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lawlegal2s · 2 years

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Pledge (contract)

INDIAN CONTRACT ACT 1872 PLEDGE

INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872

PLEDGE

UNDER SECTION-172 TO 179

Section-172

Introduction (परिचय)- हमारे जीवन मे ऐसे बहुत सारे घटनावों को घटते हुए देखा है क्योंकि कोई आदमी अपना कोई समान गिरवी रखकर दूसरे आदमी से कोई ऋण लेता है लेकिन उस आदमी को अपना कोई अधिकार तथा दायित्व का कोई जानकारी नहीं होता है इसलिए गिरवी को संविदा को जोड़ा गया ताकि लोग अपना अधिकार जान सकते है

Pledge (गिरवी) - गिरवी वह होता है जिसमे कोई आदमी अपना चल संपती को कुछ समय के लिए किसी दूसरे आदमी के पास गिरवी रखता है तो उसे हम गिरवी कहते है

Parties- इसमे पक्षों की संख्या 2 होता है

1. Pawner – पण्यमकार- जो अपना संपती किसी के पास गिरवी रखता है

2. Pawnee – पणयंदार- जो किसी दूसरे आदमी की संपती अपने पास रखता है

Ex- मान लिया जाए की अ कोई आदमी है जिसे कोई काम करने के लिए उसे कुछ ऋण की जरूरत है उसके लिए अपनी बाइक को ब के पास 40000 मे गिरवी रख देता है कुछ समय के लिए तथा ओ अपना काम कर लेता है और उसकी प्रयोजन समाप्त होने पर उसे उसकी ऋण वापिस कर देता है,

Essential feature of pledge-

· Delivery of goods/ actual delivery or constructive

· Security

· Debt

· Movable property

· Transfer of property

अगर कोई आदमी किसी आदमी को कोई सुरक्षा के रूप मे गिरवी रखा है तो उसका अधकार उसी समय दिया जाना चाहिए ,

Case-1

लालन प्रसाद बनाम रहमत आली 1967

तथ्य- इस मामले मे वादी ने अपनी कुछ डिक्री को गिरवी रखकर प्रतिवादी से 20,000 रुपए अर्जित किए, कुछ समय के लिए , हालांकि प्रतिवादी ने यह स्वीकार किया था की जैसे ही वादी के तरफ से ऋण वापिस होगा तो प्रतिवादी उसका डिक्री वापस कर देगा, लेकिन प्रतिवादी को ऋण मिलने के बाद भी वो डिक्री वापस नहीं किया इसके लिए वादी ने प्रतिवादी पर मुकदमा दायर कर दिया,

वाद - क्या वादी ने अपना प्रॉपर्टी लेने का हकदार है

जैसे ही वादी ने अपनी प्रॉपर्टी किसी के पास रखा तो वहाँ contract of pledge हो गया, हलानकी प्रतिवादी ने प्रॉपर्टी को गिरवी करते समय ये बोल था की ऋण मिलने पर डिक्री क�� वापस कर देगा लेकिन नहीं किया, इसके लिए मुकदमा हुआ और प्रतिवादी की दायित्व है की वादी को उसकी डिक्री वापस कर दे,

Rights of Pawnee

· धारा- 173 Pawnee के पास ये अधिकार होगा की जो भी Pawnor को ऋण दिया है तो ओ उससे अपना ऋण लेने का अधिकार है तथा जो भी उस ऋण पे ब्याज है उसको भी ले सकता है,

· धारा- 174 Pawnee के पास ये अधिकार होगा की ओ एक बार मे एक ही प्लेज कर सकता है

· धारा- 175 अगर Pawnee ने किसी प्रकार के Pawnor के goods पे कोई खर्च किया है तो Pawnor से ले सकता है

· धारा- 176 Pawnee के पास ये अधिकार है की अगर Pawnor अपनी ऋण चुकाने से चूक करता है तो Pawnor जो भी प्रॉपर्टी को Pawnee के पास गिरवी रखा है तो Pawnee उसे बेच के अपनी ऋण की भुगतान करेगा ,,

1. अगर प्रॉपर्टी को बेच के Pawnee का भुगतान नहीं होता हो तो Pawnor से लेने का अधिकार है

2. अगर प्रॉपर्टी को बेच के Pawnee के ऋण से जयदा होता है तो Pawnee को वापिस देना पड़ेगा Pawnor को

Rights of Pawnor

1. Pawnor के पास ये अधिकार होगा की समय खत्म होने के बाद भी pawnee से अपना प्रॉपर्टी ले सकता है लेकिन ऋण देने के बाद ही

Duties of Pawnee

1. Take reasonable care of good (माल का अछे से ख्याल रखना)

2. Not mix with own goods (माल के साथ कोई मिलावट नहीं हो)

3. No unauthorise use of goods (माल का उपयोग गलत तरीके से नहीं करना)

4. Return of goods when debters been repaid (जब pawnor के तरफ से भुगतान हो जाए तो माल वापिस करना होगा)

5. Do not act inconsistent with the teams of pledge (अगर कोई आदमी pledge मे कोई Terms and condition रखा है तो)

6. Return any accuration / profit on Pledge goods (अगर किसी तरह का लाभ या हानी हुआ है तो उसे अपने मे बांटना)

Duties of Pawnor

1. Liable to pay debt OR perform Promise (अपना भुगतान देने के लिए liable होगा)

2. Compensate Pawnee for Extra-ordinary express (अगर आपके लिए pawnee ने कोई खर्च किए है तो उसके लिए आप liable होंगे)

3. Disclosed all fault in goods (pawner के माल मे जीतने भी समस्या है ओ pawnee को बताना होगा)

4. Pay deficit amount if Pawnee sells goods (pawnee आपका माल अगर बेचकर अपना भुगतान करता है और उससे उसका भुगतान नहीं होता है तो उसके लिए आप liable होंगे)

5. Indemnify pawnee if there is any loss due to defect in pawnors tittle to goods (अगर कोई pawnor चोरी की माल pawnee को दिया है और उससे pawnee को कोई नुकसान होता है तो उसके लिए liable होंगे)

Case-2, कामिली सरोजिनी बनाम इंडिया बैंक 2008

Fact- इसके मामले मे एक आदमी जो की सरोजिनी का पति था उसने एक बैंक से अपनी पत्नी की अभूसं को गिरवी रख के उस बैंक से 20,000 रुपए लिया बाद मे पूरे कागजात मे उसने अपनी साइन किया और उस गिरवी मे उसकी पत्नी का भी हक था, बाद मे उसकी पति की देहांत हो जाती है बिना अभूसं को छुड़ाए, हलानकी उसकी पत्नी का भी हक था की वो अभूसं को वापस ले सके, जब उसकी पत्नी पूरा भुगतान देकर अपनी अभूसं को वापस लेनी चाही तो बैंक वालों ने उसे मना कर दिया की पहले अपने पति का मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र ले के आओ फिर माल वापस किया जाएगा, तभी उसकी पत्नी ने उस बैंक पर मुकदमा दायर कर दिए,

Issue- क्या उसकी पत्नी को अभूसं वापस मिलना चाहिए

Judgment- कोर्ट का कहना था की महिला से कोई बैंक डाक्यमेन्ट नहीं मांग सकता क्योंकि उस खताधारी मे इसका भी हक बनता है क्योंकि इसकी पत्नी वो अपने सारे भुगतान को पूरा कर रही थी इसलिए महिला को उसकी अभूसं दिया जाना चाहिए

Note- Pledge by Non-Owners

General rules- कोई आदमी किसी दूसरे आदमी का माल को लेकर गिरवी नहीं रख सकता,

Special rules- एक नियम ऐसे भी बनाए गए है जिसमे कोई आदमी किसी दूसरे की माल को गिरवी रख सकता है, और ऐसे संविदा बैद मानी जाएगी,

इसके लिए यहाँ अपवाद भी है की कैसे गिरवी हो सकता है,

1. Section 178 Pledge by mercantile agent – जहां कोई वाणिज्य अभिकर्ता स्वामी की सम्मति से माल पर या माल की दस्तावेज पर कब्जा रखता हो तो वह किसी दूसरे आदमी गिरवी रख सकता है

1. Pawnor – Mercantile agent

2. Possession – good OR document of title

3. Pledge- By mercantile agent in ordinary course of business

4. Possession – with consent of owner

5. Pledge – Must act in good faith

6. Pledge – Don’t know that pawnor has no authority to pledge

ये सारी अपवाद अगर मौजूद हो तो ये समझ जाएगा की non-owner भी goods को pledge कर सकता है,

2. Section 178A Pledge by pawnor in possession under voidable contract3. Pledge by co-owner- अगर मान ले की कोई चार आदमी एक एक बाइक लिए और उन चारों मे से किसी एक के पास बाइक है, और उसे कुछ पैसे की जरूरत है तो, वह उन बाकी तीनों से अनुमति ले के उस बाइक को pledge कर सकता है तथा ये valid pledge माना जाएगा,

#law #contract #law school #law of contract #case law #college #news #school #student

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toomuchtodo · 3 months

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Palm Island alcohol restrictions are “special measures” | Human Rights Law Centre (hrlc.org.au)

#human rights #case law #Indigenous Peoples

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maeamian · 9 months

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WGA's asking people interested in all the tree law fun to also sign this petition about a god damned bitch of an unsatisfactory situation on another street on the Same FUCKING lot. NBC Universal (whose CEO is Mike Cavanagh just btw in case Ron Pearlman is listening) has started a construction project that completely removed the sidewalks from five different gates, in two cases forcing pedestrians to literally walk into oncoming traffic. In addition to being an ADA violation, it's just flat out despicably evil of them and WGA's asking for public support on this issue.

#Putting this as its own separate post in case you want to spread it around that way #Since the tree law one has roughly wrapped up the period where our participation helps #whereas this has not

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legalstudiesin1 · 11 months

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Banking Laws in India: Regulations, Roles, and Case Studies

Table of Contents Introduction:Banking law in India refers to the set of laws, regulations, and guidelines that govern the functioning and operations of banks and financial institutions in the country. These laws are primarily aimed at ensuring the stability, integrity, and transparency of the banking sector, protecting the rights and interests of customers, and promoting financial…

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rickybaby · 3 months

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#at the end of the day this is the crux of the matter isn’t it?#however powerful and convincing South Africa’s case is #in the end it will all depend on international law that has failed again and again #palestine #south africa

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idkaguyorsomething · 6 months

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five nights at freddy's is a film that creates a tense, suspenseful atmosphere of horror by having its protagonists go up against supernatural threats such as trying to navigate the job market, being forced to deal with shitty cops, and a man who willingly makes himself think of nebraska over and over again every night

#fnaf #fnaf movie #fnaf movie spoilers #maybe??#just in case #vanessa is truly terrible at her job tho #i want someone better versed in police officer procedure than me to go through the movie and break down every law she breaks #she is to standard procedure what fazbear entertainment is to osha #so roughly above average for a cop #but damn mike's parents #you took your sons on vacation to nebraska????#five nights at freddy's

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teamattorneylex · 1 year

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7th National Case Comment Writing Competition Organised by Team Attorneylex: Register by 30th March

About the Organisation: Team Attorneylex is a Student-run organisation; it is an online platform for law students where they can contribute their legal knowledge and get recognised for their contribution. Along with the other activities, the endeavour is to deliver legal help to the sectors of society that are unable to access existing legal services due to illiteracy and poor economic…

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#2 fingure test case #case brief #case law #Case Summary #competition #Ews Reservation case #Marital Rape case #NEET PG Reservation #NEET Reservation case

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the-eyespy · 11 days

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🇵🇸 Amidst the rubble of his destroyed home, Ashraf Nafedth burns a book he once treasured—a guide to international law. He now sees it as a lie, failing to protect people like him. The unfair treatment of countries like Palestine by powerful nations like the US shatters his trust in these laws. His burning of the book symbolizes his loss of faith in international law's ability to keep him safe and reflects the struggles of many in similar situations.

🇵🇸 وسط أنقاض منزله المدمر، أحرق أشرف نافذ كتابًا كان يعتز به ذات يوم - دليل للقانون الدولي. وهو يرى الآن أنها كذبة، وفشل في حماية الأشخاص مثله. إن المعاملة غير العادلة لدول مثل فلسطين من قبل الدول القوية مثل الولايات المتحدة تحطم ثقته في هذه القوانين. إن حرقه للكتاب يرمز إلى فقدانه الثقة في قدرة القانون الدولي على الحفاظ على سلامته ويعكس نضالات الكثيرين في مواقف مماثلة.

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cpntredbeard · 1 year

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Oh Hey I Did a Thing

https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/storyline/latest/embed/index.html?dataURL=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fspreadsheets%2Fd%2Fe%2F2PACX-1vTpCrXM-7qCpEYxqqZ3gaZpminPjNREwjawM2i8jljv0AQ5HSEbwdwKC9S5JlhFcSmWc47eNF6MAmpw%2Fpubhtml&dataYCol=data&dataXCol=date&dataDateFormat=%25Y&chartDateFormat=%25Y&chartYLabel=USA%20Imprisoned%20Population%20Rounded&sliderCardTitleCol=title&sliderCardTextCol=text

#mass incarceration #civil rights #public history #digital history #Graph #case law #my stuff #school project #US Authoritarianism #this did not embed

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reasonsforhope · 4 months

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"Research on a police diversion program implemented in 2014 shows a striking 91% reduction in in-school arrests over less than 10 years.

Across the United States, arrest rates for young people under age 18 have been declining for decades. However, the proportion of youth arrests associated with school incidents has increased.

According to the U.S. Department of Education, K–12 schools referred nearly 230,000 students to law enforcement during the school year that began in 2017. These referrals and the 54,321 reported school-based arrests that same year were mostly for minor misbehavior like marijuana possession, as opposed to more serious offenses like bringing a gun to school.

School-based arrests are one part of the school-to-prison pipeline, through which students—especially Black and Latine students and those with disabilities—are pushed out of their schools and into the legal system.

Getting caught up in the legal system has been linked to negative health, social, and academic outcomes, as well as increased risk for future arrest.

Given these negative consequences, public agencies in states like Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania have looked for ways to arrest fewer young people in schools. Philadelphia, in particular, has pioneered a successful effort to divert youth from the legal system.

Philadelphia Police School Diversion Program

In Philadelphia, police department leaders recognized that the city’s school district was its largest source of referrals for youth arrests. To address this issue, then–Deputy Police Commissioner Kevin Bethel developed and implemented a school-based, pre-arrest diversion initiative in partnership with the school district and the city’s department of human services. The program is called the Philadelphia Police School Diversion Program, and it officially launched in May 2014.

Mayor-elect Cherelle Parker named Bethel as her new police commissioner on Nov. 22, 2023.

Since the diversion program began, when police are called to schools in the city for offenses like marijuana possession or disorderly conduct, they cannot arrest the student involved if that student has no pending court case or history of adjudication. In juvenile court, an adjudication is similar to a conviction in criminal court.

Instead of being arrested, the diverted student remains in school, and school personnel decide how to respond to their behavior. For example, they might speak with the student, schedule a meeting with a parent, or suspend the student.

A social worker from the city also contacts the student’s family to arrange a home visit, where they assess youth and family needs. Then, the social worker makes referrals to no-cost community-based services. The student and their family choose whether to attend.

Our team—the Juvenile Justice Research and Reform Lab at Drexel University—evaluated the effectiveness of the diversion program as independent researchers not affiliated with the police department or school district. We published four research articles describing various ways the diversion program affected students, schools, and costs to the city.

Arrests Dropped

In our evaluation of the diversion program’s first five years, we reported that the annual number of school-based arrests in Philadelphia decreased by 84%: from nearly 1,600 in the school year beginning in 2013 to just 251 arrests in the school year beginning in 2018.

Since then, school district data indicates the annual number of school-based arrests in Philadelphia has continued to decline—dropping to just 147 arrests in the school year that began in 2022. That’s a 91% reduction from the year before the program started.

We also investigated the number of serious behavioral incidents recorded in the school district in the program’s first five years. Those fell as well, suggesting that the diversion program effectively reduced school-based arrests without compromising school safety.

Additionally, data showed that city social workers successfully contacted the families of 74% of students diverted through the program during its first five years. Nearly 90% of these families accepted at least one referral to community-based programming, which includes services like academic support, job skill development, and behavioral health counseling...

Long-Term Outcomes

To evaluate a longer follow-up period, we compared the 427 students diverted in the program’s first year to the group of 531 students arrested before the program began. Results showed arrested students were significantly more likely to be arrested again in the following five years...

Finally, a cost-benefit analysis revealed that the program saves taxpayers millions of dollars.

Based on its success in Philadelphia, several other cities and counties across Pennsylvania have begun replicating the Police School Diversion Program. These efforts could further contribute to a nationwide movement to safely keep kids in their communities and out of the legal system."

-via Yes! Magazine, December 5, 2023

#philedelphia #pennsylvania #united states #us politics #school #high school #school to prison pipeline #prison system #arrests #education #students #schools #good news #hope #rare case of police not completely sucking #police #policing #law enforcement

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aaronjhill · 2 years

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LAW SCHOOL MELTDOWN Professors are in a furor. Keep going! Do not stop! Triggering professors sounds like a dream job. These rulings “have unsettled the foundational premises of our professional lives.” (LMAO! Maybe find a hobby? Yes, POTUS has broad powers to restrict immigration into the Untied States.)

#law #higher-ed #judiciary #supreme-court #constitution #law schools #SCOTUS #litigation #cases #decisions #precedent #stare decisis #case law #appeal #POTUS #immigration

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nelkcats · 10 months

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Paranormal Department

Something strange was happening in the world, something that even the League would not have prevented. It seemed that the United States government had been fighting things they didn't stand a chance with, and this almost ended in disaster if it wasn't for the kindness of what they were dealing with. The details were highly classified and encrypted so Batman didn't know the details and it was frustrating him.

All that trouble resulted in Justice League Dark working steadily with the "Paranormal Department", there wasn't much information on their members and they worked in the shadows (Bruce wasn't amused, he needed contingency plans) but Zatara claimed they were excellent allies, despite their strange use of modern technology.

Bruce didn't know what they were about, or what agreement the president had made, but he didn't trust this "new department". They could betray them at any second. That's why when Constantine informed him that they would take over the "Lazarus pits" he flatly refused. Apparently his refusal didn't matter at the end since the "Department" got jurisdiction over the case.

Team Phantom, which was now headquartered in downtown Amity Park (and had many new members like Paulina and Dash) was having fun pissing off the Bat. While Danny had made an agreement with the government to deal with threats from the Realms, one of the clauses was not to tell the heroes they existed (After years of living with the Fenton's Danny was not amused that anyone knew ways to eliminate him, Clockwork was backup enough). Sam thought it was childish but didn't stop him.

Sam handled all the legal stuff, but it seemed like they had jurisdiction over all the cases that interested them (more than JL, since they were an elite team in that field), and no one could reveal their identities, which relieved Danny greatly.

Their main job was to send the ghosts home and close the rifts, plus deal with demons, or creatures that came out of said rifts. Easy enough for them, but probably extremely risky if you were inexperienced. Honestly, since they dealt with the GIW themselves, Danny didn't trust the heroes, however JLD was fine.

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