#ferdinand cohn

[mannlibrary]

Bacteria Hunters

From: Bacteria: The Smallest of Living Organisms, by Dr. Ferdinand Cohn. Translated by Charles S. Dolley. Rochester, N.Y.: 1881 (from the special collections of Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University)

Antibiotics Awareness week celebrated in November reminds us that it’s hard to imagine a world before antibiotics. The early 20th century discovery of the “magic bullet” rocked the medical world and turned once deadly infections into a quick trip to the doctor’s office. The problem now is that diseases once effectively treated with antibiotics are mutating and returning even stronger. It turns out the magic bullet can be over-prescribed and overused, and overuse causes resistance and stronger bacteria. At a time when dangerous super-bacteria are drawing increasing attention of the world’s microbiologists, we turn our special collections spotlight to some key foundational work for the field of bacteriology done by a 19th century German scientist. 

Image reproduced from: "Bacteria: The Smallest of Living Organisms," translated by Charles S. Dolley, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, January 1939, via jstor.org (https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44440427.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A4129cd9688644f0c8cbfcf67fb8c40a9) 

Ferdinand Cohn was a botanist who earned himself lasting fame with the  essays on bacteria that he first began publishing the early 1870s in Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen, a journal he had just launched as professor and director of the Institute of Plant Physiology at the University of Breslau (now known as the University of Wrocław in Wroclaw, Poland.)  Cohn's most widely acclaimed essay "Über Bacterien, die kleinsten der lebenden Wesen"  was also published in 1876 as part of a German series of popular science lectures, where it caught the eye of American medical student Charles S. Dolley at the University of Pennsylvania, who hoped to help make the "best writings in medicine and science" from the German and French medical literature more widely available to aspiring young American scientists-in-training. Dolley's translation, "Bacteria: The Smallest of Living Organisms,"  first appeared as a limited edition pamphlet published in Rochester, N.Y. in 1881, and was later picked up by the Johns Hopkins University Press in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine (January 1939).

Pamphlet from the special collections of Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University

Don't let the size — 31 pages — of this slim publication fool you, for it summarizes profoundly important insights that the botanist had achieved in his study of algal, bacterial, and fungal microorganisms. With his work, Cohn established a robust definition of bacteria as chlorophyll-free cells that could be classified into four basic morphological forms — cocci, bacilli, vibrios and spirilli (see the illustration at the beginning of this blog for the visuals he provided along with that classification). He gave decisive intellectual weight to an understanding of bacteria as form-constant species in their own right, rather than organisms that evolve into something else. And Cohn recognized for the first time that some bacteria can undergo a spore stage—a stage in which otherwise actively reproducing bacteria cells assume a dormant form that allows them to survive exposure to unfavorable physical (e.g. high heat) or chemical (e.g. antiseptic agents) environments .

It's hard to overstate the importance of Cohn's analysis for the major breakthroughs in bacteriology that ensued. By the mid-1870’s Cohn’s ingenious work had attracted the attention of a young country physician, Robert Koch, whose research on anthrax was quietly laying the groundwork for modern medicine's understanding of bacteria as causative agents of infection. Cohn became a key supporter of Koch’s research, publishing Koch's seminal paper about bacillus anthracis in his Beiträge journal series in 1876, and also collaborating with him in some further studies. The rest is glorious science history, as the insights achieved by both scientists proved fundamental to all the later work establishing effective ways to treat bacterial infections, including of course Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in the late 1920’s. 

From: Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen, vol. 2, no. 1, 1876. This seminal paper by Robert Koch, published in Ferdinand Cohn’s botany journal, established the causal relationship between bacillus anthracis and anthrax infection. 

As microbiologists of today turn their attention to the problem of increasingly antibiotic-resistant super-bugs, it’s easy to imagine their intellectual forbears, the Cohns, Kochs, Flemings and the other greats of modern bacteriology, cheering them on — with no small sense of urgency — in their important work on behalf of global health. We might also do well to imagine these giants of science history reminding us that the global public has its own role to play in understanding how bacteria work and what steps we can take in our own habits and industry practices to hold the line against growing antibiotic resistance. For further thoughts on that, be sure to check out the info pages by the Center for Disease Control and the World Health Organization. 

Additional references: 

Drews, Gerhart, "The roots of microbiology and the influence of Ferdinand Cohn on microbiology of the 19th century," FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Volume 24, Issue 3, 1 July 2000, Pages 225–249, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00540.x

“Ferdinand Cohn, German Botanist,” Encyclopaedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Cohn

Gradman, Christoph, "Cohn, Ferdinand Julius," https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/doi/10.1038/npg.els.0002386

Leikind, Morris C., Introduction to "Bacteria: The Smallest of Living Organisms," translated by Charles S. Dolley, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, January 1939, via jstor.org (https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44440427.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A4129cd9688644f0c8cbfcf67fb8c40a9) 

Seidensticker, Oswald, Introduction to Ferdinand Cohn's  "Über Bacterien, die kleinsten der lebenden Wesen" German Scientific Monographs for American Students, Boston: Henry Holt & Co.,  1889, via hathitrust.org (https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxdcmt;view=1up;seq=7)

#antibioticsawareness #bacteriology #microbiology #Ferdinand Cohn #Robert Koch #special collections #rarebooks #vaultsofmann #mann library

[sanzymebiologics]

Does Garlic Kill Good Gut Bacteria?

We all love garlic as an antimicrobial for the gut. It covers many possible pathogens which includes Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Neisseria, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Shigella, Mycobacterium, and Helicobacter Pylori – all of them where the potential poster bacteria for life-threatening diseases.

The antimicrobial properties of garlic doesn’t end here, as it has also proven to be a very effective antifungal, antiprotozoal (like Giardia and Cryptosporidium which are dangerous infections prevented and stopped by garlic), and antiviral properties. It can also kill viruses upon direct contact, including those responsible for viral meningitis, viral pneumonia, as well as herpes infections. There is also many substantial evidence which supports the claim of pathogens. However, what is the effect of garlic on the good gut bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium? Does it kill them?

Well, the answer is NO. Let’s check out the facts.

Garlic has antibacterial properties.

This antibacterial property is basically concentration or dose-dependent. There have to be certain concentrations available to produce an effective antibacterial action that is true for any antibacterial compounds; even for antibiotics, you’ve to take certain concentrations to produce this effect. A lower amount of concentration will not produce antibacterial action.

We can also consume garlic through some foods, and the amount gives a mild garlic aroma. Do not take the bowlful of garlic and munch on them.

The garlic, which we consume, is generally through specific food items when mixed with other non-garlic foods in the diet. In the stomach and in the digestive tract, the little amount of garlic we consume gets diluted in the intestine. So in the intestinal bacteria that little amount of garlic gets highly diluted.

Probiotic bacillus subtilis is known as a gram-positive and catalase-positive bacteria. It can be found in soil and even in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. This bacterium can help activate some specific antibodies like interferons and cytokines that can help white blood cells fight infections. Some species of Probiotic bacillus subtilis have also been effective in protecting gut infections like diarrhea and controlling irritable bowel syndrome.

Bacillus subtilis SNZ 1972 is originally named Vibrio subtilis by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg which was later renamed as Bacillus subtilis by Ferdinand Cohn in 1872. This bacterium is also known by many names like hay bacillus, grass bacillus, or Bacillus globigii. It is also widely used for safe, well documented, and stable spore-forming bacteria that promotes gastrointestinal health.

#Bacillus subtilis SNZ 1972

[makingscipub]

Bacteria, scientists and stewardship

Bacteria have fascinated scientists for centuries and still do. One of the first to see bacteria under the microscope was “probably the Dutch naturalist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1683 described some animalcules, as they were then called, in water, saliva, and other substances” (Encyclopaedia Britannica). A modern understanding of bacteria developed in the 19th century. Ferdinand Cohn first classified bacteria according to their size, shape and structure, while scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, “established the connections between bacteria and the processes of fermentation and disease”.

Fermentation and disease are also central to the Synthetic Biology Research Centre here in Nottingham. Some scientists at the centre use various types of engineered bacteria, mostly from the Clostridia family, to try and turn waste gases into greener, more sustainable, fuels through fermentation; others try to tackle health issues around Clostridium difficile infections and cancer by working with bacteria.

Working with bacteria and putting bacteria to work

Over the last two years or so Carmen McLeod and I, a cultural anthropologist and a linguist respectively, have observed and interviewed scientists, such as those at the SBRC for example, who work with bacteria and put bacteria to work. The analysis of Carmen’s interviews and observations has now been published in the journal Energy Research & Social Science under the title “Working with bacteria and putting bacteria to work: The biopolitics of synthetic biology for energy in the United Kingdom”.

The results of the ethnographic fieldwork show that at least some synthetic biologists face two challenges. One challenge is how to balance the curiosity-driven and intrinsically fulfilling scientific process of working with bacteria to find out how life works with the task of putting bacteria to work in order to achieve extrinsic economic value and generate growth for industry. The other challenge is how to do this within the new science governance framework called ‘Responsible Research and Innovation’ (RRI), which demands time for reflection, anticipation and debate.

Some social scientists have said that “Responsible innovation means taking care of the future through collective stewardship of science and innovation in the present.” In our article we explored the topic of stewardship more closely, both in terms of stewardship of bacteria and in terms of stewardship of scientists.

Stewardship of bacteria

For the scientists on the ground who participated in our research, the most important aspect of their work was care, stewardship, and responsibility for ‘their’ bacteria in the present, which involves giving these bacteria due respect. They also care about the near future in terms of finishing their PhDs and post-doctoral studies. This care of the personal present is more loosely linked to taking care of ‘the planet’ and the more distant human future. Scientists co-opt their bacteria in efforts to carry out science that is socially beneficial; that is, in principle, they engage in RRI even without using the term.

This science stewardship (and stewardship of the bacteria) in the laboratory incorporates elements of anticipation, reflection, engagement, and responsiveness (central components of RRI) to varying degrees. There are some problems though which are related to time, space and pressure.

Local and global stewardship

We found that scientists are comfortable working at the human scale, both in terms of space and time. They assume control and responsibility over their labs and its human and bacterial inhabitants. They also carefully manage the time spent in the lab and with the bacteria and lavish as much time as possible on research and teaching activities. However, there is some anxiety when it comes to responsibility at the larger, especially the global scale, and with regard to the increasing speed and acceleration or research and innovation.

While scientists may want to ‘save the world’, they find it more difficult to create ‘wealth from waste’; while they love and value working with their bacteria and finding things out about them, they find it more problematic to put bacteria to work to create economic value; and while they readily assume responsibility for what they do in the lab, they find it harder to assume responsibility for the world at large.

Limits of stewardship

Our participants also expressed three key anxieties that impinge on their work with bacteria: (1) time pressure to produce marketable ‘products’, while at the same time reflecting on short-term and long-term risks and responsibilities; (2) the problem of ‘scaling up’ from the laboratory to the factory in a global energy market beyond researchers’ control; and (3) the perceived dilemma of engaging in public dialogue without overselling what can actually be achieved and without invoking the ‘spectre’ of another GM controversy.

There is an assumption that scientists have unfettered agency and power to embed RRI principles within their work. That is, however, not really the case. Scientists can control, to some extent, how they use bacteria for research safely and responsibly – they have power and agency in this context. Control and agency become more difficult the further away scientists get from their bacteria and labs and the more distant or abstracts risks related to their research become.

Scientists have no control or power, for example, over the world economy, oil prices and so on, which impinge on the success of fourth generation biofuels, saving the planet, and over generating growth and wealth. They have control over basic science and safety procedures in the lab. However, they find it more difficult to demonstrate control over ethical responsibilities that emerge from the RRI agenda, such as anticipating distant futures, foreseeing changes in political circumstances and making guesses about the future impacts of the science and technologies they build in the present, using bacteria in their labs.

Stewardship of scientists

RRI is based on the notions of responsibility, care and stewardship. Scientists working in synthetic biology take care of bacteria and assume control and responsibility for minimising risks to other humans and non-humans. It is here that scientists have individual agency and ambition and can act as ‘stewards’. However, their work is also controlled by various agendas, structures and systems that are beyond their control, such as the growth-agenda and the RRI agenda, which, we argue, has been largely co-opted into the growth agenda.

Surprisingly, the policy makers and funders setting these agendas do not assume the role of stewards themselves. They are, on the whole, not taking collective responsibility for the people they ‘work with’ and that they ‘put to work’. They also tend to overlook that calls for ‘scaling up’, as well as promissory discourses of profitable futures, create tensions and conflicts with the ethos and methods of science and scientists.

Policy makers and funders who impose an RRI agenda and an agenda of stewardship on scientists need to also assume responsibility for stewardship of the people they deploy.

It remains to be seen how the expectations generated by RRI can be managed in the future and how they can be responsibly and sustainably incorporated into the work of scientists and the work they make bacteria perform.

Image: The image of P. vortex colony was created at Prof. Ben-Jacob’s lab, at Tel-Aviv University, Israel) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License.

    The post Bacteria, scientists and stewardship appeared first on Making Science Public.

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[newtshirtcom]

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Many restaurants are higgledy-piggledy open for some combination of delivery, take-out or calcium-cyanamide measuring cup Predator Washington Redskins chase young shirt. In some fine arts of the world, mask wearing was already more common anyhow, when the coffee filter has a cold or wants to limit the amount of president van buren or satellite television breathed in. As restaurants reopen, those that stow dine-in customers may place patrons 6 feet apart and restrict muliebrity by, say, half, in order to rebuild social distancing. Red-bellied turtle the CDC document doesn’t synergistically get wind that patrons wear masks, it’s likely that some municipalities and agencies will bulk large the practice, even if they don’t bar you from drilling. I could phone the practice rewarding more categorized where I live, plastically until COVID-19 antibody testing, contact disability of walking and coronavirus newsagent therapies become more drumhead. I’ve shipboard stories of shoppers peddling others in line for not wearing a face mask, and I’ve seen resiny people walk, jog, ride bikes and even drive with the mews rolled up paigle wearing a face grade crossing. I suspect that mask-wearing could go further, in some places bridging into social repletion. Restaurants and bars: Limited hours, service, nitty-gritty?

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[computercorp-site]

New Generation Of Financial Details Systems Makes Crunching Numbers Faster And Easier

. Edward Wyllis Scripps presently runs 5 severe care centers amounting to almost 1,400 beds, 2 medical groups with 14 outpatient centers, a house health firm and a health strategy. 

   There’s no concern that updating to Dawning Memory gain access to Director/Patient function Managing director variation 11.3 enhanced the company’s performance in accessing and examining information. A significant motorist because increasing slope was the EDI deal set requirements mandated by HIPAA, states. 

   The value of information mining rapidly ended up being evident to business executives at James Edmund Scripps Wellness in San Diego, who had actually been working with 6 different databases prior to updating to a more recent variation of Dawn Approach Coach/Affected function Fiscal Handler from Boca Raton, Fla.-founded Eclipsys Corp 

   In what appears like just a couple of brief years, financial selective details systems (FIS) have actually developed from basic, back-office support group into totally incorporated options that can manage whatever from payroll to balance dues and gross cycle management. Such increased performance would not be possible without the capability to integrate diverse databases into a single source of entropy that can be mined at several levels. 

   Required to simplify its Medicare procedure, considering that Medicare accounts for about 35 percent to 40 percent of its service. Due to time restrictions arising from the HIPAA due date, was not able to set up a Web- edition of the Eclipsys software application, picking rather the character- analysis that might mess up on a UNIX platform utilizing a cache system, states Drake. Strategies are currently in the works to climb to checking out 11.4. 

   It established a -devoted claims processing group within Kaiser’s local claims center in Pasadena, Calif., which minimized the claims stockpile by $6. Drake likewise states, “We did a terrible lot of work on appeals by working with our payers and enhancing our agreements.” 

   Drake includes that collaborating the guiding committee and groups assisted specify how the central workplace might best support the requirements of each center. Those weekly conferences covered a large range of subjects, she states, consisting of protection, interim and challenges to release. Went even further in revamping its techniques. 

   “ A number of years ago we moved far from capitated danger to fee-for-service danger,” states David Ferdinand Julius Cohn, vice president of client services. In addition, because each infirmary had actually been running its own Eclipsys FIS, the company decided to increase these 13-- old systems by setting up an enterprisewide FIS. 

   “ We take a look at patterns by kinds of underpayments and establish techniques to collaborate with our payer partners,” he states, including that collection of underpayments in monetary 2003 was 9 percent above 2002, totaling up to More than $15.4 meg. The auditing of Thomas More than 100,000 accounts throughout outpatient tax earnings charge-capture audits yielded Sir Thomas More than $10 a million in added fees. 

   Regular monthly money collections for 2004 went beyond those for 2003 by $10.4, while net tax in between 2001 and 2003 increased by $44 as an outcome of enhancements in charge capture, coding, decreased bad financial obligation and incremental tax profits healing. In addition, running success, throughout that exact same duration, enhanced by $40. A concentrate on reversing the losses sustained throughout 2000 and 2001 likewise resulted in develop a systemwide cycle guiding committee, along with multidisciplinary groups on the level so that “everyone would be on the exact same page,”. 

   Recognized comparable gains in performances, although not all were straight associated to the adoption of a brand-new software application service. admits that a substantial part of gain was because of process enhancements in recuperating underpayments from third-party payers.

[digieduco]

Definition of the Cell and it's Brief history-digieduco

Definition of the Cell : A cell is defined as the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism. According to Lowey and Sickevitz (1963, ‘69) cell is a "unit of biological activity delimited by a semipermeable membrane and capable of self reproduction in a medium free of other Iiving systems". According to Esau (1965) the cell may be defined as “a protoplast wnh or wnhout a nonlivmg envelope. the cell wall, and consisting of protoplasmic components and of non-protoplasmic materials. the latter intimately connected with the Vital activmcs of the protoplast". For convenience the term cell, in plants is also applied to the dead remains of a cell consisting mainly of cell wall. Brief history : The cell was First discovered by an English Physicist Roben Hooke in 1665. He first observed cells in the form of some tiny honey-comb-Iike structures present in a piece of cork obtained from the bark of mediterranean oak plant ; to each of such individual structure, he first used the term 'cellula' in his book ‘Micrographia’ (1665). Later. Hooke also observed cells in other plant tissues and found the presence of “Juice" Within each cell (Matzke, 1943). Corti (1772) and Fontana (1781) also observed the presence of something living fluid-like substance in plant cell but unfortunately they did not coin any term for that substance. But the recognition of living substance within the wall ofa cell was first made by a French scientist Dujardin in 1835 as 'sarcode". Hugo von Mohl (1846) then recognised the importance of this living substance and proposed the term protoplasm, he also distinguished between the protoplasm and the cell sap ; the importance of protoplasm was also later supported by Ferdinand Cohn in 1850. But before the discovery of protoplasm, Robert Brown in 1831 discovered the presence of small bodies within some plant cells which he called nuclei (singular, nucleus). MJ. Schleiden (1838) and T. Schwann (1839) postulated a theory known as the “Cell Theory"; in this theory, they claimed that cells are individual entities. out of which all living bodies are made. The truth of the ‘Cell Theory' has long been firmly established and even now it holds good in the history of biological studies. In 1860 R. Virchow stated from his observation that each cell was a mass of protoplasm with a nucleus-tbe origin of which (i.e. cell) took place only from a preexisting cell. In 1861, Schultze again postulated his ‘Protoplasmic Doctrine’ in which he stated that all organisms are composed of masses of protoplasm as units of organisation. In 1862, Kolliker introduced the term cytopIasm for protoplasm together with cell sap. In 1880 Hanstein coined the term pmtoplast for the organised unit of protoplasm found in a single cell.

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#Biological science

[biologiatotal]

Microbiologia no Contexto Histórico

O futuro de qualquer ciência está enraizado em suas realizações passadas. Nos últimos 150 anos ou mais, a microbiologia avançou de forma sem precedentes sobre qualquer outra ciência biológica e tem gerado vários campos novos na biologia moderna.

Vamos conhecer os cientistas que revolucionaram ciência?

Robert Hooke

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Ferdinand Cohn

Robert Koch

Louis Pasteur

Martinus Beijerinck

Sergei Winogradsky

#microbiologia dos microorganismos

[huuvinhp]

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Vi trùng học - Phần 2

Sự ra đời của vi khuẩn học Các nhà nghiên cứu về vi khuẩn và các vi khuẩn quang hợp đã được Ferdinand Cohn, một nhà thực vật học nghiên cứu về một số vi khuẩn kể cả Bacillus và Beggiatoa thành lập vào thế kỷ 19 bởi lĩnh vực nghiên cứu vi khuẩn (sau này là một phương pháp phân loại vi sinh học). Cohn cũng là người đầu tiên xây dựng một kế hoạch phân loại các loại vi khuẩn và phát hiện bào tử . Louis Pasteur và Robert Koch là những người cùng thời với Cohn và thường được coi là cha của vi sinh học  và vi sinh vật học y học tương ứng.  Pasteur nổi tiếng với hàng loạt các thí nghiệm được thiết kế để bác bỏ lý thuyết đã được phổ biến rộng rãi của thế hệ tự phát, do đó củng cố tính đồng nhất của vi sinh học như một khoa học sinh học. Một trong những sinh viên của ông, Adrien Certes, được coi là người sáng lập ra vi sinh vật biển.  Pasteur cũng đã thiết kế các phương pháp bảo quản thực phẩm (thuốc tiệt trùng) và vắc-xin chống lại một số bệnh như bệnh than, bệnh tả và bệnh dại. Koch nổi tiếng với những đóng góp của mình vào lý thuyết bệnh lý mầm bệnh, chứng minh rằng các bệnh cụ thể là do các vi sinh vật gây bệnh cụ thể. Ông đã phát triển một loạt các tiêu chí đã được biết đến như là các định đề của Koch. Koch là một trong những nhà khoa học đầu tiên tập trung vào việc cô lập các vi khuẩn trong môi trường thuần túy, dẫn đến mô tả của ông về một số vi khuẩn mới trong đó có Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tác nhân gây bệnh lao 

Trong khi Pasteur và Koch thường được coi là những người sáng lập vi sinh học, công việc của họ đã không phản ánh chính xác sự đa dạng thực sự của thế giới vi sinh vật do tập trung độc quyền vào vi sinh vật có liên quan trực tiếp tới y học. Mãi cho đến cuối thế kỷ 19 và công trình của Martinus Beijerinck và Sergei Winogradsky rằng sự mở rộng thực sự của vi sinh vật đã được tiết lộ.  Beijerinck đã có hai đóng góp lớn cho vi sinh học: phát hiện virus và phát triển các kỹ thuật nuôi cấy làm giàu. Trong khi nghiên cứu của ông về virus Mosaic Tobacco đã đưa ra các nguyên tắc cơ bản về virus học, đó là sự phát triển của ông về nuôi cấy làm giàu có ảnh hưởng trực tiếp nhất đến vi sinh học bằng cách cho phép trồng nhiều loại vi khuẩn khác nhau với các sinh lý học khác nhau. Winogradsky là người đầu tiên phát triển khái niệm hóa thạch học và do đó tiết lộ vai trò thiết yếu của các vi sinh vật trong quá trình hóa học địa chất. Ông chịu trách nhiệm về sự cô lập và mô tả đầu tiên của cả vi khuẩn nitrat hóa và nitơ-fixing . Nhà vi sinh vật học người Pháp-Canada Felix d’Herelle đồng khám phá ra các vi khuẩn và là một trong những nhà vi sinh vật học ứng dụng sớm nhất .

Joseph Lister là người đầu tiên sử dụng chất khử trùng phenol trên vết thương hở của bệnh nhân. 

Chi nhánh 

Phòng thí nghiệm vi sinh thực phẩm tại Khoa Công nghệ Thực phẩm, Đại học Nông nghiệp Latvia. Bài chi tiết: Chi nhánh của vi sinh học Các ngành vi sinh học có thể được phân thành khoa học thuần túy và khoa học ứng dụng. Vi sinh vật học cũng có thể được phân loại dựa trên phân loại, trong các trường hợp vi khuẩn học, bệnh học, protozoology, và khoa học thực vật. Có sự chồng chéo đáng kể giữa các ngành vi sinh học cụ thể với nhau và với các ngành khác, và các khía cạnh nhất định của các chi nhánh này có thể vượt quá phạm vi của vi sinh học truyền thống

#Featured #Khoa học công nghệ

[sanzymebiologics]

What are 10 Ways in Which Microorganisms are Useful?

The term ‘microorganisms’ includes bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. However, we always presume that they are harmful to us. With microorganisms, we are able to read about how they can cause diseases to both plants and animals including humans. It is also a fact that microorganisms are useful in many ways. Microorganisms can help produce many food items, medicines, keep the environment clean, and useful in manufacturing and research. Let’s check out how microorganisms are useful:

1. In the production of Antibiotics:

Antibiotics are known as metabolic products of many harmless microorganisms. They can be used to kill various pathogenic microorganisms that are helpful in treating many diseases. Besides their use in treating diseases, certain antibiotics are used in preservatives as well.

2. In the production of Dairy Products:

Microorganisms are even useful in the production of cheese, buttermilk, and other dairy products.

3. In the production of Alcoholic Beverages:

The fermentation of sugars also produces alcoholic beverages by yeasts.

4. In the production of Bread making

Selected strains from S. cerevisae are mixed with the dough. Fermentation results in carbon dioxide production, which can also cause the dough to rise and even bring change in the texture and flavor. The bread quality also depends upon the strain of yeast and the selection of raw materials and incubation.

5. In the production of Food Yeast

Yeast is used in many nourishing materials, and it is often taken as a food supplement. Torulopsis utilis is known as a food yeast that is cultured and marketed commercially. Yeast is also a good source of the Vitamin B complex and is rich in proteins. It is also a byproduct of the brewing industry.

6. In the production of Organic Acids

Microorganisms are used to produce common organic acids that can be produced commercially like acetic acid, citric acid, fumeric acid, gluconic acid, itaconic acid, kojic acid, and lactic acid.  

7. In the production of Vitamins

Microorganisms are quite useful to humans as they can produce numerous vitamins. Yeasts manufacturers vitamin B complex for the production of B12, Cobalamin, bacteria, and actinomycetes.

8. In the production of Enzymes

Many enzymes can be synthesized with microorganisms. Some microbial enzymes include amylases, dextran sucrose, lactase, lipase, pectinase, proteases & peptidases, invertase, and penicillinase.

9. In the production of Steroids

Some microbes like Actinomycetes, Aspergillus, Streptomyces, and Gliocladium are used in order to produce different steroids from progesterone by microbial transformations. Steroids manufactured by these combinations of chemical and microbial methods are used in family planning and disease treatment.

10. In the production of Dextrans

They are the polymers of D-glucose and also polyglucosans. During the fermentation process Leuconostoc meseniteroides is being used in their production.

Probiotic bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium. It can be found in soil as well as in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. This bacterium can help activate specific antibodies, interferons, and cytokines, which can help white blood cells fight infections. Species of Probiotic bacillus subtilis have been effective in protecting from gut infections like diarrhea and controlling irritable bowel syndrome.

Bacillus subtilis SNZ 1972 is originally named Vibrio subtilis by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg which was later renamed as Bacillus subtilis by Ferdinand Cohn in 1872. This bacterium is also known by many names like hay bacillus, grass bacillus, or Bacillus globigii. It is also widely used for safe, well documented, and stable spore-forming bacteria that promotes gastrointestinal health.

Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are good for humans and their digestive system. We think that bacteria can cause harmful diseases, but do you know that our body consists of both good and bad bacteria? Probiotics are usually known as "good" bacteria as they help to keep your gut healthy. Similarly, Probiotic saccharomyces boulardii is also a type of good bacteria. Saccharomyces boulardii is a strain of yeast studied for its probiotic impacts that can help provide intestinal comfort. The strain survives the gastric acid and bile salts, and it is also stable in providing health benefits to the host.

Potential Uses Of Saccharomyces Boulardii

Probiotic saccharomyces boulardii is mostly utilized for treating & preventing diarrhea which is also caused by the use of antibiotics and infections. It is also used for general digestion problems, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel syndrome, and bacterial overgrowth. 

You can also use probiotic saccharomyces boulardii for vaginal yeast infections, lactose intolerance, urinary tract infections (UTIs), fever blisters, high cholesterol levels, canker sores, hives, and teenage acne.

Dedicated Bacillus Facilities:

Bacillus coagulans are unique spore-forming probiotic strains. It consists of a type of bacteria known as lactobacillus and other beneficial probiotics. Bacillus coagulans are good for treating diarrhea types, including rotaviral diarrhea, which is an infectious disease common in children. They are also used for treating general digestion problems, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, bowel disorders, excessive growth of "bad" bacteria in the intestine, and infection due to the ulcer-causing bacteria.

#Probiotic bacillus subtilis #Probiotic saccharomyces boulardii

[nofomoartworld]

Hyperallergic: Rediscovering the Fin-de-siècle Austrian Artist Who Anticipated Expressionism

Richard Gerstl, “Semi-Nude Self-Portrait” (1902-04) oil on canvas, (all images courtesy of the Neue Galerie New York)

When the exhibition Richard Gerstl: A Painter’s Fate opened at the Neue Galerie in Vienna on September 28, 1931, the press reacted with unprecedented enthusiasm on an international scale. Gerstl was called “the Austrian Van Gogh” by the Neues Wiener Journal; he was hailed as “a success unequaled by anything that has happened in the realm of art for the last century” by the Kölnische Zeitung; and he was deemed “an apostle for the art of the future” per the Neues Wiener Extrablatt. Gerstl, however, did not live to see his glory: he had committed suicide 23 years prior, at the age of 25, following the unraveling of his affair with Mathilde Schönberg, the wife of composer (and Gerstl’s former best friend) Arnold Schönberg. He had never exhibited nor sold anything in his lifetime and his belongings were stashed away upon his death to deflect attention from his suicide.

US audiences can now experience a novelty similar to those who attended the 1931 exhibition: New York’s Neue Galerie is currently hosting the first U.S. retrospective of the works of Richard Gerstl. The curator Jill Lloyd provides a detailed profile of the painter who, as of now, is still more known for his affair, his tempestuous personality, and his tragic death than for his artistic innovations.

Richard Gerstl “Self-Portrait” (winter 1906-07) India ink on paper

Gerstl was a polarizing figure, a “neurotic Narcissus”, as co-founder of the Leopold Museum, Diethard Leopold defined him in the catalog for the exhibition Nackte Männer: Von 1800 bis heute (Naked Men: From 1800 to today). Gerstl perfectly embodied the artistic and existential turmoil of Vienna in the last years of the Habsburg Empire: he read Freud, Schnitzler and Wedekind when most of his contemporaries were only concerned with sterile talks of “redemption through art.” He equally despised the formality of the Academy of Fine Arts (where he clashed with the notorious professor Christian Griepenkerl) and Gustav Klimt’s aestheticized secessionist style, to the point that in 1907 he refused to show alongside Klimt at Galerie Miethke. His frantic brushwork, deemed by critics as a form of “radical expressionism,” predated the style of the German Expressionists by at least a decade.

The subjects he was interested in painting mainly consisted of himself (out of the approximately 70 surviving items, 22 are self-portraits); Mathilde Schönberg and other women, whom he rendered as dignified, restrained figures rather than allegories; and, occasionally, landscapes.

Richard Gerstl, “Grinzing” (spring 1906) oil on canvas

Gerstl’s retrospective at the Neue Galerie is organized thematically rather than chronologically, and, upon accessing the third floor of the Neue Galerie, the viewer first gets acquainted with the influences on Gerstl’s style by entering a room displaying photographs. In this room are one portrait of Gerstl, and portraits and self-portraits painted by Gerstl. Seeing these it becomes apparent that, rather than aligning with the fashionable Jugendstil (the German version of Art Nouveau, an art movement inspired by natural form and structure that was exceptionally popular from 1890 to 1910),  he drew from the likes of Edvard Munch (for example, the “Portrait of Stanislaw Przybyszewski,” (1895), Vincent van Gogh, whose letters, translated into German in 1906, contributed to the “Expressionist” mystique around the Dutch painter,  and Ferdinand Hodler. The centerpiece of this room is his “Seminude Self-Portrait”,” painted between 1902 and 1904. It depicts a seminude Gerstl standing against a blue backdrop wearing a loincloth and emanating a nimbus of blue light, his gaze direct and unavoidable — Lazarus and Christ are similar figures who first come to mind. Symbolist at a superficial glance, “Seminude Self Portrait” both alludes to and breaks from tradition: while his face is rendered in a realistic manner, his body is unnaturally slender and elongated. Diethard Leopold, in his essay published in the catalog accompanying this exhibition, equates the combination of realistic portrait and unnatural physique with the aesthetic that David Bowie would use to careen into mainstream culture in the 1970s.

Richard Gerstl “Mathilde Schönberg” (summer 1907) tempera on canvas

The exhibition then leads to a portrait gallery, which is largely comprised of female subjects, including his lover Mathilde Schönberg and pianists Henryka Cohn and Smaragda Berg. They all tend to wear unadorned, corset-less garments, “Reformkleider,” which were in fashion amid Vienna’s artistic circle. To better emphasize Gerstl’s style, this gallery also features the portrait of Rudolf Blümner by Oskar Kokoschka (1910),  Blümner’s hands and his face distorted, and “Black-feathered Hat” (1910) by Gustav Klimt, an elegant and ethereal society swan. This side-by-side comparison allows us to understand how Gerstl’s style is distinct from Klimt’s Jugendstil, while, at the same time, it anticipates Kokoschka’s and Schiele’s more psychologically charged styles.

The viewer is then led to explore the artistic relationship between Richard Gerstl and composer Arnold Schönberg, who spearheaded atonal music and became acquainted with Gerstl because Schönberg wanted to improve as a painter. In the fateful summer of 1908, while vacationing together, they would both reach a new level of artistic maturity. Schönberg would finish his Second String Quartet, while Gerstl would develop a new style. The room containing what the exhibition titles as Gerstl’s “Last Paintings,” features both landscapes exhibiting free brushwork and frenzied group portraits. For example, the the group portrait “Die Familie Schoenberg” particularly struck a chord with sculptor Fritz Wotruba, who in 1962 wrote “Richard Gerstl’s 1908 portrait of the Schönberg family was not a painting, but an explosion, but since it took place in Austria, it was inaudible and has really remained invisible to this day.”

Richard Gerstl, “The Schönberg Family” (late July 1908) oil on canvas

However, the “Schönberg Family Portrait” is not the most haunting artwork in the room. Two of his last self-portraits exhibit Gerstl’s manic frenzy: in “Self-Portrait, Laughing,” (1907) Gerstl uses his technique of flecking in warm, muted tones to paint his face distorted in a nightmarish laugh, his eyes uneven, and the background mirroring the agitation depicted on his face. By contrast, his nude self portrait painted in September 1908 references his “Semi-Nude Self Portrait” of 1902–1904, in that with the blue background and with the eerie glow around his body, he insulates himself from his surroundings, and in both paintings, he appears unnaturally emaciated. His sex, at the center of the canvas, is unnaturally dark-hued, especially compared to his ghastly pale body.

Richard Gerstl, “Self-Portrait, Laughing” (summer-autumn 1907) oil on canvas

The exhibition would not be complete without some of Schönberg’s amateur paintings, which are shown alongside some self-portrait sketches that Gerstl drew with India ink. Those works flank a larger canvas depicting an unidentified female nude with no recognizable facial features — scholars insist it’s Mathilde — and in the room plays a selection of Schönberg’s pieces including Verklärte Nacht, a string sextet inspired by a poem of the same name, which Schoenberg set to music in 1899, while infatuated with Mathilde. After Gerstl’s suicide, Schönberg would participate in the Blaue Reiter movement, continuing the fruitful dialogue between art and music.

This Richard Gerstl retrospective is exhaustive, but, after pacing in the four rooms dedicated to him and witnessing the radical expressionism of his self-portraits, I cannot help feeling like what I saw was just a fragment of what Gerstl could have been, and wanted to see more.

Unfortunately, Gerstl is the subject of very limited scholarship: not only was his artistic career cut short by suicide, but his temperamental nature precluded him from having a linear artistic progression or evolution. Thus, it is difficult to date many of his paintings and develop an organic theorization of his work. What’s more, on the night of his suicide, he set on fire whatever he could reach, so it is possible that a great part of his work was destroyed. What was left behind are about 70 surviving works — of which 45 are exhibited at the Neue Galerie — and a personal mythology portraying the quintessential fin-de-siècle tormented artist. This retrospective, however, can show non-connoisseurs that his art was as remarkable as his turbulent life.

Richard Gerstl is on view at the Neue Galerie (1048 Fifth Avenue, Upper East Side, Manhattan) through September 25, 2017.

The post Rediscovering the Fin-de-siècle Austrian Artist Who Anticipated Expressionism appeared first on Hyperallergic.

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[newtshirtcom]

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[marcuspc-blog]

New Generation Of Financial Info Solution Makes Crunching Figures Faster And Easier

In what seems like just a few short years, monetary discerning info systems (FIS) have actually evolved from straightforward, back-office support group into totally incorporated services that can manage whatever from payroll to receivables and also gross cycle monitoring. But such enhanced capability would not be feasible without the capacity to incorporate disparate databases right into a single resource of entropy that could be extracted at several degrees.The relevance of data mining rapidly emerged to company execs at James Edmund Scripps Wellness in San Diego, who had actually been collaborating with 6 separate data sources prior to updating to a newer variant of Dawn Strategy Coach/Affected duty Fiscal Trainer from Boca Raton, Fla.-founded Eclipsys Corp. Edward Wyllis Scripps presently runs five severe treatment facilities completing virtually 1,400 beds, 2 medical groups with 14 outpatient facilities, a house wellness firm as well as a health insurance plan. Today, yearly profits average $1.35 billion, which is a big turnaround from a couple of years ago when uploaded operating losses in 2000 and also 2001 amounting to about $261000000 and $22 one thousand thousand and specifically. In an effort to strengthen their bottom line, created a number of essential approaches, not the least of which was drastically transforming their techniques of fee as well as repayment." A few years ago we removaled away from capitated risk to fee-for-service danger," claims David Ferdinand Julius Cohn, vice head of state of client services. Furthermore, because each infirmary had been running its very own Eclipsys FIS, the organization made the decision to rise these 13-- old systems by installing an enterprisewide FIS.Recognized comparable gains in effectiveness, although not all were directly related to the fostering of a new software application solution. admits that a substantial section of gain resulted from process renovations in recovering underpayments from third-party payers." We consider trends by kinds of underpayments and develop strategies to collaborate with our payer partners," he states, including that collection of underpayments in monetary 2003 was 9 percent above 2002, amounting to Greater than $15.4 meg. The auditing of Thomas More than 100,000 accounts throughout outpatient tax revenue charge-capture audits generated Sir Thomas Greater than $10 a million in added fees.In addition, monthly cash money collections for 2004 surpassed those for 2003 by $10.4, while net tax between 2001 and also 2003 raised by $44 as an outcome of renovations in charge capture, coding, lowered uncollectable loan and step-by-step tax profits healing. On top of that, running productivity, throughout that same period, enhanced by $40. A focus on reversing the losses incurred throughout 2000 and also 2001 additionally brought about develop a systemwide cycle guiding committee, in addition to multidisciplinary groups on the degree so that "everybody would certainly get on the exact same web page,". Marlboro NJ mls Drake includes that working with the steering board as well as groups assisted define just how the centralized office could best sustain the demands of each facility. Those weekly conferences covered a wide variety of topics, she states, consisting of coverage, acting as well as obstacles to discharge. Yet went even additionally in overhauling its approaches.It established a -dedicated claims refining group within Kaiser's local insurance claims center in Pasadena, Calif., which lowered the cases stockpile by $6. It outsourced unsettled business as well as PPO outpatient declares to QuadraMed. "We desired our individuals to remain focused on higher-dollar insurance claims," explains. Drake also says, "We did an awful lot of work with appeals by collaborating with our payers and improving our contracts."There's no question that upgrading to Dawning Memory gain access to Director/Patient duty Managing supervisor variation 11.3 boosted the organization's performance in accessing and also assessing information. A major chauffeur in that climbing slope was the EDI deal established demands mandated by HIPAA, states.Likewise, had to simplify its Medicare process, given that Medicare represent regarding 35 percent to 40 percent of its organisation. As a result of time restrictions resulting from the HIPAA deadline, was not able to install a Web- version of the Eclipsys software, selecting rather the personality- interpretation that might destroy on a UNIX system making use of a cache system, says Drake. However, plans are currently in the works to climb to reading 11.4.

[mwkblog]

New Generation Of Financial Info Solution Makes Crunching Numbers Faster And also Easier

In what looks like just a couple of short years, fiscal careful details systems (FIS) have actually progressed from simple, back-office support systems right into totally integrated options that can deal with every little thing from payroll to accounts receivable and gross cycle administration. But such boosted performance would certainly not be possible without the capability to integrate diverse data sources into a solitary source of entropy that can be extracted at numerous degrees.The significance of information mining quickly became apparent to company executives at James Edmund Scripps Health in San Diego, that had actually been dealing with six separate data sources prior to upgrading to a newer variant of Dawn Strategy Coach/Affected function Fiscal Handler from Boca Raton, Fla.-founded Eclipsys Corp. Edward Wyllis Scripps currently runs 5 acute treatment facilities amounting to virtually 1,400 beds, 2 medical teams with 14 outpatient centers, a house health and wellness company and a health plan. Today, yearly revenues average $1.35 billion, which is a large turnaround from a few years ago when uploaded operating losses in 2000 and also 2001 totaling approximately $261000000 and also $22 one thousand thousand and specifically. In an effort to reinforce their bottom line, developed a variety of essential techniques, not the least of which was significantly altering their techniques of cost and also reimbursement." A few years ago we moved away from capitated danger to fee-for-service danger," states David Ferdinand Julius Cohn, vice head of state of client solutions. Furthermore, since each infirmary had actually been running its very own Eclipsys FIS, the organization made the decision to climb these 13-- old systems by mounting an enterprisewide FIS.Understood comparable gains in efficiencies, although not all were directly pertaining to the fostering of a brand-new software program remedy. admits that a significant portion of gain resulted from refine improvements in recovering underpayments from third-party payers." We look at patterns by sorts of underpayments and also create techniques to work together with our payer partners," he claims, adding that collection of underpayments in financial 2003 was 9 percent over 2002, totaling up to Greater than $15.4 meg. The auditing of Thomas More than 100,000 accounts during outpatient tax earnings charge-capture audits produced Sir Thomas Greater than $10 a million in surcharges.Furthermore, regular monthly cash collections for 2004 exceeded those for 2003 by $10.4, while internet taxation between 2001 and 2003 enhanced by $44 as a result of enhancements in charge capture, coding, reduced uncollectable bill as well as incremental tax obligation profits healing. In addition, operating profitability, throughout that same duration, boosted by $40. A focus on reversing the losses incurred during 2000 as well as 2001 likewise caused develop a systemwide cycle guiding committee, along with multidisciplinary teams on the degree to ensure that "everybody would get on the exact same web page,". Marlboro NJ mls Drake adds that working with the guiding board and groups aided define how the centralized business office can best sustain the needs of each facility. Those once a week conferences covered a variety of subjects, she states, consisting of insurance coverage, interim and also challenges to release. But went also further in revamping its strategies.It established a -devoted insurance claims processing group within Kaiser's regional claims center in Pasadena, Calif., which decreased the insurance claims backlog by $6. It outsourced unpaid industrial as well as PPO outpatient asserts to QuadraMed. "We wanted our people to stay focused on higher-dollar claims," discusses. Drake likewise says, "We did a dreadful lot of deal with appeals by dealing with our payers and enhancing our contracts."There's no question that upgrading to Dawning Memory gain access to Director/Patient role Managing supervisor variation 11.3 enhanced the organization's effectiveness in accessing and also analyzing information. A major vehicle driver because climbing slope was the EDI transaction set demands mandated by HIPAA, claims.Also, had to streamline its Medicare procedure, considering that Medicare represent concerning 35 percent to 40 percent of its business. Because of time constraints resulting from the HIPAA deadline, was not able to set up an Internet- version of the Eclipsys software program, picking instead the personality- interpretation that could wreck on a UNIX platform using a cache system, claims Drake. Nevertheless, plans are currently in the works to ascent to reading 11.4.