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#desmethyltramadol
mitragaia · 2 years
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Why should you use lab tested kratom powder?
Kratom has been a popular herb among laborers in Asian countries as a way to prevent burnout since quite some time, but it has likely been used as a medicine for much longer. It is a powerful central nervous system stimulant, much like its close relative, coffee. Kratom however, is also a psychoactive substance especially in higher doses. It is a powerful painkiller and has euphoric feelings, much like opiate painkillers. The effects of kratom are unique — it has some qualities that are stimulating, others that are sedative. The dose and strain of kratom determines the effects. In lower doses it can work as a painkiller but also makes users feel alert and energized.
Kratom leaves are chewed fresh, smoked, or powdered and brewed as a strong tea. The most common way of consuming the plant is to mix the dried, powdered leaves which make the kratom powder with a glass of water. This produces a strong and bitter drink.
Kratom has a long history of medical uses that range from infection and bladder disease, fevers, diarrhea, diabetes, fatigue, and mental health disorders. These days, lab tested kratom powder is primarily used for its mood enhancing abilities, help with cognitive function, energy boosting capabilities, and painkilling benefits. Some users take the herb as an alternative to prescription painkillers or to help wean themselves off addictive opiate medications, as it helps a lot with opiate withdrawal symptoms. Kratom is considered to be one of the most effective herbal pain relievers — second only to opium.
Importance of quality test for kratom
Kratom is currently being explored as an alternative to methadone as the standard treatment for opiate addiction in developing countries due to its impressive safety profile and widespread availability. Lab tested kratom powder has also been found effective in battling mild symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, such as restlessness, anxiety, aches, pains, and dips in mood.
Similar to other natural psychoactive substances, lab tested kratom powder can also catalyze deep emotional, psychological, and interpersonal healing. It’s reported to liberate users from the constraints of everyday patterns in behavior. It’s used short-term to boost mental energy and focus, and long-term to enhance overall mental endurance and stamina. Kratom has been shown to have clear antidepressant and anti-anxiety benefits in animal studies.
Kratom is generally considered safe — but there are some caveats. We need more long-term clinical studies before we can jump to any definitive conclusions. So far, we know that mitragynine — one of the active ingredients in lab tested kratom powder — demonstrates very little toxicity, even in large doses. Kratom products vary in quality — different preparations may contain dangerous adulterants. Some samples of kratom have been found to contain prescription painkillers like fentanyl, hydrocodone, or morphine. Other kratom products have been found to contain significantly less kratom than advertised on their packaging. There have been reports of vendors mixing kratom with stimulant medications such as modafinil that have led to seizures. In Sweden, nine people died from a “boosted kratom formula” called Krypton. This product contained a combination of kratom, caffeine, and O-desmethyltramadol.
Since kratom has been traditionally used as medication and affects central nervous system in a very straightforward manner, it is crucial that people buy only lab tested kratom powder to avoid any potential negative side effects and only reap the benefits.
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literallynerm · 2 years
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One effective method to studying pharmacology.
Starting with the basic low grade opiates/opioids. Kratom, Tramadol, DXM, and Codeine. Essentially, this is opioids for beginners. I should explain, I am using Codeine as the reference molecule. Kratom, Tramadol, and DXM have very similar pharmacological profiles. And we are comparing them in relation to each other as well as using Codeine as a baseline control group. More about the 3: They all affect Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Opiate, and NMDA receptors. Additionally, DXM and Tramadol also affect nicotinic receptors.
Kratom
Kratom behaves as an opioid receptor agonist similar in function to morphine and other opiates, although its pharmacological action and subjective effects differ significantly from those of traditional opiates.
Opioids exert their effects by binding to and activating the opioid receptors. They structurally mimic endogenous endorphins which are naturally found within the body and also work upon the opioid receptor system. The way in which opioids structurally mimic these natural endorphins results in their euphoric, pain-relieving and anxiolytic effects. This is because endorphins are responsible for reducing pain, causing sedation, and feelings of pleasure. They can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or general excitement.
Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine bind as partial agonists to the μ-opioid receptors and antagonistic to the κ- and δ-opioid receptors. They have high binding affinities to the µ- and κ-receptors. The binding affinity to the δ-receptors is high for 7-hydroxymitragynine, but weak for mitragynine.
Unlike most other opioids, kratom also presents affinity for the norepinephrine and serotonin receptor systems where it functions as an agonist. Its action on norepinephrine and serotonin also likely contributes to kratom's stimulating properties.
Additionally, kratom contains the alkaloid rhynchophylline, which functions as an NMDA receptor antagonist. This may be responsible for the mild dissociating effects which occur at heavy doses.
2. Tramadol (O-DSMT)
Tramadol is a 4-phenylpiperidine analog of codeine. Notably, it is not a morphinan opiate.
The R- and S- enantiomers of tramadol act on different receptors in a complimentary manner. The R- enantiomer is a selective agonist of the mu receptors and inhibits serotonin reuptake while the S- enantiomer inhibits noradrenaline reuptake. Tramadol acts as an opioid receptor agonist, serotonin releasing agent, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, NMDA receptor antagonist, 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, (α7)5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, TRPV1 receptor agonist, and M1 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.
Tramadol is metabolised to O-Desmethyltramadol (O-DSMT), a significantly more potent opioid.
The euphoric effects of tramadol stem from the way in which opioids bind to and activate the μ-opioid receptor. This occurs because opioids structurally mimic endogenous endorphins which are naturally found within the body and also work upon the μ-opioid receptor set. The way in which opioids structurally mimic these natural endorphins results in their euphoria, pain relief and anxiolytic effects. This is because endorphins are responsible for reducing pain, causing sleepiness, and feelings of pleasure. They can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or general excitement.
3. Dextromethorphan (DXO)
Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotatory molecule of the morphinan class.
The pharmacology of DXM is not completely understood. In vitro studies suggest that the primary mechanism of action of DXM is blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. NMDA receptors are a type of glutamate receptor; glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. Blockade of NMDA receptors therefore interferes with excitatory signaling in the central nervous system. This mechanism of action is similar to ketamine and PCP.
Rather than acting as a direct NMDA receptor antagonist itself, dextromethorphan acts as a prodrug of its much more potent metabolite dextrorphan, and this is the actual mediator of its dissociative effects.
Additional pharmacological mechanisms include actions as a nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor antagonist and a sigma-1 receptor agonist.
At high doses, DXM can cause an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure along with an increase in heart rate. DXM also increases blood plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone.
Although DXM is a morphine derivative, it isn't a strong μ-opioid agonist unlike most compounds in that class, such as heroin and codeine.
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smokemain23 · 3 years
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<h1 style="clear:both" id="content-section-0">Kratom For Pain Relief : Complete Beginners Guide To ... Can Be Fun For Everyone</h1>
Table of ContentsThe Ultimate Guide To The Strongest Kratom Strains For Energy, Sedation, Euphoria ...Little Known Questions About Want To Get Rid Of Your Pain? Which Is The Best Kratom For Pain ....Our What Are The Best Kratom Strains For Treating Chronic Pain? Diaries
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Best Kratom Strains For Pain And ...
They claim that kratom can bring back power, making you energetic and also more powerful. The native Thai used the leaves of kratom to treat diarrhea and muscular tissue pain. Others state that it can reduce high blood pressure suitable for people with high blood pressure. It additionally includes a material called epicatechin, a compound located in dark delicious chocolates that can promote excellent health.
Some customers of kratom claim that they make use of the plant as tea in order to slim down. Kratom can be beneficial in the adhering to means: Aids in relaxation Has Antioxidant properties Controls looseness of the bowels Improves energy Assists in pain administration Helps to decrease anxiousness and clinical depression Assists to have a peaceful sleep Improves emphasis Induces extended sex May aid with reducing weight Gives a tranquil impact Gives a feeling of health Reported to be an organic alternative to prescriptions Kratom has both favorable and also adverse results.
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Kratom individuals ought to be cautioned of the risks that kratom might possess, most specifically to those that are regularly using this type of compound. Kratom usage within a regulated quantity may offer beneficial impacts to an individual. It has an all-natural energizer impact, which is really practical in adding focus and increasing power and also alertness.
Constant and also modern kratom usage may bring about addiction due to the fact that it can cause the "delighted facility" of the mind. When the user takes the material, it comes to a factor where the individual might no more feel the exact same intensity with the same dose. Therefore, the user would then take larger doses to accomplish the desired outcome, which in turn might cause dependence.
One of one of the most popular kratom mixtures is 4100, a mixed drink made up of kratom and also codeine-based cough syrup or caffeinated drink. This combination can offer a similar effect as alcohol. Numerous reports of kratom use blended with various other drugs have actually led to significant health and wellness conditions. When kratom is used along with another mind-altering drug, it can bring about a deadly drug communication.
At low doses of 1-5 g, kratom may generate a moderate energizer result. A person might feel the effect 10 minutes after taking kratom, and this feeling may last for as much as 1.5 hours. The effects are less intense as amphetamine usage, as well as may consist of the following: Lowered appetite Intense sex drive Boosted alertness Raised power At moderate to high doses of 5-15 g, kratom may provide an opioid-like effect that might last for several hrs.
Best Strains Of Kratom For Back Pain Relief - Speciosa Guide Things To Know Before You Buy
A potent type of kratom called Krypton is believed to be the reason of a number of deaths in the U.S. Krypton is a mix of kratom and also O-desmethyltramadol, which triggers a rise in the depressive results on the main nerves. Itching Loss of electric motor control Queasiness as well as throwing up Long-lasting effects of kratom might trigger: Anorexia nervosa Hyperpigmentation Psychosis The impacts differ depending upon the sort of pressure and one's very own personal chemistry.
Strains that work in treating depression are: Green Malaysian Maeng Da Thai Kratom is likewise understood to treat stress and anxiety and also sleep problems. Stress that can be utilized for such problems are: Kratom reliance takes place after modern consumption of bigger dosages to accomplish the desired impacts. This is just one of the reasons many individuals are demanding this substance to be provided amongst the illegal drugs in the UNITED STATE.
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Top 5 Strongest Kratom Strains Similar ...
Kratom dependency will certainly need treatment the like any kind of other opioid addiction. Therapy might involve recovery as well as detoxing, in addition to management of withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal signs and symptoms can also be experienced when kratom consumption is all of a sudden stopped. Such effects resemble opiate withdrawal, consisting of the following: Stomach and also muscular tissue discomfort Cravings for kratom Looseness of the bowels High blood stress Irritation Sweating Kratom can be categorized according to different pressures, along with the varieties of the shade of veins and also stems.
The strength of kratom may be recognized based either on the area or its shade strain. Right here are the kratom stress based on stem and also capillary shade: These stress generate energy as well as performance. Leaves from white stem kratom create more stimulating results than the red capillary variety. The eco-friendly fallen leaves varieties are believed to offer clearer thinking and endurance.
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Top 15 Kratom Strains Chart [2020 ...
A number of research studies showed that the environment-friendly capillary variety help in dealing with anxiousness as well as clinical depression. This kind causes peace, sedation, and leisure, which is the reverse of both other pressures. After the initial rush of power, the soothing effect happens. This selection is commonly used to give pain relief and also as a substitute for opiate detoxification.
Kratom pressures based on location are as adheres to: This is just one of one of the most well-known kinds of kratom. Maeng Da essentially suggests "The Pander", and was called nearly two decades back. It was thought that this pressure was genetically changed to be able to offer its effects. It is a preferred option amongst functioning men.
The Main Principles Of Kratom For Pain Management - Krave Kratom
Implanting became a prominent strategy in some Indonesian ranches, with the goal of generating the toughest kratom. This type of kratom has white, dosage environment-friendly as well as red ranges, wherein the white and eco-friendly are a lot more popular. Maeng Da is preferred with those 2 varieties due to the fact that it provides effective mind-boosting and also power increasing effects come with by an analgesic result.
Unfortunately, individuals may develop tolerance easily due to the fact that its effect develops quickly. A big component of kratom supply comes from this island, second to Maeng Da in popularity. It has four stress where the red as well as eco-friendly strains are the most preferred. Red Borneo: This stress has a sedating and calming result.
White Borneo: This is rather popular to reduce sensations of sleepiness, anxiety, as well as lack of emphasis. Environment-friendly Borneo: This is one of the most preferred of all Borneo stress since it helps boost over-all mood to a blissful level. It is known to remove pains and also pains in persistent conditions. Blended Borneo: This is a combination of all 3 strains.
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denirohero · 4 years
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Steiner&#39;s suspension overturned by CAS after horsebox driver&#39;s urination found to have caused ...
... arbitrator was told the horsebox driver who was part of Steiner's team, had taken tramadol, a metabolite of o-desmethyltramadol for back pain relief. from Google Alert - Back Pain https://ift.tt/3gmRrer
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What is tramadol, How dangerous is it?
In the body, tramadol is processed into various particles, the most significant of which is O-desmethyltramadol; this ties substantially more unequivocally to the mu-narcotic receptor than tramadol does, making it more strong than the parent compound. So tramadol is actually a supportive of medication, a particle that is changed over by the body's digestion into the pharmacologically dynamic medication.
Widespread use:
Maybe, of course, tramadol has raised its head in sport. After he resigned in 2012, the expert cyclist Michael Barry wrote in his collection of memoirs, Shadows on the Road, that he'd utilized tramadol while cycling in the Sky group.
The Egyptian problem:
Egypt has a specific issue with tramadol. It is a physician recommended drug in the UK and a Schedule IV controlled substance in the US, however in Egypt, any narcotic, including tramadol and codeine, is a controlled substance. Therefore, carrying it into the country without earlier authorization, particularly in enormous amounts (Laura Plummer had 290 tablets), will land you in a tough situation.
So if you are going to take drugs abroad, even your own medications, you should check carefully how they are viewed at your destination. A legal drug in one country could lead to a very long prison sentence – or even worse – in another.
Check it
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huyfinizz · 4 years
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Thuốc Dianfagic : Liều dùng & lưu ý, hướng dẫn sử dụng, tác dụng phụ
Thuốc Dianfagic là gì?
Thuốc Dianfagic là thuốc ETC – dùng trong điều trị giảm đau trong các trường hợp đau nặng hoặc trung bình và những trường hợp đau khi có chống chỉ định hoặc dùng các thuốc giảm đau khác không có hiệu quả.
Tên biệt dược
Thuốc được đăng kí dưới tên Dianfagic.
Dạng trình bày
Thuốc được bào chế dưới dạng viên nang cứng.
Quy cách đóng gói
Thuốc Dianfagic được đóng gói dưới dạng hộp 2 vỉ x 10 viên.
Phân loại
Thuốc Dianfagic thuộc nhóm thuốc kê đơn ETC.
Số đăng ký
Thuốc Dianfagic được đăng kí dưới số VD-17859-12
Thời hạn sử dụng
Sử dụng thuốc Dianfagic trong thời hạn 24 tháng kể từ ngày sản xuất. Không sử dụng thuốc đã hết hạn sử dụng ghi trên bao bì.
Nơi sản xuất
Thuốc Dianfagic được sản xuất tại công ty cổ phần dược Minh Hải – Việt Nam.
Thành phần của thuốc Dianfagic
Paracetamol 325 mg.
Tramadol Hydrochloride 37,5 mg.
Tinh bột 25 mg.
Lactose 30,5 mg.
PVP 4,2 mg.
Eragel 6,3 mg.
Talc 8,3 mg.
Magnesi Stearat 3,2 mg.
Nước tinh khiết 0,05 ml.
Công dụng của Dianfagic trong việc điều trị bệnh
Dianfagic được chỉ định để làm giảm triệu chứng giảm đau trong các trường hợp đau nặng hoặc trung bình và những trường hợp đau khi có chống chỉ định hoặc dùng các thuốc giảm đau khác không có hiệu quả.
Hướng dẫn sử dụng thuốc Dianfagic
Cách sử dụng
Thuốc dùng đường uống.
Đối tượng sử dụng
Thuốc Dianfagic được dùng cho người lớn và trẻ em trên 15 tuổi.
Liều dùng
Liều lượng và số lần dùng thuốc phụ thuộc vào tình trạng đau cấp tính hay mạn tính nhưng tốt nhất là thời gian tối đa không quá 7 ngày cho một đợt điều trị.
– Người lớn và trẻ em trên 15 tuổi: Uống 1 – 2 viên/ lần, cách 4 – 6 giờ/lần. Tổng liều một ngày không quá 400mg Tramadol Hydrochloride.
– Đối với bệnh nhân suy giảm chức năng thận:
Nếu độ thanh thải Creatinin < 30 ml/phút: Khoảng cách giữa 2 lần dùng thuốc là 12 giờ và tổng liều không vượt quá 200 mg/ngày.
Nếu độ thanh thải Creatinin < 10 ml/phút: Không được dùng Tramadol.
– Đối với bệnh nhân suy giảm chức năng gan nặng: Liều một lần 50 mg, cách 12 giờ/lần.
Lưu ý đối với người dùng thuốc Dianfagic
Chống chỉ định
Thuốc Dianfagic chống chỉ định trong các trường hợp:
Quá mẫn với thuốc hoặc Opioid.
Ngộ độc cấp hoặc dùng quá liều các thuốc ức chế thần kinh trung ương như: Rượu, thuốc ngủ, thuốc giảm đau trung ương, các Opioid hoặc các thuốc điều trị tâm thần.
Người đang dùng thuốc ức chế IMAO hoặc mới dùng (ngừng thuốc chưa đến 15 ngày).
Suy hô hấp nặng, suy gan nặng, trẻ em dưới 15 tuổi, phụ nữ đang cho con bú.
Động kinh chưa kiểm soát được bằng điều trị.
Nghiện Opioid.
Tác dụng phụ
Co giật (khi quá liều).
Quá mẫn.
Suy hô hấp hiếm gặp.
Chóng mặt.
Hồi hộp, loạn nhịp.
Mặt tái, thiếu máu cơ tim.
Buồn ngủ, ngủ, đau nửa đầu, kích thích, run rẫy, ù tai.
Tê tay, lo âu.
Mệt mỏi, chảy mồ hôi, mất cảm giác, tiểu khó.
Khô môi, bần thần, mất phối hợp, u sầu, hoa mắt, mau quên, trầm cảm.
Buồn nôn, nôn, đầy bụng.
Tăng trương lực cơ.
Bí tiểu, ít tiểu, mất kinh, tiểu khó, rối loạn kinh nguyệt.
Lệ thuộc thuốc.
*Thông báo cho bác sỹ biết các tác dụng không mong muốn gặp phải khi sử dụng thuốc*
Sử dụng ở phụ nữ có thai
Do thuốc đi qua được nhau thai nên không dùng thuốc trước khi chuyển dạ hoặc trong khi chuyển dạ trừ trường hợp hiệu quả mong đợi thật sự lớn hơn nguy cơ. Phụ nữ mang thai nếu dùng Tramadol Hydrochloride dài ngày có thể gây nghiện thuốc và hội chứng cai cho trẻ sau khi sinh.
Sử dụng thuốc Dianfagic ở phụ nữ cho con bú
Thuốc vào sữa mẹ và sự an toàn cho trẻ sơ sinh và trẻ nhỏ không nên dùng thuốc trong thời kì cho con bú.
Xử lý khi quá liều
Quá liều phụ thuộc vào liều dùng, thường có biểu hiện là: Nôn, co giật, bối rối, lo âu, nhịp nhanh, tăng huyết áp, hôn mê, suy hô hấp.
– Xử trí: Tùy theo mức độ quá liều mà có phương pháp xử trí khác nhau. Trước tiên phải duy trì tình trạng thông khí tốt, điều trị tích cực, chống co giật bằng thuốc ngủ nhóm Barbiturat hoặc dẫn xuất Benzodiazepin.
– Nếu ngộ độc theo đường uống có thể cho uống than hoạt để tăng hấp thu, giảm hấp thu Tramadol Hydrochloride, nhưng lợi ích về lâm sàng chưa được nghiên cứu (mới nghiên cứu ở chuột).
Cách xử lý khi quên liều
Thông tin về cách xử lý khi quên liều sử dụng của thuốc đang được cập nhật.
Thông tin thêm
Đặc tính dược lực học:
Paracetamol là chất chuyển hóa có hoạt tính của Phenacetin, là thuốc giảm đau hạ sốt hữu hiệu. Paracetamol tác động lên vùng dưới đồi gây hạ nhiệt, tỏa nhiệt tăng do giãn mạch và tăng lưu lượng máu ngoại biên.
– Với liều điều trị, Paracetamol chỉ tác động đến Cyclooxygenase/Prostaglandin của hệ thần kinh trung ương, ít tác động đến hệ tim mạch và hô hấp, không làm thay đổi cân bằng Acid – Base, không gây kích ứng, xước hoặc chảy máu dạ dày.
– Tramadol Hydrochloride là thuốc giảm đau tổng hợp loại Opioid có tác dụng giảm đau theo cơ chế trung ương và có thể gây nghiện như Morphin. Thuốc và chất chuyển hóa O- Desmethyltramadol (M1) của Tramadol Hydrochloride gắn vào thụ thể μ của nơron thần kinh và làm giảm sự tái nhập Norepinephrin và Serotonin vào tế bào nên có tác dụng giảm đau.
– Tác dụng giảm đau xuất hiện sau khi dùng thuốc 1 giờ và đạt tác dụng tối đa sau 2 – 3 giờ. Khác với Morphin, Tramadol Hydrochloride không gây giải phóng Histamin, không ảnh hưởng đến tần số tim và chức năng thất trái và ở liều điều trị Tramadol Hydrochloride ít ức chế hô hấp hơn Morphin.
Đặc tính dược động học:
Paracetamol được hấp thu nhanh chóng và hầu như hoàn toàn qua đường tiêu hóa. Nồng độ đỉnh trong huyết tương đạt trong vòng 30 – 60 phút sau khi uống với liều điều trị.
Paracetamol phân bố nhanh và đồng đều trong phần lớn các mô của cơ thể. Khoảng 25% Paracetamol trong máu kết hợp với Protein huyết tương.
Tramadol Hydrochloride hấp thu tốt qua đường tiêu hóa nhưng có sự chuyển hóa lần đầu qua gan mạnh nên sinh khả dụng tuyệt đối của thuốc chỉ đạt 75%. Thời gian đạt nồng độ tối đa trong máu khác nhau giữa Tramadol Hydrochloride và chất chuyển hóa. Tramadol Hydrochloride có nồng độ tối đa trong máu sau khi dùng 2 giờ, còn sản phẩm chuyển hóa MI là 3 giờ.
Thuốc được thải trừ chủ yếu qua thận 90% và 10% qua phân, dưới dạng chưa chuyển hóa chiếm tỉ lệ 30% và đã chuyển hóa là 60%. Thuốc đi qua nhau thai và sữa mẹ. Nửa đời thải trừ của Tramadol Hydrochloride là 6,3 giờ còn của MI là 7,4 giờ.
Hướng dẫn bảo quản
Điều kiện bảo quản
Bảo quản thuốc ở nơi khô mát, dưới 30°C, tránh ánh sáng.
Thời gian bảo quản
Bảo quản thuốc trong vòng 24 tháng kể từ ngày sản xuất.
Thông tin mua thuốc
Nơi bán thuốc
Có thể mua thuốc Dianfagic tại Chợ y tế xanh để đảm bảo về chất lượng và độ tin cậy.
Giá bán
Giá sản phẩm thường xuyên thay đổi và có thể không giống nhau giữa các điểm bán. Vui lòng liên hệ hoặc đến trực tiếp điểm bán gần nhất để biết giá chính xác của thuốc Dianfagic vào thời điểm này.
Hình ảnh tham khảo
Thuốc Dianfagic viên nang
Nguồn tham khảo
DrugBank
Bài viết Thuốc Dianfagic : Liều dùng & lưu ý, hướng dẫn sử dụng, tác dụng phụ đã xuất hiện đầu tiên vào ngày Medplus.vn.
source https://songkhoe.medplus.vn/thuoc-dianfagic-lieu-dung-luu-y-huong-dan-su-dung-tac-dung-phu-2/
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beckettmoba468-blog · 5 years
Text
Interested To Hear Some Info On Kratom: Is It Safe?
Kratom for Pain: Can It Battle the Opioid Crisis?
You may have become aware of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), an natural supplement utilized traditionally in Southeast Asia for energy and to assist reduce pains and pains . Obtained from a type of evergreen tree, kratom includes alkaloid compounds called mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
How It Might Work
It's thought that mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine might assist control discomfort by connecting to proteins called opioid receptors and, in turn, reducing pain perception. Opioid drugs (a class of medications used for pain relief) work in a similar manner, by minimizing the strength of discomfort signals reaching the brain. They also reduce the effects of uncomfortable stimuli by influencing brain areas involved in regulating feeling.
Kratom is stated to be a moderate stimulant in lower doses and a sedative in higher doses.
Utilizes
While kratom is traditionally used to boost energy and relieve tension, recently, kratom has acquired appeal as an alternative to opioid discomfort medications like hydrocodone (e.g., Vicodin) and oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin). In a lot of cases, kratom is utilized to handle chronic pain related to conditions such as arthritis and fibromyalgia.
Kratom is also significantly utilized as an natural approach to reducing symptoms related to opioid withdrawal, such as muscle pains and state of mind disturbance.
An Opioid Alternative?
Given that 1999, the variety of prescription opioids offered in the U.S. nearly quadrupled, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Avoidance (CDC). Throughout that time, the variety of deaths from prescription opioids has actually likewise quadrupled. In addition, more people passed away from drug overdoses in 2014 than in any other year on record, with more than six out of 10 of those deaths including an opioid.
Many proponents of kratom suggest that the herb might work as a service to the opioid crisis, both by providing another option for discomfort relief and by assisting those having a hard time to overcome opioid dependency.
Guideline
On August 30, 2016, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) announced their intent to put 2 of the herb's active constituents on its Arrange I drug list as early as September 30, 2016.
The DEA withdrew its notice of intent in October 2016 and opened an main public comment period lasting till December 1, 2016.
Likewise including heroin and MDMA, Schedule I drugs are considered to have "no currently accepted medical use and a high capacity for abuse." Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are the kratom constituents set to be classified as Arrange I drugs, making ownership or sale of the herb unlawful. Kratom would stay on the Schedule I list for a minimum of two years.
The DEA's intent to put mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine on its Arrange I drug list was consulted with a fantastic offer of reaction. In mid-September, 2016, for example, protesters held a march and rally at Lafayette Park in Washington, D.C., and provided a petition signed by over 120,000 people opposing the restriction.
At the rally, Botanical Education Alliance director Travis Lowin mentioned that the DEA "has failed Americans in its efforts to combat the opioid epidemic, and targeting kratom will make the scenario worse."
According to those opposing the restriction, putting kratom's alkaloids on the Arrange I drug list would also suppress additional research on the compounds.
On November 14, 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, MD, provided a public health advisory about risks connected with kratom.
The Research study
So far, published research on kratom's possible benefits as a painkiller and opioid option is really scarce. The offered research consists of a report released in the International Journal on Drug Policy in 2010, for which researchers surveyed 136 active users of kratom and discovered that the herb was " explained as economical, easily readily available and having no serious side effects despite prolonged use." This report included no screening of kratom's health effects or possible hazards.
youtube
In a more recent report, released in Alcohol and drug Dependence in 2014, researchers surveyed 293 regular kratom users and identified that more than half had established severe reliance problems. Symptoms connected with kratom withdrawal consisted of muscle convulsions, sleep disturbance, anger, and stress .
A mouse-based study published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2016 suggests that kratom may not slow breathing to the exact same extent as other drugs like morphine. Offered that deaths due to opioid overdose are typically the result of breathing depression, the study's finding recommends that further research on the compounds in kratom is necessitated.
Adverse Effects and Security Concerns
Kratom appears to trigger nausea, throwing up, sweating, and dizziness, in many cases.
From January 2010 through December 2015, U.S. toxin centers received 660 calls associated to kratom exposure, according to the DEA.
The DEA likewise mentions that use of kratom can result in addiction, and that " a number of cases of psychosis resulting from making use of kratom have been reported, where individuals addicted to kratom exhibited psychotic signs, including hallucinations, deception, and confusion."
Withdrawal symptoms, which are generally perceived to be milder in contrast to opioid drugs, have been reported, such as increased muscle convulsions and pain, difficulty sleeping, hot flashes, fever, watery eyes, runny nose, decreased hunger, mood disruptions, and diarrhea.
Case reports have reported sleepiness, irritation, palpitations, high blood pressure, poor concentration, sleeping disorders, hypothyroidism, seizures, psychosis, liver disease, and coma in people utilizing kratom, it's unclear how much is entirely due to kratom.
Threats appear to be higher when it's taken in concentrated extracts (which have a greater strength), combined with other psychoactive compounds, drugs, or adulterants, or when it's taken by people with alcohol use conditions, a history of heroin abuse, or particular health conditions.
The DEA noted that kratom has actually been related to 30 deaths throughout the world, with none appearing to https://www.trustpilot.com/review/buy-kratom.us be entirely due to kratom. Of the 15 declared kratom-related deaths that took place in between 2014 and 2016, 14 involved other drugs or illegal substances . A cluster of 9 deadly overdoses in Sweden was linked to a product marketed as "Krypton", which was discovered to be laced with O-desmethyltramadol, an opiate related to tramadol.
According to the FDA advisory, "the FDA understands reports of 36 deaths associated with using items including kratom."
You can find out more about using supplements safely, however bear in mind that organic items aren't evaluated by the U.S. Fda before they hit the market. As a outcome, there's no assurance that a supplement will contain the components noted on the label (or that those ingredients will appear in the shown amounts). Adulteration and contamination with other drugs, herbs, and compounds are possible.
A Word From Effectively
Dealing with pain isn't easy. If you live with pain, you might currently be all too familiar with the profound result it can have on your quality of life.
You ought to speak with your care service provider first if you are considering attempting kratom.
Some pain centers are exploring complementary approaches, in combination with pain treatment, to cope or handle with discomfort. For example, mindfulness (and other mind-body practices) may assist some individuals stay pain-controlled despite the difficulties of everyday life.
0 notes
keeganmsod156 · 5 years
Text
Discussing Kratom: Is It Safe?
Kratom for Pain: Can It Fight the Opioid Crisis?
You might have found out about kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), an natural supplement utilized traditionally in Southeast Asia for energy and to assist alleviate aches and pains . Originated from a type of evergreen tree, kratom includes alkaloid compounds called mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
How It Might Work
It's believed that mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine may assist manage pain by connecting to proteins called opioid receptors and, in turn, lowering discomfort perception. Opioid drugs (a class of medications used for pain relief) operate in a similar manner, by lowering the strength of pain signals reaching the brain. They also minimize the impacts of uncomfortable stimuli by influencing brain regions associated with managing emotion.
Kratom is stated to be a moderate stimulant in lower dosages and a sedative in greater doses.
Utilizes
While kratom is generally used to increase energy and soothe stress, in the last few years, kratom has gained popularity as an alternative to opioid discomfort medications like hydrocodone (e.g., Vicodin) and oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin). In a lot of cases, kratom is used to manage chronic discomfort associated with conditions such as arthritis and fibromyalgia.
Kratom is also significantly used as an natural technique to minimizing symptoms connected with opioid withdrawal, such as muscle pains and state of mind disturbance.
An Opioid Alternative?
Given that 1999, the number of prescription opioids sold in the U.S. nearly quadrupled, according to the Centers for Illness Control and Prevention (CDC). Throughout that time, the variety of deaths from prescription opioids has actually also quadrupled. In addition, more people died from drug overdoses in 2014 than in any other year on record, with more than six out of ten of those deaths involving an opioid.
Many supporters of kratom recommend that the herb could function as a option to the opioid crisis, both by offering another choice for discomfort relief and by aiding those struggling to overcome opioid dependency.
Guideline
On August 30, 2016, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) announced their intent to place 2 of the herb's active constituents on its Schedule I drug list as early as September 30, 2016.
The DEA withdrew its notice of intent in October 2016 and opened an official public comment period lasting up until December 1, 2016.
Including heroin https://www.trustpilot.com/review/buy-kratom.us and MDMA, Arrange I drugs are thought about to have "no currently accepted medical usage and a high potential for abuse." Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are the kratom constituents set to be classified as Arrange I drugs, making belongings or sale of the herb unlawful. Kratom would remain on the Arrange I list for at least two years.
The DEA's intent to place mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine on its Arrange I drug list was consulted with a lot of backlash. In mid-September, 2016, for example, protesters held a march and rally at Lafayette Park in Washington, D.C., and provided a petition signed by over 120,000 individuals opposing the ban.
At the rally, Botanical Education Alliance director Travis Lowin specified that the DEA " has actually failed Americans in its efforts to fight the opioid epidemic, and targeting kratom will make the situation even worse."
According to those opposing the restriction, putting kratom's alkaloids on the Arrange I drug list would likewise suppress additional research on the compounds.
On November 14, 2017, the U.S. Fda (FDA) Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, MD, released a public health advisory about dangers connected with kratom.
The Research study
So far, published research study on kratom's possible benefits as a painkiller and opioid alternative is very limited. The readily available research study includes a report released in the International Journal on Drug Policy in 2010, for which scientists surveyed 136 active users of kratom and discovered that the herb was " referred to as cost effective, quickly offered and having no severe adverse effects despite prolonged usage." This report consisted of no testing of kratom's health results or prospective risks.
In a more current report, released in Alcohol and drug Dependence in 2014, researchers surveyed 293 routine kratom users and figured out that more than half had actually developed extreme reliance issues. Signs associated with kratom withdrawal included muscle spasms, sleep disruption, tension, and anger .
A mouse-based research study published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2016 suggests that kratom may not slow breathing to the very same degree as other drugs like morphine. Given that deaths due to opioid overdose are typically the outcome of respiratory anxiety, the study's finding suggests that further research study on the compounds in kratom is warranted.
Adverse Effects and Safety Concerns
Kratom appears to trigger nausea, vomiting, sweating, and dizziness, in many cases.
From January 2010 through December 2015, U.S. poison centers received 660 calls associated to kratom direct exposure, according to the DEA.
The DEA likewise states that use of kratom can result in addiction, and that "several cases of psychosis arising from the usage of kratom have been reported, where people addicted to kratom exhibited psychotic signs, consisting of hallucinations, deception, and confusion."
Withdrawal signs, which are usually perceived to be milder in contrast to opioid drugs, have actually been reported, such as increased muscle spasms and discomfort, trouble sleeping, hot flashes, fever, watery eyes, runny nose, reduced cravings, mood disturbances, and diarrhea.
Although case reports have actually reported sleepiness, irritability, palpitations, hypertension, bad concentration, sleeping disorders, hypothyroidism, seizures, psychosis, hepatitis, and coma in people using kratom, it's uncertain just how much is exclusively due to kratom.
Risks seem higher when it's taken in concentrated extracts (which have a greater potency), blended with other psychedelic compounds, drugs, or adulterants, or when it's taken by individuals with alcohol usage disorders, a history of heroin abuse, or specific health conditions.
The DEA noted that kratom has actually been associated with 30 deaths throughout the world, with none appearing to be entirely due to kratom. Of the 15 alleged kratom-related deaths that took place between 2014 and 2016, 14 involved other drugs or illegal compounds . A cluster of 9 deadly overdoses in Sweden was linked to a product marketed as "Krypton", which was discovered to be laced with O-desmethyltramadol, an opiate associated to tramadol.
According to the FDA advisory, "the FDA is aware of reports of 36 deaths related to making use of items consisting of kratom."
You can find out more about utilizing supplements securely, however remember that organic items aren't reviewed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration before they hit the market. As a result, there's no assurance that a supplement will contain the ingredients listed on the label (or that those ingredients will appear in the shown quantities). Adulteration and contamination with other drugs, herbs, and substances are possible.
youtube
A Word From Extremely well
Dealing with discomfort isn't easy. If you live with pain, you may currently be all too knowledgeable about the extensive impact it can have on your lifestyle.
If you are thinking about attempting kratom, you must consult with your care provider initially.
Some pain centers are checking out complementary methods, in combination with pain treatment, to cope or handle with pain. For example, mindfulness (and other mind-body practices) might help some individuals remain pain-controlled in spite of the difficulties of everyday life.
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sonxofxscars · 6 years
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Welp, here’s some interesting news that’s happened in the kratom world.  AMERICAN KRATOM ASSOCIATION ACCUSES FDA OF MANIPULATING, OBSCURING, AND IGNORING SCIENCE ___________________________________________ WASHINGTON, DC – August 14, 2018 – Peer-reviewed documentation concerning 44 deaths that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cited to persuade the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to place natural kratom on the Federal Government’s Schedule 1 list of illegal substances disclose errors and omissions on the part of the FDA that the American Kratom Association (AKA) claims can only be seen as “deliberate.” In a detailed white paper released today, AKA scientists and attorneys claim, “The FDA has also misled the DEA, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) with incomplete, inaccurate, extrapolated, and distorted information on adverse events and deaths allegedly associated with the use of kratom to encourage unwarranted legislative and regulatory restrictions on kratom at the federal, state, and local government levels.” Among the most significant claims, the AKA offers evidence of duplicated case reports, omissions of “cause of death” conclusions and inaccurate autopsy and toxicology reports, as well as redacted statements from experts contradicting FDA claims. According to AKA, the FDA reports that associate kratom use with 44 deaths are so “poorly documented they could not pass basic standards for publication in any credible scientific journal, even as a letter or comment.” The most egregious examples cited by AKA include cases where: • The FDA failed to adequately disclose and account for material facts from the peer-reviewed Case Report of nine deaths in Sweden that were published in 2011 in the Journal of Analytical Toxicology. That report concluded the deaths were actually the result of adulteration of kratom powder with a toxic dose of O-desmethyltramadol. • Two deaths claimed in the documents released by the FDA are the same death reported twice (FAERS ID No. 14449343 and FAERS ID No. 14254346). • Other deaths were from abuse of loperamide (FAERS ID Nos. 12665823 and 12665824), heroin (FAERS ID No. 174035), acetaminophen (FAERS ID No. 14554565), and other drugs or drug cocktails. • The FDA stripped source data (FAERS ID No. 14449343) that cited U-47700 (PINK) as the primary cause of death, when kratom was listed as the fifth of six substances in the toxicology report. • The FDA even attributed suicides (FAERS ID No. 14554565 and FAERS ID No. 12639556); a homicide, with a gunshot wound to the chest (FAERS ID No. 12639316); cardiac arrhythmia while swimming (FAERS ID No. 191303); deep vein thrombosis (FAERS ID No. 12639594), and the fall from a window (FAERS ID No. 1342166) to kratom. “Not only is the FDA’s effort to frame kratom as a culprit in these otherwise unrelated deaths sloppy and lacking in scientific integrity, but one can only conclude that it has been done deliberately,” said Dave Herman, Chairman of the AKA. “We invite those who want the truth to go to our white paper, get the information, and join us in our demand that the FDA follow the science.” According to the AKA, none of the FDA reported 44 deaths document any specific cause that is consistent among the cases that can be linked specifically to kratom; a vast majority of the cases document polydrug use by the decedent and, in a few cases, the possible use of adulterated kratom products.  In most cases, the cumulative contributions of multiple drugs and interactions between drugs are not even considered by FDA. “The DEA, CDC, and NIDA depend on the FDA for accurate information,” said Herman. “This misinformation has already resulted in bans on kratom in six states and in a number of local jurisdictions. Likewise, it creates a completely unjustified bias against kratom by law enforcement officers, coroners and medical examiners, and state prosecuting attorneys’ groups. We call on the FDA to make this right.” Among measures requested by the AKA, the FDA must: • review the FAERS database to ensure complete and accurate records of all source documents; • reevaluate and revise its kratom-related policies based on corrected and accurate scientific evidence; • work with the DEA, CDC, and NIDA to update policy documents to reflect accurate and unbiased assessment of the risks of kratom use; • immediately lift the current Import Alert on kratom; • rescind its November 14, 2017 Public Health Advisory on kratom; and, • commence appropriate enforcement action against companies and individuals who are producing adulterated kratom products that pose a real and present danger to the public. In addition, the AKA calls upon the DEA to reject the FDA’s 8-Factor Analysis and scheduling recommendation and return it to FDA for a full scientific reanalysis of the data and conclusions in that submission. ABOUT AKA The American Kratom Association (AKA), a consumer-based non-profit organization, focuses on setting the record straight about kratom and gives a voice to those who are suffering by protecting their rights to possess and consume safe and natural kratom. AKA represents millions of Americans, each of whom has a unique story to tell about the virtues of kratom and its positive effects on their lives. www.americankratom.org MEDIA CONTACT Benjamin May, (202) 413-0119 — [email protected] Reminder that kratom is being attacked in an unfair and unjust manner. It’s done nothing, but helped most people who have experienced consuming it for what it was intended for. It’s all a psyop to take over the kratom business and create their own drugs from the alkaloids. We can’t let the policy makers and pharma industry win. People deserve and have the human right to experiment with these available herbal medicines to treat various health problems they have. Keep fighting kratom warriors. The war has only just begun and we will win. 
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visualinfinnity · 6 years
Text
FEI: Two Horses Test Positive for Banned Substances
An endurance horse and a jumping horse tested positive for ractopamine and o-desmethyltramadol, respectively. from News http://www.thehorse.com/media/39939
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steenpaal · 6 years
Text
Gluten exorphin - Wikipedia
Gluten exorphins are a group of opioid peptides formed during digestion of the gluten protein. It has been hypothesized that people with autism and schizophrenia have abnormal leakage from the gut of these compounds, which then pass into the brain and disrupt brain function[1] known as the opioid excess theory or a part of leaky gut syndrome. This is partly the basis for the gluten-free, casein-free diet. Two clinical studies of autism patients who followed this diet have found no evidence of benefit.[2][3] Another found evidence of benefit.[4] Another study suggested the diet may present a greater risk to brain development.[5]
There are four known gluten exorphins with known structure:
Gluten exorphin A5[edit]
Structure: H-Gly-Tyr-Tyr-Pro-Thr-OH
Chemical formula: C24H37N5O9
Molecular weight: 599.64 g/mol
Gluten exorphin B4[edit]
Structure: H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Trp-OH
Chemical formula: C24H27N5O6
Molecular weight: 481.50 g/mol
Gluten exorphin B5[edit]
Structure: H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Trp-Leu-OH
Chemical formula: C30H38N6O7
Molecular weight: 594.66 g/mol
Gluten exorphin C[edit]
Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Ser-Leu-OH
Chemical formula: C29H45N5O8
Molecular weight: 591.70 g/mol
References[edit]
^ Autism and Schizophrenia: Intestinal Disorders, Cade, et al., Nutritional Neuroscience, Volume 3, Issue 1 February 2000 , pages 57 - 72
^ Popular Autism Diet Does Not Demonstrate Behavioral Improvement, University of Rochester Medical Center, May 19, 2010
^ Christison GW, Ivany K (2006). "Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff?". J Dev Behav Pediatr. 27 (2 Suppl 2): S162–S171. PMID 16685183. doi:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00015. 
^ Knivsberg, AM, Reichelt, KL, Høien, T, Nødland, M. (2002). "A randomised, controlled study of dietary intervention in autistic syndromes". Nutr Neurosci. 5 (4): 251–61. PMID 12168688. doi:10.1080/10284150290028945. 
^ Arnold, GL; Hyman, SL; Mooney, RA; Kirby, RS (2003). "Plasma amino acids profiles in children with autism: Potential risk of nutritional deficiencies". Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 33 (4): 449–54. PMID 12959424. doi:10.1023/A:1025071014191. 
MOR DOR KOR
Agonists: 3CS-nalmefene
6'-GNTI
8-CAC
18-MC
14-Methoxymetopon
β-Chlornaltrexamine
β-Funaltrexamine
Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
Akuuamicine
Alazocine (SKF-10047)
Allomatrine
Apadoline
Asimadoline
BAM-12P
BAM-18P
BAM-22P
Big dynorphin
Bremazocine
BRL-52537
Butorphan
Butorphanol
BW-373U86
Cebranopadol
Ciprefadol
CR665
Cyclazocine
Cyclorphan
Cyprenorphine
Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
Diamorphine (heroin)
Diacetylnalorphine
Difelikefalin
Dihydroetorphine
Dihydromorphine
Diprenorphine
Dynorphin A
Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
Eluxadoline
Enadoline
Eptazocine
Erinacine E
Ethylketazocine
Etorphine
Fedotozine
Fentanyl
Gemazocine
GR-89696
GR-103545
Hemorphin-4
Herkinorin
HS665
Hydromorphone
HZ-2
Ibogaine
ICI-199,441
ICI-204,448
Ketamine
Ketazocine
Laudanosine
Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
Levallorphan
Levomethorphan
Levorphanol
Lexanopadol
Lofentanil
LPK-26
Lufuradom
Matrine
MB-1C-OH
Menthol
Metazocine
Metkefamide
Mianserin
Mirtazapine
Morphine
Moxazocine
MR-2034
N-MPPP
Nalbuphine
Nalbuphine sebacate
NalBzOH
Nalfurafine
Nalmefene
Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
Nalorphine
Naltriben
Niravoline
Norbuprenorphine
Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
Noribogaine
Norketamine
Oripavine
Oxilorphan
Oxycodone
Pentazocine
Pethidine (meperidine)
Phenazocine
Proxorphan
Racemethorphan
Racemorphan
RB-64
Salvinorin A (salvia)
Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
Samidorphan
Spiradoline (U-62,066)
TH-030418
Thienorphine
Tifluadom
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline)
U-50,488
U-54,494A
U-69,593
Xorphanol
NOP Unsorted Others
Others: Kyotorphin (met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
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FEI Suspends U.S. Show Jumper Paige Johnson for a Year
New Post has been published on http://lovehorses.net/fei-suspends-u-s-show-jumper-paige-johnson-for-a-year/
FEI Suspends U.S. Show Jumper Paige Johnson for a Year
The Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) Tribunal has issued its final decision on the banned substance case involving U.S. show jumper Paige Johnson. Samples taken on Jan. 21 from the horse Luke Skywalker 46, ridden by Johnson, at the CSI2* in Wellington, Florida, tested positive for the local anesthetic pramoxine (a topical pain reliever).
The FEI Tribunal has imposed a one-year suspension. As the athlete was provisionally suspended for three months starting on April 5, Johnson will not be eligible to compete until April 4, 2018. The FEI Tribunal also imposed a fine of 2,000 CHF and contribution of 3,000 CHF towards legal costs.
The athlete has appealed the decision to the court of arbitration for sport. Additional details on the FEI Tribunal Decision are available on the FEI website. 
The FEI also reported another adverse analytical finding, this one involving the prohibited substance O-desmethyltramadol, a metabolite of the analgesic tramadol:
Horse: Dalton Des Hayettes Person Responsible: Pascal Van Laethem (BEL) Event: CSI2* – Deauville, France, June 15-18
The athlete has been provisionally suspended from the date of notification (Aug. 7) until the FEI Tribunal renders a decision. The horse has been provisionally suspended for two months. Further details can be found on the FEI website. 
0 notes