One of the most common trade-speaks used before the Great Connection and one of the few tongues that intriguingly remained un-touched by the Connection, Rogue-Speech is the pidgin created between the Sky Kingdoms and the Skulks near them. With the forest clans being even more isolationist in the past (often refusing business with non-cats before the connection) and the tribes living on parts of the mountains that are difficult to reach (and often had isolation tendencies themselves); the Skies were the near sole progenitors of feline-speech within the pidgin.
Being that this variant of trade-speech originated from the Rising Moon and the Old Kingdom of the Shining Sun, much of the canine influence came of the Silverfeathers skulk. The modern version has long since created a minor dialectal difference of Eastern vs. Western where the Western version of the tongue contains more vocabulary and quirks from the Grand Packs while the Eastern holds the Skulks’ influence.
The sounds and the written expressions of them adhere closest to Sivake as it was the skies who reached out first and held onto the information though it was the Skulks who introduced the concept of formal writing to them. Here are the consonants;
And the standard vowels;
As is standard for any pidgin, the hardest sound clusters from both languages were dropped. Because I’m still a bit new at this, I’m choosing to make that mean that the sounds that are either forbidden or are very different from the others are barred.
Phonetic Summary
Onset: m n p t k b d g h l ch sh f v s z x y ny
L Clusters: nl pl ml tl sl hl shl
K Clusters: nk mk lk pk sk
R Clusters: dr vr gr nr kr fr shr xr pr br lr
Nucleus: a e i o u
Coda: l n k sh s v g
A Cluster: aa ao
U Cluster: ue ua uo
I Cluster: ia
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Part 2: Noun Class
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Being that the pidgin is built from languages that all have noun classes, some are kept in this simplified version of it; the semi-animate is dropped from the skulks’ language, migrating everything important into the main two categories of animate and inanimate.
The markers from Sivake are used to confirm or deny animacy of a noun.
Animate - (i)he(m)
Inanimate - (i)hi(m)
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Part 3: Grammatical Number
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The paucal wasn’t necessary for understandings to be made and it was easier to merely convey “one of a thing” vs. “many of a thing” before fluid communication was developed and so; only a singular/plural distinction exists now.
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Part 4: Tense, Aspect and Mood
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As talks became more fluid and grammar straightened out, tense and aspect became to be addressed within the pidgin. For once, it is the kingdoms whose system is a tad simpler; having mostly only a past/non-past distinction with one additional tense commonly called the historical added to it. One the skulks’ side of things, not only do they have a recent and distal past tense but they also have one dedicated to the future.
When the tenses were straightened out; the language adopted three tenses - past, present and future with both languages dropping their distal tenses.
As for the aspects, the kingdoms gracefully traded their iterative aspect (which they use more or less to mean “again” or “a lot”) for the skulks’ habitual while also retaining their momentane aspect. On the skulks’ end, they dropped their resumptive aspect.
It’s not a complex system - which is the goal - but the momentane is important to me. Anyway, let’s borrow sky-word for “to talk.”
And for my own entertainment, here’s the skulk’s word for “to talk, speak” in the chart.
Tacking onwards, the imperative mood is kept from Sivake -ro.
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Part 5: Pronouns
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This is where the most simplification comes in. The Skies were made to relinquish their grasp on their dependent pronouns; sticking only to the independent forms to smooth out communication. In addition; the divine pronouns never made to this pidgin as there was never any reason to use it in casual conversation and would only serve to make future communication more confusion and difficult if they were forcefully inserted. On top of that; Sivake also gave up their paucal pronouns to match the fact that they dropped it as a grammatical number leaving a rather concise handful of pronouns as a base:
The only moderately complex thing about this wonderfully concise collection of pronouns is that the skulks’ inclusion of animacy on their own pronouns invaded these. When not speaking in first person, it’s common for the animacy agreement markers to be tagged to the ends of pronouns. While not exactly expected for second person, it’s considered mandatory on third-person pronouns.
Animate Second | Yahe, Hihe
Inanimate Second | Yahi, Hihi
Animate Third | Xihe, Elihe
Inanimate Third | Xihi, Elihi
The Skies weren’t the only ones making sacrifices regarding their referrals to others - the titles of the Skulks were imported but they were drastically condensed with some of their sounds changed to better fit the current sound-bank.
Haltun - leader, king/queen, crest
Fetun - deputy, prince/princess
Kel - hunter
Vera - healer
Tora - fighter, gladiator
Keshuma - matron, patron, nurse
Kiva - kit, youngling
Iten - elder
The speakers of the Skies are known to modify these terms with gender based attachments to add specification.
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Part 6: Articles and Demonstratives
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The articles and demonstratives are exempt from noun class agreement. The articles follow the Sky Kingdom’s association with only having a definite articles while leaving any indefinite articles unmarked.
Singular Definite - Ta
Plural Definite - Ba
The demonstratives on the other hand come from Kujhikoslan which has only a near/far distinction.
Near Demonstrative - Yel
Far Demonstrative - Sul
Final Note
Given that a vast majority of the talking was done by the Skies, the majority of the vocabulary for this pidgin turned creole is from Sivake albeit sometimes important words were replaced by the Kujhikoslan words when the Sky translation left them as unimportant. This is mostly apparent in words for birds and things related to them given their spiritual significance in the religion of the marrowed skulks.
Last night I got high and wrote a program to find all of the unused elemental symbols. It turns out there’s 585 of them and it’s much less interesting the next day.
One interesting finding: I couldn’t be bothered to generate all possible one and two letter strings, so I asked ChatGPT to write me code that would do all that for me. It worked surprisingly well!
ʔ aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ iː oʊ̯ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ̯ ɔː ɛ ɛə̯ ɜː ɪ ɪə̯ ʊ ʊə̯ ʌ m k j p w n s t b l h g ŋ d f ʧ ʃ z ʤ v mb ŋg nd ð θ ndz nz ɹ ŋk nt mp ʍ bv ns nʧ nts ps ng bz dl ts kf nh nl tn pm tl bd bj bl bm bn bs bskj bskɹ bst bstɹ bt bɹ bʤ df dg dgɹ dj dkw dm dn ds dst dv dw dz dɹ dʃ fj fl fs fspɹ ft ftl ftw fɹ gd gj gl gm gn gz gɹ gʤ kd kgɹ kj kl km kn ks ksf ksk kskj kskl kskw ksm ksp kspl kspɹ kst kstɹ ksw ksʧ kt ktf ktl kts ktɹ kw kz kɹ kʃ kʧ lb ld ldf ldh ldl ldn ldz ldɹ lf lg lgɹ lj lk lkj ll lm ln lp lpf lpl lptj ls lsh lsʍ lt ltj lts ltɹ lv lvd lvz lw lz lð lɹ lʤ lʧ lθ mbl mbɹ md mf mfl mft mfɹ mh mj ml mn mpj mpl mps mpt mptl mpɹ mpʃ mpʧ ms mst mt mw mz mɹ mʧ mθ nb nbɹ ndj ndl ndm ndɹ nf nfj nfl nfɹ ngɹ nj nk nkl nkw nkɹ nm nn npl nsf nsj nskɹ nsl nsm nsp nst nstɹ ntl ntm ntɹ nv nw nzl nzp nɹ nʃ nʤ nʤd nʤm nθ nθj pj pl pt pw pɹ pʃ pʧ sd sf sg sgɹ sj sk skj skl skw skɹ sl sm sn sp spj spl spt spɹ st stj stl stm sts stw stɹ sw sʧ tb tf th tj tm tsm tw tɹ vd vj vl vm vn vz vɹ zb zd zj zl zm ðdɹ ðst ðz ŋd ŋgj ŋgl ŋgw ŋgɹ ŋks ŋkt ŋkw ŋkʃ ŋkʧ ŋl ŋz ɹb ɹd ɹdz ɹf ɹg ɹk ɹks ɹkt ɹl ɹm ɹmd ɹml ɹmz ɹn ɹnd ɹpl ɹs ɹsm ɹst ɹt ɹtl ɹts ɹv ɹz ɹʃ ɹʤ ɹʧ ɹʧt ɹθ ɹθw ʃm ʃn ʃt ʃɹ ʤd ʤm ʤt ʧl ʧm ʧt θf θl θs θɹ x
Basically, there are 360 symbols assigned phonetic value from either English vowels/diphthongs or consonants/consonant clusters, numbers range from 0-359.
I have no idea how to make a table for that, but here's a link to a Google Doc with all the symbols numbered. Note that /ʔ/ is a "zero" character.
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Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A Aa Ab Ac Ad Ae Af Ag Ah Ai Aj Ak Al Am An Ao Ap Aq Ar As At Au Av Aw Ax Ay Az
B Ba Bb Bc Bd Be Bf Bg Bh Bi Bj Bk Bl Bm Bn Bo Bp Bq Br Bs Bt Bu Bv Bw Bx By Bz
C Ca Cb Cc Cd Ce Cf Cg Ch Ci Cj Ck Cl Cm Cn Co Cp Cq Cr Cs Ct Cu Cv Cw Cx Cy Cz
D Da Db Dc Dd De Df Dg Dh Di Dj Dk Dl Dm Dn Do Dp Dq Dr Ds Dt Du Dv Dw Dx Dy Dz
E Ea Eb Ec Ed Ee Ef Eg Eh Ei Ej Ek El Em En Eo Ep Eq Er Es Et Eu Ev Ew Ex Ey Ez
F Fa Fb Fc Fd Fe Ff Fg Fh Fi Fj Fk Fl Fm Fn Fo Fp Fq Fr Fs Ft Fu Fv Fw Fx Fy Fz
G Ga Gb Gc Gd Ge Gf Gg Gh Gi Gj Gk Gl Gm Gn Go Gp Gq Gr Gs Gt Gu Gv Gw Gx Gy Gz
H Ha Hb Hc Hd He Hf Hg Hh Hi Hj Hk Hl Hm Hn Ho Hp Hq Hr Hs Ht Hu Hv Hw Hx Hy Hz
I Ia Ib Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii Ij Ik Il Im In Io Ip Iq Ir Is It Iu Iv Iw Ix Iy Iz
J Ja Jb Jc Jd Je Jf Jg Jh Ji Jj Jk Jl Jm Jn Jo Jp Jq Jr Js Jt Ju Jv Jw Jx Jy Jz
K Ka Kb Kc Kd Ke Kf Kg Kh Ki Kj Kk Kl Km Kn Ko Kp Kq Kr Ks Kt Ku Kv Kw Kx Ky Kz
L La Lb Lc Ld Le Lf Lg Lh Li Lj Lk Ll Lm Ln Lo Lp Lq Lr Ls Lt Lu Lv Lw Lx Ly Lz
M Ma Mb Mc Md Me Mf Mg Mh Mi Mj Mk Ml Mm Mn Mo Mp Mq Mr Ms Mt Mu Mv Mw Mx My Mz
N Na Nb Nc Nd Ne Nf Ng Nh Ni Nj Nk Nl Nm Nn No Np Nq Nr Ns Nt Nu Nv Nw Nx Ny Nz
O Oa Ob Oc Od Oe Of Og Oh Oi Oj Ok Ol Om On Oo Op Oq Or Os Ot Ou Ov Ow Ox Oy Oz
P Pa Pb Pc Pd Pe Pf Pg Ph Pi Pj Pk Pl Pm Pn Po Pp Pq Pr Ps Pt Pu Pv Pw Px Py Pz
More than Steel: Explore the key role of structural steel in modern architecture
Structural steel is designed for a variety of building uses. It has high ductility, a property that allows for stress redistribution. Because of the high ductility of structural steel, it can be customized to a variety of shapes, sizes and thicknesses. Most countries have strict standards to regulate the shape, size, chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel.
The shape design of structural steel usually has a good strength-to-weight ratio, which enables it to support extremely heavy loads without deformation, so steel becomes an excellent reinforcement material. These include a variety of shapes, such as I-beams, Z-shaped steel, hollow structure cross sections also known as HSS-shapes, which are very common around the world, but specific standards vary from region to region.
In many countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, I-beams are referred to as universal beams (UB) or universal columns (UC), respectively. In Europe, sections such as IPE, HE, HL and HD are included. The United States includes wide flanges (WF or W shape) and H-profiles. All construction industries usually use I-beams, which are very effective for bearing bending loads.
In addition, there are such as C-beam or C-section, also known as structural channel steel, T-section is also known as tee, track profile asymmetric general beams, metal plates, open web steel joists and so on.
Structural steel products can be manufactured by hot rolling, cold rolling or by welding profiles together. In the past few decades, "Angle iron", "trough iron" and "iron plate" have been used to describe wrought iron. Today, however, steel has replaced iron, but the terms are still used informally, but it is incorrect to use these old terms to refer to steel. The correct terms are Angle, groove and plate.
Structural steel standard
European standards of discovery
There is an official European Committee for Standardization called CEN.
When it comes to steel manufacturing, there are many current national standards, and most steels used in Europe comply with the European standard EN 10025.
For example, S275J2 and S355K2W are typical names for steel grades, where S indicates that they are structural steels, followed by three numbers describing the yield strength in Newtons per square millimeter or mpa, followed by an alphanumerical combination that is the toughness grade classification. The second letter W in the last example indicates that the product is composed of weathering steel. The name may also include letters for fine-grained steel (N or NL), tempered steel (Q or QL), etc.
The shape of a set of standard structural profiles is defined by five European standards:
European I-beam: IPE - Euronorm 19-57
European I beam: IPN - DIN 1025-1
European flange beam: HE -- Euronorm 53-62
European Channel: UPN - DIN 1026-1
Cold forming in Europe IS IS 800-1
American standard
In the United States, alloy steels used in the construction of buildings are certified and specified by ASTM International. The name of the building material begins with A, followed by two to four numbers. Four-digit names are commonly used for mechanical engineering. Steel used in machines and vehicles has a separate naming system.
The most commonly used types of structural steel include:
Carbon steel
A36 - for structural shapes and plates.
A53 - For structural pipes and tubes.
A500 - for structural pipes and tubes.
A501 - For structural pipes and tubes.
A529 - for structural shapes and plates.
A1085 - For structural pipes and tubes.
High strength low alloy steel
A441 - for structural shapes and plates - (replaced by A572)
A572 - for structural shapes and plates.
A618 - For structural pipes and tubes.
A992 - Suitable for applications such as W or S I-beams.
A913 - For hardening and Self-tempering (QST) W shapes.
A270 - for structural profiles and plates.
Corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steel
A243 - for structural shapes and plates.
A588 - for structural shapes and plates.
Tempered alloy steel
A514 - for structural shapes and plates.
A517 - For boilers and pressure vessels.
Eglin steel - Used in low-cost aerospace and weapons equipment.
Forged steel
A668 - For steel forgings
What is the CE Mark?
The European Directive Construction Products Directive (CPD) introduced the CE marking for all steel and construction products. CPD ensures harmonization of classification and description, facilitating the free movement of products and materials throughout the EU. A factory's factory Production control (FPC) system must be evaluated by a suitable certification body approved by the European Commission before it is allowed to add the CE marking to articles and/or materials. This ensures that these "safety critical" items actually meet the quality specified on the label. For example, CE marking on products such as prefabricated steel structures and bolts can verify that the manufacturing and final properties of the product meet the relevant harmonized standards (see below).
When it comes to steel construction, the standard is indicated by the following descriptive names:
For sections and plates, it is: EN 10025-1
For hollow profiles: EN 10219-1 and EN 10210-1
For pre-tightening bolts, it is: EN 14399-1
For non-preloaded bolts: EN 15048-1
For fabricated steel, it is: EN 1090-1
The CE marking standard for steel structures is EN 1090-1.
As of the end of 2010, the standard covering the CE marking of steel structures is EN 1090-1. After a two-year transition period, the CE mark became an EU standard in 2014.
Concrete or steel?
Of course, steel and concrete are not the only materials used in construction, but they are among the most abundant and widely used materials in most modern buildings. Steel of various grades and properties, concrete of various grades and properties, and other materials such as clay, mortar, ceramics, wood, and masonry are commonly used.
For load-bearing purposes, such as structural frames and load-bearing beams, materials commonly used include some combination of structural steel, concrete, masonry and/or wood. Depending on the conditions of the structural components and the desired performance, different combinations, grades and designs will be used. By far the most common and abundant building materials in these cases are reinforced concrete and steel. The optimal grade, material mix and design are determined by the engineer. Factors that influence these decisions include weight, strength, constructability, sustainability, availability, life, fire resistance, appearance, and cost.
Let's look at some of these factors in more detail:
cost
This will depend on several factors, such as construction location, order size, transportation costs, support machinery, components, and availability and cost of skilled and unskilled labor. For example, reinforced concrete requires formwork before pouring, which accounts for about half of the final cost. The preparation is demanding, but once this work is done correctly, the concrete can be poured and allowed to cure. They form a strong solid material that conforms to the desired shape in pre-cured liquid form. Precast concrete has become a popular way to reduce costs (through factory manufacturing methods) and maintain greater regularity in shape and form. Manufacturing is fast, so, assuming transportation is available and efficient, using the prefabricated method can also speed up other aspects of construction, resulting in cost savings. Since steel (used to reinforce concrete) is sold by weight, structural designers determine the lightest and least amount of steel that can still produce the strength and other properties required for a component. Buying the same components in bulk (even though some may be over-engineered for their purpose) can significantly reduce costs compared to buying every component with properties specific to the job at hand.
Strength-to-weight ratio
Strength-to-weight ratio or specific strength is a useful way to classify building materials. Strength divided by density, the resulting rating is used to indicate how useful a material is in a given situation or for a given purpose. For example, the compressive strength of concrete is ten times the tensile strength, so the strength-to-weight ratio is much higher in cases where compressive strength is the main required attribute.
Sustainable development
As environmental issues become increasingly important and urgent, many construction companies and material suppliers list sustainability attributes as the main feature of their products. The use of sustainable and sustainably manufactured materials usually does not significantly affect the performance or cost of the structure, and some of these materials are actually cheaper. For example, more than 80% of structural steel members are currently made from recycled materials (A992 steel). It is cheaper and has a higher strength-to-weight ratio compared to grade A36 steel members. The concrete, which uses primarily natural materials as components, is now made permeable, which reduces the need for drainage and overflow infrastructure as water can move through the surface on its own. Disposing of old concrete is also less harmful to the environment because it can be used as an aggregate for other construction projects rather than simply thrown into a landfill.
Fire resistance
For buildings and the people who live and work in them, fire can be one of the scariest and most dangerous risks. In dry and windy conditions, fires can mean raging blazes within minutes, and wooden structures are particularly vulnerable to this danger. In this case, even structural steel may be at risk of failure. The use of reinforced concrete, both as a major part of the structure and as a firebreak or protective layer for other materials, is one way to mitigate these risks.
corrosion
Exposure to corrosion in water, heat, moisture, salt, and other substances can cause long-term problems for some building materials, not only damaging the appearance of the material, but also damaging the integrity of the structure. When installing certain materials, special measures must be taken to ensure protection from these potentially harmful elements, and these materials need to be maintained regularly and recommended care procedures followed. Structural steel may rust if exposed to water, wood may rot, and mold may seep into cracks and cavities in the structure, posing a danger to those who live and work near the structure. However, these are well-known risks, and both material manufacturers and construction companies take steps to reduce the risks and educate users on best practices to ensure safety and extend the useful life of these products and structures
Structural steel is an indispensable material in the construction industry, which is known for its excellent physical properties and flexible construction performance. This material has extremely high compressive and tensile strength, which means that it can withstand significant pressure and tension, maintaining its robustness. The excellent toughness and ductility of structural steel enable it to remain stable under a variety of environmental and functional requirements, while its high stiffness ensures the straightness and shape stability of the structure. These properties make structural steel the material of choice when constructing Bridges, tall buildings and other infrastructure.
In terms of construction, the plasticity of structural steel is extremely high, and it can be processed into various shapes required by forging, forming, bending and other ways. It is connected in a variety of ways, and can be connected with other parts by bolts, welding, cutting and forming to adapt to different design and construction needs. Compared with concrete that needs to be mixed, poured and cured on site for a period of time, structural steel can be used immediately after arriving at the construction site, greatly shortening the construction period and improving the construction efficiency, which is crucial for the progress control of engineering projects.
Although structural steel performs well in fire resistance because it is itself non-combustible, its strength and stiffness are affected at high temperatures, which can lead to structural failure. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of international building codes, steel structure components usually need to be wrapped in refractory materials, which undoubtedly increases the overall construction cost.
In terms of corrosion resistance, structural steel is prone to corrosion when in contact with water, especially in saline environments. To prevent corrosion, protective paint or other protective measures are usually applied and steel components are placed away from water sources.
Mold problems are generally more common in porous surface materials such as wood, and less so in steel structures. This is because mold tends to grow on porous surfaces, and the closed nature of steel limits mold growth.
In modern urban construction, skyscrapers and super high-rise buildings mostly use steel structure, because structural steel has high strength, rigidity, and can be quickly put into use, making the construction progress more controllable. Due to the high strength-to-weight ratio of structural steel, it is particularly suitable for use in tall buildings where structural integrity needs to be maintained from the underground foundation to the tip.
For some low-rise buildings, because they do not require such a high strength-to-weight ratio and have fewer floors, it is more economical to use concrete as a building material. Although structural steel and reinforced concrete are both preferred building materials, builders often also consider economic factors when selecting materials. They need to make a trade-off between maintaining a profitable business and choosing cheaper materials.
In actual building design, engineers and designers often combine the advantages and disadvantages of steel and concrete and use them for different purposes. For example, steel is used in the structural frame of the building, while reinforced concrete is used in the floor slab. This design not only gives full play to the advantages of the two materials, but also enables rapid alternate construction between floors during construction.
In short, the design and construction of structural steel is a comprehensive consideration of material characteristics, cost effectiveness, safety and aesthetic process. With careful design and material selection, it is possible to create building works that are both affordable and safe to use.
More than Steel: Explore the key role of structural steel in modern architecture
compiling D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/ for byte code.D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/ compiled, 3 lines read - 529 bytes written, 15 msyes| ?- gt(10,100).X is smalleryes| ?- gt(150,100).X is greater or equaltrue ?yes| ?- gte(10,20).X is smaller(15 ms) yes| ?- gte(100,20).X is greatertrue ?yes| ?- gte(100,100). Stack(A, B) Execution of a plan: achieved through a data structure called Triangular Table. Program % If-Then-Else statementgt(X,Y) :- X >= Y,write('X is greater or equal').gt(X,Y) :- X Y,write('X is greater').gte(X,Y) :- X =:= Y,write('X and Y are same').gte(X,Y) :- X decision statements are If-Then-Else statements. compiling D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/ for byte code.D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/ compiled, 14 lines read - 1700 bytes written, 16 msyes| ?- count_down(12,17).5true ? 4true ? 3true ? 2true ? 1true ? 0yes| ?- count_up(5,12).10true ? 11true ? 12true ? 13true ? 14true ? 15true ? 16true ? 17yes| ?- Decision Making count_up(L, H) :- between(L, H, Y), Z is L + Y, write(Z), nl. Let us see an example program − count_down(L, H) :- between(L, H, Y), Z is H - Y, write(Z), nl. So, we can use the between() to simulate loops. Now create a loop that takes lowest and highest values. compiling D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/ for byte code.D:/TP Prolog/Sample_Codes/ compiled, 4 lines read - 751 bytes written, 16 ms(16 ms) yes| ?- count_to_10(3).345678910true ?yes| ?. There are no direct loops in some other languages, but we can simulate loops with few different techniques. In general, for, while, do-while are loop constructs in programming languages (like Java, C, C++).Ĭode block is executed multiple times using recursive predicate logic.
#Prolog program for block world problem code
Loop statements are used to execute the code block multiple times. Machine Learning, 8: 279–292.In this chapter, we will discuss loops and decision making in Prolog. (1995) Temporal difference learning and TD-GAMMON. Journal of Logic Programming 19/20: 629–679. (1994) Inductive logic programming: Theory and methods. (1994) Inductive Logic Programming: Techniques and Applications. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 4: 237–285. Kaelbling, L., Littman, M., and Moore, A. (1971) STRIPS: A new approach to the application of theorem proving. Workshop on Inductive Logic Programming, pages 133–141, Springer, Berlin.įikes, R.E., and Nilsson, N.J.
#Prolog program for block world problem plus
(Additionally, the solution you give is not a reachable state, the second line has a void on a wrong position, plus the path is reversed). Failure to test whether a state has already been visited. (1997) Using logical decision trees for clustering. a block world problem It is simply because you do two things: Depth first search through state space. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA.ĭe Raedt, L., and Blockeel, H. (1991) Input generalization in delayed reinforcement learning: An algorithm and performance comparisons. Workshop on Inductive Logic Programming, pages 77–84, Springer, Berlin.Ĭhapman, D., and Kaelbling, L. (1997) Lookahead and discretization in ILP. Wadsworth, Belmont.īlockeel, H., and De Raedt, L. (1984) Classification and Regression Trees. (1997) Lazy incremental learning of control knowledge for efficiently obtaining quality plans. (1997) Experiments with Top-down Induction of Logical Decision Trees.
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The Canine Republics speak the Common Tongue like almost everyone else in the world since what’s generally referred to as The Great Connection. That said, the Sky Kingdoms didn’t just dedicate themselves to the rebuilding and relearning of their old tongue but also the tongues of the other groups around them. When this was discovered, the alphas and lunas of the packs found themselves deeply interested and worked alongside them to rebuild their tongue.
Working from the few bits that remained in the form of honorifics, they were mostly successful in recreating the language from scratch.
This left Adovusala only spoken by the alphas and lunas of the packs for a decent while before the information was shared with the Howlers of the packs. It’s a great privilege for anyone to speak the tongue and to have the tongue spoken to.
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Part 1: Phonology and Phonotactics
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There are about 18 consonant sounds in Adovusala;
And about five vowel sounds;
Phonetic Summary;
Onset: m n ng p t c b d g h f v s z r y l w
R Clusters: mr br dr dr gr nr cr lr
L Clusters: ll nl ml bl dl fl gl sl hl
N Clusters: nv nt
W Clusters: cw
Nucleus: a e i o u
A Clusters: au ai ao
U Clusters: ui ua uo
Coda: l s g n r v c
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Part 2: Word Order and Compounds
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SVO Primary - The cat jumps over the tree
SOV Secondary - The cat, over the log jumps
Demonstrative - Noun | This goat
Numeral - Noun | One goat
Possessive - Noun| Your goat
Noun - Adjective | Goat big
Noun - Genitives | The sandwich of the goat (not, the goat’s sandwich)
Noun - Relative Clauses | The goat, who ate the sandwich is thick
Verb - Auxiliary | Go must (I go must | I must go)
Verb - Subordinate Verb | Went to buy (vs. to buy went)
Adjective - Adverb | Big really (really big)
Yes/No Particles - Final (End of a sentence)
Question Words - Final (End of a sentence)
Proper Noun - Common Noun | state Kansas instead of Kansas State
Modifier Order: Quantity - Opinion - Age - Size - Origin - Color - Material - Purpose + Noun
Modifier Example:Two pretty old large Dutch white cotton goats.
Compounds:
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Part 3: The Animacy System of Adovusala
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Adovusala has an animacy based noun class system like its close relative in Jhikomala. Unlike that one, this one divided along the lines of their gods with each Howl being the patron and creator of a specific set of beings.
Class 1 - Atella - The Sun, Fire, Daytime and Boldness
Class 2 - Iren - The Moon, Sapient Creatures and Creativity
Class 3 - Mywel - Water, Aquatic Creatures and
Class 4 - Canta - Plants, Flowers, Land Creatures and Endurance
Class 5 - Iseca - The Stars, Spirits, Breathe, Souls, Music and Wisdom
These five classes demand agreement from their adjectives and numerals. Whatever word they’re describing takes on the appropriate ending.
The numeral and adjective agreement is;
Class 1 - (u)ma
Class 2 - (a)re
Class 3 - (i)la
Class 4 - (e)ha
Class 5 - (o)ca
Examples:
Ge lato narama - The brave fire
G’adovu narare - The brave dog
Ge tula naraha - The brave bird
Ge nanta narala - The brave tree
Ge sana naraca - The brave star
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Part 4: Grammatical Number
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Adovusala is - much to the relief of learns - very simple in the plurals department with only a simple singular vs. plural divide. In their language, the primary difference is when there’s only one of a thing or many things. The singular is typically left unmarked - adovu while plural nouns are marked with -(u)l such as in adovul.
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Part 5: Tense and Aspect
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Adovusala has four primary aspects that are paired with their four tenses. The aspects are the perfective, continuous, habitual and resumptive while the four tenses are the past, recent past, present and future tenses.
Here's an example with the word, sala.
Here's what all that means
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Part 6: Mood
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Being a culture built upon hierarchies and roles, Adovusala has an imperative mood meant for conveying commands and orders.
-av is the modifier used for the commands given and is considered extremely rude and deeply overstepping to use on just anyone. Squad Captains and the ranks above them are the only ones allowed to use this mood on others - and even then, it’s mostly used explicitly when orders and commands are being laid out.
As for the lower ranks;
Salacc inatuc - speak captain
They must use this request based marker - it shows that they respect their superior even as they give a command.
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Part 7: Honorific System
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The most notable part of Adovusala is that instead of a simple system of pronouns like many other languages of strelles, Adovusala has a series of rank and age based honorifics that speakers adhere to when communicating with others.
Though everyone has a place in the pack and all creatures have a place in the world, it’s generally understood that some positions are inherently more prestigious than others. Even when the language had first fallen pre-Connection, the system of honorifics stuck around due to the sheer stubborn and ingrained sense of respect that comes with the titles.
To the relief of those already worried about trying to memorize all of these pronouns, the possessives are much simpler. Instead, they’re combined into whether the cat you’re referring to is of a higher or lower rank than you are;
As you can see rank in relation to themselves is the most important part of speaking Adovusala.
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Part 8: Articles and Demonstratives
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Adovusala has both definite and indefinite articles that are fairly straight forward. Thankfully for most who learn, the noun classes don’t alter the articles used.
Ge is the definite article and works like this;
Ge doric - the pup
E doric - a pup
The interesting bit about ‘ge’ however is that when the word it’s modifying begins with a vowel, the -e drops off and it gloms itself onto the beginning like so;
G’inatuc - the captain
G’adovul - the dog
G’iru - the moon
The indefinite article is Va and it works similar to ge in relation to words that begin with vowels;
V’inatuc - a captain
V’adovul - a dog
Va doric - a pup
Hey, NL! :D If you're still doing Alphabet Soup asks: D, H, and O?
Hi, Jax! I am. Thank you so much for sending this in, and I hope that you are having a wonderful day.
I apologize for this being so late. I'm going to answer these for Pale Fire, my high seas dark fantasy set around the same time as Cold as Ice. None of these have any Artbreeder portraits created for them yet.
D is for Declan Saeruson, a flat character in Pale Fire.
Declan Saeruson was an officer in the Glorendine Army. He has made a name for himself in the 100-years war. He was born in the southern part of Glorendt and has a very thick accent. Declan is the eldest son of two children.
His mother was from a gentry family, and he lived quite comfortably as a child. Although his family worshipped Ludovica and Ludovico, Declan worshipped Raimondo, the god of knowledge.
Saeruson learned the Easterner language and was appointed the Glorendine agent to the Easterners. From his career among the Easterners, he acquired tens of thousands of acres of land in the Eastern kingdom and became very wealthy.
Declan would have numerous children among Glorendine and Eastern women. He would eventually take a young Glorendine seamstress as a mistress.
H is for Harold Sigurduson, the mentor character in Pale Fire.
Harold Sigurduson was an officer in the Glorendine Army, as well as one of the highest-ranking officers in the Order of the Lotus, a secret organization who is said to conspire to control world affairs by masterminding events (based upon the Illuminati).
Harold was born in southern Glorendt to a Glorendine military officer and an unknown mother who was assumed to be a member of the Glorendine royal family.
He would be the one to suggest that Anabelle and Seamus become privateers from the navy, as well as try to have Shae join the Order of the Lotus.
Harold is adept in the healing arts of body magick. He will train Seamus on how to finesse his skills with meager magickal skills.
O is for Olav Yngvuson, a flat character in Pale Fire.
Olav Yngvuson was a Glorendine soldier and spy for the Army during the 100 years war. He would volunteer for intelligence-gathering missions in the Olessan Empire.
He was born in Southern Glorendt to a priest of Noxxus, the shepard of Damned souls. When he was 14, he was sent with his brother to college and excelled at mathematics and literature. He would go on to become a teacher before joining the Glorendine army.
Olav would volunteer to go behind enemy lines and report on the Olessan Empire's troop movements. He would disguise himself as an Olessan tutor by dying his hair and utilizing his talent in body magick to change the shape and color of his eyes.
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