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#chemical elements
biglittleluobo · 10 months
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🧑‍🔬🧑‍🔬🧪🧪 Chemical elements (化学元素) 🥼🥼⚗️⚗️
I have learned something amazing which is that the Chinese word for sodium (Na) is … 钠 (nà)! If only they all matched like that!!
Ex: 低钠酱油 (dī nà jiàng yóu) - low sodium soy sauce
Sometimes you may see the word 卤 (鹵/滷,lǔ, halogen or salt) used to describe dishes or sauces, such as 卤肉饭 (lǔ ròu fàn, braised pork rice), 打卤面 (dǎ lǔ miàn, noodles with thick gravy), 卤虾油 (lǔ xiā yóu, shrimp sauce).
Here is the first three rows of the periodic table!
Hydrogen (H) - 氢 (qīng)
Helium (He) - 氦 (hài)
Lithium (Li) - 锂 (lǐ)
Beryllium (Be) - 铍 (pí)
Boron (B) - 硼 (péng)
Carbon (C) - 碳 (tàn)
Nitrogen (N) - 氮 (dàn)
Oxygen (O) - 氧 (yǎng)
Fluorine (F) - 氟 (fú)
Neon (Ne) - 氖 (nǎi)
Sodium (Na) - 钠 (nà)
Magnesium (Mg) - 镁 (měi)
Aluminum (Al) - 铝 (lǚ)
Silicon (Si) - 硅 (guī)
Phosphorus (P) - 磷 (lín)
Sulfur (S) - 硫 (líu)
Chlorine (Cl) - 氯 (lǜ)
Argon (Ar) - 氩 (yà)
And a few more useful ones:
Iron (Fe) - 铁 (tiě)
Gold (Au) - 金 (jīn)
Silver (Ag) - 银 (yín)
Examples:
地铁 (dì tiě) - subway; short for (地下铁道, “underground iron path”)
金银 (jīn yín) - gold and silver, can be used to refer to ancient currency
穿金戴银 (chuān jīn dài yín) - to be dressed in gold (clothes) and silver (ornamentation) (idiom)
Radical practice
Notice how all of the above (except gold) have a radical based on 金 (钅, metal, gold), 气 (air, gas), or 石 (stone). Makes sense based on each element right? ;)
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h0bg0blin-meat · 3 months
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lunartexan · 1 year
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🧑🏻‍🔬THE PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS👩🏿‍🔬
(Note: I am not a chemist, just someone who enjoys science, if I made any errors please let me know, thank you and I hope you enjoy reading this)
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Ever wonder about this bad boy? While here's a quick crash course on it and some of it groups!
What is it?
The Periodic Table is an arrangement of rows and columns used to display and predict what elements exist and their properties based upon where they fall.
The farther right and down you go, the "heavier" the elements get as they have more Protons, going from 1 Proton for Hydrogen to as of now 118 Protons for Oganesson. Each Collum, excluding the Transition Metals and Rare Earth Series, have similar chemical properties.
Along with this, excluding the Transition Metals, as you go left to right the number of Valence Electrons increases by 1 up to 8 before flipping around back to 1. Valence Electrons can be thought of as the Hands of Atoms, being how they interact and react with each other; a free valence electron spot being a place another atom can bond to like an open hand, while an occupied valence electron spot is like a full hand slapping away other potential electrons.
Each valence group, along with the Transition Metals, builds up the base of all of Chemistry and the universe. So lets have a look at a few of them, shall we?
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The Alkaline-Earth Metals
The Alkaline-Earth Metals are the two first columns of the Periodic table, and are often sub-divided into the Alkaline Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals. Both groups however do share some properties, often being softer metals that are extremely reactive.
Most famously, they react with water to produce Hydrogen and some heat amount of heat. On the more reactive side such as Lithium and Sodium, this means upon contact with water they will explode, sending red hot metal flying with a violent blast. On the less extreme end such as Magnesium or Calcium, they can be used as ways to produce Hydrogen in small quantities.
Not only are they reactive with water, but also air, oxidizing rapidly in the air and in the case of Magnesium having an extremely violent and energetic reaction when lit on fire.
They also all like to bond with chlorine to produce salts such as Sodium chloride, or more commonly known as humble Table Salt.
After the neat uniformity of the Alkaline-Earth metals, we reach,
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The Transition Metals
The Transition Metals are not transgender metals, but rather a large collection of various metals that don't as neatly fit into rows or columns as the other Elemental groupings. Most notably, they have no Valence Electron Shell patterns, meaning you often have to search out the specific Transition Metal you are working with to know how many spots it has still open. They are by far the largest single group of elements within the Periodic Table, and chances are if you think of a metal it will be a transition metal.
It includes some famous stars such as Iron, Gold, Copper, Titanium, Lead, Zinc, Osmium, Tungsten, and Silver. As you can tell from the diverse cast of elements, all of these have wildly varying properties; take the strength and hardness of Iron and Tungsten compared Gold and Zinc as an example.
However they are not totally dissimilar as they are all still metals, meaning they share the properties of Metals. These include high thermal and electrical conductivity, liking to gobble up ions, are highly ductile (the ability to be pulled and bent into wire without breaking), form Cations (positively charged ions), and other such Metal traits.
Truly a party of metals, followed by,
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The Other Metals
As the name would suggest, these are some of the other metals and can be thought of as an extension of the Transition Metals.
However their proximity to the other groups gives a few of these metals such as Aluminum more unique chemical behaviors compared to the standard transition metals, which is why sometimes you'll see some disagreement and debate about which ones, if any, should be placed into the next group,
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The Metalloids
The Metalloids border between the Metals and the Non Metals, and as such are unique in having properties of both Metals and Non Metals.
Most famous of the Metalloids is arguably Silicon, which makes of the base of the modern world through its semiconductor properties in circuit boards and chips like the one bring used to allow you to read these very words.
Another famous, or perhaps infamous, Metalloid is Arsenic, used in as many poisoning murders for its toxic lethality as paintings and dyes for its beautiful vibrant green hue when turned into a pigment.
And if Arsenic is a bit too deadly for your liking, Gallium is always an option, used in old vacuum tube era computing and lighting. Along with its vintage past, it also has a melting point of 85.58°F or 29.76°C, just shy of room temperature; meaning if you hold a piece of Gallium in your hand, it will melt into a liquid - and unlike Mercury, it is non toxic making it far safer to play with, although it does stick to glass and stain objects so be careful if you do play with it to not let it touch something you don't want getting stained.
And as hinted just before, let us introduce the one and only,
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The Non Metals
The Non Metals are a small but extremely unique and important group. All of these elements as the name would suggest sharing the properties of being Non Metals, meaning they are all for the most part poor thermal and electrical conduct, have poor ductility, and form Anions (negatively charged ions).
If you are biologist of any kind, you may also notice this group contains many elements crucial for organic life; the three most important of which without doubt being Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen.
Along with Nitrogen and a few other elements, these elements firm the basis of all life on Earth. From the air you breathe being a Nitrogen-Oxygen mix, to your cells being based on Carbon, to the very DNA that created you. All of it based on Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen.
And while Oxygen may have taken the honor of the name of Oxidation, it has nothing on the next group,
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The Halogens
The Halogens, due to missing just one election to be totally stable, are some of the most violently reactive elements on the entire Periodic Table, with Fluorine even known to be able to eat through glass if given enough time.
It might be surprising to hear then that the Halogens also produce some of the most chemically stable compounds known on Earth, such as Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), A.K.A., Teflon. This is because when these elements create compounds they become stable, meaning to break them apart you need an equal amount of energy to do so, and the energy requirement for Halogen compounds is often massive, making them chemically hardy.
Outside of Teflon and eating glass, the less reactive of the Halogens also are used in medicine as a way to sterilize an area. Most commonly and famously used would be Iodine, which not only has a beautiful purple hue, but is also used in surgeries to sterilize equipment and areas before operations, saving countless lives from infections every day.
In contrast to the reactive Halogens, we have next,
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The Nobel Gases
The Nobel Gases like any true Nobels with wealth and status don't like to get involved in the common peasantry's squabbles. In the world of chemicals and elements, this means their full valence electron shells don't stubbornly refuse to chemically react with any other element, and the compounds they do form are often unstable and want to fall apart back into a Nobel Gas and whatever common element it wound up stuck with.
While this lack of reacting does make them rather boring from a reaction perspective, it does make them extremely useful when you do not want things chemically reacting by acting as a buffer between other elements; most easily seen in high end car lights, often filled with Xeon or other Nobel Gases to make sure no matter how hot the light gets it doesn't react chemically and degrade.
Along with protecting lights, they can also be used for lights. Due to their unreactive nature in even high energy environments, it makes them perfect to be used to fill a sealed glass tube that has power shot through it; otherwise known as a Neon Light. However despite the name, not all Neon Lights are filled with Neon, only the orange-red ones are. Other colors such as blues and greens come from the other Nobel Gasses depending on their spectrum emissions.
And on light and degradation, last but not least we have,
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The Rare Earth Metals
The Rare Earth Metals can be and often are split into two smaller groups, the upper Lanthanide series and the lower Actinide series.
The upper Lanthanides are all rather chemically similar, meaning they can often be treated somewhat interchangeably in a chemical sense. Their most notable use is without a doubt their ferro magnetic properties, making some of the most powerful magnets on Earth barring electro-magnets. Neodymium magnets are by far the most famous of them, being known to be able to leap across across tables and smash fingers if not handled carefully, while holding up hundreds of pounds of weight.
In contrast, the lower Actinide series is the domain of many of the Radioactive elements and sees the boundary line between the natural and artificial elements. All of them are radioactive to various degrees with decreasing half life lengths.
It is here Thorium and Uranium is found, being the heart of both terrifying bombs and the cleanest sources of energy known to mankind. Beyond Uranium, all the elements are artificial and must be made by humans in breeder reactors.
Despite their association with atom bombs and nuclear reactors, many of these elements also have far more mundane uses. Americium is used in common household Smoke Detectors, saving untold numbers of lives and dollars in property through early warnings of smoke and fire. Other ones are used by NASA and other space agencies in Radioisotope thermoelectric generators or R.T.G.s, used to power spacecraft like Voyager 2 and the Mars Curiosity Rover thousands of miles away from Earth where conventional solar panels would be too heavy, unwieldy, and inefficient so far away from the Sun.
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berosgarden · 5 months
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art of chars based on the chemical elements 1-18
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fallensapphires · 8 months
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Science: The Periodic Table
If you memorize the periodic table it will speed you up if you're a chemist, but by and large, the reason you have a periodic table is so that you can store that information outside of your body. That way it frees up some part of your brain to do something else...
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kiwi-tmntfan · 1 year
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hydrogenheliumlithiumberylliumboroncarbonnitrogenoxygenfluorineneonsodiummagnesiumalluminumsilicionphosphorussulfurchlorineargonpotassiumcalciumscamdiumtitaniumvanadiumchromiummanganeseironcobaltnickelcopperzincgalliumgermaniumarsenicseleniumbrominekryptonrubidiumstrontiumyttriumzirconiumniobiummolybdenumtechnetiumrutheniumrhodiumpallasiumsilvercadmiumindiumtinantimonytelluriumiodinexenoncaesiumbariumlanthanumceriumpraseodymiumneodymiumpromethiumsamariumeuropiumgadoliniumterbiumdysprosiumholmiumerbiumthuliumytterbiumlutetiumhafniumtantalumtungstenrheniumosmiumiridiumplatinumgoldmercurythalliumleadbismuthpoloniumastatineradonfranciumradiumactiniumthoriumprotactiniumuraniumneptuniumplutoniumamericiumberkeliumcaliforniumeinsteiniumfermiummendeleviumnobeliumlawrenciumrutherfordiumdubniumseaborgiumbohriumhassiummeitneriumdarmstadtiumroentgeniumcoperniciumnihoniumfleroviummoscoviumlivermoriumtennessineoganesson
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classicalshorts · 8 months
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Show Me Your Metal (5)
Fe                    ferrum was the Latin for iron, which also survives in the scientific term ‘ferrous’ meaning ‘containing iron.’ ferrum was also a word for sword, referencing the metal from which they were made. I hope that has IRONed out any confusion. ENOUGH!
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spiritheyregone · 11 months
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Yttrium samples. (Wikipedia)
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fmk-polls · 4 months
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er-cryptid · 1 year
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pleoprizmane · 1 year
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h0bg0blin-meat · 8 months
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Fluorine: *sucking on a popsicle* Helium: Pfft, you practicing for when Xenon gets here? Fluorine: *takes a huge ass bite out of the popsicle* Helium: *Concerned*
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scorpionshoney · 1 year
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Lunar phases & phenomena, Maria Clara Eimmart style with a touch of alchemy.
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observermadeleine · 10 months
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how to remember some symbols of chemical elements?
• what do you say when a gold bar falls on your foot? AU!
gold - Au
gold itself is pretty heavy.
• have you ever had the bloody taste in your mouth? or have you ever chew a spoon as a child (or now)? it is disgusting FEEE!
iron - Fe
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jcmarchi · 22 days
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Webb Unlocks Secrets of One of the Most Distant Galaxies Ever Seen - Technology Org
New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/webb-unlocks-secrets-of-one-of-the-most-distant-galaxies-ever-seen-technology-org/
Webb Unlocks Secrets of One of the Most Distant Galaxies Ever Seen - Technology Org
Looking deeply into space and time, two teams using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have studied the exceptionally luminous galaxy GN-z11, which existed when our 13.8 billion-year-old universe was only about 430 million years old.
Initially detected with NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, this galaxy — one of the youngest and most distant ever observed  — is so bright that it is challenging scientists to understand why. Now, GN-z11 is giving up some of its secrets.
Vigorous Black Hole Is Most Distant Ever Found
A team studying GN-z11 with Webb found the first clear evidence that the galaxy is hosting a central, supermassive black hole rapidly accreting matter. Their finding makes this the farthest active supermassive black hole spotted to date.
“We found extremely dense gas that is common in the vicinity of supermassive black holes accreting gas,” explained principal investigator Roberto Maiolino of the Cavendish Laboratory and the Kavli Institute of Cosmology at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. “These were the first clear signatures that GN-z11 is hosting a black hole that is gobbling matter.”
Image: GOODS-North field of galaxies
This image from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument shows a portion of the GOODS-North field of galaxies. At lower right, a pullout highlights the galaxy GN-z11, which is seen at a time just 430 million years after the big bang. The image reveals an extended component, tracing the GN-z11 host galaxy, and a central compact source whose colors are consistent with those of an accretion disk surrounding a black hole. Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Brant Robertson (UC Santa Cruz), Ben Johnson (CfA), Sandro Tacchella (Cambridge), Marcia Rieke (University of Arizona), Daniel Eisenstein (CfA)
Using Webb, the team also found indications of ionized chemical elements typically observed near accreting supermassive black holes. Additionally, they discovered a very powerful wind being expelled by the galaxy. Such high-velocity winds are typically driven by processes associated with vigorously accreting supermassive black holes.
“Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) has revealed an extended component, tracing the host galaxy, and a central, compact source whose colors are consistent with those of an accretion disk surrounding a black hole,” said investigator Hannah Übler, also of the Cavendish Laboratory and the Kavli Institute.
Together, this evidence shows that GN-z11 hosts a 2-million-solar-mass, supermassive black hole in a very active phase of consuming matter, which is why it’s so luminous.
Pristine Gas Clump in GN-z11’s Halo Intrigues Researchers
A second team, also led by Maiolino, used Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) to find a gaseous clump of helium in the halo surrounding GN-z11.
“The fact that we don’t see anything else beyond helium suggests that this clump must be fairly pristine,” said Maiolino. “This is something that was expected by theory and simulations in the vicinity of particularly massive galaxies from these epochs — that there should be pockets of pristine gas surviving in the halo, and these may collapse and form Population III star clusters.”
Finding the never-before-seen Population III stars — the first generation of stars formed almost entirely from hydrogen and helium — is one of the most important goals of modern astrophysics. These stars are anticipated to be massive, luminous, and hot. Their expected signature is the presence of ionized helium and the absence of chemical elements heavier than helium.
The formation of the first stars and galaxies marks a fundamental shift in cosmic history, during which the universe evolved from a dark and relatively simple state into the highly structured and complex environment we see today.
Image: Pristine Gas Clump Near GN-z11
This two-part graphic shows evidence of a gaseous clump of helium in the halo surrounding galaxy GN-z11. In the top portion, at the far right, a small box identifies GN-z11 in a field of galaxies. The middle box shows a zoomed-in image of the galaxy. The box at the far left displays a map of the helium gas in the halo of GN-z11, including a clump that does not appear in the infrared colors shown in the middle panel. In the lower half of the graphic, a spectrum shows the distinct “fingerprint” of helium in the halo. The full spectrum shows no evidence of other elements and so suggests that the helium clump must be fairly pristine, made of hydrogen and helium gas left over from the big bang, without much contamination from heavier elements produced by stars. Theory and simulations in the vicinity of particularly massive galaxies from these epochs predict that there should be pockets of pristine gas surviving in the halo, and these may collapse and form Population III star clusters. Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Ralf Crawford (STScI)
In future Webb observations, Maiolino, Übler, and their team will explore GN-z11 in greater depth, and they hope to strengthen the case for the Population III stars that may be forming in its halo.
Astronomy & Astrophysics has accepted the research on the pristine gas clump in GN-z11’s halo for publication. The study results of GN-z11’s black hole were published in the journal Nature. The data was obtained from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), a joint project between the NIRCam and NIRSpec teams.
Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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violentultraviolet · 2 months
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Here's another drawing of Hydrogen and Carbon before I travel down to the 10th circle of hell tomorrow (school)
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