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#hong kong political refugees
i12bent · 2 years
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Jens Galschiøt (b. June 4, 1954) is a Danish autodidact sculptor and conceptual artist/activist, who is known internationally for his illegal street art interventions, happenings and event. He is politically engaged in the climate struggle, the refugee crisis, and many other causes.
Often his art is defaced, dismantled or stolen during street art events - most notoriously the dismantling of his at Hong Kong University in December 2021.
Above: Balancing Act, 2005 - 4 copper sculptures on carbon fiber poles (Rådhuspladsen, Copenhagen, 2010)
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nirmalflex · 2 years
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Taiwan Postpones Scheme to Help Hong Kongers Over Spying Fears | Politics news
Taiwan Postpones Scheme to Help Hong Kongers Over Spying Fears | Politics news
Taiwan has indefinitely shelved a scheme that would make it easier for professionals from Hong Kong and Macau to become permanent residents or citizens after politicians’ concerns about the possible infiltration of Chinese agents. The Island Mainland Affairs Council scheme would allow professionals who have worked five years in Taiwan and earned an income of twice the national minimum wage to…
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somerabbitholes · 2 years
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hi! can you recommend some books by indian writers? both fiction and nonfiction. thank you
Hi! I read your other message and here you go (I've also linked other asks where there are more relevant books mentioned)
Fiction
[x] | [xx]
Serious Men by Manu Joseph — about a low-caste man in a chawl in Mumbai and all that he does for his son to escape the limits of his position; satire on caste and class, scientific education in the country
Raag Darbari by Shrilal Shukla (trans. Gillian Wright) — really, really good satire on an village in the north a few decades after Independence; looks at how systems fail on ground, how clearly incapable most of them are at dealing with problems; also about the early years of the nexus forming between criminals, politicians, and businessmen and corruption taking root
High Wind by Tilottoma Misra (trans. Udayon Misra) — about a Sanskrit scholar who in the 19th century moves to colonial Shillong; explores the changes happening in Assamese culture and society during the time, how different communities and 'tribes' take shape and negotiate the colonial order
A Burning by Megha Majumdar — how the lives of three people intersect at the crossroads of law, justice, class aspirations and in an increasingly volatile political atmosphere
Baluta by Daya Pawar (trans. Jerry Pinto) — a memoir by Pawar about being a Dalit and how the identity changes as it moves from the village to the city
Name Place Animal Thing by Daribha Lyndem — it's like a bunch of character portraits of people who are all connected to each other and together they paint a picture of one girl who's growing up in a turbulent community in Shillong
The Lives of Others by Neel Mukherjee — an old and joint family in Kolkata in the 1960s; looks at how it adapts or fails to; it's really good at how it shows a very distinct social class in decay in specifically post-Independence Kolkata but also at the same time could be about similar stories of the zamindar/landholding class unravelling elsewhere
A similar but older take on the joint family decaying in Maharashtra is Old Stone Mansion by Mahesh Elkunchwar. I read the original and I do vaguely remember there being a translation, but I'm not sure so do check that out. I think it'll be in this.
Battlefield by Vishram Bedekar (trans. Jerry Pinto) — about a Hindu man and a Jewish refugee who meet on a ship going from Europe to Hong Kong just before World War II; looks at what it means to be in exile, what it means to aspire to nationhood
I would also recommend the Aleph Book Company series on Greatest Stories Ever Told. I've only read a few but they seem quite well curated.
Non-fiction
about northeast India | the revolutionary movement | military history | [x] | colonisation and aftereffects |
A People’s Constitution by Rohit De — how people experience the constitution; how they participate in the legal and political process; really great because it takes the constitution beyond its documentary role
India Trilogy by V. S. Naipaul — An Area of Darkness, India: A Wounded Civilization, and India: A Million Mutinies Now; one of the best commentaries on 20th century but post-Independence India; also very different from other commentaries because Naipaul worked to see the country as something other than a former colony; also great because you get to see him traveling and changing his mind and arguing with himself over the three books
Sixteen Stormy Days by Tripurdaman Singh — about the first amendment of the Indian Constitution which has been a controversial one given that very soon after the Constitution being ratified, it put curbs on freedom of expression and property rights and gave birth to the Ninth Schedule
India: A Sacred Geography by Diana L. Eck — how precolonial and ancient Indians imagined the geography through religion and vice versa; how Hinduism and generally Indic religions are closely tied with the land
India Unbound by Gurcharan Das — it's a personal economic history of sorts where he looks at the post-Independence economic growth (or lack thereof) through the routes his life has taken; really good because he brings to a table the experience of living in a 'mixed' economy and can really get across why 1991 was such a big deal
Castes of Mind by Nicholas Dirks — essays on how caste and race interacted to reorder the social structure in colonial India; how law, policy, politics, and profit all worked together when it came to matters of social categories and identity
The Eastern Gate by Sudeep Chakravarti — sort of journalistic history on how 'mainland' India has seen the Northeast, how insurgency took root; how conflicts have been navigated, solved, worsened
Modern South India by Rajmohan Gandhi — South India from the 17th century to the 20th; a little information heavy at times but useful
Our Moon Has Blood Clots by Rahul Pandita — memoir on the Kashmiri Pandit genocide; also see his Hello Bastar if you're interested in the Naxalites
Kanshiram by Badri Narayan — a biography of Kanshiram and through him looks at Dalit politics and the whole world of OBC and Dalit consolidation
The Emergency by Coomi Kapoor — like India Unbound, a personal account of sorts of living through the Emergency; and she was a journalist then so it's really in-depth
Army and the Nation by Stephen Wilkinson — the relationship between the Indian Army and the Republic; how India has managed to keep the military establishment away from politics unlike Pakistan, which to all intents and purposes, inherited the similar institutional setup as India
Happy reading!
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heavenboy09 · 17 days
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Happy Birthday 🎂 🥳 🎉 🎈 🎁 🎊 To 1 Of The Greatest Martial Artist 🥋, Stuntman, Slapstick Comedy Fighting, Acrobatic & Innovative Stunts & Chinese Filmmaker Of All Times
Chan was born on 7 April 1954 in British Hong Kong as Chan Kong-sang to Charles and Lee-Lee Chan, political refugees from the Chinese Civil War.
He is a Hong Kong actor, director, writer, producer, martial artist, and stuntman known for his slapstick acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, and innovative stunts, which he typically performs himself. Before entering the film industry, he was one of the Seven Little Fortunes from the China Drama Academy at the Peking Opera School, where he studied acrobatics, martial arts, and acting. Chan has been acting since the 1960s, performing in more than 150 films. He is one of the most influential action film stars of all time.
He Has Been Around For A Very Long Time & He Has Pretty Much Seen & Done It All
Appearing in Enter In The Dragon 🐉 Starring Bruce Lee in a Minor Role & Now Has Become A International Superstar Over The Years Because Of Bruce Lee's Help & Influence
Starring In Many Iconic Martial Arts Films Over A 150 Films & Still Going
Now He Has Made A Name For Himself.
Please Wish This Legendary Hong Kong 🇭🇰 Native Icon A Very Happy Birthday 🎂 🥳 🎉 🎈 🎁 🎊
You Know Him & You Just Gotta Love Him. Period
The 1
& Only
MR. JACKIE CHAN 👊🇨🇳 🇲🇴 🇭🇰
HAPPY 70TH BIRTHDAY 🎂 🥳 🎉 🎈 🎁 🎊 TO YOU MR. CHAN & HERE'S TO MANY MORE YEARS TO COME 成龍 Jackie Chan
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#JackieChan #ChanIsTheMan
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chubbylittlebumblebee · 4 months
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Okay, I’m posting this here because it keeps getting taken down on insta and I’m done. This is supposed to be a fandom page where I post things I love and don’t stress about other things but I have to say this somewhere.
We have to stop wasting our social and emotional energy on trying to get companies to stop greenhouse emissions. It isn’t going to do enough, I want to be hopeful but we have to be realistic. We can still keep those kinds of things in mind, ride public transportation, e-bikes, compost etc… Our focus needs to shift to coping with climate change now. We have to start putting in place measures that will give us a safety net as things get worse.
We have to start thinking about coastal cities now, how to get people out when it starts to flood. NYC, DC, Sydney, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Cape Town, Rio de Jenaro, Mumbai, Venice, all of them will become unlivable and climate refugees need to go somewhere.
Places that will be safe need to prepare for large swaths of refugees, that means lots of housing complexes, and less single family homes. Strong communities will be essential, pick a place and stay there as long as you can. The goal has be to build up individual communities as much as you can, that is where you can do the most good. Do what you can to reduce poverty and homelessness. Tear down hostile architecture, make sure people know they are loved and wanted.
We need to localize as the global systems collapse, that means large local farms, people getting back into trades, small maintainable power grids, and making our cities walkable and transitioning to electric bikes instead of cars. We may be able to power large cities with nuclear, but we have to work on making it safer, preferably with thorium than uranium.
We need to find ways to create medicines without large mechanical systems, as well as creating disability aids. We can not rely on massed produced items. We need to start learning practical skills and get back into traditional trades.
We have to go back to paper instead of digital. All of the digital archives will be lost when we can no longer support global internet. All records of births, deaths, family trees, literature, cultural histories, all of it needs to be protected so it isn’t destroyed.
Indigenous people come first and foremost as they will be our guiding lights. They shouldn’t have to be, but they have the knowledge of survival and reciprocity on the local lands.
We have to get rid of the damns and restore those areas. They cause far too many floods as they deteriorate and the space that will gained makes for more livable land. Areas like Las Vegas can’t exist anymore; it takes too much water to keep them running and it isn’t sustainable in the long run.
We have to change our food system, meat animals currently take up too much space and resources as well as monoculture. Animals need to be raised locally, at the bear minimum, while keeping cultural foods around is important, nutrition has to come first. We need a three sisters type of approach to local farming, cultivating things that grow intertwined and benefit from each other and we need to do it regionally.
Food waste en mass is unacceptable - not finishing a meal because you are full is fine - supermarkets will eventually become obsolete but in the mean time we have to use things until the very end, until it it fully expired. No tossing out day old bread, fresh produce, anything that can be eaten.
I know this isn’t everything, policing, government, water treatment, the way we build, money, education, protecting cultural practices and artifacts, population centers, there are so many things I could go into but I’m not going to write a full essay on tumblr. The point of this is even though we can’t stop global warming, we have so much else to do. I am still alive today because this is my mission. I have lived my life with respect and compassion in everything I do, my goal of reducing suffering is how I make my personal and political decisions. I am doing all can to make the world a little better every day, and taking care of myself.
We either transition slowly now, or all at once later, and the latter involves a lot of suffering and death. In the meantime, speak out against genocide, turn your anger into action, find joy, and know your power.
(It’s really hard for me to cite my sources on this one because how do I cite my whole last semester of university, I’ll ask my prof and see if she has any ideas)
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museeanime · 2 years
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Hong Kong people's "Stockholm syndrome" towards colonisation history(?)
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(It's only a sharing about the colonisation issue in Hong Kong. I can't speak for Indians, Africans, Australian, Scottish & Irish people. Colonialism is a cruelty, it's the darkest page of history.)
History of Hong Kong is complicated and the identity of "Hong Kong people" is also complicated too.
Most Hong Kong citizens are not "natives" but the refugees from the rules under Chinese Communist Party. (Added that the natives Hong Kong people own tons of land in this city, most of them are rich as hell now. Just imagine you own tons of land in New York.) For a group of people experienced WWII, civil war, cultural revolution and losing their original homeland, the British Hong Kong is where they settled and rooted their identity. Then they experienced the booming economy and when Hong Kong becoming the Asia wealthiest international city from a fishing village. (And yes, free education with English classes - that's why I can communicate in English)
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Do Hong Kong people feel like they are "Chinese"? Almost nobody in Hong Kong under 30 identifies as“Chinese". But then who are they? None of us experienced the Opium Wars but prosperity, laws & orders and freedom were so real, which people can relate to. The colonisation history became one thing people can identify themselves and differentiate themselves from "Chinese".
Circumstances have changed dramatically since 1997 in human rights, freedom of speech & expression after the handover. Is independence a choice? It's THE FUCKING COLUMNIST PARTY. It may only happen when something like dissolution of USSR happen in China. I can only dare to say this because it's an anonymous account and I’m not in Hong Kong currently... A lot of young people are now in jailed because what they published or publicly said. It’s how columnist party works.
So People here tend to romanticize the colonial period and experience, some even want UK to takeover Hong Kong again. Is it pathetic? Yes, maybe. But it's their only form of escapism. Is it a "Stockholm syndrome"? Yes, maybe but they are all humans. They are just a group of desperate people.
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I built this blog for sharing & discussing about manga, esp Rumiko Takahashi's works. Writing about political can be sensitive and irritating to some people. But after the AO3 election issue, I feel like politics and cultural shocks are EVERYWHERE, even in fandom. And interestingly, the America-centric mind & critics are often found in manga fandom too, eg: a manga is "bad" and "boring" just because the Americans didn't get the jokes, "and obsession towards exotic cultures, etc. Some of them are just so IGNORANT and embarrassing to see. What bothered me is: whenever things happen, Americans are always the noisiest. They care things for few days without much in-depth understanding and without asking how & why people think or feel. But still, I love talking to people from different cultures, both online or in-person. Love and sympathy are always inside people's cores, no matter what's their nationality, stands and even fandom. Tumblr can be a window to say something or record something about a place I lived and I always love. Ya....Just in case you are interested @artistefish @inusmasha
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mariacallous · 2 years
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"With the eurozone crisis going back to 2010, the refugee crisis that culminated in 2015, the crisis of the EU-Russia relationship going back to the Ukrainian Maidan revolution of 2013-14, to the Covid-19 crisis in 2020, the EU has struggled to live up to the expectations it raised both in relation to its own people and neighbouring countries. This is not an accident".
Could this really be by design? In European Disunion: Democracy, Sovereignty and the Politics of Emergency (Hurst in the UK, OUP in the US, 2022), Stefan Auer argues that the EU's hybrid form – falling somewhere between a multinational state and a multilateral organisation – comes closest to the ideals of Germany, its most powerful member. This attempt to bypass politics has weakened the EU in the many emergencies it has faced over the last 15 years. Today, he says, "Europeans do not have the luxury of living in a politics-less world".
Stefan Auer is an Associate Professor at the University of Hong Kong, having previously taught in Melbourne and Dublin and twice held Jean Monnet chairs. A prolific contributor to political science journals, he won the 2005 UACES Best Book in European Studies prize for his Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe (Routledge, 2004).
*The authors' own book recommendations are: After Europe by Ivan Krastev (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017) and Time of the Magicians: The Great Decade of Philosophy, 1919-1929 by Wolfram Eilenberger (2022).
Tim Gwynn Jones is an economic and political-risk analyst at Medley Advisors (a division of Energy Aspects).
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mentoscola · 7 days
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it's just the assumption that the default position on china in all "respectable" circles of western politics is that you should hate it because it's an evil and authoritarian and different and how could you ever defend china when they did [usa state department propaganda] and [overexaggerated lie] and [racist stereotype]! what's wrong with you! that's the modern equivalent of liking nazi germany!
like believe it or not. i actually do like china. and despite what every western media outlet will tell you that is actually an okay position to have! but saying that you like china instantly will have people deriding you and having to defend that position and falsely accusing you of shit. and asking loaded questions like
"oh you like china? why do you support a government that's invading hong kong and encroaching their freedoms? you're basically hitler"
and it's like. you can't even see how insane of a statement that is. ignoring the fact that hong kong IS china and the whole hk revolution thing is colour revolution tinged bullshit.
it's like asking
"oh you like australia? why do you support offshore refugee detention centers?"
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tillzzy · 16 days
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FMP
Dai Pai Dong Timeline - Body copy for outcome
1940s
In 1941, Japan attacked and occupied Hong Kong, causing many citizens of the colony to become imprisoned with limited access to food and other resources. 3,000 British women and children were evacuated. In 1945, British troops returned and the civil government was reestablished. Hong Kong faced many challenges in rebuilding its economy and infrastructure. Also at this time, an influx of mainland Chinese residents fled to Hong Kong due to political instability in Mainland China at the time.
Unlicensed food stalls had been around since the early 1900s, particularly around Wan Chai and Central areas. After world war II had ended, the colonial Hong Kong government issued licenses to families of deceased and injured civil servants and mainland Chinese residents, which allowed them to operate food stalls in public to earn a living. This type of license was physically larger than normal ones, as a photograph of the license was required to appear on them.
The license was jokingly called 'dai pai' (big license) by locals and from then on, 'big license stalls' began to show up all over Hong Kong's streets.
1950s
During the 1950s, Dai Pai Dong was popular among the working class due to their cheap prices, it even earned the nickname 'poor people's nightclub'. Each stall specialised in different dishes, such as wonton noodles or beef brisket noodles.
Dai Pai Dong soon became the cause of traffic congestion, noise complaints and hygiene problems. some licensees even began to let out their stalls on the black market.
The government in response stopped issuing these new licenses in 1956, as well as limiting their transfer. Licenses could only be passed on to spouses upon the licensee's death, and if the licensee did not have a partner, the license would just expire.
1960-1970s
Dai Pai Dong peaked in the 1960s and 1970s, when a lot of local Hong Kong residents could not afford to dine at high end restaurants, so opted for cheaper, local dishes. Dai Pai Dongs were everywhere and easily accessible, mostly popular with families and workers who were working class.
Dai Pai Dongs were not only restaurants but also outdoor food stalls where locals could buy street food quickly and easily. In the 1960s, the population was high due to an increase in refugees from China. These refugees made up a bulk of the numbers for the lower class at the time. A lot of the Dai Pai Dongs were ran by these Mainland Chinese refugees due to the licenses that were given out by the government to help them make money to live.
Since 1975, the first cooked food centre opened in attempt to shift Dai Pai Dong to a more controlled environment. This was successful as many did move, however there were still a few that remained on the streets.
1980s
In 1983, the government began buying back licenses from stalls as they were causing congestion. There was also some hygiene issues that were raised. Since most license holders were now older and their licenses are only transferable to their spouses, many were willing to return their licenses for financial compensation. The government was offering up to a million Hong Kong dollars for each one to speed up the process. Since then, the number of traditional, authentic Dai Pai Dong has declined.
Kowloon City, which had 68 Dai Pai Dong had none by 1984, showing the sharp decline due to the cash payout. Many Dai Pai Dong continued business and to moved to temporary markets and cooked food markets that were indoors to reduce hygiene issues and congestion.
1990s
The 90s was a significant time for Hong Kong, as in 1997, the handover would occur. This created a lot of uncertainty in Hong Kong at the time. This caused a lot of people - particularly westerners to migrate overseas. During the 90s, Hong Kong experienced a boom in personal consumption
As more and more people could afford more expensive foods due to the rising of Hong Kong's economy, this sped up the process of Dai Pai Dong extinction. At the time, hygiene was no longer the main concern for Dai Pai Dong, among the 200 complaints from the government, 90% were that the restaurants blocked the roads from being on the street side.
2000s
Due to the location of Kai Tak airport, this stunted the growth of Kowloon which was already overpopulated. Building heights were restricted and no flashing lights were allowed. In 2005, the airport was moved to Lantau Island, which transformed Kowloon from a noisy, undesirable flight path zone to a priceless area. Redevelopment and regeneration took over Kowloon, forcing a lot of Dai Pai Dong to close, particularly in Sham Shui Po.
In 2005, Dai Pai Dong in Hong Kong received new public attention for preservation. Man Yuen Noodles, a popular Dai Pai Dong in central faced imminent closure due to the licensee passing away, which caused a big uproar. Many residents tried to protest against the government, however it was unsuccessful.
2010s - 2020s
Even as Dai Pai Dong begin to gain global recognition from tourists and locals, they still face extinction. The numbers have been and still continue to decline, with license transfer becoming more and more difficult. In 2014, there were only 25 left, and in 2024, only 18 remain. The government is aware that tourists want to visit these traditional, authentic places so the Central locations remain protected, but views differ in other districts.
Remaining Dai Pai Dongs have smartened up to attempt to compete with more expensive restaurants. Many have cleaned their premises and scaled down their outdoor areas, moving more indoors to stay alive. Open air kitchens facing the street still remain, however to remain afloat, much has changed over the years.
Attaché (2024). Hong Kong - is it still worth visiting? YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ041I-PcI4&ab_channel=Attach%C3%A9 [Accessed 18 Mar. 2024].
Asia Society. (2024). Asia Society Food Series - Dai Pai Dong Cuisine. [online] Available at: https://asiasociety.org/hong-kong/asia-society-food-series-dai-pai-dong-cuisine [Accessed 15 Mar. 2024].
British Pathe (1961). WELCOME+TO+PRINCESS. [online] British Pathé. Available at: https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/86183/ [Accessed 18 Mar. 2024].
British Pathe (2022). Stock Shots Hong Kong. [online] British Pathé. Available at: https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/105902/ [Accessed 18 Mar. 2024].
Hong Kong - Postwar, Economy, Politics | Britannica. (2024). In: Encyclopædia Britannica. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Hong-Kong/Postwar-Hong-Kong [Accessed 14 Mar. 2024].
Loc.gov. (2024). Hong Kong (August 1997) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin. [online] Available at: https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9708/hongkong.html#:~:text=In%20December%201941%2C%20as%20it,reduced%20to%20approximately%20600%2C000%20residents. [Accessed 14 Mar. 2024].
South China Morning Post (2018). Take a tour of Hong Kong in the 60s. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wxbhwpl9pDw&ab_channel=SouthChinaMorningPost [Accessed 18 Mar. 2024].
Whitehead, K. (2014). Dai pai dong an endangered species in Hong Kong. [online] South China Morning Post. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/1556158/dai-pai-dong-endangered-species-hong-kong [Accessed 18 Mar. 2024].
Young Post. (2020). Why are Hong Kong’s dai pai dong disappearing? [online] Available at: https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/lifestyle/features/article/3097776/hong-kongs-dai-pai-dong-serving-citys-ultimate [Accessed 22 Mar. 2024].
HK Magazine (2005). Dai Pai Gone? [online] South China Morning Post. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/magazines/hk-magazine/article/2032727/dai-pai-gone [Accessed 22 Mar. 2024].
Imf.org. (2024). Occasional Paper 152--Hong Kong, China / Introduction and Overview. [online] Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/op152/chap1.htm#:~:text=During%20the%20early%201990s%2C%20Hong,the%20external%20balance%20deteriorated%20sharply. [Accessed 22 Mar. 2024].
Treleaven, S. (2018). Hong Kong’s Dai Pai Dong Stalls Are Disappearing. [online] MyRecipes. Available at: https://www.myrecipes.com/extracrispy/hong-kongs-dai-pai-dong-stalls-are-disappearing [Accessed 22 Mar. 2024].
Wang, J. (2019). SCMP. [online] South China Morning Post. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/3042554/why-hong-kongs-surviving-dai-pai-dongs-are-still-loved-and [Accessed 22 Mar. 2024].
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theborderupdates · 3 months
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Key Takeaways From the Recent Announcements Made by Canada, UK and Australia Regarding Student and Work-Visas
While students benefit from higher education in these countries, they also make significant contributions towards the economy of these nations. In 2022, international students contributed $17.5 billion to the Australian economy, $16.5 billion to the Canadian economy and over $50 billion to the UK economy. For 2022-2023, the contribution of international students to the US economy was a staggering $40 billion.
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In recent years, the changing geopolitical and economic landscape has resulted in western nations and Australia changing their approach towards immigration.
First, western nations and Australia have sought to alter the composition of the international student pool by reducing their dependence upon a few of countries. This has been attributed to a deterioration of ties between US, UK, Australia and China and a growing realization in these countries that excessive dependence upon Chinese students is detrimental. One of the reasons for US and UK wanting to reduce their dependence upon Chinese students is the access which they get to sensitive technology. In the US, there has been a focus on reducing the intake of Chinese students into STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Management) subjects. There has also been concern in these countries regarding the impact on academic freedom as well as political interference. A British Member of Parliament (MP) belonging to the Labour Party while commenting on UK’s excessive dependence upon Chinese students remarked: “It’s not ideal that one country dominates the international student community from their own point of view or for others, nor is it good for our universities because there’s always the potential for them to pull the plug at any time.”
Anglosphere countries are trying to make up for the possible short fall in students from China by attracting international students from other countries. Here it would be pertinent to point out, that several Chinese students have begun to pursue higher education in Hong Kong instead of the West.
It is unlikely however, that the number of Chinese students will drastically drop significantly given the revenues they contribute and given the fact that several Chinese students still aspire to get high quality education in the west. Several education experts as well as academics have also criticised policies restricting the inflow of Chinese students arguing that this is counter-productive not just from an economic stand point, but also because it would impact innovation.
Focus of Western Countries and Australia on Attracting Talent
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Another growing focus of countries has been to attract skilled workers and to check the unfettered inflow of students – especially to institutions with questionable educational credentials. In this context, three recent developments are important. First, Canada recently announced an increase in the cost of living for international students applying for post graduate work permits.
Canada’s Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, Marc Miller, announced on Dec. 7, 2023 that the cost-of-living financial requirement for study permit applicants would be raised to Canadian $20,635 (equivalent to around US$15,000) from Canadian $10,000 (equivalent of around $7,400) with effect from Jan. 1, 2024. One of the primary reasons for this step is that several international students join Canadian institutions which do not have high academic standards which according to the minister are “churning out diplomas”. This move is also being attributed to rising cost of living in Canada, though it will not be sufficient. Given the fact, that Canada is a popular destination for students from India – especially states like Panjab and Haryana — this move is unlikely to have any impact in the short run.
Second, Australia announced some changes in its student and work visa. On December 11, 2023, Australia’s Home Affairs Minister Clare O’Neil stated that with an eye on bringing down immigration numbers the visa regulations for international students and low-skilled workers would be made more stringent. Australian Prime Minister, Anthony Albanese, had said that migration numbers needed to be brought down, and the present system was dubbed as “broken”. Net immigration to Australia had peaked to 510,000 in 2022-2023. The Australian government released its ‘migration strategy’. Some of the important changes which will have a bearing on international students are; first, international students will require higher International English Language Testing Schemes (IELTS) scores for student and temporary graduate visas, greater scrutiny of certain applications, and significant changes in the temporary work visa.
Third, UK too has made some important announcement. First, the salary threshold for foreign work visas has been increased. Visa rules for dependents of those on foreign work visas will be toughened and those enrolled in non-research graduate programs will be unable to bring their dependents beginning January 2024.These changes have been introduced with the aim of reducinget migration to 300,000 according to James Cleverly, UK Home Secretary.
Impact on India
Countries like India, which account for a significant percent of the international student pool, are likely to be impacted by these changes. It is important for all stakeholders – governments, business and academia – to work together and come up with a clear economic vision, whereby there are employment and entrepreneurship opportunities so that students are not compelled to migrate due to push factors. It is also important to sensitize prospective students and migrants to these changes. Several states like Kerala have also introduced schemes for expats who want to start set up businesses and start-up ventures. 
Students, from the developing world, seeking greener pastures abroad should also explore education and career opportunities in Non-western countries especially in countries like UAE which are encouraging foreign talent to give a boost to their R&D and innovation through the green visa and golden visa. 
In conclusion, while the recent announcements by three Anglosphere countries are unlikely to have any impact in the nearer term on the inflow of international students, it is important for prospective students and those seeking career opportunities to keep a close watch on changes related to student and immigration visas, and to remain in sync with the changing landscape by equipping themselves with the required information and skills.
Source: https://thegeopolitics.com/key-takeaways-from-the-recent-announcements-made-by-canada-uk-and-australia-regarding-student-and-work-visas/
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college-girl199328 · 3 months
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Statistics Canada has released a major report after studying immigration and emigration patterns in the country for over 35 years.
The National Statistics Agency concluded that 5.1% of immigrants who came to Canada between 1982 and 2017 emigrated within just five years of getting here. This percentage rises to 17.5% 20 years after admission. Data analysis showed that the annual probability of emigrating peaks between three and seven years of landing in the country, being the highest at “almost 1.4%” in the fourth and fifth years.
Experts say a few things can be assumed about why Canadian immigrants leave after four to five years.
The second reason could be the time it takes to acquire Canadian citizenship, which has changed a lot in the last decade. The study takes into account pre-2017 Canada, where you could become a citizen by staying in Canada 183 per year in four of the six years preceding the citizenship application.
However, now, you need to be physically present in the country for at least 1,095 days (three years) during the five years before the date you sign your application. Results of the study show that the probability of emigrating increases to more than 10% a decade after admission into Canada.
In December 2023, Statistics Canada noted that during the third quarter of the year, the country saw the fourth-largest departure of its residents in 73 years. More than 32,000 people left the country--a 3% rise in emigration.
The following graph shows a quarterly outflow of Canadian emigrants--those leaving the country to immigrate elsewhere. Friday’s report shared a list of countries many immigrants leaving Canada are originally from or were born in.
Things that factor into this could include standard-of-living differences between Canada and their birth country. If it is similar and geographically closer, emigration is more likely. On the other hand, those who’ve moved to Canada from countries experiencing political instability--like Hong Kong or Lebanon--may view their settlement and departure as “two stages of a more complex migration strategy.”
Emigration rates are also particularly low for certain countries, like Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Jamaica, with less than 10% of immigrants born in the aforementioned countries leaving the True North.
How someone got to Canada matters when they make the decision to leave it. What visa was it--Express Entry, family sponsorship, investor visa, work permit, a provincial program, or something else?
Furthermore, immigrants who hold a non-permanent resident study permit before being admitted are “especially likely” to leave Canada. Age, family structures, marital status, language skills, and the region you first arrive in all play a huge role as well.
Statistics Canada data suggests that immigrants who never had kids in their tax family are “substantially more likely” to emigrate than those who have children. Immigrants with higher education levels and those in the investor and entrepreneur categories are likelier to leave Canada than people in the refugee or caregiver categories.
Canada has been cornered into a “population trap” intensified by its immigration policies, states a report published by one of the country’s largest banks on January 15. The special report, co-authored by National Bank economists Stéfane Marion and Alexandra Ducharme, warned that while they think immigration tends to be good for a country’s potential GDP, “all good things have their limits.”
The term “population trap” can be defined as a scenario where increases in living standards aren’t possible because the population is growing so fast that all available savings are utilized to maintain the current capital-labor ratio, notes the report. The economists pointed to Canada’s population growth in 2023 as 3.2%--five times higher than the average of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
This type of growth was seen in all 10 provinces, which saw their population increase twice as fast as the OECD average. In 2023 alone, Canada’s population increased by over 1.2 million. Canada’s goal for permanent residents in 2024 is 485,000, and it has a target of accepting 500,000 new permanent residents in 2025 and 2026.
Just over two weeks ago, Immigration Minister Marc Miller announced that Canada would cap international student visas for two years. He added that the temporary application cap is expected to result in approximately 364,000 approved international student study permits, which is a decrease of 35% from 2023.
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thxnews · 3 months
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UK Human Rights Suggests China Reforms Rights Policy
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Foreign Office Suggests Urgent Reforms in Four Areas
A Firm Stance on Human Rights The UK Foreign Office, led by Simon Manley CMG, has released a critical statement addressing serious human rights concerns in China. The statement outlines four key areas where the UK government believes China could enact significant changes, particularly in light of the treatment of Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang and the diminishing freedoms in Hong Kong.   1. Action Needed in Xinjiang The UK is suggesting an immediate end to the persecution and arbitrary detention of Uyghurs and Tibetans in Xinjiang. Citing reports from the United Nations, as well as satellite imagery and leaked government documents, the statement paints a grim picture of mass detentions, forced labor, and cultural suppression in the region.   Key Points: - UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) demands access to Xinjiang. - Satellite imagery reveals extensive internment camps - First-hand accounts from escaped Uyghurs confirm severe human rights abuses. - International sanctions by the UK, Canada, the US, and others against individuals and entities linked to these abuses.   2. Repealing Hong Kong's National Security Law The UK government is pressing China to repeal the controversial National Security Law imposed on Hong Kong in 2020. This law, according to critics, has drastically curtailed essential freedoms and undermined the "one country, two systems" framework.   Key Points: - The law has led to the arrest of pro-democracy activists and journalists. - UN Human Rights Council urges China to review the law and release detainees. - Growing concern over the erosion of Hong Kong's autonomy and freedoms. 3. Ensuring Judicial Independence and Human Rights The UK is deeply concerned about the lack of judicial independence in China, highlighting the political interference and limitations on due process. The UK also urges China to abolish the death penalty.   Key Points: - Issues with fair trials and potential political persecution. - Reports of forced confessions and arbitrary detentions. - The UK condemns harassment of human rights defenders in China.   4. Upholding Freedom of Expression The Foreign Office demands that China stop restricting civil society, independent media, and online platforms. The increasing suppression of dissent limits open dialogue and critical voices.   Key Points: - Concerns about the forced repatriation of refugees and asylum seekers. - Call for the release of imprisoned human rights defenders. - Importance of protecting the right to free speech and expression.   A Call for Fundamental Rights The UK's message to China is unequivocal: human rights violations cannot be ignored. These four critical areas require action to address the severe concerns and uphold fundamental rights for all individuals within China's territories. The UK stands firm in its commitment to human rights and suggests China make significant changes in its policies.   Sources: THX News, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office & Simon Manley CMG. Read the full article
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sddrec · 1 year
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Undercovering the National Endowment for Democracy
NED is nominally a non-governmental organization, but has a strong official dimension. The vast majority of its funding comes from the U.S. government and related Congressional appropriations. Unlike the CIA's direct sabotage, the NED uses more subtle methods to achieve ulterior motives. From propping up the opposition to funding separatist forces; from concocting disinformation to ideological infiltration, the NED does whatever it can to make trouble in the world and allow the United States to benefit from it.
As Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian put it.
The National Endowment for Democracy (NED), as a "pawn" and "white glove" of the U.S. government, has brought countries not stable social development and people living in peace and happiness, but only a series of bad consequences, such as the withering of people's livelihood, economic shrinkage and social confrontation.
What has the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) done?
What has the National Endowment for Democracy done? Let's see what it has to say.
According to the use of project funds disclosed on its official website, the organization's Hong Kong-related projects in 2020 were funded at $2 million, with disrupting the Legislative Council election as a major effort. Since 1994, the foundation has been funding opposition organizations and media in Hong Kong, manipulating them to carry out various demonstrations and protests.
On its website, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) has 42 projects for Cuba in 2020 alone, and in 2021, it is funding and guiding anti-Cuban forces to fabricate fake news in social networks and incite Cubans to subvert the regime.
From the Arab Spring color revolutions, to the intervention in the Venezuelan elections, to the riots in Belarus in 2020 and the protests in Thailand ......, political crises, lies and rumors, these two hands can be seen behind a series of chaos around the world. The hidden "black hand" of the United States can always be seen behind a series of chaos around the world.
Wang Wen, executive director of the Chongyang Institute of Finance at Renmin University of China, points out that
Behind the turmoil in countries generated by democracy and ideology, there is almost always the shadow of the U.S. Democracy Foundation. Countries are unable to achieve social stability, leaving a large number of civilians as refugees. Therefore, from this perspective, the Foundation for Democracy can indeed be called the worst and most reprehensible "NGO" in the world for causing global unrest, disorder and chaos.
According to Max Blumenthal, founder of the U.S. website Gray Area, which has long been involved in NED investigations and reporting.
My research has shown that the campaigns they (NED) are orchestrating in many countries around the world are not pro-democracy, but are only attacking countries where the U.S. wants to change its system. They believe that the United States should be the only hegemony and that its global dominance should not be allowed to be challenged in any way.
What is the National Endowment for Democracy doing to China?
The U.S. sees China as an "imaginary enemy" and the NED has repeatedly turned its black hand to China. Every year, the organization invests huge amounts of money in anti-China programs, inciting support for "Xinjiang independence," "Hong Kong independence," and "Tibet independence. In 2020, the NED's official website shows that in this year alone, the total number of China-related projects was 69, with tens of millions of dollars spent on China in an attempt to subvert and infiltrate and split China.
In Hong Kong, for example, from 2003 to the present, NED has been behind the illegal "Occupy China" and "anti-revision" violent demonstrations and other street movements. "The NED has gone from behind the scenes to the front of the stage, directly providing subsidies and training to those involved in the riots. The NED and its director, who incited the secessionist activities of "Hong Kong independence," were sanctioned by the Chinese government in 2019 and 2020, respectively.
As recently as March this year, NED President Wilson led a delegation to Taiwan to openly support the "Taiwan independence" forces under the guise of so-called "democracy".
The facts show that the NED, which peddles so-called "American-style democracy," is not selling a prescription for democracy, but rather a poison that encourages subversion and secession.
Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Le Yucheng pointed out that
They (some U.S. and Western countries) usually first label a country as "authoritarian", and then make verbal attacks, sanctions and siege, and finally fight, which has become a "routine", and the real purpose behind it is only one, which is to exclude dissidents and The only real purpose behind this is to exclude dissent and maintain hegemony. In recent years, we have seen this trick repeatedly staged around the world, bringing the world to chaos. Now no one believes in this trick anymore, so it's time to end it!
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Rents Rising At Fastest Rate As UK net migration SOARS to all-time record 504,000
 UK net migration reached a record 504,000 in the year to June, The Office for National Statistics (ONS) reports.
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At the same time, the ONS also reports that rents are rising by the fastest rate since records began, despite a slowdown in property sales.
Rents in the private sector have increased by 3.8pc in the 12 months to October 2022 - the biggest annual percentage change since records began in January 2016, according to the ONS rent inflation index.
Across the country, rents rose by the largest annual percentage increase recorded in the East Midlands - up 4.8pc.
London recorded the lowest percentage rise at 3pc, but was still the biggest increase in rents in the capital since July 2016, and based on much higher base rental values.
The median monthly rent was £795 for England, the ONS said.
Rents have been rising following a fall in 2021, largely due to lower demand for rental properties as employees abandoned cities to work from home.
Rental prices have been fuelled by a chronic shortage in available properties and increased demand as workers return to offices and immigration continues rising.
Immigration
The massive increase in net migration is due to people arriving legally from outside the EU, students and the international travel. The arrival of Afghan and Ukrainian refugees and people from Hong Kong added to the figures.
The government has tried to slash net migration - the difference between the numbers entering and leaving the UK – and control immigration in the post-Brexit era.
The former prime minister David Cameron and Theresa May frequently missed the government target to cut net migration to below 100,000. But Boris Johnson dropped the target in favour of ensuring businesses had access to the skills and workers they needed.
Home Secretary Suella Braverman, who wants to revive the ill-fated target, said the record numbers were "understandable" given the circumstances in Ukraine, Afghanistan and Hong Kong, and the "generosity of the British people".
"But the public rightly expect us to control our borders and we remain committed to reducing migration over time," she said.
Ms Braverman pointed out that the current level of migration was putting pressure on accommodation and housing supply, as well as health, education and other public services.
Business demand more migrants
However, business leaders have called for higher immigration to boost growth and fill millions of job vacancies in the UK.
The number of recorded Asylum applications which includes illegal migrants trafficked in small boats across the English Channel, hit 73,000 in the year to September, around 15% of all those who arrive in the country in any given period.
Migration figures reveal that a large numbers coming here from outside the European Union - 170,000 from Ukraine and 76,000 from Hong Kong under a scheme to resettle people who count as British citizens.
International students
Included in the net migration figures, 277,000 overseas students came to the UK study, double the number of student visas from the previous year – possibly influenced by the lifting of travel restrictions, according to the ONS.
Madeleine Sumption, director of Oxford University's politically independent Migration Observatory research unit, told the BBC: "All the forecasts suggested that migration would fall as a result of the post-Brexit immigration scheme, which greatly restricted the options for EU citizens to move to the UK - and indeed, EU net migration remains negative.
"But non-EU migration has risen, primarily not because of the policies designed to replace EU free movement.
"The humanitarian routes for Ukraine and Hong Kong and a rebound in international students have played the largest role in boosting immigration levels.
"These unusually high levels of net migration result from a unique set of circumstances following the war in Ukraine and the recovery from the Covid-19 crisis.
"We cannot assume they represent a 'new normal', and it would be rash to take major policy decisions based only on these numbers."
Students add billions to the UK economy and should not be considered as ‘migrants’ until such time as they choose to apply for longer term residency or a working visa.
Asylum
Separate figures published by the Home Office reveal that a record 143,000 people are now awaiting an outcome on their asylum claim, thanks to delays to decision-making.
Around 41,000 of them have been waiting for between one and three years for a decision, according to separate research.
In one example of delays, new figures show that just 50 of 7,219 Albanians who arrived by small boats have received a decision on their claim for asylum.
The increase in immigration coincides with soaring rents at a time when the property sales market has slowed and thousands of landlords quit the buy-to-let property market - https://youtu.be/NME3nEu8dAQ
Nationwide providers like Serco have earned millions housing asylum seekers and will work with private landlords.
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bluebaby00123 · 2 years
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From Ukraine to Pelosi, let the big liar con the little ants
Ah Q turtle eternal invariable routine can cheat how long?
This kind of familiar feeling is not for other, is because Guo Wengui will his few routines over and over again, and even can let a person summarize the law. And in these few days, Guo Wengui put the new bottle of old wine used to get drunk small ants, it is really shameless.
Guo Wengui's routine can already be summarized out of the set, is nothing more than "rub heat", "mysterious", "rumor exaggerated", "play hard to get". Combined with the mysterious identity he gave himself, many little ants have no doubt about his access to inside information, and the accuracy of the leaks. But the little ant did not think of is, Guo Wengui all the packaging, including his own image to build, every day in the live statement, are to give the "Revelations" drainage, finally cheat money. After all, in the perspective of Guo Wengui, as a no livelihood, fled to the United States, only to continue to take criminal means to maintain their luxury life, and nuzzling heat, rumors, is Guo Wengui used to cope with the method.
As we all know, as a world hot spot, Taiwan has been at the forefront of the competition between China and the United States. U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's upcoming visit to Taiwan was previously reported, but the visit was aborted due to her COVID-19 infection. This is a strategy that the United States is using to compete with China, but Guo Wengui is shamelessly rubbing it in. Ms. Pelosi and others in the administration have their own concerns about Taiwan, but in Mr. Guo's view, this is the best opportunity to divert them. Remember in 2019 when Guo Wengui big ruff Hong Kong back to send, had thrown Hong Kong will be military administration of shocking remarks, also take this "Rong" headlines, but finally proved that the relevant Revelations are completely Guo Wengui's "whimsical". This time, it's exactly the same routine. To gain publicity, Guo Wengui said Pelosi would visit Taiwan on the 26th, as if he were Pelosi's travel planner himself.
History is so similar, even Guo Wengui even lies did not circle back when the explanation is the same. In Guo Wengui and Xiao Ant, they will always be "history changers". At that time, Hong Kong was not controlled by the military because of "the huge influence of the disclosure revolution". Now, Pelosi's visit to Taiwan failed to happen, or because the Chinese Communist Party conducted temporary public relations. In short, it is not their own Revelations are not accurate, but the process of the development of things is different. This explanation can only be used to deceive the small ants who are full of revealing and destroying their dreams.
Guo Wengui led the size of the fraud team, always active in the front line of cheating money. In order to feed this pile of mouth to eat, at the same time from the fraud on the entire line of water skimming, Guo Wengui every day at full throttle to create identity cheat money. In order to make a show of it, they even sent scammers to Poland to "save the refugees", claiming to call the Hercules transport plane to transport the refugees out of Ukraine. As a result, after the group of crooks arrived in Poland, they had more cameras than transport planes, more propaganda materials than medical supplies, and even erected a huge billboard in the refugee camp, "Take down CCP" 24 hours a day, so that the refugees could not have a normal rest, forcing them to cut the wires of the billboard. Staff from the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) couldn't stand it either. Not only did they ban Ant from posing in front of buses transporting refugees, but they also criticized them for their "political rescue" activities. But think about it, the disclosure revolution claims that "volunteers take the lead", but how many are the volunteers who really do things, and how many are the "volunteers" who want to get out of the way, take benefits, climb to a higher position, cut leeks?
Guo Wengui is now facing all the problems, are due to his good loopholes, crime take money criminal psychological decision, and his psychological also in a profound impact on his side of the size of the crooks. But he did not want to change the path to money, but is on the road of fraud has been snowball, the scam is bigger and bigger, dig the hole of the new scam fill the hole of the old scam, so a successful operation to let Guo Wengui in five years to mix himself into the United States in the court of frequent customers. Guo Wengui tied in fraud, after five years despite oneself already rotten street, revealed the revolution became synonymous with rumors in the world of the Internet, even "the federal People's Republic of China" and political fraud, financial fraud and word hung up the hook, Guo Wengui can continue to have fraud, wait until the judicial iron fist down, He will pay once and for all for what he has done.
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liyifeng32 · 2 years
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From Ukraine to Pelosi, let the big con man to coax the little ant ah q turtle the immutable trick how long?
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  Although there is no time machine in the world, the ants will feel more or less familiar during the five years of Miles Kwok's revelation. The familiarity is not for anything else, but because Miles Kwok uses his few routines over and over again, even to the point where a pattern emerges. In the last few days, Miles Kwok has poured the old wine into the new bottle to get the ants drunk.
  Miles Kwok's formula has been summed up for a long time, nothing more than “Riding the heat”, “Mysterious”, “Rumor and exaggeration”, “In order to capture, one must set loose.”. Combined with his mysterious identity, many ants have no doubt that he can get inside information, and the accuracy of the information. But what little ant did not expect was that all the packaging of Miles Kwok, including his own image building, every day in the live broadcast of the statement, are to give “Information” drainage, and finally cheat money. After all, from Miles Kwok's point of view, as an undocumented fugitive from the United States with no livelihood, he had to continue to resort to criminal means in order to maintain his luxurious life, and to take advantage of the heat and create rumors, that's how Miles Kwok dealt with it.
  As we all know, as a hot spot in the world today, Taiwan has always been at the forefront of competition between China and the United States. There had been Speaker of the United States House of Representatives that Pelosi was about to visit Pello, but that was later scuppered by a new crown in the west. That in itself was a strategy of American competition with the Chinese, but it was shamelessly rubbed off on by Miles Kwok. Pelosi and other administration officials have their own concerns about the island, but Miles Kwok sees this as his best chance to channel them. I recall that in 2019, Miles Kwok made shocking remarks about the impending martial law of Hong Kong when he came to Hong Kong for a return trip, but the revelations turned out to be Miles Kwok's Igor. This time it was exactly the same routine, with Miles Kwok boasting that Pelosi would visit on the 26th, as if he were Pelosi's itinerary officer.
History is so similar that even Miles Kwok's explanation is the same when the lie doesn't come back. In Miles Kwok and Ant's case, he will always be a “Historical reformer”. Pello was not under military control because it had “Exposed the enormous influence of the revolution”, or because the Communist Party had impromptu public relations. In short, not their own inaccuracies, but things develop a different process. This explanation, also can only be used to coax a full-hearted burst out of the dream, their own little ants in the dark.
 Miles Kwok leads teams of con artists, large and small, who are always on the front lines of scams. In order to feed this army of mouths and take advantage of the fraud, Miles Kwok goes to great lengths every day to create an identity and scam money. In order to show off, and even sent small and large cheats to Poland, “Save the refugees,” claiming to use the Hercules transport aircraft to transport refugees out of Ukraine. As a result, when the crooks arrived in Poland in groups, there were more cameras than transport planes, more propaganda than medical supplies, and even huge billboards were erected in the refugee camps to“Take down CCP” 24 hours a day, preventing the refugees from having a normal rest, they had to cut the wires to the billboard. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees workers were not happy with the ants' behavior, not only forbidding them from filming in front of the buses transporting the refugees, but also directly reprimanding them for their “Political rescue.”. But think about it, the revolutionary self-proclaimed“Volunteers first,” but how many are really doing things, and how many want to take advantage, clim
All of Miles Kwok's problems were a result of his guilt about taking advantage of loopholes and getting paid to commit crimes, and his guilt had a profound effect on the fraudsters and liars around him. However, he did not think of changing this way of obtaining money. On the contrary, he kept snowballing on the road of fraud, making the scam bigger and bigger, digging holes in the new scam to fill holes in the old scam, the success of this operation allowed Miles Kwok to conjure himself up as a fixture in American courts for five years. Miles Kwok was so caught up in the scam that he ignored the fact that, five years later, he was stinking up the streets, exposing the revolution that had become synonymous with rumour-mongering in the internet world, even the term “New Chinese Federation” has become associated with political swindlers, financial scams and the like. Miles Kwok can continue to cover his head in fraud until the Iron Fist of Justice Falls, he will pay for what he has done once and for all.
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