free people from the heavy work and even help them to accomplish many things that could not be done before. Therefore, intelligent robot has been widely concerned by people. At the same time, intelligent robot is the product of a variety of science and technology combined, it is an important symbol to measure the level of science and technology of a country, so the research and development of intelligent robot for China's development has great and far-reaching practical significance. This paper compares the difference between the intelligent robot and the previous two generations of robots, and introduces the application of intelligent robot in various fields.

This paper mainly discusses the third generation of robots, but in addition, there are the first generation of robots and the second generation of robots in the history of robot development. The earliest first-generation robot is called programmable reproduction robot, which cannot make autonomous adjustment when the external environment changes and can only perform mechanical repetitive work according to the given program. The second generation of robot is an offline programming robot with certain perception and adaptive ability. Different from the first generation of robot, it can adjust the program according to the changes of the outside world within a certain range. Although the second generation of robots does not have mature automatic rule ability, they have begun to develop towards intelligence and can meet practical needs.

The third generation of robot -- intelligent robot is mainly discussed in this paper. Intelligent robot belongs to the product of the era of artificial intelligence, which has the ability of feeling, recognition, reasoning and judgment. Firstly, the intelligent robot can recognize and measure the objects around in real time through various sensors, which is the sense and recognition ability. At the same time, it can adjust its own parameters and action strategies according to the changes of the environment. That is to say, it can analyze, reason and make decisions based on the identified information. In addition, intelligent robots can handle some emergencies.

In modern war, how to minimize the casualty rate of soldiers is a hot topic in every country. Therefore, the inevitable trend of military development in the future is to replace soldiers with intelligent robots. At present, military intelligent robots can complete a series of combat tasks, such as search, surveillance, eod, breaking barriers, attacking targets, transporting materials, and rescuing the wounded. Compared with human soldiers, they are more precise, light, dexterous, destruction-resistant, fall-resistant, fight-resistant and more capable. Among them, uav is a typical representative of military intelligent robot, which has become a conventional military weapon and plays a decisive role in the military.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (uav) plays an important role in the battlefield, such as ground attack, reconnaissance and surveillance of enemy military situation, jamming signal communication and battlefield communication. The latest uavs' intelligence lies in the fact that they do not require human control for most missions, except for big decisions such as weapons systems. On uavs, there is no pilot-controlled cockpit, but there is an autopilot system, which allows the unmanned to fly on its own and even control the flight autonomously. One of the starting points of the automatic control principle is the closed-loop feedback control, which measures the change of the control quantity after the input adjustment is applied and feeds back to the input until the control quantity reaches the target value. For example, after setting a track for the uav, during the flight, the high-precision sensors and other equipment carried on the uav will measure whether there is deviation track in the flight position in real time. If the uav has deviation, the yaw correction will be carried out accordingly, so that the aircraft will always be on the correct route. At the same time, uavs can detect and identify obstacles in the path of uavs through optical cameras, ultrasonic radar and other equipment, and automatically avoid obstacles after finding them.

At present, many countries, including China, have launched their own intelligent robot soldiers. It is believed that there will be more intelligent military robots on the battlefield in the future.

With the arrival of industry 4.0 era, the combination of industrial robot and artificial intelligence, the application of intelligent robot in the industrial field is more and more popular, a new industrial revolution is kicking off. As mentioned above, mechanical repetitive work is not a difficult task for robots, and the first generation of robots can do it well. However, in the face of the chaotic and disorderly environment in the industry, the robot cannot work normally by relying on the set program. At this time, the intelligent robot can analyze the surrounding environment and make a better decision according to the environment at that time, so as to better adapt to the complex factory environment.

AGV logistics vehicle is a typical representative of intelligent robot in intelligent industry and is widely used. AGV logistics vehicle is an intelligent transport vehicle that can generate the best path to the destination and drive along the best path according to the actual situation of the factory. AGV logistics car's automatic navigation is realized through special landmarks, usually equipped with optical or electromagnetic guidance devices, automatically generate the best route according to the landmark and transport the goods to the designated location, the navigation mode is mainly magnetic stripe guidance, laser guidance, inertial navigation and magnetic nail navigation. In the workshop where the AGV logistics trolley works, multiple magnetic nails are usually arranged on the ground. The physical position information of the magnetic nails is collected and transmitted to the computer in real time during the travel of the AGV. After the software is used to calculate the AGV's position accurately and generate the best route to prevent collision and scratch during the travel of the AGV.

AGV logistics car is applicable to the system with frequent transportation and long material supply cycle, and it should be widely used to transport goods in logistics distribution workshop. Now alibaba and jd have relatively mature applications.

Medical care is an important link of people's well-being, so it is particularly important to combine intelligent robot with medical care, and its development has attracted much attention. As a deepening application in medical field, intelligent robot can effectively help doctors to make a series of medical diagnosis or auxiliary treatment. Take the rehabilitation robot as an example. Postoperative rehabilitation is a long and painful process. The newly developed medical exoskeleton can be used in the postoperative recovery process to relieve patients' pain and speed up the rehabilitation process, which will also help medical workers to carry out rehabilitation effect evaluation and plan formulation. It can also help people with disabilities get back on their feet and give them a new lease of life.

Exoskeleton robot is a special wearable electromechanical integration device. It is fixed outside the human body through a non-rigid connection set, and USES a high power density drive device to drive the exoskeleton deformation, so as to assist human limb movement. It is a flexible and intelligent drive system. The exoskeleton is fixably attached to the human body by binding or other means, and perfectly fits the human limbs. In the process of use, the exoskeleton collects the movement information of the human body, such as the movement trend and force, through the accelerometers and angular accelerometers installed at the joints. Real-time processing the information, and quickly adjust, make the exoskeleton robot form the movement of the wearer and synchronization, to better help those who have difficulty in standing and walking, and according to the actual environmental change adjustment in the process of walking gait, achieve the wearer control exoskeleton robot complete natural, smooth gait and movement.

Education is also very concern of the people, in recent years, China's education quality, the call for quality education in China is more and more high, the traditional cramming education mode by students and teachers is rejected, contain innovation, cooperation, sharing, and other important scientific literacy education form is gradually taken seriously by the school and parents. However, under this kind of change, intelligent educational robot which combines with artificial intelligence technology emerges at the historic moment. At present, there are many brands of intelligent educational robots on the market, aiming to create a good learning experience for every student with artificial intelligence, act as a tutor, and realize intelligent education, growth companion, intelligence development, homework guidance, offline teaching and other functions.

Intelligent educational robot has the functions of autonomous judgment, intelligent recognition and optimization decision-making, and can make different learning plans according to different situations of different students. At the same time, intelligent education robot itself has certain learning ability, which can constantly update students' learning situation, record students' learning situation, and then continuously follow up students' learning process, and analyze students' difficulties and bottlenecks in learning by combining the above data. Finally, the teaching methods and strategies of intelligent robots are constantly adjusted to achieve the purpose of intelligent teaching students.

In addition, intelligent educational robots also have features such as face recognition and speech recognition to recognize people. Through these functions, students can recognize different students and call their names just like in real class. This way, students can have a good impression and trust on intelligent robots by simulating real class. What's more, classroom robots in some schools have been able to recognize students' microexpressions in class and conduct behavioral analysis to determine whether they are sleepy or distracted and alert them.

Times are changing, science and technology are making continuous progress, and the combination of robot and intelligent development can better meet the development trend of today's world, so intelligent robot has great development prospects. To some extent, the development of intelligent robot can directly show the level of science and technology of a country, so it is highly concerned by countries all over the world. Compared with the robot industry in foreign countries, although China has invested a lot of manpower and material resources in the field of intelligent robot, and made a lot of remarkable scientific research achievements, the research in this field is still not deep enough at the present stage, and has not been able to catch up with the footsteps of other countries. Therefore, China should actively adopt development countermeasures in line with its own and narrow the gap with the world's leading countries in this regard. I believe that after the government's attention and investment, scientific and technical workers continue to study, the understanding of the field can reach a new height.

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yesilovehorses-blog1 · 7 years

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The Conformationally Challenged Athlete

New Post has been published on http://lovehorses.net/the-conformationally-challenged-athlete/

The Conformationally Challenged Athlete

A prepurchase exam is an extremely helpful resource for considering a horse’s future athletic possibilities.

Photo: Kevin Thompson/The Horse

No horse is perfect, and many with conformational flaws go on to compete successfully. What can you live with and how?

Horse people put a lot of stock in a horse’s conformation, as far as predicting his athletic potential. After all, it’s common knowledge that certain conformational characteristics have the potential to be career-limiting.

But have you ever come across the horse that never “read the book,” doesn’t know he’s not perfect, and continues to perform soundly and successfully despite his flaws? Or, maybe you’re familiar with the pristinely conformed horse that’s a less-than-stellar performer.

So many factors determine whether an equine athlete becomes successful that it’sintermittentlyhard to predict which horse will go far in the competitive world. It pays to look beyond an individual’s structural conformation and also consider the horse’s work ethic, disposition, skills, training, and fitness, as well as the conditions of the day you assess him.

“Generally, when referring to conformation, we talk about form to function—what structural characteristics are desirable within a specific discipline,” says Duncan Peters, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVSMR, Duncan Peters, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVSMR, ISELP, of East-West Equine Sports Medicine who focuses his practice on locomotor pathology and the diagnosis, treatment, and management of sport horse health for optimum performance. “Certain body types tend to work best for different disciplines, but within that discipline there is often a wide variation in conformational changes and other attributes that allow a particular body type to be successful.”

In other words, some horses with conformational defects can still compete successfully. However, “performance horses are expected to perform over a long career, and while a horse may do well for a while, a conformational defect may shorten a competitive career,” Peters says.

If you own or are considering buying a horse with less-than-desirable conformation, how might you find a way to make that horse work for your equestrian pursuits?

Western vs. English Sports

When reviewing the different general disciplines (i.e., Western vs. English sports), Peters has some thoughts on what minor conformational challenges are likely to be acceptable for each.

Frequently, Western horses exhibit workable imperfections such as being over at the knees, slightly turned out in the front limb(s), slightly cow-hocked (hocks are too close together and point toward each other) and sickle-hocked (hocks show excessive angulation, less than 150-153°), and short and small in stature. These horses often have a smaller foot size relative to their body mass, yet this might not greatly impact performance.

“There should be a realistic assessment of the horse's physical abilities for the discipline in which he competes. ”

Dr. Duncan Peters

For English disciplines, such as dressage, jumping, and eventing, Peters notes that there is much more physical variety than what he sees with the Western sports. Body types range from a lean, rangy Thoroughbred to a big, heavy Draft-type or Warmblood. A horse with minor variations, such as upright hind limbs or toeing in or out, might perform just fine. A horse with a lower (less upright) pastern angle might have a desirable, springy gait, but this conformation has the potential to result in suspensory ligament or fetlock problems. And because most English disciplines are not solely speed-based or very long in duration, a heavy or “big-boned” body type might not interfere with performance or longevity the same way it would in, say, flat racing or endurance.

“Probably the most variety in body type and conformation occurs in the jumpers,” Peters says. “There seem to be various body types that tolerate this work, but they don’t enjoy as much longevity as other disciplines.”

So, for instance, horses with finer bone, smaller feet, hind-limb straightness, or long backs might be more predisposed to injury and won’t hold up to jumping pursuits as long as horses with more correct conformation.

For distance sport horses, correct conformation is a particularly important asset because of the wear and tear that accompanies training for and competing in these activities. There is not as much room for deviation from correct limb conformation in these horses if they are to remain sound and compete well over time.

Conformational Extremes

“Extremes in lower leg conformation can be performance-limiting in athletic pursuits or, at the very least, may cause flare-ups of musculoskeletal pain that put a horse out of action for a period of time,” says Peters. Conformational issues he says might lead to problems include the following:

Toeing in or toeing out subsequent to angular limb deformities (conformational faults present at birth or acquired over time) overloads one side of the foot and joints, leading to osteoarthritis and/or soft tissue injury.

A club foot is prone to abscesses, bruising, or laminitis.

Cow-hocked conformation strains the hock joints.

Offset knees (as viewed from the front, also called bench knees) can lead to splints.

Offset feet can lead to foot and lower limb joint pain.

Sheared heels (one heel bulb becomes elevated toward the pastern relative to the other) might make a horse prone to hoof quarter cracks and pain.

Asymmetrical feet can lead to uneven pressures and tension on the musculotendinous unit within the foot and are a red flag that alerts an owner to manage the feet carefully.

In general, any conformation that departs from the ideal is likely to put stress on other anatomical structures. “For example,” says Peters, “a horse that rotates on the hocks (when moving, which often results from an angular limb deformity in the fetlock or hock joints) then puts stress on the lower hock joints. Or, a horse with long toes and low heels overly stresses the deep digital flexor tendon, and a horse that toes out stresses suspensory ligaments and joints.”

Regarding the back and neck, Peters says researchers are examining how conformational abnormalities in these areas might affect performance. “The predisposition to injury of conformational abnormalities of the axial skeleton (made up of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum) of the upper body has not been sorted out as much as flaws in the legs,” he says.

For some horses, certain training regimens—such as jumping too high or training too many days per week—coupled with a flat or low back might lead to arthritic changes and soreness, which impact success and career longevity. “Even so, a long-backed horse may be able to jump well with power and subsequently be successful,” says Peters.

Owners can manage many of these structural challenges in partnership with their veterinarians and farriers. This requires taking into account each horse’s hoof care needs, the footing on which he trains and competes, the discipline’s exercise demands, the frequency of competition, saddle fit, and rider skill, says Peters.

Realistic Expectations

When managing a horse with conformational challenges, recognize that there might be limitations on what your horse might accomplish and for how long. “There should be a realistic assessment of the horse’s physical abilities for the discipline in which he competes,” Peters says. Modifying your expectations and goals, however, is often the hardest part.

Assess your horse’s mental and physical abilities within his career discipline continually. And don’t be afraid to seek expert advice. If your vet-farrier-trainer support group works as a team to maximize your individual horse’s performance and makes adjustments to his care and training as needed, he has every chance of being successful. Without realistic expectations and management, however, be prepared for frustration and setbacks, Peters says.

“For example,” he explains, “if the horse toes out, and this causes hoof rotation, inflammation may develop within a branch of the suspensory ligaments. Therefore, the rider may need to back down on exercise demands and lessen the competitive schedule.”

A horse that isn’t working out well for a particular owner might perform better at another level, in another discipline, or with another owner, particularly if he is having problems performing consistently in his job.

“Many horses with extreme conformational changes have been managed successfully to perform well over long periods of time,” Peters says, but “don’t be set on a particular expectation of how well the horse does or how often he competes.”

Prepurchase Considerations

A prepurchase examination is an extremely helpful resource for considering a horse’s future athletic possibilities. During this process the veterinarian meticulously assesses a horse’s athletic ability and also carefully evaluates his potential based on conformation and hoof structure. In addition to the veterinarinarian’s insights, you might consider getting input from a trainer and farrier well-versed in your discipline.

Equine Prepurchase Exams

As a buyer, it is important to ask about a horse’s qualities relative to the intended discipline. Take, for example, a horse’s feet: A horse with tiny hooves that you intend to compete on hard surfaces will likely suffer the effects of impact more than a horse with large, robust feet, says Peters. Also consider the geographic location of where a horse will live and compete. For example, a horse with navicular syndrome, which is often associated with small feet, might perform poorly on the hard ground of the western United States, but he might do well if moved to softer, sandy footing in Florida.

“Often a horse is selected based on what the horse is doing at the particular time he is offered for sale,” Peters notes. “Because the horse is successful, there may not be much focus on conformation. Despite the horse performing well at the current time of the exam, it behooves the buyer to question the potential for that animal to continue a long-term competitive career.”

No one has a crystal ball for peering into the future, but at least have a conversation with your veterinarian about what might potentially go wrong with a prospective horse and what management techniques you might need to apply to maximize his athletic performance and longevity.

How to Manage Issues and Prevent Injuries

In general, any horse with limb rotation or club foot conformation is at risk of developing soreness in the joints and/or soft tissue structures of the limb. Compensatory lameness problems can also develop, such as back soreness due to stifle or hock pain. A thorough veterinary exam helps identify the source of lameness so you and your veterinarian can make a plan to improve the horse’s comfort. A medical plan for a conformationally challenged horse is no different than one for a lame horse with correct conformation. The difference is you might see the lameness issues develop sooner in the horse with poor conformation. Further, that horse is likely to need ongoing maintenance to remain comfortable once problems develop. Recognizing these issues early and being proactive with your care are key strategies for getting the best out of a horse’s performance for as long as possible.

“Recognition of a conformational challenge is important,” Peters stresses. If you know what you are dealing with, then you can design strategies to maximize a horse’s potential and reduce his risk of getting injured. For example, “For a horse with an upright pastern conformation or straight hind legs, concussion amplified up the limb has a potential to elicit osteoarthritis,” he says. “For such a horse, it is critical to shoe him well, train on good footing, manage competition schedules appropriately, and use supportive joint supplements. Regular evaluation and flexion tests by your veterinarian are important strategies to check for subtle changes before they become full-blown problems.”

As another example, “A horse with a long pastern may be best served by having the veterinarian look him over at least twice a year,” Peters says. This routine evaluation might include palpation and flexion tests to help identify subclinical (not yet evident) soreness, especially in the fetlocks. “Such surveillance does not necessarily need to include radiographs or ultrasound exams, but is dependent on a thorough hands-on examination by a knowledgeable vet,” he adds.

Another important strategy for managing all horses—those with good as well as flawed conformation—is to have ongoing discussions with your farrier about hoof care and ways to reduce concussion. Trimming and shoeing techniques are especially critical for managing horses with angular limb deformities, such as toeing in or out, or club feet.

Progressively building your horse’s condition and fitness will also help build strength throughout all his musculoskeletal structures. Advancing your horse’s performance level gradually will help him develop his skill set at a safe pace according to his abilities. And don’t forget about the importance of ample warmup and cool-down periods.

Besides fastidious shoeing practices to help the hooves land evenly and balanced, your veterinarian might also recommend a variety of medical treatment options for joint-sore and/or muscle-sore horses. These range from intra-articular joint injections and regenerative therapies (stem cells, platelet-rich plasma, IRAP) to shock wave therapy, massage, chiropractic, and acupuncture.

Take-Home Message

“Based on our conformational education in different disciplines, if we consider what we look at as a breed or show conformationally ideal horse, it turns out that many of these ‘ideal’ representatives are not successful athletes,” says Peters. “Many other factors are critical for equine athletic success. It is noteworthy that very few halter horses make good performers with long careers. This tells us that there is a disconnect between what suits our eye as the ideal compared to which horses are able to perform and for an extended time.”

There is no set recipe for dealing with a conformationally challenged equine athlete. So much depends on the individual situation, the degree of conformational flaw, the discipline in which the horse works, and rider ability and expectations. The important thing to note is that while all equine athletes prosper with diligent management, one with conformational challenges will fare better with a team of competent professionals’ expertise.

About the Author

Nancy S. Loving, DVM

Nancy S. Loving, DVM, owns Loving Equine Clinic in Boulder, Colorado, and has a special interest in managing the care of sport horses. Her book, All Horse Systems Go, is a comprehensive veterinary care and conditioning resource in full color that covers all facets of horse care. She has also authored the books Go the Distance as a resource for endurance horse owners, Conformation and Performance, and First Aid for Horse and Rider in addition to many veterinary articles for both horse owner and professional audiences.

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