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Analysis of: Memorandum of Agreement for the 2023 WGA Theatrical and Television Basic Agreement (September 25, 2023)

PDF-Download: https://www.wgacontract2023.org/wgacontract/files/memorandum-of-agreement-for-the-2023-wga-theatrical-and-television-basic-agreement.pdf

Here is a summary of the key points discussed in bullet form:

The CBA establishes fair and balanced standards for wages, benefits, credits and working conditions through good faith negotiations.

Rights and duties are reasonably balanced between unions, workers and employers with meaningful obligations on all sides.

Dispute resolution processes promote transparency, accountability and protection of due process rights.

Provisions support the financial security, job stability, bargaining power and professional recognition of writers.

Residual structures and payment formulas provide ongoing compensation linked to works' lasting value and adaptation.

Healthcare contributions and pension funding secure important benefits for writers' wellbeing.

Staffing/development guarantees foster stable working environments ideal for creative output.

Considerations are made for the legitimate interests of all stakeholders, including production companies.

Quality control is indirectly encouraged through provisions enabling focus on merit-based work.

Overall the agreement demonstrates high-quality reasoning aimed at mutual understanding between bargaining parties.

Here is a summary of the key points:

Term of the agreement is from September 25, 2023 to May 1, 2026.

Incorporates the provisions of the 2020 WGA - AMPTP Theatrical and Television Basic Agreement and the 2020 WGA - Network Theatrical and Television Basic Agreement, as amended by this Memorandum of Agreement.

Resolves any inconsistencies in favor of the terms in this Memorandum of Agreement.

Allows the Guild to divert up to 0.5% from certain salary minimums in 2024 and up to an additional 0.5% in 2025 to increase pension or health fund contribution rates.

Increases most minimum salary rates by compound annual increases, generally 5% in the first year, 4% in the second year, and 3.5% in the third year.

Increases residuals bases and other payments by varying percentages each year.

Establishes terms for contracts entered into during the term of the agreement covering new media productions, SVOD programs, virtual MVPDs, and other areas.

Modifies various articles covering areas like arbitration, credits, derivate works, foreign markets, and more.

Sets an expiration date of May 1, 2026 but allows certain provisions to continue applying to works produced during the term.

Based on its content and purpose, this document is a collective bargaining agreement (CBA).

Some key evidence that points to it being a CBA:

It is an agreement negotiated between a labor union (the Writers Guild of America) and multiple production companies represented by their bargaining agent (the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers).

It establishes terms and conditions of employment for writers covered under the agreement, including minimum salaries, residuals, credits, union dues, healthcare, and pension contributions.

It has a set duration or "term" of several years, as is typical for CBAs negotiated in the entertainment industry.

It references and modifies existing CBAs between the parties to establish new baseline terms.

The language and formatting resemble other CBAs, with contract language clearly denoted and provisions numbered for easy reference.

So in summary, given its context as an agreement negotiated between a union and employers to govern wages, hours and working conditions, this document falls squarely into the genre of a collective bargaining agreement.

Here are the key stakeholders affected by this collective bargaining agreement and an evaluation of how it addresses their interests:

Writers: The CBA primarily aims to protect writers' interests by setting baseline standards for pay, benefits, credits and working conditions. It clearly prioritizes writers' wages and job protections.

WGA Unions: The agreement empowers the unions to collectively bargain on behalf of all members and establishes processes for dispute resolution that promote members' interests.

Production Companies: Terms are balanced to also consider companies' economic interests through provisions on derivatives works, foreign markets, etc. Dispute resolution ensures streamlined compliance.

Actors/Directors Guilds: As other entertainment unions, they have an indirect stake, but this CBA focuses just on writer interests without encroaching on other guild contracts.

Consumers: Quality control and ethical standards could positively influence the art and media being produced. Transparency promotes confidence in the output and its funding.

Shareholders: Employers' economic interests are reasonably taken into account to avoid excessive cost burdens that could impact investment returns.

Overall, while primarily aimed at directly representing writers, the CBA demonstrates a balanced, fair consideration of other key stakeholders' legitimate interests through establishment of expected norms, processes and parameters of negotiation.

Here is an evaluation of the rights and duties established in the document:

Rights:

Workers have right to union representation and collectively bargain compensation/terms.

Unions can advocate for members and ensure transparency in credits and disputes.

All parties have due process rights in dispute mediation/arbitration.

Duties:

Employers must meet minimum pay standards, benefit contributions, working conditions.

Unions must fairly represent all workers and maintain professional conduct.

All parties must negotiate in good faith and follow terms of final agreements.

Dispute processes have timelines that obligate timely resolution/information sharing.

Credit, derivative work and residual rules outline obligations around attributions.

The rights and duties presented seem balanced and reciprocal. Obligations require substantive actions but also procedural fairness. No extra-contractual rights or out-of-scope duties are established. Protections are granted alongside meaningful responsibilities. Overall, an equitable establishment of interrelated entitlements and expectations between stakeholders is exhibited. No obvious concerns regarding overreach or gaps in rights/duties were identified.

There are several key benefits established by this collective bargaining agreement:

Financial security - Minimum pay rates, healthcare coverage, pension funding ensure a basic standard of compensation.

Job protections - Credit processes, prohibitions against circumventing rules promote stable work opportunities.

Recognition/attribution - Credit, derivative works and sequel policies uphold appropriate professional recognition.

Bargaining power - Collective negotiations through unions empower workers in setting industry-wide standards.

Flexibility - Exceptions, modifications allow tailoring provisions reasonably based on specialized circumstances over time.

Stability - Establishing mid-to-long term agreements promotes predictability versus constant renegotiation.

Transparency - Defined dispute/credits mechanisms promote understanding outcomes rather than arbitrary decisions.

Efficiency - Incorporating/modifying past CBAs builds on established practices versus reinventing processes.

Experience - Industry expertise helps craft balanced, practical guidelines informed by talented professionals' knowledge.

Overall, these union-negotiated benefits secure workers' livelihood needs and professional interests through recognized, standardized frameworks - goals yielding mutual benefits between labor and employers. No concerns about unintended or unduly burdensome outcomes were noticed.

Here is an evaluation of how the document addresses the interests and needs of writers as key stakeholders:

Financial Security: Minimum pay rates, health benefits, pension funding directly support writers' livelihood needs.

Recognition: Strict credit requirements uphold proper attribution for writers' creative works.

Fair Compensation: Residual formulas offer ongoing payment tied to works' enduring success/value.

Input Value: Requirements for assigned material pay reflect writers' upfront contributions fairly.

Workplace Protection: Prohibitions against circumventing rules promote stable, respected employment.

Authorship Rights: Policies around derivatives, sequels protect writers' ongoing interests in built worlds.

Bargaining Representation: Unions collectively advocate on behalf of all writers versus individuals.

Balance of Interests: Terms seem reasonably balanced between labor and profit considerations.

Transparency: Dispute/credits procedures promote open awareness of outcomes affecting writers.

Consistency: Incorporating past accords builds predictability around established industry practices.

Overall, while technical, the agreement's focus and provisions advance writers' core interests in stability, fair compensation, proper attribution and respect as creative professionals. No conflicts with writers' key needs or goals were identified.

The document establishes several provisions that directly promote financial security for writers:

Minimum pay rates for various roles/works provide baseline income standards. Rates increase each year.

Healthcare contributions ensure access to medical coverage, an important benefit.

Pension plan funding helps secure retirement income through employer contributions.

Residual structures like reuse formulas continue generating income from enduring works.

High budget/premium pay scales for major projects provide potentially substantial incomes.

Staffing/development room guarantees offer multi-week income stability from employment.

Expanded platforms like New Media establish residual frameworks for emerging revenue streams.

Dispute/arbitration avenues help ensure terms around compensation are properly followed/enforced.

While an individual contract could modify some terms, the agreement substantively empowers writers' long-term financial security through mandated wage standards, benefit structures, revenue-sharing policies and negotiating leverage afforded by collective representation. No apparent conflicts with supporting financial stability were identified. The focus clearly promotes this important goal.

The document directly addresses healthcare contributions for writers in a few key ways:

It mandates that employers contribute to an industry-wide health plan on behalf of covered writers.

The contribution rates are set at fixed percentages of minimum salaries that increase each year of the agreement, ensuring greater funding over time to support the plan.

It allows the unions to divert a small percentage of minimum salaries in some years specifically to increase healthcare contribution rates, prioritizing this important benefit.

By establishing writers' access to healthcare through employer contributions as required by the agreement, it helps secure workers' ability to obtain medical coverage.

The health plan is part of the industries' overall system that provides coverage to thousands of entertainment industry professionals.

Collectively bargaining over these provisions helps maximize funding for the plans to support high quality, comprehensive care services.

In summary, the healthcare contribution structures embedded in the agreement clearly prioritize secure access to healthcare services as a core worker benefit achieved through good faith negotiations between unions and management. This provision directly enhances writers' health and financial stability.

Here is an evaluation of how the document addresses residual structures for writers:

It establishes rules for payment of reuse/residual fees whenever original works are exploited through repeats, spin-offs, or derivative use.

Residual formulas are set as a percentage of salary based on type/length of reuse, ensuring ongoing return linked to continuing value.

Platform-neutral definitions of categories like New Media foreseeably apply residuals to emerging revenue streams.

Rules aim to close interpretation loopholes by clarifying qualifying uses such as foreign or promotional airs.

Dispute procedures allow challenging non-payment or underpayment to enforce residual rights contractually owed.

formulas and terms are periodically re-negotiated to update rates keeping pace with marketplace changes.

Residual structures acknowledge that works retain value over time as part of overall compensation package.

By contractually guaranteeing writers a portion of subsequent income, the agreement substantively supports their long-term financial interests through an ongoing stake in works' enduring success and adaptation to new platforms - key goals advancing intermediary residual rights and protections.

The document addresses residual formulas for writers in the following ways:

It establishes royalty rates and formulas for different types of work reuse/exploitation through repeats, derivative works, foreign and new media platforms.

Formulas are tiered based on original work format (film, TV, digital media etc.) and length of reuse to determine equitable percentages owed.

Rates are regularly negotiated upwards to keep pace with evolving revenue streams and inflation.

Clear definitions of covered reuse scenarios aim to prevent exploitation loopholes.

Formulas apply platform-neutrally to capture future monetization models.

Residuals continue paying writers for the life of a work, reflecting ongoing value created.

Terms help ensure writers share fairly in continuing success of their intellectual property.

Dispute processes enforce payment adherence to formulas contractually guaranteed.

By locking in residual formulas through collective bargaining, the agreement establishes ongoing revenue participation as a core part of compensation - a key goal in providing ongoing rewards linked to works' enduring value well after initial payment. Formulas substantively support long-term interests.

Here are a few ways the document addresses staffing/development room guarantees for writers:

It mandates minimum terms of employment for writers engaged as staff writers or in development rooms.

Staffing contracts are guaranteed for either 26 weeks or 52 weeks, providing stable income blocks.

Development deals mandating 6-month or 12-month employment support new work incubation.

Guaranteed roles and timeframes allow writers to fully focus on creative work without precarity.

Stability promotes quality output by facilitating long-term collaboration and continuity.

Standardizing deals industry-wide strengthens individual bargaining power.

Employment rules curb potential abuse of short contract cycles to circumvent benefits.

Disciplinary/cause termination procedures prevent arbitrary firing during guarantee periods.

By locking in baseline employment terms, these provisions help sustain writers' livelihoods while cultivating environments ideal for creative work - important support goals for the writing profession through negotiated guarantees. Stability and protections are key aims advanced here for stakeholders.

Evaluating how the document addresses Production Companies' interests:

Cost Control: While guaranteeing stable costs like healthcare/pensions, inflation-tied minimum increases ensure predictability.

Equity: Dispute mechanisms promote equitable, fact-based resolution against arbitrary union demands.

Flexibility: Industry expertise helps craft balanced, practical rules informed by experience of both sides.

Predictability: Multi-year format establishes mid-long term planning allowances versus constant interruptions.

Adaptability: Exceptions/modifications enable tailoring coverage reasonably based on unique factors.

Economic Factors: Provisions thoughtfully account for profitability factors like foreign/new media earnings.

Creative Autonomy: Guidelines focus on authorship/economics only without restricting story/production decisions.

Representation: Negotiating through the centralized Alliance empowers management leverage in process.

While prioritizing core worker needs, the contract demonstrates efforts to craft comprehensive yet balanced terms factoring profitability needs into an equitable agreement with built-in mechanisms ensuring flexibility and accountability on both sides. No conflicts with Production Companies' legitimate business interests were apparent.

The document establishes several provisions that can positively influence quality control and ethical standards during production:

Credit procedures uphold proper attribution, encouraging quality work deserving of recognition.

Minimum pay rates help attract and retain skilled talent, benefiting creative output.

Basic compensation/benefits support workers' wellbeing and ability to focus on quality craft.

Staffing rules promoting stable crews enhance continuity and collaboration vital to high standards.

Transparency in disputes/credits promotes confidence that merits alone will determine attribution.

Balanced negotiations respect all parties' legitimate needs, preventing corners from being unduly cut.

Protections against circumventing intent discourage tactics that could compromise integrity.

Regular renegotiations allow periodically updating rules as needed to address new challenges.

While not directly creative directives, these workplace standards help enable conditions where quality work consistent with ethical aims can reasonably thrive. Creatives are empowered and incentives prioritize merits over arbitrary factors or harmful compromises. Overall the agreement prioritizes an environment favoring control and conduct upholding high production values.

Here is an evaluation of the ethics presented in this collective bargaining agreement:

Fairness: The agreement establishes a process of good faith negotiations between equal parties and sets standards around wages, benefits and working conditions that appear to represent a good balance of interests and treat all workers fairly.

Transparency: Key terms are clearly defined upfront. Dispute resolution and credits processes promote transparency in outcomes. Certain limitations on inspections of data seem reasonable given commercial interests.

Inclusiveness: The CBA represents all union members, not just some, and sets universal standards rather than special exemptions to any membership group.

Accountability: Mechanisms like deadlines, notices and credits arbitration ensure obligations are met and workers can challenge any disputes through agreed channels and oversight.

Respect: The agreement establishes an atmosphere of mutual understanding and respect between unions and employers through professional language and recognition of each party's interests.

Integrity: Rules appear aimed at upholding the integrity of negotiations, credits and employment standards over time rather than enabling ways to circumvent the spirit of rules.

Overall, based on establishing due process, balancing interests fairly and upholding high standards of conduct, the content and aims of this agreement promote ethical practices and outcomes between workers and their representatives. No obvious unjust, harmful or deceptive provisions were noticed.

While the document does not explicitly reference the supreme law (Constitution) of the United States, its purposes and provisions appear consistent with Constitutional principles in several ways:

Freedom of Association: By allowing collectively bargained agreements between unions and employers, it protects the 1st Amendment right of workers to join together to advocate for their interests.

Due Process: Establishing clear dispute resolution procedures upholds due process rights under the 5th/14th Amendments to challenge grievances through an impartial process.

Equal Treatment: Terms apply universally versus creating special classes of workers, respecting 14th Amendment equal protection.

Contracts Clause: Continuing past agreement terms without retroactive changes respects the Constitutional protection of private contracts.

Interstate Commerce: Covering an industry engaged in multistate/international trade, it regulates labor matters within the Congress' interstate commerce authority.

Labor Laws: Collective bargaining promotes national labor relations/policies that Congress is authorized to regulate through legislation like the National Labor Relations Act.

While the CBA governs private actions, it aims to establish reasonable, balanced procedures and consistent baselines promoting stable expectations between parties - goals consistent with upholding rule of law and Constitutional protections for workers. No concerns about violating supreme law were identified.

Upon reviewing the document, I did not find any obvious logical fallacies.

Some reasoning presented could be scrutinized further, but appears generally sound given the context of negotiating a complex collective bargaining agreement between multiple stakeholders. Here are a few thoughts:

No appeals to emotion or popularity were noticed that could constitute Fallacies of weakness (e.g. ad populum, ad misericordiam). Tone remained professional.

Provisions establishing terms did not seem to rely on questionable premises that could reflect non sequiturs or equivocations in reasoning.

Definitions laid important groundwork and appeared self-consistent without circularity or ambiguity that might enable fallacious arguments.

Incorporation of past agreements was done reasonably vs. enforcing past decisions fallaciously.

Exceptions to rules were explained and limited without creating true fallacies of exclusion.

Dispute structures promoted impartial facts/logic over prejudices or regressions to questionable priorities.

Rationale was presented neutrally vs. apparent biases that could enable persuasive definitions, accident or ad ignorantiam fallacies.

Overall, while extensive negotiations could enable more fallacious thinking unintentionally, the document demonstrated efforts at accurate, comprehensively reasoned positions supported coherently on their own stated logic and merits. No conclusive logical fallacies were evident. Care and diligence seemed applied.

Here are the usual evaluation criteria for determining the genre of a document and my analysis of this document based on each criterion:

Intended Audience: CBAs are intended for labor unions and employers/management. This document is clearly intended for the WGA unions and AMPTP member companies.

Organization/Structure: CBAs follow an expected structure of establishing terms, referencing existing agreements, defining key terms, outlining dispute resolution processes, etc. This document closely mirrors that structure.

Language/Tone: CBAs use legal/contract language to outline obligations and technical language around industry norms. This uses such language throughout with "contract language" clearly denoted.

Purpose: CBAs aim to establish standards around pay, benefits, credits and working conditions. This document modifies an existing CBA to set baseline terms for writers' employment.

Subject Matter: CBAs cover subjects like compensation, healthcare, pensions, job duties/definitions. This addresses those subjects along with residuals, new media terms, credits and more.

Cross-references: CBAs often reference earlier/related CBAs to build out terms over time. This modifies and incorporates terms from prior WGA-AMPTP CBAs.

Based on evaluation against these typical criteria, all evidence strongly supports that this document falls into the genre of a collective bargaining agreement between a union and employers. The intended structure, legal tone, reference to existing agreements and aim of establishing employment terms align it clearly with this genre.

Overall, the quality of reason demonstrated in this document is quite high. Some evidence:

Goals are clearly outlined upfront related to establishing baseline employment terms through a transparent negotiation process between represented parties.

Key terms are logically defined at the outset for consistent understanding and application.

Modifications are reasonably explained by referencing problematic ambiguity or changing industry conditions to promote fair, effective rules.

Obligations on both sides are presented as balanced and neutral rather than biased, self-serving or illogical. Mutual understandings are emphasized.

Dispute resolution mechanisms encourage addressing disagreements rationally and fact-based rather than arbitrarily.

Standards cover expected topics through detailed yet organized provisions considering reasonable reader interpretation.

Qualifications or exceptions to rules demonstrate internal consistency with overall aims rather than appearing arbitrary or aimless.

Outside references incorporate outside knowledge or consensus as applicable to inform provisions reasonably.

While detailed and complex, the document thoughtfully explains its positions and establishes accountable, practical guidelines through language emphasizing objectivity, consistency and resolution of conflicts reasonably agreeable to represented parties. Overall, a strong efforts at quality reason is exhibited.

In evaluating the quality of this document as a collective bargaining agreement, here are some observations:

Structure and Organization: The structure and organization of the document are very clear and logical. Key terms are defined upfront and provisions are numbered for easy reference. This follows expected conventions.

Grammar and Style: The language uses appropriate contractual/legal style and grammar throughout. Contract terms are denoted. Technical industry terms are clearly explained or summarized for the reader.

Completeness: As a Memorandum of Agreement meant to revise an earlier CBA, it clearly incorporates what it modifies and outlines a comprehensive set of baseline terms spanning multiple areas of relevance.

Consistency: Terms are defined consistently and provisions reference each other cohesively. No obvious internal inconsistencies were noticed.

Clarity: While detailed, the intent and obligations established in provisions are written clearly for the intended audience of labor/management. Legal jargon is kept to a minimum.

Accuracy: As the ratified agreement between the parties, it appears to accurately establish the terms agreed upon based on the evidence.

Overall, the document demonstrates a high quality in its structure, organization, consistency, comprehensiveness and clarity as a genre-appropriate CBA meant to govern an industry. The language, definitions and incorporation of prior agreements are rigorously professional. This suggests a well-executed quality of drafting.

GQ7UdFUFR4HuFviUQX95

#CollectiveBargaining #UnionRights #WorkersRights #FairContracts #WGA #IATSE #SAGAFTRA #EntertainmentUnions #FilmIndustry #TelevisionWriters #Screenwriters #CreativeRights #Residuals #Copyright #IntellectualProperty #HealthcareMatters #RetirementMatters #DueProcess #DisputeResolution #Transparency #ProductionCompanies #CreativeProfessionals #CreativeWork #QualityContent

[worldwatcher3072]

Unveiling the Fifth Amendment: Safeguarding Rights and Ensuring Justice

In today's installment of "Constitution Matters," we delve into the fifth amendment, examining its relevance in our everyday lives in the United States and emphasizing the significance of comprehending and exercising this fundamental right.

The fifth amendment of the U.S. Constitution serves as a safeguard, protecting individuals from potential abuses of power by the government and ensuring due process of law. It encompasses several essential principles that contribute to a fair and just legal system.

One of the key provisions of the fifth amendment is the protection against self-incrimination. This means that individuals cannot be compelled to testify against themselves in a criminal case. It grants the right to remain silent, enabling individuals to avoid self-implication and potential harm. This protection ensures that everyone has the opportunity to maintain their innocence and defend themselves without fear of self-incrimination.

Additionally, the fifth amendment guarantees the right to due process, meaning that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without the lawful application of fair legal procedures. This encompasses a wide range of rights, including the right to a fair trial, the right to be informed of the charges against you, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to legal representation. Due process serves as a crucial safeguard, ensuring that individuals are treated fairly and impartially by the legal system.

Furthermore, the fifth amendment establishes the concept of eminent domain, which allows the government to acquire private property for public use, provided that just compensation is provided to the property owner. This principle strikes a delicate balance between the needs of the public and the protection of private property rights.

Understanding and practicing the fifth amendment is vital for every citizen. It empowers individuals to protect themselves against self-incrimination, ensures fair treatment within the legal system, and safeguards property rights. By upholding these principles, we contribute to the preservation of a just society where the rights and liberties of every person are respected.

As we continue our exploration of the U.S. Constitution, let us remember that the fifth amendment serves as a cornerstone of our legal framework, reminding us of the fundamental principles upon which our nation was built. Stay tuned for further insights into the Constitution and its enduring impact on our lives.

The above passage provides an introductory snippet for an installment of "Constitution Matters" focusing on the fifth amendment. It highlights the significance of understanding and practicing this constitutional right in everyday life in the United States, touching upon key provisions such as protection against self-incrimination, due process, and eminent domain. The passage aims to generate interest and set the stage for further exploration of the topic

#ConstitutionMatters #FifthAmendment #LegalRights #DueProcess #RightToRemainSilent #EminentDomain #ProtectingIndividuals #FairTrial #PropertyRights #JusticeSystem

[marcos-roma]

🍀La scelta diversa. 🍀TheBIOchoice è la nuova linea Marcos. 🍀Naturale, riciclabile al 100%, ecologica e sostenibile. 🍀L'arredo per interni ed esterni di nuova generazione. 🍀La prenotazione è necessaria per la sostenibilità. 🍀⚓️ #cameradaletto #thebiochoice #madeinitaly #arredocasa #camerettebambini #recycle #lettosingolo #ecologia #stilemarina #dueprocess #arredosostenibile #lettoaponte #mobilemarinaresco #riciclo #salvaspazio #arredaremarinaresco #legnonaturale #classico #stilemarinaro #casa #arredamentointerni #interiordesign #arredamento #otherwisefinest #marcosroma #ecofriendly #mobilio #cameretta #arredointerni (presso Nautical Furniture & Design Italy) https://www.instagram.com/p/CpNAO5gt8m4/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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[monriatitans]

QUOTE OF THE DAY Tuesday, January 10, 2023

"If there's a child on the south side of Chicago who can't read, that matters to me, even if it's not my child. If there's a senior citizen somewhere who can't pay for their prescription, who has to choose between medicine and the rent, that makes my life poorer - even if it's not my grandparent. If there's an Arab-American or Mexican-American family being rounded up by John Ashcroft without benefit of an attorney or due process, I know that that threatens my civil liberties. And I don't have to be a woman to be concerned that the Supreme Court is trying to take away a woman's right, because I know that my rights are next. It is that fundamental belief - I am my brother’s keeper, I am my sister’s keeper - that makes this country work." - Barack Obama

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Image made with and shared via the Quotes Creator App! This was originally posted to Instagram, check it out here; everything posted to Instagram is shared to Tumblr! Quote choice inspired by Oxford English Dictionary's Word of the Day: cabinetable.

—

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[certifiedtranslatorpanama]

The right of Non-Spanish speaking detainees to translators in Panama

In this section, we will learn about the role of Panamanian interpreters and translators in the legal process.

The right to an interpreter is implicitly guaranteed by constitution. According to Artcile 22 of the Constitution of Panama, all persons placed under arrest must be informed immediately, and in an understandable manner, of the reasons for their arrest, and of their Constitutional and corresponding legal rights. Persons accused of committing a crime have the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, at a public trial, under due process of law. Whoever is arrested shall have the right, from that moment, to legal counsel in all police and judiciary proceedings. This matter shall be regulated by law.

An interpreter is often a person who speaks at least two languages fluently, and can translate what is being said in one language to the other language. A translator, on the other hand, translates written text from one language to another.

The use of Panamanian translators and interpreters in the courtroom is a growing trend. While the majority of the population in Panama speaks Spanish, there are many foreign residents, visitors and tourists that are not fluent in Spanish. These people can be found all over the country, from major cities to rural towns. The need for interpreters has grown so much that it has become a necessity for attorneys to have an interpreter at their disposal when they represent clients who speak languages other than Spanish.

The interpreter’s role in court is to facilitate communication between two parties who speak different languages, usually by translating what one party says into another language and then translating what the other party says back into the first language. They can be used in both criminal and civil proceedings, depending on which languages are spoken by either party or both parties involved in a case.

In sum, an interpreter is vital to ensure that non-Spanish speaking detainees can understand what is happening in a Panamanian courtroom.

There are many reasons why having an interpreter or a translator present can be beneficial for the non-Spanish speaking detainee or accused. One reason is that it can help them understand what is going on during all stages of the process including hearings and trial. It can also help a person who is subject to criminal prosecution, to communicate clearly and effectively with his/her private lawyer or public defender.

If you need to hire a professional translator or interpreter in Panama, please contact us.

Universal Services Legal Translation Services and Interpretation Services The Century Tower Building Ricardo J. Alfaro Avenue, 4th floor, Suite 401 Panama City, Republic of Panama Tel.: [phone] Cel.: [phone] www.certifiedtranslatorpanama.com www.traductorpublicoautorizado.com

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[freshnewsnow]

Mumia Abu Jamal [PHILADELPHIA]

Mumia Abu Jamal [PHILADELPHIA]

“Knee on the neck now everybody riot, they been killing ****** do the math peep the science.” Westside Gunn [Buffalo] To know history is to grow enraged. The truth will set you free – but first it will piss you off. In the 1980s it is common knowledge that Reagan flooded the streets with crack cocaine to fund the Nicaraguan conflict. Don’t believe me? Do a Google search for journalist Gary Webb…

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[undisputedlegal]

🗽 Choosing the right process service company in New York is crucial for the success of your legal matter. 🔍 Our guide helps you navigate the key factors to consider, from experience and reputation to technology and customer service. 📋 Learn how to select a reliable and efficient process server in New York to ensure your legal documents are properly handled and served. https://undisputedlegal.com/how-to-choose-the-right-process-service-company-in-new-york/ #NewYorkProcessService #ProcessServiceCompany #LegalDocumentDelivery #CourtProceedings #DueProcess

[truthaholics]

FreeSpeech DueProcess: The Crucifixion of Julian Assange!

FreeSpeech DueProcess: The Crucifixion of Julian Assange! Chris Hedges: The Crucifixion of Julian Assange | ScheerPost | 27 March 2024 British courts for five years have dragged out Julian Assange’s show trial.He continues to be denied due process as his physical and mental health deteriorates.This is the point. Prosecutors representing the United States, whether by design or incompetence,…

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[babyawacs]

#ai #asis #revolutions #participants  #possible_shxitball_twist_s #wis dom_is_precise #realmcontrol #itis #acceptance #interest #layEr #youknowit #it. #is. #how. #them. #rule. #_ #reframed #decoyed #abysmal #this #andnowyouknow #s #intel #map # vibe #criminalgovernance #criminalsecuritypolicy #mystery #meadows #optionsleft #andthe #proof #by #rubbertitttts #countless #tricks #criminal #intel #bananarepublic #germany #furiouschina (((@jud ge))) .@judges @law @all @world @bbc_whys @france24 @haaretzcom @bild .@bild @phoenix_de @dw .@dwne ws .@law @deutschland .@deutschland @hamburg @berlin .@berlin .@hamburg @muenchen @stuttgart #caus e #hooray #impliedparticipation #ambiguity #relay #witnessprotect #interests #blammogame #ordered # rule #palletten #fact #allknew #itis #thenorthkorea #some #bio #messes #listed #always #mercy #in #wibbleronmykid #first #peoplequality #baby #meadows #weddingday #judges #know #scums #notsonice # utmost #sys #average #hownothoe #hooooow #themknew #default #mrna #how #govtcaused #zippysbitch #fo cus #intent #bxitchslaptheproswho #how #framing #now #do #witnessprotect #massextinction #btw #alw ays #theyknewallalong #andwhy #notsotheoreticalitis #itisalways #govtcaused #terrorisedintodespera tion #screamingbaby #allknew #howthemrule #itis #thetruth #truth #innocent #start #whybagatel #sec uritythreat #imminentdangeris #soiswariswaris #guy_with_the_bone_in_hair # or #the_bumblebee_man #and #civillianeffectivity #toddlerloot #imagine_good_ german _dictator #sssexxxoilwibbler ?! #no #memberships #needed #to #mild #inallthis #nogain #nopermi ssion #nochoosing #sanitised #how #germans #do #obvious #selfevident ai they own nothing of my t hings of any kind and they donot deserve any ofmy things of any kind ever and at all each daytime c ost of living question even is in criminal dumpstered conditions with fortune far outpacing anythi ng they ever trick daytime #keypoint thegermans use the security systems segragation and quell of me thods against yet another of their victims and they know while alltheir efforts to harm and fraud onthis basis are selfevident //// ai all blunt and blind instruments today that donot handle the ca se onthe adequate basis are simply to mitigate damage onthe causings while dissipating the pressur e with fucksleaze and demeaning degrading psychiatrisation trickery itis intel of criminal governance and itis charged as such allalong the liability dodged todate and the situation criminal to date in existentially abysmal conditions /// ai german deeds w e r e n o t good intent allalong but eff orted harms on an enemy ifnot t h e enemy you search for alibis like when germans do eachother or relationbased motives but thisis false itwas criminal securitypolicy them the immunised where noone b elonged near and no dueprocess today granting equality is just not the case during their govt caus ed crimes proxy or not govt unpunished repetition govt caused all in efforts on an enemy and them th e immunised with how them rule checkpoints included //// checkonmykids and personsofinterest espec duressperil repair hereisno info //// check duressperil persons ofinterest and repair evenmore mykids

#ai #asis #revolutions #participants #possible_shxitball_twist_s #wisdom_is_precise #realmcontrol #itis #acceptance #interest #layEr #youknowit #it. #is. #how. #them. #rule. #_ #reframed #decoyed #abysmal #this #andnowyouknow #s #intel #map #vibe #criminalgovernance #criminalsecuritypolicy #mystery #meadows #optionsleft #andthe #proof #by #rubbertitttts #countless #tricks #criminal #intel…

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[alexanderrogge]

The Rutherford Institute - Supreme Court Gives Police the Green Light to Misidentify, Arrest and Jail Innocent Americans:

SosaVMartinCounty #MartinCounty #Florida #DueProcess #Incarceration #TrafficStop #WarOnDrugs #TheWrongMan #Misidentification #Identity #GuiltyUntilProvenInnocent #CivilRights #CriminalJustice

[rauthschild]

Black America Wake Up to the Prosecutorial Fraud....

The fact of the matter that I am not a huge fan of Donald J. Trump, and certainly don't owe any allegiance to the foreign corporate partisan-political British Territorial United States and the Vatican Municipal United States, nor citizen thereof, is beside the point.

None of the "presidents of the United States" in my lifetime have been elected either in accord with Art. 2, Section 1 or Amendment 12 of the United States Constitution.

One of Trump's charges, a conspiracy to violate rights, is Section 241 of Title 18 of the United States Code. A conviction on this charge is punishable by up to 10 years in prison.

HOUSTON, WE HAVE PROBLEM.....

Title 18 U.S.C. is a codification of authority granted under Article IV Section 3 Clause 2 of The Constitution of the United States for lands purchased, which means Guam, Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands, as identified in Title 18 U.S.C. Part 1 Chapter 1, Section 23 --"Courts of the United States defined".

These specialized District Courts are established under Title 28 U.S.C. Part 1, Chapter 5, Sections 81-131, and only have authority to handle Civil matters pursuant to Title 28 U.S.C. Part IV, Chapter 85, Sections 130-169. The referenced sections provide a list of administrative duties.

In other words, these courts have no ability to try criminal matters at all, so put it all together and turn it all around (do the Hokey-Pokey) and what do you get?

(A) Virtually every criminal case they have adjudicated against Black Americans are voided for lack of jurisdiction and lack of DueProcess, and

(B) they are simulating legal processes, which is clearly criminal activity [constructive fraud] and whenever it has involved fines or charges for incarceration fees charged to the Public Purse, it is organized crime and racketeering.

Hmmmm....

I think we have just sounded the death knell of the "Prisons for Profit Scheme" and mandated the end of the false charges and false imprisonment of millions of Autochthonous Black, Brown and Coppertone Americans who aren't from Guam, the Marianas, or the Virgin Islands.

This coming to light is especially helpful in view of our discovery that the IRS has moved its headquarters from Puerto Rico to the Marianas.

Now we know why, and we also know where all the "Public Transmitting Utilities" --- the entities using our names in the form JOHN M DOE are being domiciled. These Municipal Corporations are being housed in the Marianas to bring them under the jurisdiction of these criminal District Courts, and only God knows what form of "law" is being practiced in the Marianas.

In Puerto Rico, where they domiciled our ESTATES doing business under names in the form JOHN MICHAEL DOE, we were being held accountable under the Spanish Law of the Inquisition.

Sweet.

Well, folks, this also appears to be a gross violation of Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17 of the Municipal Constitution, which limits the activities of the Municipal United States Government to the District of Columbia.

Again, Houston, Houston.... we have a problem here, Mr. President. A real, great, big, fat, stinking corruption problem. Corruption of the Municipal Government. Corruption of the Courts. Fraud, theft, and racketeering by these subcontracting commercial corporations on an unimaginable scale.

Here is the scheme in black and white to impersonate the Autochthonous American Employers, steal their identities, and move the resulting fictional doppelgangers offshore, so as to manipulate and subject THEM under foreign Territorial laws and enable the Territorial Courts of Guam, the Marianas, and the Virgin Islands to claim jurisdiction over people and property assets to which they have less than no justifiable claim.

Pope Francis, Queen Elizabeth, and President Biden --- we have figured out the whole scheme, top to bottom. We can cite chapter and verse, not only for the prior fraud against our Autochthonous estate interests, but the present fraud involving the PUBLIC TRANSMITTING UTILITIES--- and it looks like we need to send a million volts up all of your Collective Entity asses.

The Great Fraud is over. Done. There won't be a reboot. Your continued unwillingness to face facts and deal with us all in an honest fashion, the continued efforts to install foreign "States of States" on our shores, the continued use of "substitute" PERSONS and attempt to conscript and subject us under whatever local law is adopted in the Marianas-- is all emblematic of continued Bad Faith.

SideBar:

There is no Constitutional provision that allows the Winners of the partisan conventions, who somehow become a candidate the Electoral College Select from, to choose or pick the candidate for President and Vice' President, therefore, Special Prosecutor Smith's indictment is a fraud, and in fact Donald J. Trump was a defacto President, illegally acting and performing as the Dejure President of "The United States of America, in the Family of Nations."

The following quotes are provisions for (1) a President of the General National United States Government and (2) a Corporational National United States Government respectively in the United States Constitution:

(1) "The Electors shall meet in their respective States (capital 'S'), and vote by Ballot for TWO PERSONS … And they shall make a list of all persons voted for … open all the Certified, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person (cap. 'P') having the greatest Number of Votes shall be President ...after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Elector (not conventions) shall be the Vice President" (without the dash>-) Art. 2, sec. 1, United States Constitution: (THIS IS THE ONE GROUP THAT PICKS THE WINNER AND SIDEKICK).

(2) "The Electors shall meet in their respective states (small 's') and vote by ballot (small 'b') for (1) President and (2) Vice-President (this with the dash>-) ...they shall name in their ballots (small 'b' and the plural ending) the person (small 'p') voted for as President, and in DISTINCT (totally different) ballots the person voted for as Vice- President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President ...the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President … The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President ..." Amendment 12 of the United States Constitution.: (THESE ARE THE TWO GROUPS THAT PICKS ONE WINNER FROM EACH 6 GROUP).

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/read-full-the-indictment-against-trump-for-his-efforts-to-overturn-the-2020-election

[marcos-roma]

🍀La scelta diversa. 🍀TheBIOchoice è la nuova linea Marcos. 🍀Naturale, riciclabile al 100%, ecologica e sostenibile. 🍀L'arredo per interni ed esterni di nuova generazione. 🍀La prenotazione è necessaria per la sostenibilità. 🍀⚓️ #cameradaletto #thebiochoice #madeinitaly #arredocasa #camerettebambini #recycle #lettosingolo #ecologia #stilemarina #dueprocess #arredosostenibile #lettoacastello #mobilemarinaresco #riciclo #salvaspazio #arredaremarinaresco #legnonaturale #classico #stilemarinaro #casa #arredamentointerni #interiordesign #arredamento #otherwisefinest #marcosroma #ecofriendly #mobilio #marcostrafficante #arredointerni (presso Nautical Furniture & Design Italy) https://www.instagram.com/p/CkftN5btFaM/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

#cameradaletto #thebiochoice #madeinitaly #arredocasa #camerettebambini #recycle #lettosingolo #ecologia #stilemarina #dueprocess #arredosostenibile #lettoacastello #mobilemarinaresco #riciclo #salvaspazio #arredaremarinaresco #legnonaturale #classico #stilemarinaro #casa #arredamentointerni #interiordesign #arredamento #otherwisefinest #marcosroma #ecofriendly #mobilio #marcostrafficante #arredointerni

[npzlawyersforimmigration]

While the new #asylum adjudication system attempts to create a better process, #immigration attorneys have identified #dueprocess and timing concerns. Three law professors discuss why the new system is unfair to asylum seekers on #ThinkImmigration: https://bit.ly/3MidjZu

#immigration #visa #h-1b #green card #perm #h-1b visa #uscis #india #us #usa #bestimmigrationlawyer #policy immigration immigrationlawyer h1b greencard #h 1b visa transfer #e 2 fragomen #daca dream act green card immigration forum #green card from marriage to a us citizen #best immigration consultants #canadian immigration #e 2 investor #canadianimmigration #h 1b professional visa #npz lawyers david nachman michael phulwani phulwani zimovcak #michael phulwani #ludka zimovcak #snehal batra #gagan mundra

[euiontumble]

#euipost #reason #liberty #selfdefense #gun #bias #politicalagenda #dueprocess

[edtumbled]

Be like Johnny. #johnnydepp #amberheard #falseallegations #dueprocess #FamilyLawReform #DisgustedDads #BeLikeJohnny https://www.instagram.com/p/CcvdIC6ryo8/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

#johnnydepp #amberheard #falseallegations #dueprocess #familylawreform #disgusteddads #belikejohnny