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[amazingarchitecturewebsite]

Architecture Interspace @architectureinterspace designs House on a Farm, a vacation home in #Karaikal, Pondicherry, India Read more: Link in bio! Photography: Yash Jain @_yashrjain. Architecture Interspace: In a quaint little village, Kurumbagaram, near the port town of Karaikal in southern Tamilnadu is the vacation home of our client- a newly married couple and their parents. Intended to be a get-away from the hustle of urban life, the house is nestled amongst the shade of sandalwood trees, fruit orchards and paddy fields. This ancestral half acre land is a haven for birds and squirrels. The notion is to create a place that makes the residents feel connected with not only the surrounding nature but also their inner souls… #india #casa #архитектура www.amazingarchitecture.com ✔ A collection of the best contemporary architecture to inspire you. #design #architecture #amazingarchitecture #architect #arquitectura #luxury #realestate #life #cute #architettura #interiordesign #photooftheday #love #travel #construction #furniture #instagood #fashion #beautiful #archilovers #home #house ‎#amazing #picoftheday #architecturephotography ‎#معماری (at Karaikal, India) https://www.instagram.com/p/CgfEATOulbW/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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[lifeonhighway99]

If you make friends with yourself you will never be alone. #puducherry #pondicherry #pondy #pondicherrydiaries #py #india #karaikal #tamilnadu #pondydiaries #chennai #puducherrydiaries #pondicherrytourism #ilovepondicherry #kerala #pondynightlife #rockbeach #tamil #covid #pondycherry #beach #love #auroville #photography #lovers #pondicherrybeach #pondicherryuniversity #travel #online #whitetownpondicherry #pondicherrytrip (at Pondicherry - பாண்டிச்சேரி) https://www.instagram.com/p/CnXMvycytcx/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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[cmiatamil]

காரைக்கால் மாவட்டத்தில் காலராவுக்கு சிகிச்சை பெறுவோர் எண்ணிக்கை கணிசமாக குறைந்துள்ளது - சுகாதாரத்துறை    விரிவாக படியுங்கள் 👉 https://www.miatamil.com/The-number-of-cholera-patients-in-Karaikal-district-has-decreased-significantly-Health-Dept-News-1067923663.html #Number | #Cholera | #Patients | #Karaikal https://www.instagram.com/p/CflffTvrNFo/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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[nauticalpoint]

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[bestchoiceintn]

Land for Sale in Karaikal

Land for Sale in Karaikal

Plots for Sale in Karaikal காரைக்கால் அருகில் சுலப தவணை முறை வசதியுடன் மிக குறைந்த விலையில் மனை விற்பனை ..!! மேலும் விவரங்களுக்கு தொடர்பு கொள்ள வேண்டிய எண் : 98947 83380 Are you Looking for EMI Plots in Karaikal. Here you can get the list of EMI based plots in Karaikal. Residential, Commercial all types of Plots in Karaikal. Easy to pay EMI for Plots or land property in Karaikal. Today Home is…

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Bus Shelter Branding Karaikal

Bus Shelter Branding Karaikal

Bus Shelter Advertising Agencies In Karaikal Contact Number Get the Best Rates from the Bus Shelter Advertising Agency in Karaikal. Bus Shelter Advertising in Karaikal is a proven way to increase brand value. Bus Stop & shelter advertising in Karaikal is another form of outdoor advertisement in Karaikal where the travelers can take a look at what actually your company does. Bus shelter and Bus…

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[diginerve]

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[nature-writes29]

Away | Nandini x Aaditya Karaikal

Nandini jolted up from her sleep. She usually remembered how her Karikalan had proposed to live far away, and after much negotiation they really had ran away. That day two dead bodies were found. A male and a female. Those burnt bodies were then identified as Aditya Karikalan and Nandini. In reality they were bodies of 2 pandian rebels. To the world they were dead. They had ran away, took a boat, headed to one of the islands of Singhala, and built their small world along side a beach.

They were quite secluded from the kingdoms, their politics, everything. They were able to get information on what was happening in the Chozha kingdom by the messengers which used to visit the island.

Nandini tucked a loose strand of hair behind her ear. She looked out of the window of their hut and saw that it was still a bit dark outside. She kept her hand towards her right where her Karikalan usually slept. To her shock the bed side was empty. She quickly got up. Karikalan hadn't told her if he was going to go out. And at this hour..... She started to get concerned.

"Adhitha! , ADHITHA!! " She shouted with all her might. Their hut was small with only three rooms. After checking the whole freaking house, she finally came outside. Their house was a little far away from the beach, surrounded by tall trees, with a splendid view of the beach from the front door. "ADHITHA!

Just then someone knocked on her shoulders. She quickly turned around. It was her Adhitha, he was holding some freshly collected fruits and vegetables in a pouch. He had a mischievous smile on his face. By seeing him smile, she quickly started to punch the hell out of him.

" Ouch, ouch-Nandini - plea-ouch stop it"

"Now what? The brave tiger is feeling pain from such petty punches" Nandini said anger shone in her eyes. Karikalan just looked in her eyes and started to laugh like a madman, taking Nandini in a tight embrace. She stoped saying whatever she was and simply melted in his embrace.

"Just... Don't leave me without notice. You don't know how worried I had been. "

"I am sorry sakhie, but I wanted to surprise you. " He said. He loosened his and looked at his beloved Nandini. He had to wait soo many years to be in this position. Living a peaceful life away from the kings and politics, with the love of his life Nandini.

"Come, sit here. "

They both sat on the deck on their house. Their legs were hanging in air. Cold breezes swaying them. They were eating the berries Karikalan had collected for them, enjoying each other's company.

Nandini rested her head on Karikalan's shoulder. "This is life, ain't it? " Nandini asked. Karikalan just hmm'd.

•••••~•••••~•••••~•••••~•••••~•••••

( A/N )

@dhanavata123 had requested for this chapter. Even though I don't like to make tragic love stories happy, but I liked writing this. This was something new, something I didn't plan that I'd write. I know this chapter is too short but if you guys want I will make a part 2 for this. This is one my oldest os's, thought that you guys will like it so... Yeah! And since then I have made 2 more parts for this series.

I hope that you guys like this. If any confusion let me know! :)

Any suggestions and feedback appreciated.

∆ Requests Accepted ∆

_ All work is original. Do not copy _

° If you want to read more of my works, you can visit my page on Wattpad °

#love #ponniyin selvan #nandini #vallavarayan vanthyathevan #kundavai #vanathi #arulmozhi varman #aditya karikalan #nandini x karikalan #ps2 #ps1 #book #arulmozhi

[mariacallous]

Lutyens’ Delhi is one of the most iconic neighborhoods of India’s capital. Home to the country’s parliament, numerous embassies, and a lush, 90-acre Mughal-era park, it’s an architectural paradise, connected by tree-lined streets and roundabouts with mini-gardens. Yet despite being one of the city’s most refined districts, this clean, green neighborhood is home to something sinister. It is a hot spot for a dangerous and overlooked air pollutant: ozone.

India is no stranger to pollution, with many of its cities reporting some of the worst air quality in the world. Every winter, New Delhi gets shrouded in smog for days. But discussions about air pollution and policies to mitigate it mostly focus on particulate matter: PM2.5 and PM10—small particles or droplets that are only a few microns in diameter. However, scientists are increasingly raising the alarm about surface ozone. It’s a secondary pollutant that isn’t released from any source, forming naturally when oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds—such as benzene, which is found in gasoline, or methane—react under high heat and sunlight. This makes ozone a particularly ugly modern threat—a problem that arises where pollution and climate change coincide.

“Even an hour of exposure can give you very poor health outcomes,” says Avikal Somvanshi, a researcher at the Center for Science and Environment in New Delhi. While ozone is beneficial in the high atmosphere, where it absorbs ultraviolet radiation, down on Earth’s surface, concentrations of it can be deadly. Data on its impacts is patchy, but a 2022 study estimates that ozone killed more than 400,000 people worldwide in 2019, up 46 percent since 2000. And according to the State of Global Air Report 2020, it is in India where the number of ozone deaths has increased the most over the past decade.

Ozone wreaks havoc in the respiratory tract. The gas can “inflame and damage airways” and “aggravate lung diseases like asthma,” warns the US Environmental Protection Agency. It does this by affecting the cilia, the microscopic hair-like structures that line the airways to help protect them, explains Karthik Balajee, a clinician and community medicine specialist based in Karaikal, India. After exposure “we are more prone to respiratory infections,” he says, adding that inhaling ozone also affects lung capacity. Studies show that long-term exposure is associated with an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a lung disease that makes it hard to breathe, and increases the risk of dying from other cardiovascular or respiratory conditions. Even short-term exposure can land you in the emergency room. “One or two days following a peak in ozone, there have been increases in hospital admissions due to respiratory problems,” says Balajee.

Delhi and other major Indian cities see spikes in ozone throughout the year, but particularly during summer heat waves, which have become increasingly common due to climate change. The World Health Organization says that exposure to ozone in the air, across an eight-hour period, shouldn’t exceed 50 parts per billion; India’s air quality standard says this WHO limit shouldn’t be broken on more than eight days a year, and not on two consecutive days. But analysis by Somvanshi and his colleagues has found that ozone has already exceeded limits in Delhi and its surrounding areas on 87 days between March and May this year. And they’ve seen similar results over the past three summers. And while the number of monitoring stations recording a breach of the ozone threshold was fewer this year than in previous years, the duration of the exceedance was higher. “We are not even close to compliance with the standard,” says Somvanshi.

Part of what’s driving this problem is ozone’s complicated relationship with other air pollutants. Ozone formation is a cyclic reaction, meaning that after it’s generated by reactions between air pollutants, ozone gets converted back to oxygen when it reacts again with pollutants in the air, such as oxides of nitrogen. But if those pollutants are not present after ozone has formed, it lingers. That’s why ozone levels shot up during India’s Covid-19 lockdown in the summer of 2020, when traffic screeched to a halt—the air pollutants needed to convert it back to oxygen weren’t being produced. It’s also why ozone is often found in green neighborhoods like Lutyens’ Delhi—because their air is cleaner, reactions that get rid of the ozone don’t take place.

Controlling particulate pollution is relatively simple—you just regulate its sources, such as vehicles and crop burning. Reducing ozone levels is harder. “Our prediction of how ozone might respond to pollutant changes or emission changes is complicated by environmental factors,” says Steve Arnold, professor of atmospheric composition at the University of Leeds. When trying to drive levels down, everything depends on the exact mixture of the different precursor pollutants in the air, he says.

Reducing precursor gasses is one way to reduce ozone formation. But bring them down too much and you won’t have any left to neutralize the ozone that’s already present. This is exactly what has happened in China, says Arnold, where stringent policies have reduced PM2.5 pollution in recent decades but the ozone problem has worsened. “There’s a delicate balance that needs to be made,” says Somvanshi.

At present, particulate matter is India’s focus, and rightly so—it’s a bigger problem. According to Arnold’s research, 900,000 deaths in India each year are linked to PM2.5, with 374,000 linked to ozone. But in the future, we should worry more about ozone, Arnold says. He has modeled how ozone pollution in India might look in the coming years. “If you go to 2050, then the health impacts from particulate matter and the health impacts from ozone pollution become much more similar in magnitude,” he says. One reason is that researchers believe pollution control policies in the future will be more successful in mitigating particulate matter than ozone.

Arnold’s study estimated that by 2050, India could see more than a million premature deaths a year linked to ozone exposure if there is no change in emissions. Even under a strict pollution control policy, premature deaths due to ozone were estimated to be 791,000—more than twice as many as in 2015.

While the gas is a problem in other countries, it is India’s poor air quality and increasingly common heat waves that makes ozone a particularly grave threat there. And for Arnold, how the country will evolve is concerning: India will have both a growing and aging population in the coming decades—meaning more people will be exposed to ozone, and in particular, more who are vulnerable.

And it’s not just human health that is damaged. Ozone also threatens food security by causing plant yields to “reduce drastically,” says Madhoolika Agrawal, a professor in the department of botany at Banaras Hindu University. Ozone enters plants through small pores on their leaves, explains Agrawal, and then kills cells by oxidizing them. Leaves then start yellowing and the plant is unable to photosynthesize. India’s wheat crop is particularly vulnerable. The country is a major producer and aspires to be a top exporter—yet studies show it loses millions of tons of wheat and rice annually to ozone. In fact, a 2021 paper shows that ozone affects the yield and seed quality of all major crops in India. Current policies are “insufficient in reducing crop loss to ozone,” its authors write.

At present, Somvanshi says India is “not doing anything” about ozone, and that the way the country’s Central Pollution Control Board monitors the toxic gas is flawed. The CPCB caps ozone pollution measurement at 200 micrograms per cubic meter—above that, the measurement software just records a blank cell in the data sheet. “We don’t really know exactly how severe the problem gets,” says Somvanshi, comparing the situation to checking someone’s fever using a thermometer that can only go up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The CPCB also reports ozone levels after averaging values at all the monitoring stations in a city, which Somvanshi calls a “disaster” because ozone is a hyperlocal pollutant. “Within the city, there is a massive variation and if you average it out, it will always be below the standard,” he says. WIRED reached out to the CPCB for comment but did not receive any response.

And while ozone monitoring infrastructure is robust in the capital region—Delhi and its five satellite cities have nearly 60 stations—more than 200 Indian cities don’t monitor ozone at all. The rest only have one or two ozone monitoring stations, which is basically “useless” says Somvanshi, because of the localized nature of the gas.

A quick way to mitigate the problem would be to issue targeted local ozone alerts, he says. In the US, for example, health advisories during periods of high ozone pollution warn residents to not go to refuel their cars when it is sunny outside, because petrol or diesel can evaporate to form volatile organic compounds that can further increase ozone formation. India could do something similar. Somvanshi suggests that factories could also be directed to operate during the evening or nighttime. That way, any nitrogen oxides they release wouldn’t be converted into ozone because there’s no sunlight. To reduce the precursor gasses, Arnold says the government should encourage “policies that can limit motor vehicle emissions in cities.”

As for addressing the threat to food security, Agrawal says farmers could choose crop varieties that are less susceptible to ozone. Some plants show resilience, she says, and by cross-breeding we could get crops that are less affected by it. Another solution could be to plant crops during seasons when ozone levels are low, like during the monsoon, but that’s not possible for all plants.

Above all, Arnold says, the Indian government should “take the time to understand the potential consequences of emission reductions” and learn from what happened in China. Use “modeling to try and predict the response you might get to emission control policies,” he advises. Ozone pollution, he says, cannot be ignored anymore.

[greenworldindia]

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[lifeonhighway99]

Reminiscences of past memoirs.. #pondicherry #chennai #pondicherrydiaries #puducherry #pondy #tamilnadu #kerala #india #coimbatore #karaikal #photography #pondydiaries #tamil #love #pondicherrytourism #madurai #py #salem #auroville #pondicherrybeach #ilovepondicherry #rockbeach #beach #cuddalore #lovers #instagram #fashion #travel #pondicherryuniversity #trichy (at Pondicherry - பாண்டிச்சேரி) https://www.instagram.com/p/CnJeuRlywxj/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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[southindiatourstravels]

15 Days Tamilnadu Tour Package Trichy To Trichy

[phone] / [email protected]

15 Days Tamilnadu Tour Package Trichy To Trichy

DAY 1 : Arrival in Trichy - Beginning the Tamil Nadu Adventure

Upon arrival at Trichy International Airport, your Tamil Nadu journey commences with a visit to the renowned Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam, followed by the Rockfort Ucchi Pillayar Temple. Subsequently, continue your drive to Tiruvannamalai, where you can enjoy a well-deserved rest at the hotel. Overnight accommodation will be provided in Tiruvannamalai.

DAY 2 : Tiruvannamalai to Tirupati - A Spiritual Journey

Begin your day with a visit to the Sri Arunachaleshwara Temple in Tiruvannamalai, where Lord Shiva represents the element of "Fire." Afterward, continue your journey to Tirupati. Along the way, make a stop to explore the stunning Golden Temple in Vellore, dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi. Arrive in Tirupati, check in at the hotel, and enjoy a comfortable overnight stay.

DAY 3 : Tirupati Pilgrimage - Seek Divine Blessings

Embark on a spiritual journey in Tirupati by first seeking the blessings of Lord Venkateswara at Tirupati Balaji Temple. Afterward, drive to Srikalahasti, where you'll visit the Shiva Temple, representing one of the five elements of Nature, "Air." Conclude your day with a visit to Alamelumangapuram Perumal Temple. Return to your hotel in Tirupati for a well-deserved rest, and enjoy one more night in this sacred city.

DAY 4 : Spiritual Sojourn from Tirupati to Chennai

Set out on a spiritual journey from Tirupati to Chennai. Along the way, embark on an Arupadai Veedu Tour with a visit to Thiruthani Murugan Temple, one of the Arupadaiveedu temples. Continue your drive to Kanchipuram, renowned for its temples. Explore the Ekambareswarar Temple, where Lord Shiva symbolizes one of the five elements of nature, "Earth," and visit the Kamakshi Amman Temple. Finally, arrive in Chennai, where you can unwind and spend the night at your hotel.

DAY 5 : Chennai Delight - Explore the Capital City

Enjoy a full day exploring the vibrant city of Chennai. Visit renowned attractions like the picturesque Marina Beach, the historic St. Thomas Church, and the culturally rich Kapaleeswarar Temple. Afterward, immerse yourself in some leisurely shopping. Return to your hotel for a well-deserved rest, with one more night to relish the charms of Chennai.

DAY 6 : Mahabalipuram and Tranquil Pondicherry - A UNESCO Journey

Today presents an opportunity for you to partake in a journey to the UNESCO World Heritage Monument sites. Commencing in the morning, we will embark on a drive to the historical city of Mahabalipuram. Here, we will visit the renowned World Heritage UNESCO Monuments, including Arjuna's Penance, Sea Shore Temple, and Five Rathas ("Five Chariots"). Following this, we will proceed to Pondicherry, the French Union Territory, where we will indulge in the Pondicherry City Trip. This will entail visits to the esteemed Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Manakula Vinayagar Temple, Beach Side, French Quarters, and more. After a day of exploration, we will retire to our hotel for a well-deserved rest. Our stay in Puducherry will be overnight.

DAY 7 : Temples and Tranquility - Karaikal Bound

Following breakfast, proceed to Karaikal via a spiritual journey to the renowned Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram. Here, Lord Shiva represents the element of "Sky" in nature. Continue your journey with a Navagraha Trip, visiting temples such as the "Sevvai" Temple in Vaitheeswaran Kovil, the "Budhan" Temple in Thiruvenkadu, the "Kethu" Temple in Keezhaperumpallam, the Abirami Temple in Thirukadaiyur, and the "Sani" Temple in Thirunallaru. Upon arrival in Velankanni, take a break and relax in your hotel. Overnight stay in Karaikal.

DAY 8 : Pilgrimage and Tranquil Temples

Begin your journey to Velankanni Trip in the morning. Pay a visit to the renowned Catholic Church of Tamil Nadu, "Our Lady of Good Health," located in Velankanni. Following that, proceed with your journey to reach Kumbakonam. Set out on a journey to discover the Navagraha Temples Tour, ensuring a visit to temples like Alangudi "Guru" Temple, Thirunageswaram "Rahu" Temple, Suriyanar Kovil "Sun" Temple, Kanjanoor "Sukran" Temple, and Kumbakonam Sarangapani Temple along your route. Take a well-deserved rest at the hotel and enjoy an overnight stay in Kumbakonam.

DAY 9 : Divine Journey through Heritage and Temples

In the morning, embark on a journey to Rameshwaram. Along the way, make a stop at the Swamimalai Murugan Temple, one of the Arupadaiveedu, and the Thingalur "Chandran" Temple for the Arupadai Veedu Trip. Afterward, continue your drive to indulge in the Tanjore City Trip. During this journey, take the opportunity to visit the renowned Thanjavur Brihadeeswara Temple, also known as the Big Temple, which was constructed in the 10th century by the Chola dynasty and is recognized as a distinguished World Heritage Site. Proceed towards Rameshwaram, making a detour to the famous Karpaga Vinayaga Temple at Pillayarpatti. Finally, arrive in Rameshwaram and find respite in the comfort of your hotel. Enjoy an overnight stay in Rameswaram.

DAY 10 : Spiritual Odyssey to Southern Land's End

Begin your holy trip to Rameshwaram in the morning. Pay a visit to the renowned Rameshwaram Ramanathaswamy Temple and partake in a sacred dip in the 22 water tanks located within the temple premises as a means of purification. Afterward, set off on a trip to Kanyakumari, the point where the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, and the Indian Ocean meet, marking the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula. Along the way, make a stop for the Arupadai Veedu Trip, allowing you to visit one of the esteemed Arupadaiveedu dedicated to Lord Muruga in Tiruchendur, situated near the seashore. As the evening approaches, commence your Kanyakumari City Trip, exploring significant landmarks such as Vivekananda Rock, Kumari Amman Temple, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial, Thiruvalluvar Statue, and witnessing the mesmerizing sunset. Enjoy an overnight stay in Kanyakumari.

DAY 11 : Journey from Kanyakumari to Madurai's Majesty

Commence your day by embarking on a journey to Madurai in the morning. While en route, make a halt for the Arupadai Veedu Trip, where you can pay a visit to the Tiruparankundrum Murugan Temple and Pazhamudhircholai Murugan Temple, which are considered to be the two most significant Arupadaiveedu. In the evening, indulge in the Madurai Heritage Trip and explore the renowned landmarks such as the Meenakshi Amman Temple and Thirumalai Nayaka Palace. Spend the night in Madurai.

DAY 12 : Ascend to Kodaikanal's Serene Heights

Commence your journey to Kodaikanal, the hill station, in the morning. Take a break in the refreshing hill climate and spend the night in Kodaikanal.

DAY 13 : Embrace Kodaikanal's Natural Beauty

Today is the opportune moment to embark on a Kodaikanal City Trip. Following breakfast, a comprehensive day of sightseeing in Kodaikanal awaits. It is recommended to visit significant tourist attractions such as Lake View, Boat Ride, Bryant's Park, Coaker's Walk, Silver Falls, View Point, and Pillar Rock, among others. Another night's accommodation in Kodaikanal is suggested.

DAY 14 : Journey from Kodaikanal to Trichy via Palani

In the morning, embark on a journey to Trichy. Along the way, make a stop at the renowned Palani Murugan Temple, one of the Arupadaiveedu, for an Arupadai Veedu Trip. Afterwards, resume your drive towards Trichy. The remaining time will be at your leisure for shopping. Upon arrival, take some time to relax at the hotel. Enjoy an overnight stay in Trichy.

DAY 15 : Farewell from Trichy

On this day, your Tamil Nadu Trip will conclude, leaving you with cherished memories. You will be transported to Trichy International Airport, Trichy, in accordance with your flight schedule for your journey back home.

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Learn About Some Important Amendments of the Constitution|SSC CGL Tier-1||

What is the 105th Amendment?

What is 106 amendment of Indian Constitution?

भारतीय संविधान का 106 संशोधन क्या है?

When was 106th Constitutional Amendment Act passed?What is the latest amendment of the Constitution of India 2023?What is the 104 amendment of the Constitution?What is the 100 amendment in Indian Constitution?What is the 100th Amendment of the Constitution?How many amendments are there in Indian Constitution in 2023?When was 105th amendment introduced?What is the 128th Amendment Bill?Is GST 101 or 122 Amendment?What is 125th amendment Bill?Who wrote our Constitution?When was Article 31 removed?Which country first introduced GST?Which PM introduced 9th schedule?What is the 9th schedule?Who is the mother of Indian Constitution?What is the 122 Amendment bill related to?What is the First Amendment bill?

Learn About Some Important Amendments of the Constitution|SSC CGL Tier-1||

||List of Important Amendments in Indian Constitution||

1st Constitutional Amendment Act , 1951 -

This amendment added Article , 15(4) and Article , 19(6) and brought changes in the right to private property in pursuance with the decision of Supreme Court concerning fundamental rights. 

9th schedule to the Constitution was also added by it. 

7th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1956 -

Through this amendment the implementation of State Reorganisation Act, was made possible. 

The categorisation of States into Part A , Part B and Part C ceased henceforth. 

Part C states were redesignated as Union Territories. 

The seats in the Rajya Sabha and in the Union and State Legislatures were reallocated. 

It also effected changes regarding appointment of additional and acting judges , High Courts and their jurisdictions etc. 

10th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1961 - 

Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli as Union Territory. 

12th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1962 - 

Inclusion of territories of Goa , Daman and Diu into the Indian Union.

13th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1962 -

Insertion of Article 371 A to make special provisions for the administration of the State of Nagaland.

14th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1962 -

Pondicherry , Karaikal Mahe and Yenam ,  the former French Territories , were specified in the Constitution as the Union Territory of Pondicherry (now Puducherry).

Enabled the UTs of Himachal Pradesh ,  Manipur , Tripura , Goa , Daman and Diu and Pondicherry to have Legislature and council of Ministers.

15th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1963 -

It raised the age of retirement of a High Court Judge from 60 to 62.

Extended the jurisdiction of High Court to issue writs under Article 226 to a Government or authority situated outside its territorial jurisdiction where the cause of action arises within such jurisdiction.

16th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1963 - 

Changes were effected in Article 19 to enable the Parliament to make laws providing reasonable restrictions on the freedom of expression in the larger interests of sovereignty and integrity of India.

Amendments were made in the form of oath contained in the 3rd Schedule with emphasis on upholding the sovereignty and integrity of India.

19th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1966 - 

Article 324 was amended to clarify the duties of the Election Commission. It  deprived the Election Commission of the power to appoint election tribunals for deciding election disputes of members of Parliament and State Legislatures. 

21st Constitutional Amendment Act , 1967 - 

Sindhi language was included as 15th regional language in the 8th schedule.

24th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1971 - 

It was a retaliatory act of the Parliament to neutralise the effect of the judgement in Golak Nath Case. 

It affirmed the Parliament's power to amend any part of the Constitution ,  including Fundamental Rights by amending Article 368 and 13.

It made obligatory for the President to give assent to Amendment Bills , when they are presented to him/her. 

25th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1971 - 

(came into force on 20.04.1972) :

It restricted the jurisdiction of the Courts over acquisition laws with regard to adequacy of Compensation.

This amendment came primarily in the wake of Bank Nationalization Case and the word 'amount' was substituted in place of 'compensation' in Article 31.

It also provided that no law passed by the State to give effect to Directive Principles specified under clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39 can be declared void on the ground that it was inconsistent with Fundamental Rights conferred by Article 14 , 19 and 31. 

26th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1971 - 

This amendment withdrew the recognition to the rulers of Princely States and their Privy purses were abolished. 

30th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1972 - 

It provided that only such appeals can be brought to the Supreme Court which involve a substantial question of law. 

The valuation aspect of Rs 20,000 for appeals in civil cases to the Supreme Court was abolished. 

31st Constitutional Amendment Act , 1973 - 

By this amendment , the seats of the Lok Sabha was increased from 525 to 545 but reduced the representation of UTs in Lok Sabha from 25 to 20. 

35th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1974 - 

Accorded status of Associate State to Sikkim by ending its protectorate kingdom status which was a novel concept introduced in the Constitution.

36th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1975 - 

Made Sikkim a full fledged State of the Union of India.

38th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1975 - 

Clarified that declaration of emergency by the President and promulgation of Ordinance by the President or Governor can not be challenged in any Court on any ground. 

39th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1975 - 

The disputes or questions regarding elections of President , Vice-President , Prime Minister and Speaker oof Lok Sabha were taken out of the purview of judicial review of the Supreme Court or High Courts.

42nd Constitutional Amendment Act , 1976 -

(Mini Constitution) :

The 42nd Amendment made fundamental changes in the constitutional structure and it incorporated the words 'Socialist' ,  'Secular' and 'Integrity' in the Preamble.

Fundamental Duties were added in Part 4A.

Directive Principles were given precedence over Fundamental Rights and any law made to this effect by the Parliament was kept beyond the scope of Judicial review by the court.

It made the power of Parliament supreme so far as amendment to the Constitution was concerned. 

It authorised the Supreme Court to transfer certain cases from one High Court to another and redefined the writ jurisdiction of the High Courts.

It provided for administrative Tribunals for speedy justice.

It empowered the centre to deploy armed forces in any State to deal with the grave law and order situation.

It authorised the President to make the Proclamation of Emergency for any part of the country or to whole of India.

It made it obligatory for the President to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

Tanure of the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies was increased by 1 year.

43rd Constitutional Amendment Act , 1977 - 

The 43rd Amendment omitted many articles inserted by 42nd Amendment.

It restored the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Courts , which had been curtailed under the 42nd Amendment. 

44th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1978 - 

The Amendment was brought by the Janta Party Government which repealed some of the changes effected by 42nd Amendment , omitted a few and provided alterations. 

Right to property was taken away from the list of Fundamental Rights and placed in a new Article 300 A as an ordinary legal right.

Constitutionality of the Proclamation of Emergency by the President could be questioned in a court on the ground of malafide (42nd Amendment had made it immune from Judicial review).

 It brought the revocation of a Proclamation under Parliamentary control.

In Article 352 regarding National Emergency , the words 'internal disturbance' were substituted by the words 'armed rebellion'.

It authorised the President to refer back the advice to the Council of Ministers for reconsideration , but made it binding for the President to act on the reconsidered advice.

The power of the Courts to decide disputes regarding election of Prime Minister and Speaker was restored.

Constitutional protection on publication of Proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures was provided.

List of All Important Amendments in Indian Constitution |UPSC|SSC|

52nd Constitutional Amendment Act ,1985 -

This amendment was brought about during Rajiv Gandhi Regime with a view to put an end to political defections.

It added 10th schedule to the Constitution containing the modes for disqualification in case of defection from the Parliament or State Legislature.

55th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1986 - 

The formation of Arunachal Pradesh took place with special powers given to the Governor.

It also provided for a 30-member State Assembly.

56th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1987 -

Goa was made a full fledged State with a State Assembly but Daman and Diu stayed as UT.

57th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1987 -

It provided for reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland , Meghalaya Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh in Lok Sabha.

Seats were also reserved for the scheduled Tribes of Nagaland and Meghalaya in the State assemblies of Nagaland and Meghalaya.

58th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1987 - 

An authoritative text of the Constitution in Hindi was provided to the people of India by the President.

59th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1988 - 

It amended Article 356 to provide that the declaration of Emergency may remain in Operation upto 3 years and also authorised the Government to Proclaim Emergency in Punjab on ground of "internal disturbance".

The amendment made in Article 352 thus provided that the emergency with respect to Punjab shall operate only in that State.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act , 1988 - 

It brought about an amendment to Article 326 for the reduction of voting age from 21 to 18 years.

62nd Constitutional Amendment Act ,1989 -

It increased the period of reservation of seats provided to the Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribes for another 10 years i.e. upto 2000 A.D.

The reservation of for Anglo-Indians through nomination in case of their inadequate representation , was also extended up to 2000 A.D. 

65th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1990 - 

A National Commission for Scheduled Caste and Schedule Tribes with wide powers was provided to take care of the cause of SCs/STs.

66th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1990 - 

This amendment provided for the inclusion of 55 new land Reform Acts passed by the States into the 9th schedule.

69th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1991 - 

Article 239-4A and 239-4B were inserted in the Constitution to provide a National Capital Territory designation to Union Territory of Delhi with a Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers.

70th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1992 - 

Altered Article 54 and 368 to include members of Legislative Assemblies of Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry in the electoral college for the election of the President. 

71st Constitutional Amendment Act , 1992 - 

It included Manipuri , Konkani and Nepalese languages in the 8th Schedule. 

73rd Constitutional Amendment Act , 1992 - 

The institution of Panchayati Raj received Constitutional guarantee , status and legitimacy. 

11th Schedule was added to deal with it.

It also inserted Part 9th , containing Article 243 , 243A to 243O.

74th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1992 - 

Provided for Constitutional sanctity to Municipalities by inserting Part 9-A containing Article 243P to 243ZG and the 12th Schedule which deals with the items concerning Municipalities.

77th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1995 - 

By this Amendment a new clause 4A was added to Article 16 which authorised the State to make provisions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with regard to promotions in Government jobs. 

78th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1995 - 

This amended the 9th Schedule of the Constitution to insert 27 Land Reform Acts of various States. 

After this the total number of Acts included in the 9th Schedule went upto 284.

79th  Constitutional Amendment Act , 1999 - Amended Article 334 to extend the reservation of seats for SCs/STs and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and in the State Legislative Assemblies upto 60 years from the commencement of the Constitution    (i.e. , till 2010).

80th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2000 - 

Amended Article 269 and substituted a new Article for Article 270 and abolished Article 272 of the Constitution. 

This was based on the recommendation of the 10th Finance Commission. 

This Amendment was deemed to have come into operation from 1st April 1996. 

The Amendment widened the scope of the Central taxes and duties on the consignment of goods levied by the Government of India and distributed among States. 

81st Constitutional Amendment Act , 2000 - 

Amended Article 16(1) of the Constitution and added a new clause (4-B) after clause (4-A) to Article 16(1) of the Constitution.

The new clause (4-B) ends the 50% ceiling on reservation for Scheduled Caste and Schedule Tribes and other Backward Classes in backlog vacancies.

82nd Constitutional Amendment Act , 2000 -

This Amendment restored the relaxation in qualifying marks and standards of evaluation in both job reservation and promotions to Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes which was set aside by a Supreme Court's Judgement in 1996. 

Ans

84th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2001 -

This Amendment provided that till the publication of the relevant figures of the first census after 2026 the ascertainment of the population of a State for following purposes shall be made on the basis of the census shown against each of them : 

∆ Election of the President under Article    55 - 1971 census.

∆ Allotment of seats to each State in Lok Sabha -- 1971 census.

∆ Division of State into territorial Lok Sabha Constituencies -- 1991 census.

∆ Composition of Legislative Assemblies under Article 170 --1991 census.

∆ Reservation of seats for SC/ST in the Lok Sabha under Article 330 -- 1991 census.

85th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2001 - 

It amended clause (4-A) Article 16 and substituted the words "in matters of promotion , with consequential seniority , to any class" for the words "in matter of promotion to any class". 

The Amendment provided for 'consequential seniority' to the SCs/STs for promotion in Government Services.

86th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2002 - 

Added a new Article 21A after Article 21 which makes the right of education for children of the age of 6 to 14 years a Fundamental Right. 

Substitutes Article 45 to direct the State to endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years. 

Added a new Fundamental Duty to Part 4 (Article 51A) of the Constitution. 

87th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2003 -

Provided that the allocation of seeds in the Lok Sabha and division of each State into territorial Constituencies will be done on the basis of population as ascertained by the '2001 census' and not by '1991 census'.

88th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2003 - 

This amendment inserted a new Article 268A after Article 268 which in power the Union of India to Levy 'service tax'.

This tax Selvi collected and appropriated by the Union and States in the manner as formulated by Parliament.

89th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2003 - 

Provided for this establishment of a separate National Commission for Scheduled Tribes by bifurcating the existing National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

The Commission shall consist of a chairman Vice-Chairman and three other members.

They shall be appointed by the President of India.

90th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2003 - 

This amendment was necessitated due to creation of Bodoland Territorial Areas District within the State of Assam by agreement reached between the Centre and Bodo representative for solving Bodoland problem.

It stated that the representation of Scheduled Tribes and non Scheduled Tribes in the constitution of the Bodoland Territorial Areas District shall be maintained.

It meant that the Representation of the above categories Shall remain the same as existed prior to the creation of Bodoland Territorial Areas District.

91st Constitutional Amendment Act , 2003 - 

This amendment limits the size of Ministries at the Ventre and in States.

According to new Clause (1-A) the total number of Ministers , including the Prime Minister in the Union Council of Ministers or Chief Minister in the State Legislative Assemblies shall not exceed 15% of the total members of the Lok Sabha in the Centre or Vidhan Sabha in the States.

The new Clause (1-B) of article 75 provides that a member of either House of Parliament belonging to any political party who is disqualified for being member of that house on the ground of defection shall  also be disqualified to be appointed as a Minister under clause (1) of Article 75 and 164 until he is again elected.

However , the number of Ministers ,  including the Chief Minister in a State shall not be less than 12 (in smaller size like Sikkim , Mizoram and Goa).

92nd Constitutional Amendment Act , 2003 -

It amended the 8th Schedule of the Constitution and has insulted 4 new languages in it , namely -- Bodo , Dogri , Maithili and Santhali.

After this amendment the total number of constitutionally recognised official languages has become 22.

93rd Constitutional Amendment Act , 2005 - 

Provided reservation in admissions in private unaided educational institutions for students belonging to schedule caste/tribes and other backward classes.

94th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2006 - 

Excluded Bihar from the provision to clause (1) of Articles 164 of the Constitution which provides that their shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the Welfare of the Scheduled Caste and backward classes in Bihar , Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

It extends the provisions of clause (1) of Article 164 to the newly formed States of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

95th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2009 - 

Extended the reservation of seeds for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and and State Assemblies by another 10 years (beyond January 25 ,2010).

The time period of 60 years under Article 334 of the Constitution was to lapse on January 25 ,2010.

Through this amendment in Article 334 the words "60 years" has been substituted by "70 years".

96th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2011 - 

Substituted the word 'Oriya' by the word 'Odia' in the entry 15 in the 8th Schedule.

97th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2011 - 

Amendment of Article 19 [In Part - 3 , in Article 19 , in clause (l) , in sub clause (c) , after the words 'or Unions' , the words 'or co-operative societies' shall be inserted].

Insertion of new Article 43B in Part 4 (" 43B. The state shall endeavour to promote voluntary formation , autonomous functioning , democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies").

98th Constitutional Amendment Act , 2012 - 

Insertion of Article 371J [Special provisions with respect to State of Karnataka].

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Heavy Rainfall Alert for Tamil Nadu and Coastal Regions by IMD

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast heavy rainfall in Tamil Nadu until December 4, particularly in coastal areas. The state has been grappling with waterlogging and flood-like situations due to recent heavy downpours, with the situation anticipated to worsen further.

Chennai and five other districts in Tamil Nadu are expected to experience rain, thunderstorms, and lightning on Friday, according to the Met Department. Areas likely to be affected include Chengalpattu, Thiruvallur, Nagapattinam, Ramanathapuram, and Kanchipuram.

An orange alert has been issued by the IMD for Coastal Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, and Karaikal due to the anticipated heavy rainfall in these regions. Similarly, coastal Andhra Pradesh and Yanam have also been put on an orange alert for heavy rainfall in the upcoming days.

The IMD has highlighted a low-pressure area over the Southeast Bay of Bengal and adjoining South Andaman Sea, expected to intensify into a cyclonic storm over the Southwest Bay of Bengal by around December 3. This cyclonic storm is predicted to hit the coasts of North Tamil Nadu and South Andhra Pradesh on the morning of December 4.

Furthermore, from December 1 to 4, light to moderate rainfall is anticipated in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, as well as in north Coastal Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, with isolated instances of very heavy rainfall during December 2 to 4. Meanwhile, Andhra Pradesh may experience light to moderate rainfall, with heavy to very heavy rainfall likely over south Coastal Andhra Pradesh and Rayalaseema.

The intermittent heavy rains in Tamil Nadu have resulted in inundation in various parts of Chennai, leading to significant traffic congestion. Districts severely affected include Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Peerkankaranai, Perungalathur, and Chengelpet.

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Tamil Nadu Weather: News

As per the India Meteorological Department (IMD), fairly widespread rains of light to moderate intensity, along with isolated thunderstorms, are likely across Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Karaikal and Kerala-Mahe during the next five days — from Wednesday to Sunday, November 29 to December 3. Furthermore, isolated heavy downpours (64.5 mm-115.5 mm) are expected to drench Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and…

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