#feminist epistemology

[omegaphilosophia]

Theories of the Philosophy of Literature

The philosophy of literature encompasses various theories that explore the nature, purpose, and significance of literature. Here are some prominent theories in this field:

Mimetic Theory: This theory, associated with Aristotle, suggests that literature imitates or reflects aspects of the real world. It focuses on the representation of human actions and characters.

Expressive Theory: This perspective emphasizes the expression of the author's emotions, thoughts, and experiences through literature. The work is seen as a medium for the author's self-expression.

Aesthetic Theory: Aesthetic theories, such as those by Immanuel Kant, focus on the intrinsic beauty and form of literature. They explore how literature provides aesthetic experiences and engages the imagination.

Reader-Response Theory: This theory considers the role of the reader in interpreting and giving meaning to a literary work. It suggests that meaning is not solely derived from the author's intentions but is co-created by the reader.

Structuralism and Semiotics: These theories, associated with figures like Roland Barthes, analyze the underlying structures and signs in literature. They explore how language and symbols create meaning.

Deconstruction: Developed by Jacques Derrida, deconstruction challenges fixed meanings in literature. It emphasizes the instability of language and the presence of multiple interpretations.

Feminist Literary Criticism: This approach examines literature through the lens of gender and challenges patriarchal norms. It explores how literature reflects and reinforces societal attitudes toward women.

Postcolonial Theory: Postcolonial literary criticism examines works in the context of colonialism and its aftermath. It explores how literature addresses issues of power, identity, and cultural representation.

Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism: Drawing from Freudian and Jungian theories, this approach explores the psychological dimensions of characters and narratives in literature. It delves into unconscious motivations and symbolism.

Ethical Criticism: Ethical theories in literature examine the moral implications and ethical choices presented in literary works. It considers how literature engages with ethical questions and influences readers' moral perspectives.

Cultural Criticism: Cultural theories analyze literature in the context of cultural practices, beliefs, and values. They explore how literature reflects and shapes cultural identities.

Narrative Theory: Narrative theorists examine the structure and function of narratives in literature. They explore how stories are constructed and how they contribute to our understanding of the world.

These theories offer diverse perspectives for interpreting and understanding the complexities of literature.

#philosophy #epistemology #knowledge #learning #chatgpt #education #Philosophy of Literature #Literary Theory #Literary Criticism #Hermeneutics #Aesthetics #Literary Interpretation #Reader-Response Theory #Deconstructionism #Feminist Literary Theory #Psychoanalytic Literary Theory #Postcolonial Literary Theory

[mangoisms]

completed both my midterm papers ☝️ they were article critiques and one of them was based entirely in philosophy and it was sooooooooo. such a pain. cause the prof was like Well good papers in the past have been around 10 pages. IDC you can’t get me to write 10 pages on philosophy of science. especially because it’s not an experimental paper. mine turned out to be 6 which is still good but. it’s not 10. and idc

#the article was interesting. it was on feminist methods and epistemology #and critiquing the methods and epistemology of psychology and how it’s changed now vs before #but then i had to come up with my OWN critiques while also referencing our philosophy textbook #it was just the philosophy aspect that is so hard #but i think it’s pretty solid. especially for this being my first time doing something like that AND with philosophy #But the prof is really nice this sounds like he’s not but he is he’s super cool #discussions are fun but the material. at times. absolutely mind numbing #now i know shit like. popper. and kuhn. Unfortunately

[profestriga]

My 2023 Reading List

Here's the books and articles that I read in 2023 (a large part of which was a push to finish my dissertation). I thought it might also be useful to others to see what my workload looks like as a 7th year grad student in a PhD. program, especially since I'm unmedicated with severe ADHD. This is what I'm able to get done while fighting through that. I bring this up because I know that it can seem fucking impossible, most notably when we see our neurotypical colleagues churning through incredible amounts of research. A final note: two of the books I'm including in here are books that I started reading in 2022 (Kagan and Stock). Also, note that many of these are re-reads; I've marked these with an Asterisk, and a couple of the books I read around 90%, but dropped a couple chapters that weren't relevant for my projects. These are marked with two asterisks. Be aware that my citations here are of a pretty rough and ready style. Philosophy has weird disciplinary standards (read, almost every journal is different), so I just have a "here's what you need to know to find it" style here. CW: I work on some dark things involving death, suicide, sexual assault, sex, race, and trans rights, including actively fighting trans-exclusive theorists, so there's a lot of possibly triggering things in here.

Updated: Jan 4, 2024

Abdollah, Serajian, Ebrahim Khosrow, and Sajad Ahmadizad. 2014. “Comparison of Anthropometric and Functional Characteristics of Elite Male Iranian Fencers in Three Weapons.” International Journal of Applied Sport Sciences 26 (1): 11–17.

Alcoff, Linda. 1991. “The Problem of Speaking for Others.” Cultural Critique No. 20 5–32.

Alcoff, Linda. 2007. “Epistemologies of Ignorance: Three Types.” In Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance, edited by Shannon and Tuana Sullivan, Nancy, 39–50. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Anderson, Elizabeth. 2012. “Epistemic Justice as a Virtue of Social Institutions.” Social Epistemology 26 (2): 163–73.

Andler, Matthew. 2017. “Gender Identity and Exclusion: A Reply to Jenkins.” Ethics 

Ashley, Florence. 2023. “What is it Like to Have a Gender Identity.” Mind 132 (528): 1053–73.

Ballantyne, Nathan. 2019. “Epistemic Trespassing.” Mind 128 (510): 367–95.

Ballantyne, Nathan, Jared Celniker, and David Dunning. 2022. “Do Your Own Research.” Social Epistemology 

Barnett, Brian S, Ariana E Nesbit, and Reneé M Sorrentino. 2018. “The Transgender Bathroom Debate At the Intersection of Politics, Law, Ethics, and Science.” J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 46 (2): 232–41.*

Berg, Amy. 2022. “Is There a Duty to Read the News.” Journal of Moral Philosophy 20 (3-4): 243–67.

Bergero-Miguel, Trinidad, María A García-Encinas, Amelia Villena-Jimena, Lucía Pérez-Costillas, Nicolás Sánchez-Álvarez, Yolanda de Diego-Otero, and Jose Guzman-Parra. 2016. “Gender Dysphoria and Social Anxiety: An Exploratory Study in Spain.” J Sex Med 13 (8): 1270–78.*

Bettcher, Talia Mae. 2009. “Trans Identities and First-Person Authority.” In You’Ve Changed: Sex Reassignment and Personal Identity, edited by Laurie Shrage, 98–120. Oxford University Press.*

Biggs, Michael. Suicide By Trans-Identified Children in England and Wales. Transgender Trend.*

Blair, Karen L., and Rhea Ashley Hoskin. 2019. “Transgender Exclusion From the World of Dating: Patterns of Acceptance and Rejection of Hypothetical Trans Dating Partners as a Function of Sexual and Gender Identity.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36 (7): 2074–95.

Blanchard, Matt, and Barry Farber. 2016. “Lying in Psychotherapy: Why and What Clients Don’t Tell Their Therapist About Therapy and Their Relationship.” Counselling Psychology Quarterly 29 (1): 90–112.

Blanchard, Matt, and Barry Farber. 2020. “”It is Never Okay to Talk About Suicide”: Patients’ Reasons for Concealing Suicidal Ideation in Psychotherapy.” Psychother Res 30 (1): 124–36.

Bochicchio, Lauren, Kelsey Reeder, Lauren Aronson, Charles McTavish, and Ana Stefancic. 2021. “Understanding Factors Associated With Suicidality Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse Identified Youth.” LGBT Health 8 (4): 245–53.

Bradley, Ben. 2012. “Doing Away With Harm.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 85, No. 2 390–412.*

Brown, Brookes. 2023. “Bearing Witness: The Duty of Non‐indifference and the Case for Reading the News.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 104 (2): 368–91.

Bustos, Valeria P, Samyd S Bustos, Andres Mascaro, Gabriel Del Corral, Antonio J Forte, Pedro Ciudad, Esther A Kim, Howard N Langstein, and Oscar J Manrique. 2021. “Regret After Gender-Affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence.” Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 9 (3): e3477.*

Byrne, Alex. 2020. “Are Women Adult Human Females.” Philosophical Studies 177 (12): 3783–803.

Carel, Havi, and Ian Kidd. 2014. “Epistemic Injustice in Healthcare: A Philosophical Analysis.” Med Health Care Philos 17 (4): 529–40.

Cattien, Jana. 2019. “Against “Transracialism”: Revisiting the Debate.” Hypatia 34 (4): 713–35.

Clements-Nolle, Kristen, Rani Marx, and Mitchell Katz. 2006. “Attempted Suicide Among Transgender Persons: The Influence of Gender-Based Discrimination and Victimization.” Journal of Homosexuality 51 (3): 53–69.*

Congdon, Matthew. 2018. ““Knower” as an Ethical Concept: From Epistemic Agency to Mutual Recognition.” Feminist Philosophy Quarterly 4 (4): 

Costa, Rosalia, and Marco Colizzi. 2016. “The Effect of Cross-Sex Hormonal Treatment on Gender Dysphoria Individuals’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review.” Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 12 1953–66.*

Crichton, Carel, & Kidd. 2017. Epistemic Injustice in Psychiatry. BJPsych Bulletin. 41:65-70.

Crocker, David. 1991. “Insiders and Outsiders in International Development.” Ethics and International Affairs 5 149–73.

Cullison, Andrew. 2010. “On the Nature of Testimony.” Episteme 

Daniels, Norman. 2015. “Why We Should Care About the Social Determinants of Health.” Am J Bioeth 15 (3): 37–38.

Davey, Amanda, Walter Pierre Bouman, Caroline Meyer, and Jon Arcelus. 2015. “Interpersonal Functioning Among Treatment-Seeking Trans Individuals.” J Clin Psychol 71 (12): 1173–85.*

Davey, Amanda, Walter Pierre Bouman, Jon Arcelus, and Caroline Meyer. 2014. “Social Support and Psychological Well-Being in Gender Dysphoria: A Comparison of Patients With Matched Controls.” J Sex Med 11 (12): 2976–85.*

Davis, Emmalon. 2016. “Typecasts, Tokens, and Spokespersons: A Case for Credibility Excess as Testimonial Injustice.” Hypatia 31 (3): 485–501.

Dees, Richard H. 2019. “Primum Non Nocere Mortuis: Bioethics and the Lives of the Dead.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 44 (6): 732–55.

Dembroff, Robin. 2020. “Beyond Binary: Genderqueer as Critical Gender Kind.” Philosophers’ Imprint 20 (9): 1–23.*

Dembroff, Robin, and Dennis Whitcomb. Forthcoming. “Content-Focused Epistemic Injustice.” Oxford Studies in Epistemology*

DiPaolo, Joshua. 2022. “What’s Wrong With Epistemic Trespassing.” Philosophical Studies 179 (1): 223–43.

DiPaolo, Joshua. Forthcoming. “”I’m, Like, a Very Smart Person” on Self-Licensing and Perils of Reflection.” Oxford Studies in Epistemology 

Dormandy, Katherine. 2018. “Epistemic Authority: Preemption or Proper Basing.” Erkenntnis 83 (4): 773–91.

Dotson, Kristie. 2008. “In Search of Tanzania: Are Effective Epistemic Practices Sufficient for Just Epistemic Practices?” Southern Journal of Philosophy 46 (S1): 52–64.*

Dotson, Kristie. 2011. “Tracking Epistemic Violence, Tracking Practices of Silencing.” Hypatia 26 (2): 236–57.*

Dotson, Kristie. 2012. “A Cautionary Tale: On Limiting Epistemic Oppression.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 33 (1): 24–47.*

Dotson, Kristie. 2014. “Conceptualizing Epistemic Oppression.” Social Epistemology 28 (2): 115–38.*

Frost-Arnold, Karen. 2014a. “Imposters, Tricksters, and Trustworthiness as an Epistemic Virtue.” Hypatia 29 (4): 790–807.

Frost-Arnold, Karen. 2014b. “The Cognitive Attitude of Rational Trust.” Synthese 191 (9): 1957–74.

Frost-Arnold, Karen. 2014c. “Trustworthiness and Truth: The Epistemic Pitfalls of Internet Accountability.” Episteme 11 (1): 63–81.

Funkhouser, Eric. 2017. “Beliefs as Signals: A New Function for Belief.” Philosophical Psychology 30 (6): 809–31.

Gardner, Molly. 2015. “A Harm-Based Solution to the Non-Identity Problem.” Ergo 2 427–44.*

Gardner, Molly. 2019. “When Good Things Happen to Harmed People.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 22 (4): 893–908.

Gijs, Luk, and Anne Brewaeys. 2007. “Surgical Treatment of Gender Dysphoria in Adults and Adolescents: Recent Developments, Effectiveness, and Challenges.” Annual Review of Sex Research 18 (1): 178–224.*

Goldman, Alvin I. 2001. “Experts: Which Ones Should You Trust.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 63 (1): 85–110.

Harcourt, Edward. 2021. “Epistemic Injustice, Children and Mental Illness.” J Med Ethics 47 (11): 729–35.

Hardwig, John. 1985. “Epistemic Dependence.” The Journal of Philosophy 82 (7): 335–49.

Harvin, Cassandra Byers. 1996. “Conversations I Can’t Have.” One the Issues: The Progressive Women’s Quartery 5 (2): 15–16.

Hookway, Christopher. 2010. “Some Varieties of Epistemic Injustice: Reflections on Fricker.” Episteme 7 (2): 151–63.

Intemann, Kristen. 2010. “25 Years of Feminist Empiricism and Standpoint Theory: Where Are We Now.” Hypatia 25 (4): 778–96.

Jaggar, Alison M. 1998. “Globalizing Feminist Ethics.” Hypatia 13 (2): 7–31.

Jenkins, Katharine. 2016. “Amelioration and Inclusion: Gender Identity and the Concept of Woman.” Ethics 126 (2): 394–421.*

Jenkins, Katharine. 2018. “Toward an Account of Gender Identity.” Ergo, an Open Access Journal of Philosophy 5 (20201214): 

Jenness, Valerie, Cheryl L. Maxson, Kristy N Matsuda, and Jennifer Macy Sumner. 2007. “Violence in California Correctional Facilities: An Empirical Examination of Sexual Assault.” The Bulletin 2 (2): 1–4.

Joshi, Hrishikesh. 2022a. “Debunking Creedal Beliefs.” Synthese 200 (6): 

Joshi, Hrishikesh. 2022b. “The Epistemic Significance of Social Pressure.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 52 (4): 396–410.

Kaltial-Heino, Rittakerttu, Maria Sumia, Marja Työläjärvi, and Nina Lindberg. 2015. “Two Years of Gender Identity Service for Minors: Overrepresentation of Natal Girls With Severe Problems in Adolescent Development.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 9 (9): *

Kidd, Ian James, Lucienne Spencer, and Havi Carel. 2023. “Epistemic Injustice in Psychiatric Research and Practice.” Philosophical Psychology 1–29.

Kukla, Rebecca. 2007. “Objectivity and Perspective in Empirical Knowledge.” Episteme 3 (1-2): 80–95.

Kurs, Rena, and Alexander Grinshpoon. 2018. “Vulnerability of Individuals With Mental Disorders to Epistemic Injustice in Both Clinical and Social Domains.” Ethics & Behavior 28 (4): 336–46.

Larbalestier, Jan. 1990. “The Politics of Representation: Australian Aboriginal Women and Feminism.” Anthropological Forum 6 (2): 143–57.

Lee, J. Y. 2021. “Anticipatory Epistemic Injustice.” Social Epistemology 35 (6): 564–76.

Levy, Andrea, Aaron Scherer, Brian Zikmund-Fisher, Knoll Larkin, Geoffrey Barnes, and Angela Fagerlin. 2018. “Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Patient Nondisclosure of Medically Relevant Information to Clinicians.” JAMA Netw Open 1 (7): e185293.

Lin, Eden. 2021. “The Experience Requirement on Well-Being.” Philosophical Studies 178 (3): 867–86.

Longino, Helen E. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Love, Heather A., and Preston C. Morgan. 2021. “You Can Tell Me Anything: Disclosure of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Psychotherapy.” Psychotherapy (Chic) 58 (4): 533–43.

Love, Melanie, and Barry A. Farber. 2019. “Honesty in Psychotherapy: Results of an Online Survey Comparing High Vs. Low Self-Concealers.” Psychother Res 29 (5): 607–20.

Lugones, María. 1987. “Playfulness, “world”-Travelling, and Loving Perception.” Hypatia 2 (2): 3–19.

Lugones, María C., and Elizabeth V. Spelman. 1983. “Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism and the Demand for ‘the Woman’s Voice’.” Women’s Studies Int. Forum 6 (6): 573–81.

Marquis, Don. 1989. “Why Abortion is Immoral.” The Journal of Philosophy 86 (4): 183.*

Medina, José. 2011. “The Relevance of Credibility Excess in a Proportional View of Epistemic Injustice: Differential Epistemic Authority and the Social Imaginary.” Social Epistemology 25 (1): 15–35.

Meier, Lukas J. 2022. “Systemising Triage: Covid-19 Guidelines and Their Underlying Theories of Distributive Justice.” Med Health Care Philos 25 (4): 703–14.

Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 1988. “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses.” Feminist Review 30 61–88.

Mustanski, Brian, and Richard T Liu. 2013. “A Longitudinal Study of Predictors of Suicide Attempts Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth.” Archives of Sex Behavior 42 (3): 437–48.*

Neus, Nora. Trans Women Are Still Incarcerated With Men and it’s Putting Their Lives At Risk. CNN.

Nguyen, C. Thi. 2020a. “Cognitive Islands and Runaway Echo Chambers: Problems for Epistemic Dependence on Experts.” Synthese 197 (7): 2803–21.

Nguyen, C. Thi. 2020b. “Echo Chambers and Epistemic Bubbles.” Episteme 17 (2): 141–61.

Nicholls, Tracey. 2011. “Should I Speak for My Sister? Solidarity and Silence in Feminist Struggles.” PhaenEx 6 (1): 12–41.

Origgi, Gloria. 2012. “Epistemic Injustice and Epistemic Trust.” Social Epistemology 26 (2): 221–35.

Pardue, Angela, Bruce A. Arrigo, and Daniel S. Murphy. 2011. “Sex and Sexuality in Women’s Prisons.” The Prison Journal 91 (3): 279–304.

Perry, Stephen. 2003. “Harm, History, and Counterfactuals.” San Diego Law Review 40 1283–313.

Phipps, Alison. 2016. “Whose Personal is More Political? Experience in Contemporary Feminist Politics.” Feminist Theory 17 (3): 303–21.

Pitcher, George. 1984. “The Misfortunes of the Dead.” American Philosophical Quarterly 21, No. 2 183–88.

Pohlhaus Jr., Gaile. 2012. “Relational Knowing and Epistemic Injustice: Toward a Theory of “willful Hermeneutical Ignorance”.” Hypatia 27 (4): 715–35.

Pohlhaus Jr., Gaile. 2014. “Discerning the Primary Epistemic Harm in Cases of Testimonial Injustice.” Social Epistemology 28 (2): 99–114.*

Preda, Adina, and Kristin Voigt. 2015. “The Social Determinants of Health: Why Should We Care.” Am J Bioeth 15 (3): 25–36.

Russell, Camisha. 2019. “On Black Women, “in Defense of Transracialism,” and Imperial Harm.” Hypatia 34 (2): 176–94.

Russell, Stephen T, Amanda M Pollitt, Gu Li, and Arnold H Grossman. 2018. “Chosen Name Use is Linked to Reduced Depressive Symptoms, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicidal Behavior Among Transgender Youth.” J Adolesc Health 63 (4): 503–5.

Salkin, Wendy. 2021. “The Conscription of Informal Political Representatives.” Journal of Political Philosophy 29 (4): 429–55.

Sanati, A, and M Kyratsous. 2015. “Epistemic Injustice in Assessment of Delusions.” J Eval Clin Pract 21 (3): 479–85.

Sanati, Abdi & Kyratsous Michalis. 2017. Epistemic Injustice and Responsibility in Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 23:974-980

Sartre, Jean Paul. 1946. trans. Philip Mairet. "Existentialism is a Humanism."

Satta, Mark. 2022. “Epistemic Trepassing and Expert Witness Testimony.” Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 22 (2): 212–38.

Schutte, Ofelia. 1986. “Notes on the Issue of Cultural Imperialism.” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 59 (5): 757–59.

Schwan, B. 2021. “Responsibility Amid the Social Determinants of Health.” Bioethics 35 (1): 6–14.

Scott, Joan W. 1991. “The Evidence of Experience.” Critical Inquiry 17 (4): 773–97.

Shaw, Danny. 2020. Eleven Transgender Inmates Sexually Assaulted in Male Prisons Last Year. BBC.

Sheeks, Meredith. 2023. “The Myth of the Good Epistemic Bubble.” Episteme 20 (3): 685–700.

Shiffrin, Seana Valentine. 1999. “Wrongful Life, Procreative Responsibility, and the Significance of Harm.” Legal Theory 5 (02): 117–48.*

Shiffrin, Seana Valentine. 2012. “Harm and Its Moral Significance.” Legal Theory 18 (3): 357–98.*

Simester, A P, and Andreas von Hirsch. 2011. Crimes, Harms, and Wrongs: On the Principles of Criminalisation. Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing.

Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1988. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by Cary Nelson, and Lawrence Grossberg, 271–313. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education.

Stacey, Judith. 1988. “Can There be a Feminist Ethnography?” Women’s Studies Int. Forum 11 (1): 21–27.

Steers-McCrum, Alex R. 2020. “Don’t Put Words in My Mouth: Self-Appointed Speaking-for is Testimonial Injustice Without Prejudice.” Social Epistemology 34 (3): 241–52.

Stock, Kathleen. 2018a. Changing the Concept of ‘Woman’ Will Cause Unintended Harms. The Economist.*

Stock, Kathleen. 2018b. Why Self-Identification Should Not Legally Make You a Woman. The Conversation.*

Stock, Kathleen. 2019. Ignoring Differences Between Men and Women is the Wrong Way to Address Gender Dysphoria. Quilette.*

Sullivan, Shannon. 2004. “Feminist Spaces.” Hypatia 19 (3): 209–16.

Tadros, Victor. 2014. “What Might Have Been.” In Philosophical Foundations of the Law of Torts, edited by John Oberdiek, 171–92. Oxford University Press.

Taylor, James Stacey. 2005. “The Myth of Posthumous Harm.” American Philosophical Quarterly 42 (4): 311–22.*

Taylor, James Stacey. 2021. “Promises to the Dead.” Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 90 81–103.*

Thomson, Judith Jarvis. 1971. “A Defense of Abortion.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (1): 47–66.*

Tobi, Abraham. 2023. “Intra-Group Epistemic Injustice.” Social Epistemology 37 (6): 798–809.

Toole, Briana. 2022. “Demarginalizing Standpoint Epistemology.” Episteme 19 (1): 47–65.*

Townsend, Leo, and Dina Lupin. 2021. “Representation and Epistemic Violence.” International Journal of Philosophical Studies 29 (4): 577–94.

Trebilcot, Joyce. 1988. “Dyke Methods or Principles for the Discovery/creation of the Withstanding.” Hypatia 3, No. 2 1–13.

Tuvel, Rebecca. 2017. “In Defense of Transracialism.” Hypatia 32 (2): 263–78.*

Vance, Stanley R. 2018. “The Importance of Getting the Name Right for Transgender and Other Gender Expansive Youth.” J Adolesc Health 63 (4): 379–80.*

Vigny-Pau, Myriam, Nelson Pang, Hamad Alkhenaini, and Alex Abramovich. 2021. “Suicidality and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Transgender Populations: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health 25 (4): 358–82.*

Wanderer, Jeremy. 2012. “Addressing Testimonial Injustice: Being Ignored and Being Rejected.” The Philosophical Quarterly 62 (246): 148–69.

Watson, Jamie Carlin. 2022. “Epistemic Neighbors: Trespassing and the Range of Expert Authority.” Synthese 200 (5): 408.

Weatherall, James Owen, and Cailin O’Connor. 2021. “Conformity in Scientific Networks.” Synthese 198 (8): 7257–78.

Wellman, Christopher Heath. 2001. “Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation.” Ethics 111 735–59.*

Williams, Daniel. 2021a. “Motivated Ignorance, Rationality, and Democratic Politics.” Synthese 198 (8): 7807–27.

Williams, Daniel. 2021b. “Socially Adaptive Belief.” Mind & Language 36 (3): 333–54.

Williams, Daniel. 2023. “The Marketplace of Rationalizations.” Economics and Philosophy 39 (1): 99–123.

Wilson, Liz. 1997. “Who is Authorized to Speak? Katherine Mayo and the Politics of Imperial Feminism in British India.” Journal of Indian Philosophy 25 139–51.

Wolff, Nancy, Cynthia L Blitz, Jing Shi, Ronet Bachman, and Jane A Siegel. 2006. “Sexual Violence Inside Prisons: Rates of Victimization.” J Urban Health 83 (5): 835–48.

Wolff, Nancy, Jing Shi, and Jane A Siegel. 2009. “Patterns of Victimization Among Male and Female Inmates: Evidence of an Enduring Legacy.” Violence Vict 24 (4): 469–84.

Woodward, James. 1986. “The Non-Identity Problem.” Ethics 96 (4): 804–31.*

Worsnip, Alex. 2019. “The Obligation to Diversify One’s Sources: Against Epistemic Partisanship in the Consumption of News Media.” In Media Ethics: Free Speech and the Requirements of Democracy, edited by Carl Fox, and Joe Saunders, 240–64. London: Routledge.

Wylie, Alison. 2003. “Why Standpoint Matters.” In Science and Other Cultures: Issues in Philosophies of Science and Technology, edited by Robert Figueroa, and Sandra Harding, 26–48. New York: Routledge.*

Yang, Xin, Jason Parton, Dwight Lewis, Ning Yang, and Matthew Hudnall. 2020. “Effect of Patient-Physician Relationship on Withholding Information Behavior: Analysis of Health Information National Trends Survey (2011-2018) Data.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (1): e16713.

Books

Camus, Albert. 1955 [1942]. Trans Justin O'Brien. The Myth of Sisysphus and Other Essays. Hamish and Hamilton.*

Farber, Barry A., Matt Blanchard, and Melanie Love. 2019. Secrets and Lies in Psychotherapy. Washington: American Psychological Association.**

Fricker, Miranda. 2007. Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford University Press.

Kagan, Shelly. 2012. The Geometry of Desert. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kidd, Ian James, José Medina, and Gaile Pohlhaus Jr., eds. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice. London, New York: Routledge.**

Sherman, Benjamin and Gouguen, Stacy, eds. 2019. Overcoming Epistemic Injustice: Social and Psycholofical perspectives. Rowman and Littlefield.

Stock, Kathleen. 2021. Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism. Fleet.

Book Chapters

Ballantyne, Nathan. 2022. “Novices and Expert Disagreement.” In Reason, Bias, and Inquiry, edited by Nathan Ballantyne, and David Dunning, 227–53. Oxford University Press.

Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000. Chapter 5: The Power of Self-Definition. in Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Second Edition. Routledge. 97-121.

Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1997. “Intersectionality and Identity Politics: Learning From Violence Against Women of Color.” In Reconstructing Political Theory: Feminist Perspectives, edited by Mary Lyndon Shanley, and Uma Narayan, 178–93. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State Press.

Feinberg, Joel. 1993. “Harm to Others.” In The Metaphysics of Death, edited by John Martin Fischer, 169–90. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Fricker, Elizabeth. 2006. “Testimony and Epistemic Autonomy.” In The Epistemology of Testimony, edited by Jennifer Lackey, and Ernest Sosa, 225–50. Oxford University Press.

Gardner, Molly. 2021. “What is Harming?” In Principles and Persons, edited by Jeff McMahan, Tim Campbell, James Goodrich, and Ketan Ramakrishnan, Oxford University Press.

Kierkegaard, Søren. 2004 [1843]. trans. Howard V. and Edna H. Hong. "Problema I." in Basic Writings of Existentialism, edited by Gordon Marino. The Modern Library. 7-23.*

Kierkegaard, Søren. 2003 [1843]. trans. Howard V. and Edna H. Hong. "Problema II." in Basic Writings of Existentialism, edited by Gordon Marino. The Modern Library. 24-39.*

Phelan, Shane. 1989. Chapter 4: Definition and Community. in Identity Politics. Temple University Press. 59-80.

Phelan, Shane. 1989. Chapter 7: The Limits of Community. in Identity Politics. Temple University Press. 135-151.

Sartre, Jean Paul. 1993 [1943]. trans. Hazel Barnes. "Introduction: The Pursuit of Being." in. Being and Nothingness. Washington Square Press. xlv-lxvii.*

#studyblr #grad school #reading list #trans philosophy #philosophy #applied philosophy #epistemology #epistemic injustice #study movitation #ethics #feminist philosophy

[thearbourist]

Feminist Standpoint Epistemology - Playing with Fire

Feminist Standpoint Epistemology – Playing with Fire

What it is – “Feminist standpoint theorists make three principal claims: (1) Knowledge is socially situated. (2) Marginalized groups are socially situated in ways that make it more possible for them to be aware of things and ask questions than it is for the non-marginalized. (3) Research, particularly that focused on power relations, should begin with the lives of the marginalized. Feminist…

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#Consequences #Feminist Standpoint Epistemology

[tnpx]

So you think you’re a meteorologist. 🧐😶‍🌫️⛈☄️🧑🏾‍🚀👾🛸

Facebook post by OP: I've turned into the lady who can tell you that it's going to rain because of her bones. One day, I'll be old enough to say, "But, if it's raining, it's cancelled." I can't decide if I'm looking forward to that or not.

First and only comment: And, ho many days before it rains, how hard… and what time 🌻

So I am part of Ororo after all. Fact checked and note taken.

#weather witch #storm #mutants #evolved #evolving #endarkened #endarkening #endarkened feminist epistemology #EFE

[rebellum]

nooo i wrote a whole RESPONSE to this but then tumblr app crashed and then I had to type the whole thing out AGAIN on my computer and then in that time period the op turned reblogs off. Since they turned reblogs off, I decided to cover up their name, in order to kinda respect that.

my response:

No. It is important to create new words in order to discuss specific phenomena. That’s why words like homophobia, lesbophobia, transphobia, misogyny, transmisogyny, exorsexism, and transandrophobia were invented. 

Sure, lesbophobia is covered under “homophobia”, but lesbophobia is an important word for describing how misogyny and homophobia affect women’s experiences of homophobia. Transmisogyny is covered under “transphobia”, but it’s useful to have a term that specifically describes how trans fems experience the intersection of transphobia and misogyny, not just for being trans, but for being specifically trans feminine, and the ways that expectations of womanhood, femininity, manhood, and masculinity factor into their oppression because of their assigned sex at birth, their presentation, and their gender. Exorsexism is covered under “transphobia”, but it’s useful to have a term to describe how transphobia affects specifically people outside of the gender binary. Misogynoir is covered under misogyny, but the term was created to specifically describe how Black women experience the intersections of racism and misogyny. Of course my explanations here are a little reductive, each one of these examples has much more to it than what I listed. 

In a similar vein, transandrophobia is useful for understanding how transphobia, homophobia, misogyny, and the meta-epistemologies of those discourses affect trans mascs, not just for being trans, but for being trans masc. Oppression, both systemic and on individual levels of discrimination and prejudice, works differently for people depending on the intersections of their identity (assigned sex at birth, assigned gender at birth, presentation, gender identity, race, culture, ability, etc). 

So transandrophobia is useful for discussing specifics like:

The idea of “lost lesbians” and “the trans cult tricking little girls into mutilating their bodies”

The rhetoric of violence around testosterone-based HRT. There is the incorrect idea that people who take T become more violent because they are becoming more masculine. 

This association of masculinity with violence, and how that affects trans mascs. For trans people regardless of gender, proximity to masculinity puts people in danger in queer spaces. People are treated worse if they are trans masc, trans fem and don’t pass well enough to the surrounding people, or nonbinary and not sufficiently ‘safely’ androgynous (skinny, hairless, and white, with no prominent secondary sex characteristics). 

How trans mascs are treated differently when they come out, or when they start to transition. Many people find that people are colder to them, they experience higher rates of abuse, and if they are trans men they are told to not talk about their experiences because ‘they are men and can’t possibly understand misogyny’. The voices of people who aren’t trans masc often end up being listened to more about trans masc experiences, than the people who have actually lived through those experiences. Like, people are shitty to trans people that are masculine specifically because they are masculine.

Corrective rape 

Many people, even in feminist and trans spaces, believe that a man’s gender cannot factor into his experiences of oppression. Eg believe that the fact that they are men is irrelevant to trans men’s experiences, believe that a Black man’s masculinity has nothing to do with how he experiences racial oppression, etc. There are even some vocal people who believe that men cannot be oppressed, and that trans men cannot be oppressed, specifically because being men means they CAN’T experience oppression. 

The idea that trans men transition in order to try to escape misogyny 

Discrimination in reproductive healthcare 

A lot more, it would take ages to list the different kinds of transandrophobia

I also noticed you said “continue to feel its effects if they don’t pass”. But that idea is part of the issue: trans mascs continue to experience oppression for being trans masc when they DO pass. Even if someone is well passing, and stealth, they still directly experience discrimination for being trans masc through things like access barriers to reproductive healthcare, higher rates of abuse, sexual assault, etc. 

So transandrophobia (trans andro + phobia, not trans +androphobia as some people against the concept seem to believe) is, like other specific terminologies of oppression, really useful as shorthand for the specific forms of oppression people face not just for being trans, but for being trans masc.

#transandrophobia #transphobia discussion

[probablyasocialecologist]

When it comes to gender theory, scientists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries who were informed by eugenics “made strong statements about the social and political role of women, claiming all the while to speak for the scientific truth.” They typically referred to women’s reproductive capacity as a natural indication of their divinely ordained social role. Social, political, and religious ideologies informed the scientific beliefs of this time period, which is not dissimilar to the widely held beliefs of current gender/sex psychologists. It can be argued that the father of modern psychology himself, Sigmund Freud, in his quest to validate psychoanalysis as a legitimate science, reproduced the social opinions of his time in his psychological theories. His theories about femininity, in particular, have been criticized by feminist thinkers for the ways in which his frameworks position femininity as fundamentally incompatible with subjectivity, thus cementing women’s passivity and subordination as a psychological disposition that explains and justifies their social position under patriarchy. Although psychology has developed considerably since Freud, his work remains foundational to the field, and informs the ongoing structural violence of psychiatric pathologization experienced by marginalized subjects. Psychoanalytic concepts have become embedded in clinical, academic, institutional, and colloquial language, influencing the epistemologies of neurosexists and feminists alike. We continue to see bioessentialist reasoning about sexual difference employed in the name of feminism. Notably, bioessentialism informs contemporary discourse about trans rights. For example, Trans Exclusionary Radical Feminism (TERF) refers to a radical ideology that equates womanhood with biological sex, and maintains a bioessentialist stance to discriminate and incite violence against trans women, and to exclude trans women from women’s spaces.  Proponents of trans exclusionary radical feminist ideology espouse the conviction that women are a group with a singular shared experience of womanhood based on the patriarchal violence experienced by people with vaginas. It arose out of the work of anti-porn feminist writing like that of Andrea Dworkin and Catherine MacKinnon in the 1970s, which centered the ways in which cisgender women’s bodies are uniquely subjected to sexualized violence. The objectification and sexualization of the cisgender female body was the main concern in this discourse, and as such, postmodern perspectives that disrupt bioessentialist ideas about gender and the body have been received as an existential threat to the objectives of this radical ideology. Third wave feminist discourse and theories, like intersectional feminist theory, have disputed the idea that bodily or physical similarities are experienced in the same ways socially and culturally (e.g., at intersections of race, class, ability, nation, gender identity, and sexuality). When it comes to trans discourse, it is important to recognize the ways in which non-normatively gendered bodies with any perceived association to femininity or womanhood are subjected to patriarchal and sexualized violence. Heteronormativity and rape culture affect more than just cisgender women. To weaponize a binary understanding of gender against women with diverse experiences of womanhood is to collude with the oppressive forces of the colonial, white supremacist hetero capitalist patriarchy.

#gender #bioessentialism #neurosexism #feminism

[aftonfamilyvalues]

Read Fifth Wave Feminism by Mohammed Hijab. Everything is proven in there. A great book highlighting the issues with modern feminism, particularly the issue of the White, Western feminist imposing a system of ethics and a moral code upon non-white women globally. The author poses the question: if feminism does topple existing power structures, how can we guarantee that domination does not just repeat itself in the discourse of the would-be ‘new masters’? The main flaws highlighted include the ideological presuppositional prejudice of a post-Western Enlightenment nature and the fact that feminism tends to put a Euro-centrically understood ‘human rights’ discourse at an epistemological advantage.

im not reading a book by muslim andrew tate. whats taking you so long to suck on that gun, by the way?

#ask

[queenlua]

#pretty solid read #the dunks are. uh. a little aggressively dunk-y for my tastes #but when author starts waxing about fiction they like later on it's p solid stuff

[manie-sans-delire-x]

Read Fifth Wave Feminism by Mohammed Hijab. Everything is proven in there. A great book highlighting the issues with modern feminism, particularly the issue of the White, Western feminist imposing a system of ethics and a moral code upon non-white women globally. The author poses the question: if feminism does topple existing power structures, how can we guarantee that domination does not just repeat itself in the discourse of the would-be ‘new masters’? The main flaws highlighted include the ideological presuppositional prejudice of a post-Western Enlightenment nature and the fact that feminism tends to put a Euro-centrically understood ‘human rights’ discourse at an epistemological advantage.

No.

Why would I waste my time reading a book written by a man about how women shouldnt have rights? Would you read a book written by a woman about how men shouldnt have rights? How about you read some feminist books, or take at least one class on women's history and oppression? "Just read this book". My university professor always said- If you cant summarize what you learned and explain it to a novice in an easy-to-understand manner, you do not yet understand it yourself. Just because you were so easily duped and brainwashed doesnt mean I will be. So I'm guessing the book says a whole lot of nothing, just what misogynists want to hear, patting yourselves on the back, telling each other how smart you are.

Imagine coming up to a stranger and telling them you dont believe they should have rights, and not expect to be punched in the face at the very least. You can try to hide behind intellectualism and big words all you like but at the end of the day you are saying human beings shouldnt have rights and that will always be utter evil bullshit.

Go ahead, try that with a man. Go to "the hood" in Detroit and tell a group of black men that they doesnt deserve rights because of the way they were born. Have fun. But you wont. You'll only say that to women online because you're a coward. You need to oppress women to feel any sort of power.

Why are you coming onto my blog in a weak attempt to persuade me, a woman, that I shouldnt have rights? Do you really think I would ever agree? That is actually hilarious.

It might surprise you to learn I'm not fully white. It might surprise you to learn non-white feminists exist. I'm guessing theres a lot of things in life that would surprise you to learn. In fact theres a womans group- in India I believe- who beat husbands who abuse their wives with sticks. But sure, its all just white women "causing all the problems". Like this hasnt been going on for generations in every country. Your ignorance of that in itself immediately discredits you. You dont even know something so obvious? Even the slightest google research would educate you.

"Imposing a system of morals" Which are? Go on, say what those terrible "morals and ethics being imposed" upon them actually are. That women should have rights? That little girls shouldnt be raped? That men shouldnt rape and beat women? Oh no how terrible. What a corruption.

"Topple the power structure". All women are asking for is equal rights, and for men to not rape and kill us. Thats it. Its really not difficult. But misogynist scum like you constantly whine and cry about it like the over dramatic, extraordinarily selfish little bitches you are, as if thats some big expectation and not the lowest moral bar imaginable.

If that means the destruction of the power structure, good. Such a fragile structure that depends on oppressing half its population is weak and deserves to crumble, and such a vile society should die. And so you agree? That the current power structure is unfeminist and unfair and oppressive to women? Or else why would feminism threaten it, right? Every system in power falls eventually. Maybe its just your time, accept it. Even Rome fell. I'm looking forward to it.

"How can we guarantee that domination does not just repeat itself in the discourse of the would-be ‘new masters’?"

Who the fuck is "we"? Because you made it clear women arent included in your sense of humanity. So why is it now our problem to protect men? Who would the "new masters" be? Women? Good. The world would be a better place. We havent tried it yet so might as well give it a go. Cant be any worse than the shit world men created. Very telling that you cant imagine a world where the sexes are simply equal. You talk about "white ppl" then say the exact same things as a white supremacist- "The blacks are taking over!! (by having rights- so scary) What if they enslave us??" All oppressors are the same. Morally bankrupt, deeply selfish, and violent cowards who fear what they do to others being returned onto them. You punch someone for no reason, then instantly curl up and beg for mercy and cry in fear. Is there anything more pathetic and worthy of contempt?

So you're just afraid that the tables will be reversed. You know how badly men have treated women and you are terrified of righteous revenge. You dont want to be treated like women have been and still are. You just admitted that!! Lmfao!! And yet you still wont see your own hypocrisy. You refuse to be logical. Like I said, you and every other misogynist are just pathetic, weak cowards driven by emotion- fear and hate- instead of logic and compassion. You have no real power or strength, so you push women down in order to feel taller, feel like a big man. You're a bully. Thats all your bullshit rhetoric is.

It never crosses your mind that some people- or that women- arent pieces of shit like men have been. You already assume that women would treat men horribly, only because thats what YOU would do. I want you to read that part again, really let it sink in. Just because misogynistic men like to be pieces of shit and run the world this way, doesnt mean women do. This is not the only way the world can be. You are assuming that this hypothetical, evil matriarchal society would oppress and abuse men just as horribly as the patriarchy already has in reality. Made up problems vs already existent real problems. The terrible evil things you fear are already happening, just to humans you dont care about. You use this fear from a hypothetical reality as reason to continue to oppress women, instead of realizing its reason to stop, even out of self-preservation since I already know you dont act out of empathy. You are incapable of imagining a world where there is equality between sexes. Theres no hope for you then. Its always the person cheating who is suspicious of their partner, who accuses their faithful partner of cheating while they themselves are the one who is actually cheating. You should be down on your knees thanking the stars everyday that all women want are equal rights and non-violence, instead of righteous revenge.

But you know what, maybe you should be scared. People should attone for their crimes, dont you agree? You didnt think you were just going to get off scott-free did you? Personally, I'm not so kind and forgiving, and I do believe in an eye for an eye. I DO hope domination repeats itself so you have the slightest inkling of what oppression is like. Maybe then you'll have the slightest empathy for women's plight. At least you'd have something real to complain about. I feel sorry for your mother. What a waste of her time and energy you turned out to be. Disrespectful and ungrateful.

Now fuck off, scrotum. You foul my air with your presence. Pack up your bullshit and take it back to incel land. I dont know why you are speaking to a person who, if we ever met in a dark alleyway, would do the world a favor and gut you like a fish.

Human beings deserve equal rights. Its that simple. If you somehow have some kind of issue with that statement, you're illogical, hateful, and quite obviously the definition of evil like a cartoon villain, and thus should die like one.

#asks #misogyny #female oppression #womens history #feminism #feminist

[watermelinoe]

Read Fifth Wave Feminism by Mohammed Hijab. Everything is proven in there. A great book highlighting the issues with modern feminism, particularly the issue of the White, Western feminist imposing a system of ethics and a moral code upon non-white women globally. The author poses the question: if feminism does topple existing power structures, how can we guarantee that domination does not just repeat itself in the discourse of the would-be ‘new masters’? The main flaws highlighted include the ideological presuppositional prejudice of a post-Western Enlightenment nature and the fact that feminism tends to put a Euro-centrically understood ‘human rights’ discourse at an epistemological advantage.

i don't read books by men

#answered

[omegaphilosophia]

Theories of the Philosophy of Hierarchy

The philosophy of hierarchy examines the nature, justification, and implications of hierarchical structures within societies, organizations, and systems. It explores questions related to power dynamics, authority, and social order. Additionally, it delves into ethical considerations regarding the legitimacy and fairness of hierarchies and investigates alternative models of social organization.

Some theories in the philosophy of hierarchy include:

Social contract theory: This theory explores the idea that hierarchical structures are formed through implicit or explicit agreements among individuals for mutual benefit and social order.

Power and domination theory: This perspective emphasizes the role of power dynamics in the establishment and maintenance of hierarchical structures. It examines how individuals or groups use power to exert control over others within a hierarchy.

Functionalism: Functionalism argues that hierarchical structures serve essential functions in society by organizing individuals and facilitating cooperation and productivity. It views hierarchies as necessary for social stability and efficiency.

Conflict theory: Conflict theory posits that hierarchical structures are based on inherent conflicts of interest between different social groups. It highlights how hierarchies can perpetuate inequality and social injustice.

Anarchism: Anarchist theories challenge the legitimacy of hierarchical structures and advocate for decentralized, non-hierarchical forms of social organization. They prioritize individual autonomy and voluntary cooperation over institutionalized authority.

Feminist theory: Feminist perspectives on hierarchy examine how gender dynamics intersect with hierarchical structures to perpetuate gender inequality and oppression. They critique traditional hierarchical models and advocate for more equitable and inclusive forms of organization.

These are just a few examples of theories within the philosophy of hierarchy, each offering distinct insights into the nature and implications of hierarchical systems in society.

#philosophy #epistemology #knowledge #learning #chatgpt #education #ethics #sociology #society #Philosophy of hierarchy #Social contract theory #Power dynamics #Functionalism #Conflict theory #Anarchism #Feminist theory #Social organization #Social structure #Inequality

[thepinkofgoth]

"Feminism involves so much more than gender equality. And it involves so much more than gender. Feminism must involve a consciousness of capitalism- I mean, the feminism I relate to. And there are multiple feminisms, right? It has to involve a consciousness of capitalism, and racism, and colonialism, and postcolonialities, and ability, and more genders than we can even imagine, and more sexualities than we ever thought we could name.

Feminism has helped us not only to recognize a range of connections among discourses, and institutions, and identities, and ideologies that we often tend to consider separately. But it has also helped us to develop epistemological and organizing strategies that take us beyond the categories "women" and "gender".

And, feminist methodologies impel us to explore connections that are not always apparent. And they drive us to inhabit contradictions and discover what is productive in these contradictions. Feminism insists on methods of thought and action that urge us to think about things together that appear to be separate, and to disaggregate things that appear naturally to belong together."

-Angela Davis (Freedom is a Constant Struggle)

#long post #ive been reading a lot of her stuff and her ideas and observations on things have been nice to absorb during these times #i think its good to consider the intersectionality of struggles amongst groups because theyre more connected than we think

[gamergoo]

I left it in the replies of @molsno’s post about it but the bizarre transmisogynist epistemology that has been constructed whereby the knowledge of transmisogyny cannot come from trans women, we cannot be trusted to know about our own oppression, is so fucked! If black women were discounted when writing feminist texts about misogynoir, specifically by other feminists, for the crime of: not writing a grand unified feminist theory? That would be racist! And likewise, the idea that knowledge of transmisogyny can never be complete when coming from trans women, and that it MUST be abstracted by TME individuals, is transmisogynist! Julia serano doesn’t write her books because they’re supposed to be these grand theories of feminism, they are SPECIFICALLY transfeminist, they are about her experience!

Idk it’s just so sinister to me

[lizbethborden]

Imagine being this intellectually dead.

The extent to which this is OP's Problem and Their Problem Alone is AMAZING. If you sat in class in college debating whether or not fictional characters are gay, or writing papers about fictional codes of ethics, and that was the extent of your education, your education was not rigorous, and you did not rigorously pursue anything remotely intellectual--which, again, is all you. That is your fault.

Did you read any Saussure? Derrida? Roland Barthes? Foucalt? How about Freud? Did you know that Freud used literary criticism within psychoanalysis? Do you know where the concept of "the uncanny" came from and how it developed? Have you read Helene Cixous? Do you know how many feminists have used fiction and literary analysis to ground or frame their work? Are you familiar with Kate Millett's Sexual Politics? How about Toni Morrison's Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination? Did you know that queer theory (love it or hate it) is suggested to have begun with literary criticism in Eve Kosofsky-Sedgwick's work in Epistemology of the Closet? The same queer theory that has made massive social and political impacts in the US, UK, and other countries?

Fiction is a reflection of us. It is a reflection of our culture and society. And many, many gifted, educated, and extremely important people have gotten quite a lot of utility out of creating and analyzing fiction using tools generated in this field of study. I am not even really a huge English Major Defender. It's not for everybody and I don't blame people for finding the major weird, esoteric, or uninteresting. But to have gone through your undergraduate education and gotten this little out of it either means you went to the University of Phoenix, or you did no work, took in no information, and now are blaming the whole field because you made your studies a pointless exercise. That's very embarrassing for you.

#if you paid for a fucking education and treated it like Fujoshi School of Fake Homos that is YOUR FAULT #and you are telling on yourself #and the person who made this post and the people commenting and agreeing w/ them are doing nothing so much as proving #that they are profoundly intellectually dead

[gatheringbones]

[“Sara Ruddick, in Maternal Thinking (1989)—a groundbreaking work in feminist care ethics—frames preservative love as one of the central acts of mothering, which is the relational position from which she derives an entire epistemology of care. It’s important to note, as well, that Ruddick understands “mothering” to be a practice taken up by persons of any gender; rather, anyone who commits themselves “to responding to children’s demands, and makes the work of response a considerable part of her or his life, is a mother” (xii). Preservative love is shorthand for all of those acts that keep a being alive and intact, and it is characterized by a specific response to the vulnerability of an other. It means “to see vulnerability and to respond to it with care rather than abuse, indifference, or flight”. It doesn’t require a particular affective orientation—we don’t have to be cheerful or enthusiastic about it, and we may indeed feel deeply ambivalent about such forms of care. Ruddick: “what we are pleased to call ‘mother-love’ is intermixed with hate, sorrow, impatience, resentment, and despair”.

Of course, only some trans folks are children, and not all trans people engage in mothering. But if you’re a person of trans experience and involved in trans communities, you know that intensified forms of vulnerability and exposure to violence and debility continue to inform trans lives across age groups. In addition to this, transition also scrambles normative temporalities of development. We have “second puberties” well into adulthood; we have “big brothers” or “big sisters” mentor us through transition because, though they may be younger in years, they’ve initiated transition long before us. We sometimes come from childhood homes that did not adequately provide the forms of preservative love and nurturance that form the crux practices of mothering. Alternately, we may have these forms of motherhood reduced or withheld upon the revelation of our transness. This is all to say we remain in need of mothering (in the many-gendered, expansive sense of the word) well into adulthood.

Trans historian Morgan M Page has given us a golden rule as we navigate the spaces of social media, and it is deeply informed by the ethos of preservative love. The rule is simple. “I do not shit-talk other trans people in public. If I truly have a problem that must be addressed, I speak to them directly”. She goes on to unpack what motivates the rule: the high incidence of mental health struggle in trans communities means that call-outs and online harassment sometimes translate to self-harm and suicide. In addition to this, the rising tide of antitrans organizing has made a practice of solidarity across difference increasingly crucial. We can ill afford to be locked in self-aggrandizing battle with one another. This is doubly so when we consider that the online spaces wherein we congregate—from the Yahoo groups and chatrooms of yore to the networks we inhabit on Twitter, Instagram, and all of the closed groups on Facebook that effectively operate as both support groups and skillshares—are the only trans-majority spaces to which many of us have access.”]

hil malatino, trans care, 2020

#hil malatino #currently reading #trans literature #gender stuff