Natural History Museum, Vienna 2024
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Do you see history fundamentally moving in a linear or cyclical direction?
The belief that human history is necessarily linear or that it is necessarily cyclical conflicts with the notion of human beings as free will agents who determine their own destiny. So I do not embrace either one. The first belief (historicism) is in my opinion the more dangerous of the two. It is no accident that the ideas of the philosopher GWF Hegel serve as the framework of the most popular system of Socialism in existence: Marxism. The idea of inevitable linear historical progress gives man a passive role in his own story, and with a passive role comes a passive attitude, which is precisely what the authoritarian desires. A society that believes that its destiny is the product of greater forces has no reason to protect or to design its destiny. And when the people do not pilot their own society the state will do so (and not “history”).
The view that history is necessarily cyclical (Nietzsche) is one that I believe is based in despair, and it is once again inconsistent with the idea of human self determination. Now to be clear, I am not claiming that history cannot turn out to be either cyclical or linear, I am saying that it is not necessarily so. I believe that cycles can be broken (even though that can be deeply challenging) and I believe that progress is not inevitable.
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Evening glow · Zurich 2023
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Original 19th century doorknob from one of the doors of Croatian Institute of History.
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Giambattista Vico – Scientist of the Day
Giambattista Vico, an Italian philosopher, was born June 23, 1668, in Naples.
Learn more
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Servus
Aquarelle painting of a building designed by Teodor Talowksi I did way back in May. Shoutout to climbing walls just to draw what's in front of you haha
It's just a silly little sketch, nothing much
By the way when i went to paint that i didn't bring any pencil so i stepped in random furniture store and borrowed one.
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Vicente Palmaroli (Spanish) - Escena musical o Juana la Loca en Tordesillas (Ca. 1884-1885). Museo del Prado, Madrid.
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Kraków
ul. Gołębia 13
Uniwersytet Jagielloński - Collegium Witkowskiego
budynek z lat 1908-1911
architekt: Gabriel Niewiadomski
foto z 4 listopada 2017
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Kraków, Poland
Jagiellonian University - The Witkowski College
built in 1908-1911
archiect: Gabriel Niewiadomski
taken on 4 November 2017
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Why do all these social philosophies support the revolt against civilization? And what is the secret of their popularity? Why do they attract and seduce so many intellectuals? I am inclined to think that the reason is that they give expression to a deepfelt dissatisfaction with a world which does not, and cannot, live up to our moral ideals and to our dreams of perfection. The tendency of historicism (and of related views) to support the revolt against civilization may be due to the fact that historicism itself is, largely, a reaction against the strain of our civilization and its demand for personal responsibility.
- Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies - Vol 1: The Spell of Plato
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"There is no law of progress, and everything will depend on ourselves. "
Karl Popper (1902-1994) British philosopher of science.
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academic art
Academic art, a style prevalent in the 19th century, adhered to traditional techniques and subject matter, often depicting historical, mythological, or biblical themes. It emphasized realism, precise draftsmanship, and idealized forms, aiming to elevate the viewer's moral and intellectual sensibilities. Led by institutions like the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, academic art set strict standards, which some saw as stifling creativity. Yet, its influence persisted, shaping the development of art education and laying the groundwork for later movements to rebel against its conventions.
flaming june by frederic leighton
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Vlaho Bukovac, Stjepan Miletić, 1894.
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Taine on Napoleon:
[He is] immoderate in everything, but what is stranger still is that he is not only out of line but outside the frame; by his temperament, his instincts, his faculties, his imagination, his passions, his morality, he seems to have been cast in a different mold, composed of a different metal than his fellow citizens and his contemporaries. Obviously, he is neither a Frenchman nor a man of the eighteenth century; he belongs to another race and another age, at first glance one discerned in him the foreigner, the Italian and something else in addition, beyond that, beyond any similitude or analogy.
Source: Les Origines de la France Contemporaine, vol. 2, p. 372
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“Horror is the natural reaction to the last 5,000 years of history.”
― Robert Anton Wilson, Down to Earth
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