Celebrated by Hokkiens on the 9th day of the first lunar month, aka Chinese New Year, Tian Gong Dan (天公诞) or Bai Tian Gong (拜天公) as it is otherwise called, is a highly important prayer ceremony. Bai (拜) means to pray, and Tian Gong (天公) refers to the Jade Emperor, the monarch of all deities in heaven. As such, praying to Tian Gong, or ‘pai ti kong’ as Hokkiens like to call it, is a celebration of the Jade Emperor’s benevolence, which can be traced back to an old traditional folk legend.
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To better understand the story behind Bai Tian Gong, we first have to go back hundreds of years back in time to the Ming Dynasty. At the time, within the province where modern-day Hokkiens can trace their ancestral origins to, was a place rife with outlaws and bandits. It was during one fateful Chinese New Year that these bandits went on a murderous spree, going around pillaging villages and killing its residents indiscriminately. Fearful for their life, some of the villagers ran away in the dead of night and hid themselves within the sugarcane fields. They prayed hard to the Jade Emperor for their survival.
Fortunately for them, the bandits found no success in their hunt despite searching for days. Ultimately, on the 9th day of the Chinese New Year, the bandits gave up on trying to find the villagers and returned to their hideouts. Realizing their assailants had left, the villagers emerged from their hiding spots, happy that they’ve managed to survive the ordeal. They praised the divine for answering their prayers and were grateful to the sugarcane fields for providing them shelter. This is why the Sugarcane (甘蔗) is held in prominence in all Hokkien celebrations. Mum poached chicken & pork, dyed the Red Eggs (红鸡蛋), boiled the longevity noodles, prepared Fa Gao (发糕) and oranges with joss papers, joss sticks and candles to offer them to the gods.
Info from here. Selected images from the internet.
Oldest Spanish - Chinese dictionary found in University of Santo Thomas, Philippines. This 400 year old dictionary called “Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum” translated Spanish to Mandarin as well as Hokkien, a language from China's southern Fujian Province and spoken by many Chinese Filipinos.
又閣是彼个 無代無誌想著的形影
iū-koh sī hit ê, bô-tài-bô-tsì siūnn tio̍h ê hîng-iánn
There it is again, that figure I remembered out of the blue
親像一陣風 吹落來 是春風少年
tshin-tshiūnn tsi̍t tsūn-hong, tshue loh lâi, sī tshun hong siáu-liân
It came over me like a passing breeze - that unfettered youth
坐嘛是思念 坐袂牢 真無聊的思念
tsē mà-sī su-liām, tsē bē tiâu, tsin bô-liâu ê su-liām
I sit here and reminisce, but it doesn’t linger - such a restless thought
倒咧眠床頂 予月娘 笑規个暗暝
tó leh bîn-tshn̂g tíng, hōo gue̍h-niû tshiò kui-ê àm-mî
Laying on the bed, making the moon laugh until late into the night
我行過你的世界
guá kiânn-kuè lí ê sè-kài
I’ve moved past your world
啥物我攏無愛
siánn-mih guá lóng bô ài
And I don’t want anything
只想欲佇你心內(寫一條歌)
tsí siūnn beh tī lí sim-lāi(siá tsi̍t tiâu kua)
only your heart (to write a song)
車行過 *𪜶的期待
tshia kiânn-kuè in ê kî-thāi
Cars passed by your expectations
這站閣無落來
tsit tsām koh bô loh-lâi
And didn’t stop at this station
無想欲對誰交代(心內驚驚)
bô siūnn beh tuì siáng kau-tài(sim-lāi kiann-kiann)
Without offering an explanation (hearts unsteady)
想起我彼暗小可仔歹勢
siūnn-khí guá hit-àm sió-khuá-á pháinn-sè
I realize I feel sorry about that night
予你揣著我
hōo lí tshuē-tio̍h guá
I made you realize that I
規身軀藏無好勢的委屈
kui-sing-khu tshàng bô hó-sè ê uí-khut
Can’t properly hide my misgivings
風 中的飛龍咧吼
hong-tiong ê pue-liông leh háu
The dragon amidst the clouds is roaring
聲 聲予天搖地動
siann-siann hōo thinn-iô tē-tāng
Causing the earth to shake
愛你的傳說寫佇頂懸
ài lí ê thuân-suat siá tī tíng-kuân
The legend of our love is written in the sky
感情紲來愈飛愈懸
kám-tsîng sua-lâi lú-pue lú-kuân
Feelings also grow the higher it flies
花 開佇你蹛的樓
hue khui-tī lí tuà ê lâu
Flowers bloom at your doorstep
想 當時欲綴你走
siūnn tong-sî beh tuè lí tsáu
Almost as if they intend to go with you
多情的雨崁著目睭
to-tsîng ê hōo kham tio̍h ba̍k-tsiu
The passionate rain conceals your eyes
你的代誌講袂清楚
lí ê tài tsì kóng bē tshing-tshó
Your affairs are can’t be told clearly*
看你行過千山萬水
khuànn lí kiânn-kuè tshian-san-bān-suí
Watching you traverse a thousand mountains and ten thousand waters
手內薔薇微微仔芳
tshiú-lāi tshiông-bî bî-bî-á phang
The rose at hand lightly fragrant
行踏輕鬆跤步的我 (恬恬佇遮攏無出聲)
kiânn ta̍h khin-sang kha-pōo ê guá (tiām tiām tī tsia lóng bô tshut-siann)
And I light on my feet (am here quietly, without a sound)
日子過一工閣一工
ji̍t-tsí kuè tsi��t-kang koh tsi̍t-kang
Days pass, one after another
你的一切攏猶未放
lí ê it tshè lóng iá-buē pàng
And you still have not let it go
越頭欲揣過去的我
ua̍t thâu beh tshuē kuè-khì ê guá
A turn of the head, and you want to find the departed me
煞來袂記家己的名
suah-lâi bē kì ka-kī ê miâ
How could you have forgotten your own name
是我欲陪你流浪
sī guá beh puê lí liû-lōng
It is I who wants to lead you astray
長路終點滿天花雨
tn̂g-lōo tsiong-tiám muá-thinn hue-ú
At the end of the long road are clear skies, flowers, and rain
雺霧內底戇神
bông-bū lāi-té gōng-sîn
Dazed in the middle of the fog
千年流轉你的世界
tshian-nî liû-tsuán lí ê sè-kài
Your world is a cycle of death and rebirth*
自作多情的人
tsū-tsok-to-tsîng ê lâng
Before a self indulgent person
眼前地獄家己揀的
gán-tsiân tē-ga̍k ka-kī kíng ê
Is a hell of their own choosing
天上 地下 人間
thian-siōng, tē-hā, jîn-kan
Above heaven, below hell -- the mortal world
四方妖孽請恁退下
sù-hong iau-gia̍t tshiánn lín thè-hā
Quartet of demons*, please back down
這繁華世間
tse huân-hua sè-kan
This prosperous world
眾生有情人
tsiòng-sing ū-tsîng-lâng
Where everyone has loved ones
有情生煩惱(甘願受罪)
ū-tsîng senn huân-ló(kam-guān siū-tsuē)
As such are troubled (yet willing to suffer)
心狂閣火著
sim-kông koh hué-to̍h
They set their hearts ablaze
明知會艱苦
bîng tsai ē kan-khóo
Knowing it will one day bring unhappiness
千錯萬錯 (攏佮你無關)
tshian-tshò-bān-tshò(lóng ka̍h lí bô-kuan)
Tens of millions of faults (all have nothing to do with you)
* - the original phrasing is in reference to concepts/phrasing that exist in reference to religion that I have only found information on in very formal Chinese, however I am not skilled enough to translate properly, as such the translation is lacking.
I recently returned from my third pilgrimage with the Zheng’an monkey god temple (Zheng’an gong, 正安宮) in Taipei, Taiwan. This trip made me realize just how badly I need to learn Taiwanese Hokkien (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí; Chinese: Taiyu, 臺語), for it was spoken almost exclusively in all of the temples we visited, as well as on the tour bus. I feel like having a working knowledge of the language would open doors to more in-depth research about the Great Sage‘s faith. And the best part? Taiwanese Hokkien is intelligible to Hokkien speakers in Fujian (home of Sun Wukong’s cult) and Southeast Asia (where he is also worshiped – example). This would help me expand my area of research.
Here, I would like to archive a few sources on Taiwanese Hokkien that I’ve found online.
Aesthetic of the languages on earth : Southern Min
Southern Min or Minnan is a group of closely related Sinitic languages spoken by 50.1 million people over southern China, Taiwan, and southeast asia. It is an official language of Taiwan (Hokkien).
Today is the 9th day of Lunar New Year that we call Tian Gong Dan (天公诞), it is a big day for Hokkien people. It is also believed to be the Birthday of the Jade Emperor (who is the Supreme Deity of Taoism). On this day, the Chinese people conduct an important prayer ceremony or Bai Tian Gong (拜天公).
To better understand the story behind Bai Tian Gong, we first have to go back hundreds of years back in time to the Ming Dynasty. At the time, within the province where modern-day Hokkiens can trace their ancestral origins to, was a place rife with outlaws and bandits. It was during one fateful Chinese New Year that these bandits went on a murderous spree, going around pillaging villages and killing its residents indiscriminately. Fearful for their life, some of the villagers ran away in the dead of night and hid themselves within the sugarcane fields. They prayed hard to the Jade Emperor for their survival.
Ultimately, on the 9th day of the Chinese New Year, the bandits gave up on trying to find the villagers and returned to their hideouts. Realizing their assailants had left, the villagers emerged from their hiding spots, happy that they’ve managed to survive the ordeal. They praised the divine for answering their prayers and were grateful to the sugarcane fields for providing them shelter. This is why the Sugarcane is held in prominence in all Hokkien celebrations. More elaborate celebrations are usually conducted at temples.
Innocents eradicated, drowned by the thousands Like a nightmare brought to life before our very eyes
看不见的自然巨变 悄悄突袭这个世界
We couldn’t see nature drastically changing, stealthily preparing a surprise attack on the world
你我无法忽略自己 犯下毁坏天地的罪
You and I can’t deny our sin, we’ve destroyed our world
重申我的恐惧不安 接受一切神的告诫
I reiterate my fear and accept all of God’s punishments
痛苦 尖叫 鲜血 无力去救援
Agony Screams Blood No one can save us
神派遣的洪水军队-大自然海啸巨镰
God sends his great flood army: Nature wields it’s scythe; a Tsunami
地底下数万计的苦灵 带著悲念不愿意阖眼
On Earth, countless souls are unwilling to close their eyes for the last time
悻存的那些人们 看不见那希望的烈燄
The few survivors that remain have lost sight of the flames of hope
你我无法忽略自己 犯下毁坏天地的罪
You and I can’t deny our sin, we’ve destroyed our world
重申我的恐惧不安 接受一切神的告诫
I reiterate my fear and accept all of God’s punishments
痛苦 尖叫 鲜血 无力去救援
Agony Screams Blood No one can save us
神派遣的洪水军队-大自然海啸巨镰
God sends his great flood army: Nature wields it’s scythe; a Tsunami
这世界即将崩解 我们无力去改变
This world is on the verge of collapse There’s nothing we could do to change it
认清你双眼所见 彻底思考 面对
Accept what you see, look deep in yourself, and face it
噢 你我 我们必须站在一起背负这沉重包袱
Oh You and I must stand together and shoulder this burden as one
我就站在你左右 你不必悲哭无助
I’ll stand beside you You don’t have to feel helpless or cry
你 别再哭泣 我就站在你身旁陪伴你渡过这条路
Don’t cry, I’ll stand by your side and help you get through this
我就守在你左右 你不必悲哭无助
I’ll keep watch over you You don’t have to feel helpless or cry
沉重包袱 你的左右
Heavy burden By your side
阿 你我 咱应该 站惦作伙面对著咱的未来
Ah You and I should stand together and face our future
我就站惦你身边 你千万卖搁伤悲
I will stand by your side You don’t have to hold on to this sorrow
泪 卖搁再滴 我就站惦 你身边陪伴哩行过这条路
Don’t shed those tears, I’ll stand by your side and walk with you through this
我就站惦你身边 请你卖搁伤悲
I will stand by your side Please don’t hold on to your sorrow
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Silent Hell is from Taiwan so this song had a few Taiwanisms and the last section is in Taiwanese Hokkien :)
Translating it was kinda hard ^^; Let me know if there are any issues, especially with the Taiwanese parts. I changed two of the hanzi to match the hanzi in the music video, I think the lyrics you can find written out online were trying to mimic the pronunciation of some words in Hokkien? Please correct me if I'm wrong. But either way the translation of those words is still accurate, those words just being Me (哇 and 袜 to 我)and you( 哩 to 你) in the last section. The meaning should be entirely retained so don't worry.
Heres the context of the original Hanzi. Let me know if I'm wrong and just made a dumb mistake.
萬千花蕊慈母悲哀 (Bān-tshian Hue-luí Tsû-bió Pi-ai)
Thousands of Flowers of a Mourning Mother’s Love
下晡 一个人踮厝內
ē-poo, tsi̍t ê lâng tiàm tshù-lāi
One afternoon, I was home alone
西北雨 沃澹窗外的衫
sai-pak-hōo, ak-tâm thang-guā ê sann
A sudden downpour drenched the clothes outside
外口的人 猶未轉來
guā-kháu ê lâng iah-buē tńg-lâi
The one who has left has yet to return
戇戇咧等 戇戇攑一支雨傘
gōng-gōng--leh tán, gōng-gōng gia̍h tsi̍t ki hōo-suànn
I waited foolishly with an umbrella at hand
為你 幾若擺睏袂去
uī lí, kuí-nā pái khùn bē khì
Because of you, I had many sleepless nights
全世界 揣袂著你的形影
tsuân-sè-kài, tshuē bē tio̍h lí ê hîng-iánn
From every corner of the world, you can’t be found anywhere
凡勢 會當共你放捒
huān-sè, ē-tàng kā lí pàng-sak
Perhaps I’ll give up one day
氣身惱命 我哪會攏無要無緊
khì-sin-lóo-miā, guá ná-ē lóng bô-iàu-bô-kín
How was I so damn calm?
踮遮規暝 看電火閃爍
tiàm tsia kui-mê, khuànn tiān-hué siám-sih
Staying here all night, watching the light flicker
我踮遮等待 拍無去的人
guá tiàm tsia tán-thāi, phah-bô--khì ê lâng
I waited up all night, for the one who didn’t return
聽厝內的聲 聲聲佇咧吼
thiann tshù-lāi ê siann, siann-siann tī-leh háu
Every corner of the house can be heard grieving
我踅來踅去 思念火燒房間
guá se̍h-lâi-se̍h-khì, su-liām hué sio pâng-king
Pacing back and forth, the memory of you burns in this room
袂開的花 無欲轉來的人
buē khui ê hue, bô beh tńg--lâi ê lâng
The flower that will never blossom, the person who will never return
美麗的你啊 想著你彼當時 攑懸你的旗仔
bí-lē ê lí--ah, siūnn tio̍h lí hit-tong-sî, gia̍h kuân lí ê kî-á
My dear, I still recall the moment you raised your flag
路邊的話 滿街路雨紛飛
lōo-pinn ê uē, muá ke-lōo hōo hun-hui
Th rumors splatter like rain on the pavement
時代的變卦 孤單的我一个人 問天也毋捌
sî-tāi ê piàn-kuà, koo-tuann ê guá tsi̍t ê lâng, mn̄g thinn iā m̄-bat
The changes of a new era are hard on me, even as I ask the heavens
手內啥物攏無 只賰我欲予你的愛
tshiú lāi siánn-mih lóng bô, tsí tshun guá beh hōo lí ê ài
In my hand all I have is nothing but my love for you
有血有肉的人 煞下落不明
ū hueh ū bah ê lâng, suah hē-lo̍h-put-bîng
How can such flesh and blood disappear without a trace
共你的 記持啊 囥佇我的心內
kā lí ê kì-tî--ah, khǹg tī guá ê sim-lāi
Keeping your memory deep in my heart
騎你的 白馬啊 行你欲行的路
khiâ lí ê pe̍h-bé--ah, kiânn lí beh kiânn ê lōo
Ride your white horse, follow your own path
風吹來 花落塗 點一欉香祈求
hong tshue lâi, hue lo̍h-thôo, tiám tsi̍t tsâng hiunn kî-kiû
The wind howls and the flower falls. Lighting an incense, pleading:
(南無觀世音菩薩)
(lâm-bû-kuan-sè-im-phôo-sat)
(Namo Avalokiteshvara) (tn: a buddhist chant, often performed at someone’s passing, or to release suffering)
若準講你 算著這齣悲劇
nā-tsún kóng lí, sǹg tio̍h tsit tshut pi-kio̍k
Heaven, if you have foreseen the horrible tragedy
你敢會看顧 紲落來伊頭前 彼逝歹行的路
lí kám ē khuànn-kòo, suà--lo̍h-lâi i thâu-tsîng, hit tsuā pháinn kiânn ê lōo
Please look after him on this bumpy road he is to walk
夢中的我 看你沓沓仔行
bāng-tiong ê guá, khuànn lí ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á kiânn
In my dreams I can see you walking slowly
牽你的亡魂 有一工咱做伙 轉去彼个所在
khan lí ê bông-hûn, ū tsi̍t kang lán tsò-hué, tńg-khì hit ê sóo-tsāi
leading your soul, “one day, let’s go back to that place together.”
我 蔫去的愛(規路攏是)
guá, lian-khì ê ài(kui-lōo lóng sī)
My withering love (scattered along the street)
佮你 恬去的心(你)
kah lí, tiām--khì ê sim(lí)
And your silent heart (you)
佇這烏暗時代(佇這烏暗時代)
tī tse oo-àm sî-tāi(tī tse oo-àm sî-tāi)
In this dark era ( in this dark era)
是有緣無份(想欲講出)
sī ū-iân bô-hūn(siūnn beh kóng-tshut)
We are doomed to be apart (you want to say)
寫袂了的批(的)
siá bē liáu ê phue(ê)
Letters left unwritten (but)
佮講袂煞的話(奈何)
kah kóng bē suah ê uē(nāi-hô)
Still things I have left to say
(亻因) 開袂完的銃(開袂完的銃)
in khui bē uân ê tshìng(khui bē uân ê tshìng)
The gunfire near ceases
看人去樓空(火烌猶在)
khuànn lâng-khì lâu-khang(hué-hu iû-tsāi)
Everyone is gone, nothing remains (only the ashes)
雨 微微仔落
hōo, bî-bî-á lo̍h
Rain, falls softly
天 微微仔光
thinn, bî-bî-á kng
Day, breaks softly
看你 微微仔笑
khuànn lí, bî-bî-á tshiò
And you, smile softly
後世人再會
āu-sì-lâng tsài-huē
“We will meet in the next life”