#istanbul modern library

[crinskdee-night]

SALT Galata - Istanbul 2022

#istanbul #travel #library #explorepage #architecture #turkey #my edit #travelling #travelblr #travelgram #wanderlust #buildings #modern architecture

[buildingislam]

Religion in Islamic Architecture

Even though there are some parts of Islamic architecture that to modern knowledge lack symbolic religious significance, there are, nevertheless, connections to religion. Islam, which believes that everything and anything created by God is under his order and should not be idolised, does not sensationalise living things, in contract to Christianity.

The monotheistic religion of Islam has its own tenets and traditions, such as charity, fasting during Ramadan, and if possible, a pilgrimage to Mecca - even though it shares the prophetic history of Judaism and Christianity. Although it can he challenging to define Islamic art, it is understood that not all Islamic art is religious and that not all artists who produce said art must be Muslims (Artsy Net., 2023).

With regards to architecture, as mentioned, there can often be no symbolic links to religion, and the connections that are made, are often portrayed through the use of calligraphy, colour and geometry - the hallmark characteristics of Islamic architecture.

This specific blog post will explore the architecture of some of the most outstanding examples of religious institutions within Islamic style architecture - beginning with The Blue Mosque in Istanbul.

Sultanahmet Mosque (The Blue Mosque)

The Blue Mosque, Istanbul, 1723.

The Sultanahmet Mosque (Sultanahmet Camii) more commonly known as The Blue Mosque was constructed between 1609 and 1616 during the rule of Ahmed I by architect Sedefkâr Mehmed Agha - the detailed workbook of the construction of this mosque consists of eight volumes and still lies in the Topkapi Palace library. The recognised name of 'The Blue Mosque' being attached to the building is due to the hand-painted blue tiles that adorn the interior walls, alongside the blue cast that envelopes the mosque of a night time as a result of lights framing the mosque's five main domes, six minarets and eight secondary domes.

The Blue Mosque features two main sections: a large unified prayer hall crowned by the main dome and an equally spacious courtyard (Smart History., 2023). As mentioned, the Mosque has six minarets (the only other mosque in the world with this many minarets was the Haram Mosque of Mecca - this led to the religious leaders of the time to become outraged and send out the Sultan's architect to Mecca to build a seventh minaret so that the holiest of mosques could retain 'superior status') and eight secondary domes, and its design was a culmination of two centuries of Ottoman Mosque design, with an incorporation of Byzantine elements of the neighbouring architectural masterpiece Hagia Sophia with traditional Islamic architecture and is considered to be the last great mosque of the classical period. Sedefkâr Mehmed Agha, the architect, synthesised the ideas of his master Sinan, aiming for overwhelming size, majesty and splendour (Architectuul., 2023).

Tall wooden gates envelop the courtyard of the mosque, and the mosque itself is revealed behind the gates presenting spectacular dove-grey domes, marble walls and gold-tipped minarets. Tourists are recommended to use the south door of the Mosque as to allow worshippers to enter through the main door only, and allows for the prayer sections of the Mosque to retain its sacred air.

Upon entrance of the mosque, there is an introduction to the more than 20,000 blue Iznik tiles in traditional Ottoman patterns adorn the walls and ceilings. Lilies, carnations and tulips are depicted throughout. The Blue Mosque's interior domes are tiled intricately, painted and decorated with verses from the Quran and the sayings of prophet Muhammed (The Travel Bunny., 2021). Many of them written by Seyyid Karim Gubari, a 17th century Ottoman artist celebrated as one of the most accomplished calligraphers of his time.

The upper levels of the building have more than 200 stained glassed windows - the coloured glass for the windows were a gift from the Signoria of Venice to the Sultan - with beautiful designs allowing natural light to ascend the interior, as of modern day there are chandeliers to aid the lighting in the building. On the chandeliers, ostrich eggs are found that were meant to avoid cobwebs inside the mosque by repelling spiders.

The floors wear carpets that are regularly replaced by donations due to them getting worn out because of the number of visitors that walk upon it.

According to architectuul.com, the most important element of the interior of the mosque is the mihrab, which is finely carved and sculptured marble, with a stalactite niche and a double inscriptive panel above it. Surrounded by many windows - the adjacent walls are sheathed in ceramic tiles.

Mihrab of Sultanahmet. The Blue Mosque.

Architecturally, the best way to enter The Blue Mosque is to approach it from the hippodrome (west side of the mosque) - non-muslim tourists are encouraged to visit the mosque, however, they are not allowed in during prayer time, which is of course five times a day - the mosque closes for 90 minuted each time. Shoes have to be removed from your person, and it is vital that you are dressed appropriately, women should wear a head covering - but they are freely available upon entrance of the establishment. For everyone, legs and shoulders should be covered.

It is absolutely required that tourists do not use flash photography and remain quiet always - this is not just an architectural masterpiece, but a place of worship, and that should be respected always.

Selimiye Mosque

The second religious institution to be analysed on Building Islam is another Turkish mosque called Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, and started construction in 1568 with its completion in 1574 by architect Mimar Sinan - a famous architect of the time who will be explored in the upcoming blog post.

The Selimiye Mosque was built at the peak of the Ottoman military and cultural power, Sultan Selim II - the son and successor of Suleiman the Magnificent, chose Edirne instead of Istanbul as the location to build his own sultan mosque. It is debated amongst historians as to why this location was chosen with some speculating Selim II had a passion for the city as he serves as governer between 1548 and 1550, and others speculating it is because Selim II had not commanded a victorious military campaign which Islamic scholars believe to have been a requirement for building a sultanic mosque in Istanbul. The construction of this mosque was funded by the help of the sultan's share of the spoils from the successful conquest of Cyprus, Selim II died in December 1574 meaning he never saw the mosque fully completed (UNESCO., 2023).

The Selimiye Mosque is considered to be the masterpiece of architect Sinan's entire career, and is thought to be one of the most important buildings in the history of the world - architecturally and monumentality. The mosque, together with the two madrasas on its southeast and southwest is located within a courtyard. A row of shops and recitation school (darülkurra) to the west of the courtyard were added to the complex by architect Davud Aga in the reign of the Sultan Murad III (1574-95).

The mosque has a rectangular, borderline square, prayer hall and on the north side, a courtyard with porticoes. There are three entrances to the courtyard, north, east and west. In the centre of the courtyard is a 12-sided fountain. Each corner of the prayer hall features a 71m high minaret each with a balcony. The mentioned balconies are accessed by three separate corners on the northeast and northwest corners (Discover Islamic Art., 2023). The approach to the north façade of the mosque is dramatic with aligned gates of the outer precinct wall and forecourt focus the eye upwards towards the intricately designed dome.

The dome rests on eight muqarnas-corbelled squinches that are in turn supported by eight large piers.

Muqarnas are faceted decorative forms used in Islamic architecture to bridge a point of transition - in relation to the Selimiye Mosque, the broad base of the dome above and the slender piers below (Khan Academy., 2023). A complex system of exterior buttresses support the east and west piers and do most of the handling for the weight of the dome. The buttresses are purposely hidden amongst the exterior porticos and galleries. The interior allows for galleries to fill the spaces in between the walls and the piers. The Qibla wall (the wall facing Mecca) projects outwards to emphasise the vast interior space. Another unusual thing that was decided upon through construction by architect Sinan, was the placement of the muezzins platform - under the centre of the dome. From the platform, the muezzins who lead prayer chant to congregation, and art historians have compared its positioning within the mosque to that of a church altar - a raised stand for biblical readings - supporting the fact that Sinan was interested in surpassing Christian architecture. The platform also creates a vertical alignment of square, octagon and circle, using geometry to refer to earthly and heavenly spaces.

Through the centuries since the construction of the Selimiye Mosque, the interior had changed as it has been repainted and then extensively restored in the 20th century. The polychrome Iznik tiles remain largely untouched since the 16th century, but in the 19th century Sultan Abdülmecid I had most of the painted decoration including arabesque motifs, plant of flower motifs, and calligraphic inscriptions added for his ordered restoration.

The sultan's private balcony for prayers, is set to the eastern corner of the mosque in an elevated position and is intricately decorated with Iznik tiles also.

Iznik tiles next to the mihrab.

The Selimiye Mosque was not only an architectural masterpiece in relation to Mimar Sinan's incredible career but in regards to the influence it had on later mosque constructions. The form of Laleli Mosque in Istanbul built in the 18th century is based on the Selimiye Mosque, as well as the modern Sabancı Merkez Camii in Adana (1988). Despite being 80% the size of the Selimiye Mosque, the Nizamiye Mosque in South Africa is modelled on it and remains the largest in the Southern hemisphere.

Laleli Mosque, Istanbul Turkey.

Sabancı Merkez Camii, Istanbul Turkey.

Nizamiye Mosque, South Africa.

Having now discussed two architectural pieces of religious institutions in the Islamic architectural style, the following blog post will focus on the work of three of the most celebrated Islamic architects and their works containing Mosques.

The production of this blog took much longer than anticipated but to finalise this post, I will share that in the next couple of posts I will be incorporating images of my own families homes and local mosques in Pakistan - the incorporation of my personal family and life has come about thanks to a group of fellow students named The Blog Club that help me with deciding what to talk about next! And hopefully create an informal, comfortable space for everyone to discuss their thoughts and opinions!

P.S. The Blue Mosque and The Selimiye Mosque are some of my favourite examples of Islamic architecture!

Summer Marshall-Miller

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

THE BLUE MOSQUE

Artsy Net (2023) Islamic Art and Architecture. Available at: https://www.artsy.net/gene/islamic-art-and-architecture (Accessed: February 15, 2023).

Smart History (2023) The Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmet Camii). Available at: https://smarthistory.org/the-blue-mosque-sultan-ahmet-camii/ (Accessed: February 15, 2023).

Architectuul (2023) Blue Mosque. Available at: https://architectuul.com/architecture/blue-mosque (Accessed: February 15, 2023).

The Travel Money (2021) Istanbul and the Beauty of the Blue Mosque. Available at: https://thetravelbunny.com/istanbul-blue-mosque/ (Accessed: February 15, 2023). 

Blue Mosque (2023) Blue Mosque Mosque in Turkey. Available at: https://bluemosque.co/en/ (Accessed: February 15, 2023). 

THE SELIMIYE MOSQUE

UNESCO (2023) Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1366/ (Accessed: February 20, 2023). 

Discover Islamic Art (2023) Selimiye Mosque. Available at: https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;tr;mon01;23;en (Accessed: February 20, 2023).

[pumfee-puppy]

My town on the SMPEarth server.

My town of Albania-Montenegro in the Adriatic region. Residential buildings based on Modern Era Venetian and Italian Architecture. The top photo is the Royal Palace under contruction with the visible facade mostly finished, and its inspired by the Çırağan Palace in Istanbul and Palace of Justice in Rome. Future large projects for the city will include a Mosque, a Church, a Library, a Museum, a Parliament and another Palace/Estate-House. And ofc more residential buildings and variety will continue.

[qqueenofhades]

Going off that last Dracula ask, do you have any reading material suggestions for anyone who might want to find more historically accurate info about Vlad Tepes and even the love affair details b/w Radu and Mehmed II? To get a better idea also of Matthias's role in Vlad's lifetime?

The easiest place for an English-speaking layperson to start is probably with Marcus Tanner's The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of His Lost Library (Yale University Press, 2001). It's part biography, part travelogue, and part history, and it covers the figure of Matthias himself and his legendary lost library pretty well. If you ignore Tanner's weird Male Historian misogyny toward Matthias's wives and failure to transcribe Hungarian names correctly, which I will admit are boggingly obscure nitpicks mostly of concern to me, it will give you a good sense of the time period, major figures, and Matthias overall.

As for Vlad, Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad the Impaler, recently reissued (2020) from its Columbia University Press first edition in 1991, is also a great place to start on understanding the context of the historical figure and his actions in his subsequently-vastly-mythologized lifetime. It covers his foreign and domestic policy, his family background, his attacks against the Ottomans and relations with/opposition to Mehmed II, his religious strategies, and analysis of the subsequent folklore, heroic Romanian historical tradition, and other stories that grew up in Dracula's wake.

Sources for Mehmed include John Freely's The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II - Conqueror of Constantinople and Master of an Empire, which came out in 2009 as the only significant biography of Mehmed since the 1970s. Nota bene that I have not personally read this book and am a little suspicious because it appears to have been written by guy whose academic specialty is physics, not history, even if he does live and teach in Istanbul. So yes, there is that, and more academic-history texts that focus on the broader geographical, cultural, and religious contacts and conflicts in the region during this time include Byzantines, Latins, and Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean World After 1150 and The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey From the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest.

I also have a list of more scholarly sources that focus on Matthias Corvinus, fifteenth-century Eastern Europe, geopolitics and religion, astrology and magic, and the subsequent folkloric tradition that surrounded him (as the Raven King) as well, including:

Darin Hayton, 'Expertise ex Stellis: Comets, Horoscopes, and Politics in Renaissance Hungary', Osiris: Expertise and the Early Modern State 25, No. 1, (2010), pp. 27-46.

Joseph Szövérffy, 'History and Folk Tradition in Eastern Europe: Matthias Corvinus in the Mirror of Hungarian and Slavic Folklore', Journal of the Folklore Institute, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jun., 1968), pp. 68-77

Istvan Lukacs, 'King Matthias Corvinus in the Collective Memory of the Slovenian Nation', Studia Slavica Hung. 55/2 (2010) 371–379.

Pavel Kalina, 'European Diplomacy, Family Strategies, and the Origins of Renaissance Architecture in Central and Eastern Europe', Artibus et Historiae 30, No. 60 (2009), pp. 173-190

Scott E. Hendrix, 'Astrological Forecasting and the Turkish Menace in the Renaissance Balkans', Antropologija 13: 2 (2013)

Suzana Miljan and Hrvoje Kekez, 'The Memory of the Battle of Krbava (1493) and the Collective Identity of the Croats', The Hungarian Historical Review, Vol. 4, No. 2, Cultures of Christian–Islamic Wars in Europe (1450–1800) (2015), pp. 283-313.

#anonymous #ask #history #medieval history #eastern european history #dracula #matthias corvinus

[emmadangerheart]

Thank you @musicacuantica for the tag!

Tag Game: Shuffle your library, list 10 songs, and tag 10 people. 

Guilty Demeanor - Epica

Piece Of My Heart - The Move

Don't Pass Me By -The Beatles

Days Dawning by Peter Frampton

Neverland by Marillion

Modern Love by David Bowie

Seas Of Madness - Iron Maiden

Marwa Blues by George Harrison

Time And A Word - Yes

Istanbul (Not Constantinople) - They Might Be Gaints

Tagging: @misfit-among-the-angels @chapel-of-rizztual @zinbingus @axshadows @rbf451 @the-shepherd-of-fire @beatlegasmm @80srocker @seanceofghouls & @hyacinth-meadow

#tag game

[devanshtraveler]

Places to Visit in Hagia Sophia

Nestled in the heart of Istanbul, Turkey, Hagia Sophia stands as an architectural marvel and a testament to the intersection of history, culture, and religion. Originally built as a Byzantine cathedral in the 6th century, it later transformed into an imperial mosque during the Ottoman era, and today, it stands as a cherished museum, captivating millions of visitors from across the globe. This article will take you on a mesmerizing journey through the historical significance, architectural wonders, and cultural heritage of Hagia Sophia Museum. 1. The Historical Significance: Hagia Sophia, known as Ayasofya in Turkish, holds an unparalleled historical significance. It was commissioned by Emperor Justinian I in 537 AD and remained the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years. The edifice served as the principal religious center of Eastern Christianity for centuries, witnessing numerous imperial coronations and religious ceremonies.

2. The Architectural Marvel: Hagia Sophia's architectural brilliance lies in its unique blend of Byzantine and Ottoman design elements. The massive dome, an engineering marvel of its time, symbolizes the grandeur of the Byzantine era. The dome appears to float effortlessly, supported by an innovative system of pendentives. The interior is adorned with intricate mosaics, depicting religious figures and events from Christianity's early history, adding to the cathedral's splendor.

3. Transformation into a Mosque: With the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in 1453, Hagia Sophia underwent a significant transformation. The cathedral was converted into an imperial mosque, and Islamic architectural elements were integrated, including the addition of minarets and the construction of the mihrab and minbar. Despite these changes, many of the original Christian mosaics were preserved, underscoring the structure's unique historical duality.

4. The Call to Prayer and Its Melody: For nearly five centuries, Hagia Sophia resounded with the Islamic call to prayer, a captivating melody that echoed through the vast interior. The juxtaposition of the Arabic calligraphic inscriptions alongside the Byzantine mosaics created a harmonious blend of religious expressions, symbolizing Istanbul's multicultural heritage.

5. Transformation into a Museum: In 1935, under the orders of Turkey's visionary leader, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Hagia Sophia was transformed into a museum as part of the country's modernization efforts. This decision aimed to preserve the cultural heritage of the monument and transform it into a symbol of unity, open to people of all faiths and backgrounds.

6. The Interior Splendor: Step inside Hagia Sophia Museum, and you will be awe-struck by the grandeur that awaits. The vast central nave leads the eye upward to the stunning dome, adorned with Islamic calligraphy. Wander through the galleries to admire the breathtaking mosaics and frescoes that depict biblical scenes, saints, and emperors. Each intricate detail is a testament to the skilled craftsmanship of the artisans of bygone eras.

7. The Omphalion: One of the most fascinating features within the museum is the Omphalion, a circular marble slab at the center of the building. It marks the spot where Byzantine emperors were crowned and is steeped in historical and spiritual significance. Visitors often stand on this sacred spot, contemplating the weight of history beneath their feet. Suggested Read: Hagia Sophia: A UNESCO World Heritage Site and Turkey’s Jewel in the Crown

8. The Tombs and Library: Hagia Sophia Museum houses the final resting places of several Ottoman Sultans and their families. These beautifully decorated tombs provide a glimpse into the opulent lifestyle of the Ottoman rulers. Additionally, the museum boasts a library that contains a vast collection of rare manuscripts and religious texts, making it a treasure trove for researchers and scholars.

Conclusion:

Hagia Sophia Museum stands as a living testament to the richness of human history and the intermingling of cultures through the ages. Its awe-inspiring architecture, historical significance, and cultural heritage have earned it the distinction of being a UNESCO World Heritage Site. As you traverse the halls of this magnificent structure, you will be transported through time, experiencing the echoes of civilizations that have left an indelible mark on Istanbul's landscape. Hagia Sophia Museum is not merely a destination; it is a journey into the heart and soul of humanity.

#travel #tours #tourism #holiday #vacation #trip #hagia sophia #istanbul #turkey #india

[kabq]

Discover the Beauty of Turkey:

A Guide to Its Top Tourist Places

Turkey is a country that bridges the gap between Europe and Asia, offering a unique blend of cultures, traditions, and landscapes. From bustling cities to ancient ruins, pristine beaches to breathtaking natural wonders, Turkey has something to offer every type of traveler. Let's explore some of the top tourist places in Turkey that you won't want to miss.

_Istanbul

Istanbul is a city that straddles two continents, making it a melting pot of cultures and histories. Visit the iconic Hagia Sophia

, a stunning architectural marvel that has served as a church, mosque, and museum over the centuries. Explore the bustling Grand Bazaar, one of the oldest and largest covered markets in the world, where you can shop for everything from spices to jewelry. Don't forget to take a leisurely cruise along the Bosphorus Strait, where you can enjoy panoramic views of the city's skyline.

_Cappadocia

Cappadocia is a region in central Turkey known for its otherworldly landscapes of fairy chimneys, cave dwellings, and rock formations. Take a hot air balloon ride at sunrise to witness the magical beauty of the region from above. Explore the underground cities of Derinkuyu and Kaymakli, where early Christians sought refuge from persecution. Don't miss the Goreme Open-Air Museum, a UNESCO World Heritage Site featuring rock-cut churches and frescoes dating back to the Byzantine era.

_Pamukkale

Pamukkale, meaning "cotton castle" in Turkish, is a natural wonder renowned for its terraces of white travertine pools filled with mineral-rich thermal waters. Take a dip in the warm waters and enjoy the stunning views of the surrounding countryside. Visit the ancient city of Hierapolis, located atop the travertine terraces, where you can explore well-preserved ruins such as the Roman theater and necropolis.

_Ephesus

Ephesus is an ancient city located near the modern-day town of Selcuk, known for its well-preserved ruins dating back to the Roman and Byzantine periods. Visit the Library of Celsus, an impressive structure that once housed thousands of scrolls. Explore the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Don't miss the Terrace Houses, a series of well-preserved Roman villas

that offer a glimpse into the daily

[mainuddinhira2024]

Discovering Turkey: Your Premier Tour Guide by Heart Rock Adventures

Welcome to Heart Rock Adventures, your gateway to the cultural treasures and natural wonders of Turkey. Situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Turkey beckons travelers with its rich history, diverse landscapes, and vibrant culture. As your trusted tour guide, we invite you to embark on a journey of discovery through this captivating destination, where ancient ruins, bustling bazaars, and breathtaking scenery await.

Introduction to Turkey

Boasting a heritage that spans millennia, Turkey is a land of contrasts, where ancient civilizations blend seamlessly with modernity. From the majestic domes and minarets of Istanbul to the surreal landscapes of Cappadocia, each corner of Turkey tells a story of its own. With Heart Rock Adventures as your tour guide, you'll delve into the depths of Turkey's past, explore its vibrant present, and create memories to last a lifetime.

Top Destinations to Visit

Istanbul: Where East Meets West: Begin your Turkish adventure in Istanbul, the country's cultural and economic epicenter. Marvel at the iconic landmarks that dot the cityscape, from the opulent Topkapi Palace and Hagia Sophia to the bustling Grand Bazaar and vibrant Spice Market. Take a leisurely cruise along the Bosphorus Strait to admire the city's skyline and witness the confluence of Europe and Asia.

Cappadocia: Land of Fairy Chimneys: Venture into the otherworldly landscapes of Cappadocia, where surreal rock formations, known as fairy chimneys, dot the horizon. Embark on a hot air balloon ride at dawn to witness the sunrise over this ethereal landscape, explore ancient underground cities carved into the rock, and visit the Goreme Open-Air Museum to marvel at its unique rock-cut churches and frescoes.

Ephesus: City of Ancient Ruins: Step back in time as you explore the ancient city of Ephesus, one of the best-preserved archaeological sites in the Mediterranean. Wander through the marble streets lined with ancient temples, baths, and theaters, including the iconic Library of Celsus and the Grand Theater, which once hosted performances by the likes of St. Paul and Alexander the Great.

Pamukkale: The Cotton Castle: Witness the surreal beauty of Pamukkale, a natural wonderland renowned for its terraces of travertine pools and thermal springs. Bathe in the mineral-rich waters of Cleopatra's Pool, hike along the terraces for panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, and explore the ancient ruins of Hierapolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located atop the hill.

Experiencing Turkish Culture

Culinary Delights: Indulge your senses in Turkey's rich culinary heritage, where flavors from the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Central Asia converge. Sample traditional dishes such as kebabs, mezes, and baklava, savor freshly brewed Turkish tea or coffee, and immerse yourself in the vibrant street food scene of Istanbul's bustling neighborhoods.

Traditional Arts and Crafts: Discover Turkey's rich tradition of arts and crafts, from intricately woven carpets and hand-painted ceramics to exquisite calligraphy and marbling. Explore the workshops and markets of Istanbul's Grand Bazaar and the artisans' villages of Cappadocia to witness master craftsmen at work and purchase unique souvenirs to commemorate your journey.

Hospitality and Warmth: Experience the legendary hospitality of the Turkish people as you journey through the country. From the welcoming smiles of shopkeepers in the bazaars to the gracious hosts of family-run guesthouses, you'll be greeted with warmth and kindness at every turn, making you feel right at home in this captivating land.

Practical Tips for Travelers

Visa and Entry Requirements: Check visa requirements for your nationality and ensure you have a valid passport with at least six months' validity from the date of entry into Turkey. Depending on your country of origin, you may be eligible for an e-Visa or visa on arrival.

Health and Safety: Take necessary precautions to safeguard your health while traveling in Turkey. Stay hydrated, use sunscreen, and adhere to local COVID-19 guidelines and regulations. It's also advisable to purchase travel insurance to cover any unforeseen emergencies or medical expenses.

Currency and Language: The official currency of Turkey is the Turkish Lira (TRY), although euros and US dollars are widely accepted in tourist areas. Turkish is the official language, but English is spoken and understood in most tourist destinations, making it easy to communicate with locals and navigate your way around the country.

Respect for Culture and Customs: Respect the cultural norms and customs of Turkey, particularly when visiting religious sites and conservative areas. Dress modestly, remove your shoes before entering mosques, and refrain from public displays of affection.

Conclusion

From the bustling streets of Istanbul to the tranquil landscapes of Cappadocia, Turkey offers a wealth of experiences waiting to be discovered. With Heart Rock Adventures as your trusted tour guide, you'll embark on a journey of exploration and enlightenment, unraveling the mysteries of this captivating destination one step at a time. Let us be your companion as you uncover the secrets of Turkey and create memories that will last a lifetime.

#heart rock adventures #istanbul's grand bazaar #hot air ballon ride #trusted tour guide #visit in Turkey #Tour Guide Turkey

[mpo69-login]

Turkey is a country with a rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and a blend of Eastern and Western influences

1. Istanbul:

Istanbul, a city straddling two continents, is filled with historical wonders. Visit the Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque, Topkapi Palace, and the bustling Grand Bazaar. Take a cruise along the Bosphorus for panoramic views.

2. Cappadocia:

Known for its unique rock formations and fairy-tale landscapes, Cappadocia is a must-visit. Take a hot air balloon ride at sunrise, explore the underground cities, and visit the Goreme Open-Air Museum.

3. Ephesus:

Ephesus is an ancient city with well-preserved ruins, including the Library of Celsus and the Temple of Artemis. Walk through the marble streets and experience the historical grandeur.

4. Pamukkale:

Pamukkale, also known as the "Cotton Castle," features terraces of white mineral-rich thermal waters. Explore the travertine terraces and the ancient city of Hierapolis.

5. Antalya:

Antalya, on the Mediterranean coast, is known for its beautiful beaches, historic sites, and vibrant Old Town (Kaleiçi). Visit Hadrian's Gate, Hıdırlık Tower, and relax on Konyaaltı Beach.

6. Troy:

Troy, famous for the Trojan War, is an archaeological site with layers of ancient ruins. Explore the reconstructed wooden horse and the remains of the city.

7. Bodrum:

Bodrum, a coastal town, offers a mix of ancient history and modern entertainment. Visit Bodrum Castle, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, and enjoy the lively nightlife.

8. Gallipoli Peninsula:

The Gallipoli Peninsula is a significant historical site from World War I. Visit the memorials and cemeteries, reflecting on the events of the Gallipoli Campaign.

9. Mount Nemrut:

Mount Nemrut is known for its colossal statues and ancient tombs. Witness the sunrise or sunset at the summit to experience the mystical atmosphere.

10. Bursa:

Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire, is surrounded by mountains and known for its thermal baths. Explore the Grand Mosque, the Silk Bazaar, and take the cable car to Mount Uludağ.

[kopystiansky]

Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky: Incidents (1996/7)

Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky: Projects

Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky: The Day Before Tomorrow (1999)

Svetlana Kopystiansky: Works and Projects

Igor Kopystiansky: Works and Projects

Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky: Archive Documents

Video Works. Vimeo

Video Works. YouTube

Bibliography

Books by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky

Works by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky are represented in permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum and Whitney Museum of American Art  in New York, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D.C.; Henry Art Gallery in Seattle; Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Jersey; Musée National d'Art Moderne Center Pompidou, Paris; Musée d'Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne Métropole, France; Tate Modern, London; Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney; Museo Nacional Reina Sofia; Folkwang Museum in Essen; Ludwig Forum for International Art, Aachen; Berlinische Galerie; Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main; MUMOK Vienna, Austria; Centre for Contemporary Art Luigi Pecci, Prato, Italy; Frac Corsica, France; MOCAK, Museum of Contemporary Art Krakow, Poland;  Muzeum Sztuki Lodz, Poland (Svetlana); Muzeum Sztuki Lodz (Igor); The Lithuanian National Museum of Art. Vilnius, Lithuania.

Archives by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky are located at the Centre Pompidou, Kandinsky Library.

Works by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky were exhibited at venues including: Henry Art Gallery, Seattle (2017-2018); MFAH Texas (2017); MoMA, New York (2012); Center Pompidou, Paris (2015, 2011, 2010, 2009); Tate Modern London (2010, 2011-2012), Metropolitan Museum, New York (2013-2014, 2010-11, 2001,1997); Center Pompidou Metz (2011-2012); Smithsonian American Art Museum (2015, 2010-11); Art Institute of Chicago, (1996, 1997-1998, 2008); The Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (1999); Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art, Arizona (2005); Fine Arts Center UMass, Amherst, Massachusetts (2005); Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, France (2010); Tate Liverpool (1999); Whitechapel Art Gallery, London (1999); MMK Frankfurt/Main (2011, 2010,  1999); Kunsthalle Düsseldorf (1992, 1994, 1995); Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf (2000); Folkwang Museum, Essen (2000); Sprengel Museum Hannover(2002); Kunsthalle Fridericianum, Kassel (2005-2006, 1999); Deichtorhallen Hamburg ( 2011-2012), Kunsthalle zu Kiel (2011-12); Kunst-Werke Berlin (1999); Reina Sofia, Madrid (1994-1995); S.M.A.K. Gent (2009); GAMeC, Bergamo (2011);  Museum of Modern Art EMMA, Finland (2007);  AGNSW, Sydney (1992, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009); Kunsthalle Krems, Austria (2012); MARCO, Vigo, Spain (2007); MUMOK, Vienna, (1989) and others. Igor and Svetlana participated in international exhibitions including Sculpture Projects Münster 1997 (Svetlana), Documenta 11 (2002) and biennials in Venice 1988 (Aperto curated by Dan Cameron), Sydney 1992 (curated by Anthony Bond), Sao Paulo1994, (curated by Nelson Aguilar), Istanbul  1995 (curated by René Block), Johannesburg 1997 (curated by Okwui Enwezor), Lyon 1997 (curated by Harald Szeemann), Liverpool  1999, Triennial of Small Sculpture” Fellbach, Germany 2004 (curated by Jean-Christophe Ammann), Triennial of Small Sculpture Stuttgart 1998 and others.

[kopystianskybooks]

Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky: Projects

Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky: Incidents (1996/7)

Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky: The Day Before Tomorrow (1999)

Svetlana Kopystiansky: Works and Projects

Igor Kopystiansky: Works and Projects

Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky: Archive Documents

Video Works. Vimeo

Video Works. YouTube

Bibliography

Books by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky

Works by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky are represented in permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum and Whitney Museum of American Art  in New York, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D.C.; Henry Art Gallery in Seattle; Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Jersey; Musée National d'Art Moderne Center Pompidou, Paris; Musée d'Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne Métropole, France; Tate Modern, London; Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney; Museo Nacional Reina Sofia; Folkwang Museum in Essen; Ludwig Forum for International Art, Aachen; Berlinische Galerie; Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main; MUMOK Vienna, Austria; Centre for Contemporary Art Luigi Pecci, Prato, Italy; Frac Corsica, France; MOCAK, Museum of Contemporary Art Krakow, Poland;  Muzeum Sztuki Lodz, Poland.

Archives by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky are located at the Centre Pompidou, Kandinsky Library.

Works by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky were exhibited at venues including: Henry Art Gallery, Seattle (2017-2018); MFAH Texas (2017); MoMA, New York (2012); Center Pompidou, Paris (2015, 2011, 2010, 2009); Tate Modern London (2010, 2011-2012), Metropolitan Museum, New York (2013-2014, 2010-11, 2001,1997); Center Pompidou Metz (2011-2012); Smithsonian American Art Museum (2015, 2010-11); Art Institute of Chicago, (1996, 1997-1998, 2008); The Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (1999); Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art, Arizona (2005); Fine Arts Center UMass, Amherst, Massachusetts (2005); Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, France (2010); Tate Liverpool (1999); Whitechapel Art Gallery, London (1999); MMK Frankfurt/Main (2011, 2010,  1999); Kunsthalle Düsseldorf (1992, 1994, 1995); Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf (2000); Folkwang Museum, Essen (2000); Sprengel Museum Hannover(2002); Kunsthalle Fridericianum, Kassel (2005-2006, 1999); Deichtorhallen Hamburg ( 2011-2012), Kunsthalle zu Kiel (2011-12); Kunst-Werke Berlin (1999); Reina Sofia, Madrid (1994-1995); S.M.A.K. Gent (2009); GAMeC, Bergamo (2011);  Museum of Modern Art EMMA, Finland (2007);  AGNSW, Sydney (1992, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009); Kunsthalle Krems, Austria (2012); MARCO, Vigo, Spain (2007); MUMOK, Vienna, (1989) and others.

Igor and Svetlana participated in international exhibitions including Sculpture Projects Münster 1997 (Svetlana), Documenta 11 (2002) and biennials in Venice 1988 (Aperto curated by Dan Cameron), Sydney 1992 (curated by Anthony Bond), Sao Paulo1994, (curated by Nelson Aguilar), Istanbul  1995 (curated by René Block), Johannesburg 1997 (curated by Okwui Enwezor), Lyon 1997 (curated by Harald Szeemann), Liverpool  1999, Triennial of Small Sculpture” Fellbach, Germany 2004 (curated by Jean-Christophe Ammann), Triennial of Small Sculpture Stuttgart 1998 and others.

[ilinkturkey]

Exploring Turkey: A Journey Through History and Culture

Nestled at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Turkey stands as a cultural melting pot steeped in history. From the bustling markets of Istanbul to the ancient ruins of Ephesus, a journey through this diverse land offers a captivating tapestry of experiences that blend the old and the new.

Discovering Istanbul: Where East Meets West

Embarking on a Turkey tour often begins in Istanbul, a city straddling two continents. Here, the Hagia Sophia stands as a testament to the city's rich history, having served as a church, mosque, and now a museum. Wander through the Grand Bazaar, an ancient marketplace alive with vibrant colors, fragrant spices, and the echoes of centuries of trade.

Unraveling Ancient Mysteries: Exploring Ruins and Landmarks

Venturing further, the ruins of Ephesus beckon history enthusiasts. This archaeological site unravels the stories of ancient civilizations, where the Library of Celsus and the Great Theatre transport visitors back in time.

In Cappadocia, the landscape is adorned with whimsical rock formations known as "fairy chimneys." A hot air balloon ride at sunrise offers a breathtaking panorama, painting the sky with a myriad of colors, making it a highlight of any Turkey tour.

Immersing in Culinary Delights: A Gastronomic Adventure

No exploration of Turkey is complete without savoring its culinary treasures. Indulge in succulent kebabs, flavorful mezes, and the world-famous Turkish delight. The richness of Turkish cuisine reflects its diverse cultural influences, from Ottoman traditions to Mediterranean flavors.

Experiencing Hospitality and Warmth

Beyond its historical marvels and culinary delights, what truly captivates travelers is the warmth of Turkish hospitality. From sharing çay (tea) with locals to engaging in heartfelt conversations, the genuine warmth and hospitality of the Turkish people create lasting memories.

Conclusion: Embracing the Tapestry of Turkey

A Turkey tour transcends beyond sightseeing; it is an immersive journey through time and culture. The juxtaposition of ancient ruins against modern cities, the fusion of flavors in its cuisine, and the hospitality of its people create an unforgettable mosaic of experiences.

[comicsbyedlc]

The Carpet Merchant of Konstantiniyya

A magic realist, romantic, historical epic with a modern, satirical take on Gothic fiction and the literary vampire genre.

Believe it or not, this was on the ALA's (American Library Association) list of Best Graphic Novels for Adults in 2020. It's NOT Twilight for adults, I promise!

Sometimes it's slow, but it's enjoyable still.

A basic plot summary:

Zeynel and Ayşe are a pair of happily-married carpet merchants in 17th century Ottoman Istanbul. While on a business trip, Zeynel becomes a Good Samaritan to a lost traveller in red. He wakes up the next day discovering, to his horror, that he is the victim of a blood-sucking djinni. Now a djinni himself, he returns home desperate to reconcile his new life with his faith and former human identity, afraid to leave behind the woman he loves.

This comic is free to read, using this link:

#reiminayee #the carpet merchant of Konstantiniyya #book recommendations #good romance comic

[gokitetour]

5 Most Popular Turkey Travel Destinations

Turkey, a crossroads and the cradle of civilizations, entices tourists with a wealth of holiday locations that skilfully combine the historic and the contemporary, the natural and the cultural. Turkey captivates the imagination at every turn, from the busy city of Istanbul, which sits on the border between Europe and Asia, to the bizarre landscapes of Cappadocia, which are embellished with fairy chimneys. Istanbul, a city where East and West collide, reveals its rich past through well-known sites like the Blue Mosque and the Hagia Sophia, and its lively marketplaces draw visitors to the Grand Bazaar. Unbelievable rock formations and the captivating sight of hot air balloons combine to create a dreamlike environment that is unmatched in Cappadocia.

With its name translating to "Cotton Castle," Pamukkale welcomes guests to relax in its mineral-rich hot pools while taking in the view of the ancient Hierapolis ruins. The magnificent archeological site of Ephesus provides a historical trip via well-preserved Greek and Roman ruins. Antalya, located on the Turkish Riviera, entices visitors with its picturesque Old Town, sun-kissed beaches, and historical landmarks like Hadrian's Gate. Every location presents a different chapter in Turkey's rich tale, fusing natural beauty, history, and modern charm to entice visitors to embark on an engrossing journey around this unique nation.

Here are some of the most popular Turkey travel destinations.

1. Istanbul: An East-West Tapestry

Turkey's dynamic city of Istanbul, which is situated between Europe and Asia, is evidence of the lengthy history of the nation. Famous sites in the city include the Blue Mosque, which has beautiful blue tiles, and the Hagia Sophia, which was originally a church before becoming a mosque. Take a leisurely stroll around the Grand Bazaar, a maze-like marketplace that sells everything from fine Turkish rugs to spices. A natural split between continents, the Bosphorus Strait provides breath-taking vistas of the metropolitan skyline. Istanbul offers visitors a compelling experience by skilfully fusing the old with the modern.

2. Cappadocia: A Fantastical Terrain of Hot Air Balloons and Fairy Chimneys

The magical resort of Cappadocia, located in central Turkey, is well-known for its surreal vistas. Fairy chimneys are distinctive rock formations that have been sculpted by ages of natural erosion in the area. Explore historic churches and cave homes hewn into the pliable tuff rock. The captivating scene of hot air balloons delicately soaring over the bizarre terrain before dawn is one of Cappadocia's highlights. This UNESCO World Heritage Site provides a window into Turkey's historical and geological marvels, in addition to being a visual feast.

3. Pamukkale: The Ruins of Hierapolis and the Cotton Castle

In the southwest of the nation lies a natural wonder known as Pamukkale, or "Cotton Castle" in Turkish. White travertine terraces that resemble frozen waterfalls are produced by mineral-rich hot waters that cascade down the mountain. The scene is breathtaking to see. While taking in the expansive vistas, visitors may relax in the revitalizing hot pools. The ancient city of Hierapolis, which is close to Pamukkale, has well-preserved remains, a theater, and the intriguing Necropolis. This two-in-one attraction offers a special fusion of historical exploration and scenic beauty.

4. Ephesus: A View into Roman Life in Antiquity :

On Turkey's western coast, Ephesus, a once-thriving Greek and Roman metropolis, is today a magnificent archeological site. Highlights of the well-preserved remains include the Great Theater, the Temple of Artemis, and the Library of Celsus, which demonstrate the magnificence of classical culture. Wandering along the streets made of marble pavers, guests are able to experience day-to-day living in a bygone age. Ephesus is a must-visit location for history buffs and inquisitive tourists alike since it provides an engrossing excursion into the heart of ancient history.

5. Antalya: The Turkish Riviera's Sun, Sea, and History:

Nestled along the Mediterranean's turquoise coast, Antalya offers the ideal combination of sun-kissed beaches and ancient landmarks. Kaleiçi, the Old Town, has winding cobblestone alleyways dotted with stores, quaint cafes, and homes from the Ottoman era. The city offers a look into its rich past with its ancient sites, such as Hadrian's Gate and the Hıdırlık Tower. Antalya is a great choice for travelers looking for both leisure and cultural discovery because of its breathtaking beaches, exciting nightlife, and close proximity to historic monuments like Perge and Aspendos.

In summary, Turkey is a popular tourist destination because of its compelling mix of rich history, breathtaking scenery, and dynamic culture. The most well-liked tourist spots in the nation provide the ideal blend of contemporary charm and historic magnificence. From the recognizable Hagia Sophia in Istanbul to the bizarre Cappadocia landscapes, every place captures a different aspect of Turkey's multifaceted beauty. Getting a Turkey tourist visa from India—especially a Turkey visa from Delhi—is a simple process that opens up a world of possibilities for Indian visitors who want to see this fascinating country. Turkey's warm welcome and skillful fusion of traditional and modern features make it the perfect destination for anybody looking to explore a rich and diverse cultural legacy. Travel to Turkey to see a place where the past and present coexist peacefully and leave lasting memories for those who visit.

[aaron-wilkinson]

Explore Turkey: Top 10 Amazing Places to Visit with StampThePassport!

Introduction:

Turkey is a treasure trove of captivating destinations, seamlessly blending history, culture, and natural beauty. If you're planning a visit, getting a Turkey visa online is a breeze. Now, let's explore the top 10 must-visit places that will leave you in awe.

1. Istanbul - Where East Meets West: Start your adventure in Istanbul, a city that's on two continents, Europe and Asia. Enjoy the lively markets, beautiful mosques, and the famous Hagia Sophia.

2. Cappadocia - Fairy-Tale Landscapes: Visit Cappadocia for its dreamy landscapes filled with cave homes and colorful hot air balloons. Don't forget to explore the Göreme Open-Air Museum for a trip into the past.

3. Pamukkale - Cotton Castle: Pamukkale, also known as the Cotton Castle, is famous for its pools made of white rock. Relax in the warm, mineral-rich waters while taking in the pretty views.

4. Ephesus - Ancient Time Travel: Step back in time at Ephesus, where you can explore ancient ruins like the Library of Celsus and the Temple of Artemis.

5. Antalya - Beautiful Beaches: Antalya's Turquoise Coast has amazing beaches and old ruins. Wander around the historic Kaleiçi district for a mix of history and modern charm.

6. Bodrum - Sunny Beaches and Castles: Bodrum, with its blue waters and old castle, is perfect for beach lovers and history fans.

7. Troy - Legendary City: Explore the famous city of Troy, a UNESCO World Heritage site known for inspiring stories like Homer's epic poems.

8. Ankara - Modern Capital City: Check out Ankara, the modern capital, to see a glimpse of everyday life in Turkey. Don't miss the impressive Atatürk Mausoleum.

9. Gallipoli - Remembering History: Gallipoli has important historical sites from World War I. Take a moment to reflect on the significance of this place.

10. Mount Ararat - High and Beautiful: Finish your journey at Mount Ararat, the tallest mountain in Turkey, for stunning views that will leave you breathless.

Conclusion: Travel from the busy markets in Istanbul to the peaceful scenery in Cappadocia, and you'll discover a mix of amazing experiences in Turkey. Don't forget, getting your Turkey visa online is like your ticket to these fantastic adventures.

StampThePassport: Come and see Turkey with StampThePassport! Experience the interesting history, lively culture, and beautiful views that will stay with you forever. Make sure to get your Turkey visa online, and get excited for a trip you'll never forget!

[gokitetravel]

Top 7 Magical Places to Visit in Turkey You Will Never Forget

This nation offers incredible natural beauty, a wealth of cultural valuables, and a rich history. An amazing experience blended with a place of natural beauty. It's a rainbow of wealth with seven thrilling locations that will remain in the memories of travellers forever. This interesting land of unforgettable impressions begins with amazing sights like the surreal landscapes of Cappadoxia and the white-tipped environments of Pamukkala. It also includes historical treasures like Antique city and its Artemis temple, which leave you with unforgettable memories.

Looking for a memorable holiday look no further than Turkey Holiday Packages from Dubai. Every package has been thoughtfully designed to simply combine enjoyment with an educational experience, fulfilling the desires of all travellers. The Grand Bazaar and the Hagia Sophia are two historical sites that combine antiquity and modernity to offer an overview into Istanbul's colourful history. Explore the beautiful surrounds of Cappadocia and unwind in Pamukkale's thermal springs. We provide Turkey Package from Dubai that guarantee an amazing journey, complete with a carefully planned itinerary and convenient flights, for a lifetime of treasured memories.

Enjoy ultimate escapes at a Turkish package tour for traveling from Dubai. For individuals arranging a memorable vacation, this beautifully arranged package offers a perfectly blended combination of cultural exploration and relaxation. Explore the lively streets of Istanbul, where historic sites like Hagia Sophia and Topkapi Palace combine happily with modernity. Lastly, enjoy on Antalya's beautiful beaches, which include crystal-clear waters and a breathtaking view of the Mediterranean coast. Plan the Trip of a Lifetime with Easy Dubai Flights. A remarkable programme with multiple activities throughout Turkey.

Here are the seven of them which you will never forget:

1.Cappadocia: Cappadocia is a must-see place because of its odd scenery, which includes fairy chimneys, cave dwellings, and amazing, unbelievable rock formations. When you ride in a hot air balloon at dawn, you'll see amazing sights from above.

2.Pamukkale: A well-known spot is Pamukkale, whose name comes from the Turkish word for "cotton castle" and refers to the slopes of white, mineral-rich warm water. It is possible to walk barefoot on the marble walkway and swim in the warm pool.

3.Ephesus: Explore the foundations of ancient Ephesus, a beautiful Roman city. The Grand Theatre, the Library of Celsus, and the Temple of Artemis are some of these.

4.Istanbul: Istanbul, Turkey's largest city, is a great mix of East and West. You can choose from or visit many more cities like these. Visit well-known places like the Grand Bazaar, Hagiar Sophia, the Blue Mosque, and Topkapi Palace.

5.Antalya: The city is famous due to beautiful beaches, ancient ruins, and stunning panoramas over the Mediterranean Sea. Be sure not to skip the ancient city centre of Kaleici and Hadrian’s Gate.

6.Bodrum: The most famous beach destination in Turkey, Bodrum attracts crowds with its transparent water, lively entertainment venues and historically renowned sites such as Bodrum castle or Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.

7.Goreme National Park: The park contains remarkable geological features such as rock formations, cave churches, and underground home in the center of Cappadocia. One can have the best of it when it comes to hiking and exploring this unusual territory.

Conclusion:

Turkey is mesmerising, and the seven beautiful places described in this article are just a small taste of all the wonderful things that Turkey has to offer. Turkey invites everyone to explore its rich history, various religions, and beautiful nature. Its art and history range from the old to the surreal, and its cities are both lively and peaceful. So, let's go explore this beautiful country of Turkey, because this is something we will always remember. Book the Packages with best travel agency in Dubai. For more information visit best tourism company in Dubai.

#best travel agency in dubai #best tourism company in dubai #best tour operator in Dubai