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#glucose cycle
teachersource · 2 years
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Gerty Cori was born on August 15, 1896. An Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. With her husband Carl and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay, Gerty Cori received the Nobel Prize in 1947 for the discovery of the mechanism by which glycogen—a derivative of glucose—is broken down in muscle tissue into lactic acid and then resynthesized in the body and stored as a source of energy (known as the Cori cycle). They also identified the important catalyzing compound, the Cori ester.
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dufe-and-company · 1 year
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I'm thinking about switching to photosynthesis rather than cellular respiration. Does anybody have any experience with this? Lmk in the DM's thx.
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biotechpourlasante · 2 years
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documents d’intérêt biologie moléculaire :)
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medugo · 4 days
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fatliberation · 1 year
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I saw a comment on your blog that says 'the way you eat does not cause diabetes'...are you able to expand on that or provide a source I could read? I've been told by doctors that my pre-diabetes was due to weight gain because I get more hungry on my anti psychotics and I'd like to fact check what they've told me! Thank you so much!
Pre-diabetes was rejected as a diagnosis by the World Health Organization (although it is used by the US and UK) - the correct term for the condition is impaired glucose tolerance. Approximately 2% of people with "pre-diabetes" go on to develop diabetes per year. You heard that right - TWO PERCENT. Most diabetics actually skip the pre-diabetic phase.
There are currently no treatments for pre-diabetes besides intentional weight loss. (Hmm, that's convenient, right?) There has yet to be evidence that losing weight prevents progression from pre-diabetes to T2DM beyond a year. Interestingly, drug companies are trying to persuade the medical world to start treating patients earlier and earlier. They are using the term “pre-diabetes” to sell their drugs (including Wegovy, a weight-loss drug). Surgeons are using it to sell weight loss surgery. Everyone’s a winner, right? Not patients. Especially fat patients.
Check out these articles:
Prediabetes: The epidemic that never was, and shouldn’t be
The war on ‘prediabetes' could be a boon for pharma—but is it good medicine?
Also - I love what Dr. Asher Larmie @fatdoctorUK has to say about T2DM and insulin resistance, so here's one of their threads I pulled from Twitter:
1️⃣ You can't prevent insulin resistance. It's coded in your DNA. It may be impacted by your environment. Studies have shown it has nothing to do with your BMI.
2️⃣ The term "pre-diabetes" is a PR stunt. The correct term is impaired glucose tolerance (or impaired fasting glucose) which is sometimes referred to as intermittent hyperglycemia. It does not predict T2DM. It is best ignored and tested for every 3-5yrs.
3️⃣ there is no evidence that losing weight prevents diabetes. That's because you can't reverse insulin resistance. You can possibly postpone it by 2yrs? Furthermore there is evidence that those who are fat at the time of diagnosis fair much better than those who are thin.
4️⃣ Weight loss does not reverse diabetes in the VAST majority of people. Those that do reverse it are usually thinner with recent onset T2DM and a low A1c. Only a tiny minority can sustain that over 2yrs. Weight loss does not improve A1c levels beyond 2 yrs either.
5️⃣ Weight loss in T2DM does not improve macrovascular or microvascular health outcomes beyond 2 years. In fact, weight loss in diabetics is associated with increased mortality and morbidity (although it is not clear why). Weight cycling is known to impacts A1c levels.
6️⃣ Weight GAIN does NOT increase the risk of cardiovascular OR all causes mortality in diabetics. In fact, one might even go so far as to say that it's better to be fat and diabetic than to be thin and diabetic.
Dr. Larmie cites 18 peer reviewed journal articles (most from the last decade) that are included in their webinar on the subject, linked below.
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The carbon skeleton for amino acids derives from 3-phosphoglycerate, phosphophenolpyruvate, or pyruvate generated during glycolysis, or from 2-oxoglutarate or oxaloacetate generated in the citric acid cycle (Figure 13.8).
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"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.
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prettieinpink · 6 months
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LOWERING YOUR CORTISOL LEVELS: THE MAIN STRESS HORMONE
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Hi lovelies! If you didn’t know, cortisol is the main stress hormone of your body. Cortisol is a good thing for our bodies, it manages how our body uses carbs, fats or proteins, keeps inflammation down, regulates your blood pressure, increases glucose, controls your sleep cycle and boosts energy for when you have high levels of stress.
However, your body can produce too much unnecessary cortisol which is when it can start taking a toll on us, leading to
Anxiety or depression
Headaches
Heart diseases
Memory problems
Trouble staying focused
Digestive complications
Sleeping complications
Weight gain/loss
and more!
below the read more, there’s ways to lower and regulate our cortisol levels <3
getting adequate sleep
Prioritising and optimising our sleep is already beneficial for us, but it can help with lowering our cortisol levels. To make the most of your sleep, have an winding down routine, sleep and wake at similar times everyday, limit your caffeine intake(including soft drinks!) and reduce your screen time before you go to bed.
Moderate intensity exercise
Too intense exercise or no exercise, can increase the levels of cortisol but intense exercise usually has a temporary effect. It helps with managing our stress better and promotes better sleep which also helps with lowering your cortisol levels.
Practise deep breathing and meditation
This time to clear our minds, helps stimulates our resting & digest system in us. (Parasympathetic nervous system). You can do this wherever, whenever.
Eating a nutritious diet
Only you know what’s the best diet that suits your lifestyle, so I won’t say much about this, but make sure that you’re getting quality nutrition in your body.
Take your supplements
Make sure you talk to your doctor before taking any supplements! Before you consider taking any supplements, do some individual research first.
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cicicolorao · 27 days
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Some quick ray headcanons framed around Laserhawk Rayman’s college years. Thanks to Stitch (@aiienloser) for helping me out with the specifics!
Click Read More to read a buncha them!
- Pescatarian, since a lot of the Glades is covered either by beaches or swamps (looking at you Rayman 2). Longer fangs keep those fishies from slipping away! However most of his diet consists of fruit! Need that glucose for energy.
- His tongue is reaaaaally long, and alongside his stretchier skin it lets him grimace to scare enemies away, or taunt them. However, it also allows him to get himself a nice nectar snack from flowers and pollen! A nice stroll around makes Ray a particularly big pollinator. :)))
- in general a lot of his body is very elastic, and his bones have a bit of give. It makes him real bouncy, and makes landing from big distances less shocking to his being.
- Speedy mother fucker. From running to climbing, Ray’s good at parkour and gymnastics, and uses that speed as an advantage, since he’s kind of a glass cannon.
- Doesn’t have a standard sleep cycle like most animals, however this is just a common trait of beings from the Glade of Dreams. He can stay awake for weeks, only to take a “nap” for days on end. If left undisturbed, he could even sleep for years, without eating. Just means that he’s lethargic when he wakes up.
- His body parts connect to each other with a sort of energy similar to magnetism, and with concentration that energy can “stiffen” up, creating the facsimile of arms and legs. His limbs can extend up to 5 feet away from his body, but with practice they can go further. If they do go further, the energy thins out.
- His hair doesn’t have a hairline, it extends down to his face to look like peach fuzz. The peach fuzz is also found across his body where you’d find body hair. The longer strands in his head can move similar to a tail, either consciously (like helicoptering to glide), or subconsciously (like when he emotes). It’ll move on its own even when it’s brushed back.
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ms-demeanor · 6 months
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Do you know how invert sugar works? I've heard a lot of conflicting things about it and it seems to be increasingly popular in packaged foods and restaurant food which is frustrating cause it seems to be an IBD trigger for me. I avoid artificial sweeteners cause they're triggers for me, but invert sugar is increasingly in things that say all natural or no artificial sweeteners, is it natural? what is it?
It is natural! Or, well, it uses natural ingredients. It's sucrose (a disaccharide, white sugar) split into glucose and fructose (monosaccharides) through a simple chemical process (boiling and optionally adding some acid).
Sucrose is the common kind of sugar that we use all the time; it is made up of two simpler sugars: fructose, which we often think of as "fruit sugar," and glucose, the most common carbohydrate in nature (it's the product of the Krebs cycle and it's the carbohydrate that your body turns into stored energy through glycolysis). Here's a diagram of a sucrose molecule:
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you can see that it already looks like two molecules, kind of, with just one oxygen atom in the center to hold it together. If you split this molecule with a chemical reaction, it will create distinct glucose and fructose molecules:
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(Glucose is on the left, fructose on the right).
If you want to make your own invert sugar you can do so on your own stovetop right now. All you have to do is mix sugar, water, and lemon juice.
Have you ever made simple syrup for sweet tea? Or made hard candy? Simple syrup is 1:1 white sugar and water. Hard candy is 4:2:1 white sugar, water, and sugar syrup. Invert sugar is a syrup in between those two which is about 2:1 sugar to water with a very small amount of acid added.
There are several reasons that bakers and confectioners will do this, including:
moisture - invert sugar is a humectant
texture - the addition of invert sugar can help control crystallization of sugar in candy-making
sweetness - invert sugar is slightly sweeter than white sugar
appearance - invert sugar helps things to brown faster
So invert sugar can be totally natural, it's easy to make at home, and it has lots of uses in cooking that are difficult to achieve without introducing more ingredients or ingredients that might change the appearance or structure of the final product. However, if you have issues with processing fructose, invert sugar is likely going to be a problem for you.
Honestly this kind of question (which I had a lot more of after getting diagnosed with food allergies and celiac disease!) is part of why I started getting more into cooking and more into learning about food production and nutrition. When you have to learn about hidden sources of corn in the American food system you have to learn a LOT about food and you come around firmly to the idea that "natural" on food product labels is at best useless and at worst misleading.
When you (you specifically, anon) are looking at a food label you're likely looking to see if it's going to cause problems for you. You're not really looking to see if it's natural, but "natural" has become a kind of shorthand for "no high fructose corn syrup" - if what you're avoiding is fructose, natural is not the word to look out for.
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far-from-official · 6 months
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i spent the entire day making custom mahjong tiles
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theyre gonna fight over a game guys and itll be gut wrenching LMAO
i put a lot of thought to it so uh feel free to analyze it. I made some pieces on purpose to reflect them teehee if you want my reasons here ya go 1. Suits Circles: Reflects Prismos go with the flow attitude, tends to be bubbly yet lenient. Always bursting with energy yet always at peace. Bamboos: Reflects Scarabs more rigid nature with his determination to stay on track & quite narrow-minded but efficient & cunning.
Characters: It's just numbers from 1 to 9 in Hindi which is where Prismo comes from ethnically. Also, his VA too! The Chinese characters are also there to help footnote it.
2. Honours Elementals: We have the 4 elementals are the honours. My personal theory is that Fire: Energy/ATP Candy: Glucose Slime: Anabolism Ice: Water/H20 Idk what to call these 3 but ill just call it Cosmic Time Room: The only dimension that exists outside of time & space Golb: Chaos Comet: Rebirth / cycle
3. Bonus Flowers: It's just the seasons from spring to summer to autumn to winter
Class: Wizard : Powerful & wise Knight : Strong & defensive Bard : Playful & cunning Rogue : Deceiving & violent
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science-lover33 · 7 months
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🔬🌀Demystifying the Krebs Cycle: A Deep Dive into Cellular Respiration! 🌀🔬
Prepare for a thrilling journey into the heart of cellular metabolism! 🌟✨ Today, we unravel the intricacies of the Krebs Cycle, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, a cornerstone of energy production in our cells. 💡🤯
The Krebs Cycle: Named after its discoverer, Sir Hans Krebs, this metabolic pathway occurs within the mitochondria and is a central hub in cellular respiration.
🔍Step 1: Acetyl-CoA Entry
Acetyl-CoA, derived from the breakdown of glucose or fatty acids, enters the cycle.
It combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, a six-carbon compound.
🔍Step 2: Isocitrate Formation
A rearrangement converts citrate into isocitrate.
The enzyme aconitase facilitates this transformation.
🔍Step 3: Alpha-Ketoglutarate Production
Isocitrate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, shedding a CO2 molecule and yielding alpha-ketoglutarate.
NAD+ is reduced to NADH in this step.
🔍Step 4: Succinyl-CoA Synthesis
Alpha-ketoglutarate loses CO2 and acquires a CoA group to form succinyl-CoA.
Another NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
This step is catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
🔍Step 5: Succinate Formation
Succinyl-CoA releases CoA, becoming succinate.
A molecule of GTP (guanosine triphosphate) is generated as a high-energy phosphate bond.
Succinate dehydrogenase is pivotal, transferring electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC).
🔍Step 6: Fumarate Generation
Succinate is oxidized to fumarate with the help of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide) is formed and transfers electrons to the ETC.
🔍Step 7: Malate Formation
Fumarate undergoes hydration to form malate, catalyzed by fumarase.
🔍Step 8: Regeneration of Oxaloacetate
Malate is oxidized back to oxaloacetate.
NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
Oxaloacetate is ready to initiate another round of the Krebs Cycle.
The Krebs Cycle - an intricate dance of chemical transformations fueling the cellular machinery of life. 🕺💃 Dive deeper into cellular respiration, where molecules tango to generate ATP, our cellular energy currency!
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📚References for In-Depth Exploration📚
Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. Chapter 17.
Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2008). Fundamentals of Biochemistry (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 17.
Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. Chapter 17.
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riddles-n-games · 5 months
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So, we all love unexpected headcanons, right? Because I had one pop into my head earlier about Jameson and had to share it. To put in some context, let's first start off with background: orange cats, we all know that they're special in their own way. Compared to other cats, they're just different. These cats are accident prone and also their behavior is just a scientific anomaly; add it to the already long list of things that scientists argue about (that last brain cell is constantly overworking and there's never enough glucose to provide for it [Krebs cycle could never]). They could be their own breed as far as I'm concerned. The world and physics works different for them, don't ask me why. It makes about as much sense as to why cats also classify as liquid.
Enter Jameson Winchester Hawthorne. He's basically the Mad Hatter and Cheshire Cat combined of his brothers (although this can also be applied to Xander in some ways, too). He is controlled chaotic energy personified. Now, take Jameson and an orange cat. The chaos would be unmatched.
While I can't see Jameson as much of a cat person compared to Grayson, this type of cat would be PERFECT for him. It's like looking in a mirror, his perfect missing half. Hawthorne House would never be the same. This cat would be attached to the hip with him and I can imagine it being a male named either Nacho, Cheese, or Cheetos. Regardless, this cat would be the epitome of madness and Jameson would be its unleash-er. Meanwhile, Avery would be driven to insanity with this new cat; she would love him all the same but she would be rather annoyed by the mess and just the many new antics her boyfriend is participating in. There would be no peace and she would need to find new mental stability as she tries to escape the whirlwind of craziness that follows her everywhere. Oh, and what's even worse, this wouldn't be confined to indoors; this cat is an outdoor feline. I'll let you chew on that and imagine where it goes.
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3liza · 11 days
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Saw your post asking about insulin resistance without high blood sugar, and yeah I have experience with that exact thing. Everyone in my family has some sort of awful blood sugar issues, but despite having something clearly wrong with me my glucose tests and a1c's were coming back thoroughly normal. I got lucky with a decent doctor and she ordered an insulin test (usually more accurate with fasting I believe, but the result was rather high anyways) and she noted that it was high and told me to try out a diabetes diet to see if it helped.
I'm on a strict low-glycemic index diet now and it's really improved my health, mostly my mental health, but my skin has been upgraded from "abysmal" to a firm "mediocre."
Do I know what's wrong? No. Probably never will, but I'm feeling a lot better at least.
huh. thats useful info. im about to get a new doctor, i wonder if she'll be willing to entertain this sort of weirdness
edit: i just feel Bad and Sick if i eat a sufficient amount of sugar. systemic symptoms, skin gets worse, actual skin pathology like wounds not healing or eczema/psoriasis/fungus gets worse, migraines get triggered, pain flares, etc. not normal person "i ate too much sugar i feel temporarily sub-optimal" halloween candy coma, but i will get actually sick for a few days if i over-indulge. but i crave sugar constantly, which doesnt really mean anything, lots of people crave sugar because It Tastes Good so its not exactly diagnostic. sometimes the sugar cravings seem uncontrollable, like "i need to get out of bed where i am trying to sleep and eat something sweet or i cant think about aything else" kind of stuff. my parents do this same dance with carbohydrates and sugar, they feel awful, eat a cookie, feel awful, recover, say stuff like "oh i shouldnt eat the cookie", and it cycles. some of it is eating disorder crap, which is real hard to differentiate from other issues. some of it is being underweight/underfed from gastroparesis (which I have, pretty badly) which means certain circumstances of calorie shortages, bad digestion, whatever, can align perfectly to trigger I Am Starving I Need to Overeat Right Now Or I'll Die programming in the ape brain, and again, thats real hard to separate from blood sugar symptoms and eating disorder symptoms because they all get tied up together.
however, if i manage to grocery shop in the correct way to provide myself with ample available appropriate food, and i can eat ketogenic or nearly-ketogenic with focuses on dairy fat and just regular animal meat and fresh veg, with minimal or no grains, starches, and sugars, i feel like 60% better on all axes. my dad, too, eventually, after he got diagnosed, was instructed to stop eating most carbs etc and immediately lost all the extra weight he was uncomfortable with his whole life, and immediately got less chronically crappy-feeling. so there's something going on, i just dont know if its medical or genetic or what. some people just dont do well with a lot of grains and theres no particular medical reason.
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vocateur · 3 months
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today was a long one, but at least a very tall very cute UPS delivery boy said he liked my dress and the pretty mama at the coffee shop complimented my hobbit door necklace 🥰
anyway TIL that not eating or drinking enough can cause symptoms of low-grade metabolic acidosis like major fatigue, dizziness, confusion, nausea, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), abnormal breathing, weakness, headache, and, wouldn’t you know it! more loss of appetite. I was already about to switch to meds that don’t kill my appetite, but even though I ate when I felt hungry, it wasn’t enough to avoid metabolic dysfunction that made me even less hungry. when your body runs on ketones as backup power instead of blood glucose for too long, this causes an overproduction of acid that your kidneys can’t filter out, aka renal tubular acidosis, which is what can ultimately lead to kidney failure. thinking back I may have been stuck in that messed up cycle for longer than I realize, but feeling much better after two good meals and lots of alkaline water 🫠 it feels obvious to say you should eat and stay hydrated; I thought it would be more helpful to understand exactly why
TL;DR: if you feel like absolute shit and can’t remember the last time you had more than one full meal in a day, eat something. something with lots of carbs. lol
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fatliberation · 11 months
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"I didn't give out any medical advice" lmao you were heavily implying that person's doctor was wrong and that they shouldn't listen to their doctor's advice. that's irresponsible. you're going to get somebody killed with this bs
If their doctor's advice is to lose weight through dieting, it is wrong and I can say that in full confidence because it. (x) doesn't. (x) work. (x) Here! (x) Take (x) these! I am (x) chucking (x) peer reviewed sources (x) at you. (x)
Anti-fat bias is at work here. And so is a weight-loss market worth $3.8 BILLION as of 2023.
In 2013, UCLA researchers Traci Mann, Janet Tomiyama, and Britt Ahlstrom conducted the most comprehensive and rigorous analysis of diet studies, analyzing 31 long-term studies.
“What happens to people on diets in the long run?” Mann asked. “Would they have been better off to not go on a diet at all? We decided to dig up and analyze every study that followed people on diets for two to five years. We concluded most of them would have been better off not going on the diet at all. Their weight would be pretty much the same, and their bodies would not suffer the wear and tear from losing weight and gaining it all back.” (x)
Certain factors biased the diet studies to make them appear more effective than they really were. For one, many participants self-reported their weight by phone or mail rather than having their weight measured on a scale by an impartial source. Also, the studies have very low follow-up rates — eight of the studies had follow-up rates lower than 50 percent, and those who responded may not have been representative of the entire group, since people who gain back large amounts of weight are generally unlikely to show up for follow-up tests, Mann said.
Evidence suggests that repeatedly losing and gaining weight is linked to cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes and altered immune function. Mann and Tomiyama recommend that more research be conducted on the health effects of losing and gaining weight, noting that scientists do not fully understand how such weight cycling leads to adverse health effects.
“We asked what evidence is there that dieting works in the long term, and found that the evidence shows the opposite” Tomiyama said.
Here are some quotes I pulled directly from the study.
It is implicit in this definition that losing weight will lead to improved health, and yet, health outcomes are not routinely included in studies of diets.
Overall, there were only slight improvements in most health outcomes studied. Changes in diastolic and systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were small, and none of these correlated with weight change. There were also very small effects of these diets on lipid-lowering medication use and coronary morbidity and mortality. There were a few larger positive effects for hypertension and diabetes medication use, as well as diabetes and stroke incidence. In correlational analyses, however, we uncovered no clear relationship between weight loss and health outcomes related to hypertension, diabetes, or cholesterol, calling into question whether weight change per se had any causal role in the few effects of the diets. Increased exercise, healthier eating, engagement with the health care system, and social support may have played a role instead. Our findings are in line with a recent meta-analysis (Flegal, Kit, Orpana, & Graubard, 2013) that found that overweight and class I obesity were not associated with higher all-cause mortality. Moreover, Ortega and colleagues (2013) have documented metabolically healthy but obese individuals, and an emerging literature on the “obesity paradox”, whereby obesity appears to confer health benefits in certain diseases (Amundson, Djurkovic, & Matwiyoff, 2010), suggests that a disconnect between weight loss and health outcomes should not be surprising.
We believe the ultimate goal of diets is to improve people’s long-term health, rather than to reduce their weight. Our review of randomized controlled trials of the effects of dieting on health finds very little evidence of success in achieving this goal. If diets do not lead to longterm weight loss or long-term health benefits, it is difficult to justify encouraging individuals to endure them.
See for yourself.
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notaparagraph · 5 months
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possible TMI health stuff, though not bad stuff.
I’m 37. I have never in my entire life had a regular menstrual cycle. I have thalassemia and PCOS which are blood and hormone disorders that make your cycle unpredictable/can cause you not to ovulate.
I realized this morning that since making a few small changes—greatly reducing white flour, reducing dairy, taking simple supplements (vitamin D and inositol), has made a world of difference.
regular period 4 months in a row….that had never happened!! ever!!
my glucose was at 5.7% last year (which is high) and at my physical in October it was 4.5%, which is totally normal
I feel less panicked overall that I possibly have leukemia (what my sister died of) or uterine cancer so, that’s a win
I’m a little frustrated that I had to discover this myself through furiously googling and reading message boards. Whenever I’ve raised these as concerns, I was essentially told to live with the symptoms or go to a specialist if I was really bothered by them because all of my labs come back normal. My doctor said I cannot be on BC due to risk of stroke (I have migraine with aura…if you do too you shouldn’t be on estrogen based BC, it is not safe) and there was virtually nothing else to be done to regulate my cycle; I did it myself. I have an appointment with an endocrinologist coming up and they will tell me if there is anything else I need to be doing.
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