#korean postposition

[tardis--dreams]

My brain is flawless because I read the sentence

돈이 없어서 카메라를 못 사요.

And instead of applying logic to it, i just translated it to "Because Tony isn't here, I/he can't buy the Camera." and was confused but just accepted that tony was super important for the decision to buy camaras.

Now, then I read the sentence 돈이 없어서 택시를 못 타요. And got even more confused as to why that poor girl can't take a taxi without here good friend Tony.

Can someone get me a new brain please

#It's not like i don't know the word 돈 #It's also not like I'm unfamiliar with the concept of subject postpositions #It's also not like in that book almost without exception they add 씨 to every name #But because i read it out loud my brain just was 'tony! Tony is important! Idk why but he is' #It took me like 2 minutes to get it after I read ANOTHER sentence where Tony wasn't there and I realized #Hey not being able to this might actually be a money problem~ #Brain dead #ALSO #what's SUPER annoying is that I have that new thing where i misspell 안 and make 인 out of it #Like i catch myself most of the time and it'd be fine if that happened Once #But it never happened before and now i seemingly do it in 85% of all cases #I Hate my brain for that nonsense #Sorry #Gotta rant about my poor Korean skills #(they Are really bad #But THESE two particular examples are just stupid because I KNOW better but still make mistakes #(although is still think Tony is quite funny lmao. I'm just glad i didn't have to translate that in class #That would have been embarrassing)) #shut up amy

[dreamer-hangugeo]

인생의 가장 재미있는 점은 대본도, 리허설도, 다시 하는 것도 없다는 것입니다. (The most interesting thing about life is … there's no script, no rehearsal, no redoing.) ✏️ 𝐕𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐲: 인생 (n): life 가장 (adv): best 재미있다 (adj): Interesting 점 (n): point 대본 (n): script, scenario 리허설 (n): rehearsal 다시 (adv): again ✏️ 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐫 1. V~는 것: adding ~는것 to a verb turns it into a noun. It means (act of) ~ing in English. 하다 --> 하는 것 (to do --> the act of doing) 2. Postposition -도 = "also," "too" 3. "-ㄴ/는 다는 것이다" is the shortened form of "-ㄴ/는 다고 하는 것이다". It is attached to a verb or adjective to express thoughts or facts objectively. It could be translated as "It's said that" and can be omitted when translating sentences. ❤️

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[koreanstudyjunkie]

Korean Adverbs: -게, -이, -히, 으로

⚠️(this is a long post)

WHAT ARE ADVERBS?

Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, and sometimes other adverbs. They are used In a ton of different ways to Indicate : Place, Time, Manner, Circumstance, Degree, Cause, Etc. (Examples: Gently, Very, Then, There)

Korean grammar has 4 types of adverbs that you may have saw attached to words in a sentence. ~이, ~게, ~으로, & Plain Word. Most of these attach to them stem of a verb or adjective to create a new meaning.

BASIC ADVERBS:

It’s the easiest one to understand but you have to memorize these. Other adverbs basic form uses a stem but this type doesn’t.  It exists as an adverb from the beginning. There is no rule for them. You just need to memorize them one by one.

List Of Some Basic Adverbs: (more at end of post)

매우/아주 - Very / A lot

정말/진짜 - Really

조금 - Little / Few

금방 - Just Now

Time & Place Adverbs:

The best part about Korean adverbs that relate to times and places, is that they can essentially be placed at any place in the sentence. The only place they cannot be placed is at the end of the sentence – because a sentence must always end in an adjective or verb.

Examples Of Time & Place Adverbs:

지금 - Now (time)

여기에 - Here (place)

가끔 - Sometimes (time)

저기에 - Over There (place)

매일 - Everyday (time)

Any location + 에 Is technically an Adverb

Degree & Manner Adverbs: 게

Adverbs that indicate a degree to which something is done are typically placed immediately before the verb. These adverbs usually (but not always) end in ‘ly’ in English:

I ran *really quickly*

I ate *fast*

I left *immediately*

I *often* meet my friend on Thursday

I eat too much *sometimes*

Also, many of these words are just transferred from their adjective forms to create an adverb by adding -게. 게 Is typically known as something that shows in what manner something is done. A lot of adverbs in Korean are simply made by adding ‘게’ to the stem of an adjective.

You just need to replace 다 of word stems to 게:

쉽다 = Easy > 쉽게 = Easily

다르다 = Different > 다르게 = Differently

빠르다 = Quick > 빠르게 = Quickly

히 & 이 Adverbs:

Adjectives that end in 하다 are sometimes changed into adverbs by changing 하다 to 히. With most adjectives you can either add 게 to the stem or 히 with no difference in meaning. When you learn new verbs, you can use them right away as an adverb. 하 in 하다 becomes 히 by combining 이. If the word stem has ㄹ, then it usually becomes 리.

Examples:

조용하다 = Quiet > 조용하게/조용히 = Quietly

안전하다 = Safe > 안전하게/안전히 = Safely

Some adjectives are changed into adverbs in a different way. When this happens, they are usually very similar to their original adjective form:

많다 = Many > 많이 > Many/ A lot

빠르다 = Quick > 빨리 > Quickly

EXCEPTIONS:

Some adverbs don’t have a basic form. So it exists as an adverb from the first place even it looks like other adverbs using a word stem.

Ex: 천천히 - Slowly

Some word stems can’t be used with -게 and some can’t be used with -히.** There is no rules for them. You just need to memorize them.

-(으)로 ADVERBS:

으로 means ‘in some way’. Actually it’s a postposition,** not an adverb but it becomes an adverb when you translate Korean into English. Most of the stems for 으로 adverbs use the suffix 적 (적으로), but you’ll see some that don’t use it.

LIST OF COMMON KOREAN ADVERBS:

보통 - usually

계속 - contiunously

자주 - often, frequently

가끔 / 때로는 - sometimes

항상 - always

때때로 / 종종 - occasionally

드물게 - rarely

절대 - never

제대로 - properly

아주/매우 - very

거의 - almost

잘 - well

더 - more

덜 - less

특히 - specially, especially

가장 - most

완전히 - perfectly

엄청 - enormous

단순히 - simply

가만히 - motionlessly (still)

다행히 - luckily, with luck

안녕히 - in peace (안녕히 가세요/계세요)

열심히 - diligently, hard

꾸준히 - steadily, persistently

영원히 - eternally, forever

똑같이 - equally, evenly

없이 - without

끝없이 - without end

틀림없이 - sure enough (absolutely correct)

언제 - when

지금 - now (time)

이제 - now

그때는 - at that time, back then

아직 - yet, still

언젠가 - some time

곧 - soon

어디 - where

어떻게 - how

누가 - who

뭐 - what

왜 - why

어느 - which

얼마나 - how much

몇이나 - how many

가볍게 - lightly

무례하게 - rudely

나쁘게 - badly

맛있게 - deliciously

이쁘게 - prettily

아름답게 - beautifully

안전하게 - safely

용기있게 - bravely

조용하게/조용히 - quietly

위험하게 - dangerously

자연스럽게 - naturally

재미있게 - funny

행복하게 - happily

편하게/편히 - comfortably

A Few Example Sentences:

저는 조용하게 먹었어요.

I ate quietly.

저는 가끔 너무 많이 먹어요.

I eat too much sometimes.

저는 저의 친구를 자주 만나요

 = I meet my friend often

저는 행복하게 살았어요.

I lived happily.

**과학적으로** 해결해보세요

Solve it scientifically

**무의식적으로** 버튼을 눌렀어요

I pressed the button unconsciously

**본능적으로** 움직였어요

I moved my body instinctively

That's it for this post! Hope you enjoyed and learned something new. Follow for more lessons like this👍

#한국어 #study korean #부사 #korean adverbs #-게 #-게 grammar #-게 lesson

[jojal-jojalkorean]

Korean Grammar - Conjunction Particle(접속 조사)

Hello everyone! This is Admin Sun here, today we’re going to talk about Conjunction particles! It’s the last category of the particles. Conjunction particles basically connect things. They are the particles that show that two words are the same status/state. It’s easy if you think of it as words like ‘and’. 

Today I’m going to talk about basic conjunction particles that you need to know while learning Korean! Because in the end learning Korean is half learning all of our particles :D 

There are three main conjunction particles I will talk about today! Just a warning though. All of them are translated into ‘and’. One is usually used in literary/Written style and the other two are mostly used in colloquial/spoken style. We’ll learn the literary style conjunction particle first!

1. 와/과 (usually used in literary style)

와/과 basically translates into ‘And’. For example, 책과 연필 translates into Book and Pencil. Like most particles this one has two forms, 와 being used after no final consonant and 과 being used if the word has a final consonant.

*Examples:

철수가 사과와 포도를 사요. (철수 buys apples and grapes)

식물이 잘 자라려면 물과 햇빛이 필요해. (For a plant to grow well it needs water and sunlight.)

*Differences from the adverbial marking particle 와/과

Noticing the difference from the adverbial marking particle 와/과 and the conjunction particle 와/과 can be hard. Even native speakers have a hard time. The adverbial particle 와/과 translates into ‘with’ and is usually used with words that mean together like 함께 or 같이. For example,

철수와 영희가 학교에 가다 (철수 and 영희 go to school)

In this sentence, the 와 is a conjunction particle.

철수가 영희와 함께 학교에 가다 (철수 goes to school together with 영희)

In this sentence, the 와 is NOT a conjunction particle but an adverbial particle. 

Usually if there is no noun that comes after a 와/과 or if there is a 함께 or 같이 in the sentence it means it’s an adverbial particle and should be translated as ‘with’.

For more information on adverbial particles go to this post.

2.(이)랑 (Usually used in colloquial style)

(이)랑 also translates into ‘and’. If the word ends with a consonant then the form is 이랑, and if the word ends with a vowel the correct form is 랑. Unlike 와/과 which only sticks to the first noun, sometimes people stick (이)랑 to all the nouns as this one is usually used in conversation. For example,

나는 빵이랑 과일이랑 먹었다 (I ate bread and fruit)

3.하고 (Usually used in colloquial style)

This is also a particle that means ‘and’. It only has one form! 

*Examples:

저기 그림하고 연필이 있다. (There is a drawing and a pen)

영희하고 민아가 걸어간다. (영희 and 민아 walk by)

That’s it for today’s lesson! I hope our lesson could help you learn Korean :D

- Written by Admin Sun

-Edited by Admin Yu

#korean #korea #langblr #studyblr korean #studyblr #korean langblr #language #korean language #korean grammar #grammar #learn korean #study korean #postposition #korean postposition #한국어 #한국어 배우기 #한국어 공부 #조사 #Admin Sun

[studykorean101]

품사 - Parts of Speech

Since my post from yesterday, I got a lot of requests to do more linguistic terms. I don’t think this is a comprehensive list, so if there’s any that you know that aren’t here, put it in the chat! Enjoy <3

♡ 자음 – consonant    ex. ㄱ, ㄷ, ㄴ, ㅅ, ㅇ ♡ 모음 – vowel    ex. 아, 어, 이, 애           Hangul [ x || x ] ♡ 초성 – word-initial consonant    ex. ㅂ in 볶음 ♡ 중성 – word-medial consonant    ex. ㄲ/ㅇ in 볶음 ♡ 종성/ 받침 - word-final consonant (받침 literally means “support”)    ex. ㅁ in 볶음 ♡ 글자 – letter ♡ 발음(하다) – pronunciation (to pronounce)    ex. 볶음 -> 보끔 ♡ 예사소리/평음 – plain consonant (lit. ordinary sound/peaceful note)    ex. ㄱ, ㅂ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ ♡ 된소리/경음 – tense consonant (lit. Fortis sound/hard note)    ex. ㄲ, ㅃ, ㄸ, ㅆ, ㅉ ♡ 거센소리/격음 – aspirated consonant (lit. rough sound); 거센 from 거세다 (to be rough/violent)    ex. ㅋ, ㅍ, ㅌ, ㅊ

✿ 한국어를 배우는 외국인들은 된소리와 거센소리의 발음을 어려워한다. Foreigners learning Korean have a difficult time pronouncing tense and aspirated sounds.✿

♡ 복합어 – compound    ex. 물고기 (물 “water” + 고리 “meat”), 남자친구 (남자 “boy/man” + 친구 “friend”) ♡ 파생어 – derivative    ex. -관 (building – from 館); 영화 “movie” + -관 = 영화관 “theatre (lit. movie building)” ♡ 접두사 – prefix    ex. 되- (similar to “re-” prefix in English); 되- + 들다 “to enter” = 되들다 “to reenter” ♡ 접미사 – suffix    ex. -님 (polite title for someone older/you don’t know); 기사 “driver” + -님 = polite form to address the driver ♡ 어간 – stem    ex. 먹 from 먹다 ♡ 어미 – ending    ex. -고 있다 (progressive tense); 먹다 + -고 있다 = 먹고 있다 “to be eating” ♡ 속어 – slang expression ♡ 숙어 – idiomatic expression ♡ 반의어 – antonym ♡ 유의어 – synonym ♡ 어원 – origin / etymology ♡ 예문 – example ♡ 용언 – a conjugated verb

More Parts of Speech - Related to the Sentence

♡ 명사 – noun    ex. 연필 “pencil”, 사람, “person”, 중국 “China” ♡ 대명사 – pronoun    ex. 나 “I/me (informal)” ♡ 수사 – numeral [go here] ♡ 동사 – verb [x || x || x]    자동사 – intransitive verb (cannot take a direct object)    타동사 – transitive verb (must take a direct object) ♡ 형용사 – adjective    ex. 예쁘다 “to be pretty”, 슬프다 “to be sad” ♡ 관형사 – determiner    ex. 이 “this”, 그 “that”, 저 “that over there” ♡ 부사 – adverb    ex. 나중에 “late”, 천천히 “slowly” ♡ 조사 – particle/postposition    ex. 은/는, 이/가, 을/를, 도, 에/에서 ♡ 감탄사 – interjection    ex. 우와! “wow”, 아야 “ouch”, 대박 “amazing”, 헐 “omg”, 뭐라고?/뭐? “what?” ♡ 문법 – grammar ♡ 시제 – tense    ex. 과거 (시제) “past”, 현재 (시제) “present”, 미래 (시제) “future” ♡ 인칭 – person    ex. 1(일)인칭 (단수) “first person (singular)”, 3(삼)인칭 (복수) “third person (plural)” ♡ 구(문) – phrase [x || x || x || x] ♡ 절 – clause ♡ 문장 – sentence ♡ 주어 – subject ♡ 서술어 – predicate ♡ 목적어 – object    직접 목적어 – direct object    간접 목적어 – indirect object’

Hope this helped! Happy Learning :) 

~ SK101

#korean #korean language #korean language vocab #korean vocabulary #parts of speech #korean parts of speech #learn korean #studying Korean #study korean #learning korean #k vocab #korean blog #korean language blog #kblr #klang blog #klangblr #koreanblr #korean grammar #한국어 #한국어 배우기 #한국어 공부하기 #한국어 문법 #한국어 어휘 #한국어 블로그 #한국 #품사 #언어학 #언어

[meichenxi]

I just had my first Korean lesson on italki!!

Intelligent Thoughts On The Language As A Whole After One Hour Of Exposure: 

- aspiration my beloathed. it really is karma when the aspirated and unaspirated /t/ being allophones in English in the beginning of a word and that being a better cue to whether something is ‘voiced’ or not than actual voicing which helped me so much with learning Chinese (because Chinese operates on a very similar system as English where aspiration is actually more important, hence why wade-giles etc had everything spelt <ch> and <ch’> or <p> and <p’> rather than just <p> and <b> like pinyin) comes back and bites me in the arse whilst learning Korean. but LUCKILY for all parties concerned (me), I spent a summer teaching myself how to unaspirate my /ptk/ series for Hindi and distinguishing them by voice alone, which is not something natural to me as a native English speaker, so I am actually already fairly good at the aspirated/non aspirated distinction. I just need to actually remember to use it. learn languages it’ll be fun they said

- on a similar note. THE FAMOUS KOREAN GLOTTALISED STOPS!!!! guys come on!! the famous - ok maybe it’s just me / other linguists who know that one, but Korean basically has (and forgive me this is all remembered knowledge, I haven’t done any research myself since deciding to learn it) three series of stops. 1) unvoiced and unaspirated, 2) ‘tense’ or ‘fortis’ or ‘hard’ or ‘glottalised’ stops, which yeah as the name suggests nobody has any idea what to do with, they’re the subject of many many angry phoneticians’/phonologists’ drunk midnight duels, and 3) aspirated stops. the last are easy, we do them naturally in English all the time; the first are unideal but I should be ok bc of my time with the TERRIFYING MONSTROSITY that is the Hindi stop series; the second ones....well. well well well. the way the teacher did them in the lesson really was glottalised. (record scratch - quick phonetics lesson - we usually use something called the ‘pulmonic’ system i.e. the lungs to push air up through the voice box and create consonants, but you can also use the ingressive system i.e. breathing in [try it with [b] and [p]] and the epiglottal system which is where you use the glottis to create a little bubble of air way smaller than you’d get with the lungs and under way higher pressure, and when you release it it sounds very spitty and extra and cool. na’vi uses this.) glottalised X = epiglottal but either way it’s cool and I don’t know much about it so maybe expect some posts later? 

- I don’t think the guy released how hard I was quietly fangirling about a set of consonants 

- oh LOOK batchim they’re unreleased sometimes!! how exciting!! I love a good unreleased consonant. the pressure is killing me. and ANOTHER famous thing!!!!!!! all of the twenty gazillion consonants that all get pronounced as [t] in final position!!!!!!!! if you don’t know this one (very reasonable) this is exciting because it means that when combined with postpositions you get some really really interesting backformations - basically people know that something ends in a [t] but they don’t know whether that is an underlying [t] or [s] or what! and then sometimes a loanword that then ends in a [t] in English gets hyper corrected to an [s]. or....something. again, this is knowledge four years hence. anyway it’s very cool. 

- we really did just ‘learn hangul’ in one hour huh. wow. I mean my brain hurts and I need to consolidate but. what a change from chinese. 

- Korean appears to have preserved elements of Middle Chinese phonology / non-Mandarin dialects in its loanwords!!!! which I mean makes perfect sense. but there’s loads and loads of [m] going on where you’d expect *mumble mumble maybe w* and that’s more like Cantonese which obviously preserves different features and....yeah I feel like I’m standing on the edge of a cliff about to be thrown into a precipice but as the protagonist, it will only make me stronger

- already seeing lots of Chinese loanwords. that’s cool. that’s very cool. I can get behind that. shame about the tragic loss of the palatalised-retroflex distinction (q/j/x vs ch/zh/sh) but I guess some sacrifices had to be made

- korean. had tone???? and I THINK I read somewhere waaaaay back in first year of my degree that maybe there are dialects in which it is either being reintroduced (naturally, I hasten to add, because that makes it sound deliberate) or it hasn't fully left - YES I JUST CHECKED and the first thing that comes up is ‘tonogenesis in contemporary Seoul Korean’ BROOOOOOO do you understand why that is so exciting?? we essentially have 0 opportunities to study the process of tonogenesis in Real Life, and endless opportunities to see the loss of tone / the drastic consequences after it is lost, and that could potentially be vital in helping map and better understand the histories of languages in the sino-tibetan language family and others....

- next lesson! we are learning subject markers! and getting started! with verbs!!!!! you know I could literally die for verb final languages. I don’t know why. but I just think they are the sexiest thing on the planet

Conclusion: 

- Korean seems cool?

- bring it on.

#meichenxi manages #honestly I'm just thrilled to be learning a language that has a writing system that. I can write #(f in the chat) #and has DECLENSIONS #and INTERESTING PHONOLOGY #and the teacher seems really good he is a linguist too which is why I chose him #all of these facts are being recalled via a trembling rope of spider's silk from a fog-covered abyss #(i.e. first year of uni) #so please take what I'm saying with a pinch of salt. it is not researched. I am just excited. any corrections welcome but #this is Not meant to be an informative post #I am just brain dumping #MODERN TONOGENESIS THOUGH #linguistics #korean #langblr #studyblr #fuck

[jandhstudies]

Must-know words in Korean for grammar 

문법 ( Grammar )

주어 ( Subject )

목적어 ( Object )

동사 ( Verb )

명사 ( Noun )

형용사 (Adjective )

부사 ( Adverb )

자음 ( Consonant )

모음 ( Vowel )

구 ( Phrase )

어절 ( Clause ) 

조사 ( Postposition ) - Which does not exist in English but core in Korean 

#korean #korean language #korean grammar #korean learning #learning koean #korean language learning #language learning #korean vocabulary #korean words

[koyangideul]

언어학과 관련된 어휘 (1부) | Linguistics Vocabulary (Part 1)

언어 language

고립어 language isolate

어족 language family

모국어 mother tongue

제N언어 Nth language

발음 pronunciation

강세 stress

억양 intonation; accent

Korean syllable structure:

초성 initial consonant

중성 syllable nucleus; vowel

종성 final consonant

자음 consonant

자음군 consonant cluster

모음 vowel

언어학 linguistics

문장 sentence

문장순서 sentence order

음운론 phonology

음성학 phonetics

음소 phoneme

통사론/구문론 syntax

형태소 morpheme

의미론 semantics

황용론 pragmatics

주어 subject

(직접/간접) 목적어 (direct/indirect) object

동사 verb

전치사 preposition

조사 postpositional particle

#vocabulary #korean study #lol i pretty much only made this list because i'm a BIG linguistics nerd #linguistics #korean linguistics

[itslostfocus]

VOCAB - Learn Korean with BTS (방탄소년단): EP. 5 - 숫자: 1,2, 3

This lesson uses the sino-korean numbers and also mention dates, coincidentally I already covered those topics in here, so go check them out if you haven’t already! ^^

어휘

숫자: numbers

입(는) → 입다: to wear → 입더라고요: (he) wears

이렇게: abbreviated word for 이러하게, that is a conjugated of 이러하다 (like this)

쾌속하게 → 쾌속: high speed

배부르다: to be full (eating)

하니 → 하다: to do; to perform

뒷정리: cleanup

오두방정: frivolity

비어 → 비다: to be empty/vacant

날짜: number of days

설거지: washing dishes

이야기할 → 이야기하다: speak, say, tell → 이야기: conversation, story, talk

증가하였습니다 → 증가하다: to be increased/expande → 증가: growth, rise

당첨: prize winning

기간: period, term

이게 뭐람: misery me (way to say)

동안: while

놀리가 → 놀리다: make fun of; tease

때: time

나면 → 나다: grow, sprout

부터: used to indicate the start/beginning of something

가면: mask

안다면 → 알다: to know

이런거: like this; something like this

최고의: top; number one

놀다: to play; to have fun

순서: order, sequence

기대하셔도 → 기대하다: to expect/anticipate → 기대: expectation

편: direction, way, side; a bound noun used to indicate something/someone generally belongs to a certain group. Taehyung uses 편에서 to refer to an season of bon voyage.

처럼: postpositional particle used when shapes or levels are similar to each other or the same

것들만: people or things (not a literal meaning, it’s used while talking)

source: “Learn Korean with BTS”, Weverse - BigHit Entertainment

#korean #korean idiom #korean vocab #korean learning #korean language #korean grammar #korean verbs #kr #bts #bts jin #bts kim seokjin #bts seokjin #bts suga #bts min yoongi #bts yoongi #bts jhope #bts jung hoseok #bts hobi #bts rm #bts kim namjoon #bts namjoon #bts jimin #bts v #bts kim taehyung #bts taehyung #bts jungkook #bts jeon jeongguk

[snibnoom]

Conlang: Na’poshi

According to the Royal Library of Brenlin, Na’poshi is “the language of the gods.” It is the oldest known language in the world, and though it is now considered a dead-language, scholars often study it and debate its origins. To those who are religious, it is the language that was gifted to the first beings of the world. To those who see past religion, it is the language of a now-lost world-conquering civalization.

Na’poshi is a conlang I’ve just only started working on yesterday, but I love it already. I’ve had to learn a lot very fast, but it’s been a blast. I’d say it’s currently very much in the proto-stages, so I have a lot of work to put into it. But this is the state it’s in currently!

For the sounds in Na’poshi, I kept it very simple. There are only 13 consonant sounds, 3 main vowel sounds, and 6 diphthongs. There’s a bit of necessary romanization, of course.

I haven’t bothered trying to make a writing system yet, but I will once I get the language to a point where I’m happy with it.

Currently, Na’poshi is a head-final language. All the important bits come after the other stuff. The most notable of this is that the word order is SOV (subject-object-verb). In English, it’s SVO. If I’m not mistaken, Korean is also a head-final language.

Words in Na’poshi are constructed in a specific way, too. No syllable can have a coda (an ending consonant). Syllables can be V or CV (vowel only or consonant-vowel). Hawaiian also doesn’t allow codas in its syllables. Additionally, stress on Na’poshi words falls on the 3rd to last syllable, unless the 2nd syllable contains a diphthong.

In addition to the usual grammatical things we have in English (singular vs plural nouns; present, past, future tenses; and valency), I also included a dual marker and a habitual tense. The dual marker signals exactly two of a noun. This happens in Greek, as well as some other languages. The habitual tense shows that something happens regularly or is a known fact. Which leads us to the name of the language.

A few things before I get into writing words for the language. Words between [brackets] are how they’re spelled according to the IPA. A “.” within brackets marks the space between syllables. The words in “quotations” are the English meanings.

Nalu, [na.lu] - verb. “to live, to be alive” Po, [po] - verb. “to be”

Combining the two above, with the addition of a glottal stop* (ʔ) between, gives us the Na’poshi word for life: na’po - [naʔ.po].

Shi,  [ʃi] - verb. “to follow”, adpos. “before, in front of”

The Na’poshi verb shi, when attached to the end of another word, is interpreted as meaning “before.” Hence, Na’poshi literally means “life before.” Or, “before life.”

Numbers in Na’poshi follow a Korean pattern. There’s a separate word for 0-9 (oa, ai, ia, to, sa, oi, ti, sha, ka, ao) and another word for ten (hoa). Eleven is literally 10-1 (hoa’ai), twelve is 10-2 (hoa’ia), and so on. The word for twenty is literally 2-10 (ia’hoa), as is thirty 3-10 (to’hoa), and so on. The word for 100 is poa, and the hundreds following follow the same pattern: 200 is literally 2-100 (ia’poa), 300 is literally 3-100 (to’poa).

The person saw two animals. = Hapo iasona paikosio.

Hapo, [ha.po] - noun. “person”

Ia-, [ia] - number. “two”

Sona, [so.na] - noun. “animal”

Paiko, [pai.ko] - verb. “to see”

-sio, [sio] - postposition. modifies verb into past tense.

I see the rock before you. = Sho kushi kakia paiko.

Sho, [ʃo] - pronoun. “I/me”

Ku, [ku] - pronoun. “you”

-shi, [ʃi] - postposition. “before”

Kakia, [ka.kia] - noun. “rock”

Paiko, [pai.ko] - verb. “to see”

The animal will sit on a big rock. = Sona xo kakia tisoka.

Sona, [so.na] - noun. “animal”

Xo, [xo] - adjective. “big”

Kakia, [ka.kia] - noun. “rocky”

Tiso, [ti.so] - verb. “to sit”

-ka, [ka] - postposition. modifies verb into future tense.

*Glottal stops don’t really happen in normal English words. We do it when we say “uh-oh,” though! The little catch between “uh” and “oh” is a glottal stop.

#conlang #na'poshi #not kpop

[halleyj96]

Korean Dad Jokes

(God of dad jokes - Banana Jin)

I have an undying love for dad jokes and it actually inspired me to write this post. I wrote this once in Vietnamese on my Facebook page. You can find the post here.

(Not all examples mentioned in this post are dad jokes, some are just wordplays but I suppose they are almost the same thing so I threw them all the mix.)

Dad jokes and wordplays are creative ways of using languages. They are not used all the time but their entertaining effects are undeniable. In recent years, a lot of advertisements have either dad jokes or wordplays in them as the catchphrases cause they have higher possibility of leaving a deeper impression on users’ minds than normal catchphrases. These dad jokes or wordplays can be classified as ‘병맛’ (ridiculously stupid or meaningless yet pretty entertaining and funny contents) in Korea. And according to my team’s research on Korean media last year (I’m sorry I could not recall the exact figures cause I don’t keep the file in my laptop), Koreans love ‘병맛’ with a passion. So of course, things like dad jokes and wordplays are very much loved in this country, and I am glad they are.

(One in a million examples of “병맛”)

Let me give you some more dad joke/wordplay examples.

1. BTS’s BBQ Advertisement

- At 00:37 Jungkook said:

"와 달이 참 크다"

"Woah, the moon is really big".

- Pay attention to this part right here

"달이" (”달” is  ”moon” + “이” is postposition particle for subject)

Even though its romanized pronunciation of "달이" is /dal-i/  (/dal-ee/ if you are not sure how to read it) but because of the “연음법칙” linking rule in Korean pronunciation, it is pronounced as /da-ri/ (/dah-ree/ if you are not sure how to read it).

- At 00:47, the advertisement kinda closed with this comment:

"다리 진짜 크지!"

“The legs are really big!”

- Now the explanation:

"다리” means “leg”, any kind of leg.

"다리” is pronounced as /da-ri/, just like its romanized pronunciation. Which makes it sound the same as "달이".

- So they used the same pronunciation of "달이" (the moon) and "다리” (leg, in this case, chicken leg) to rationalize their using of the moon in the ad (obviously to create a more serene look to a rather... normal brand) and to create a more impressive closing ment.

2. Bausch Lomb Korea‘s contact lens advertisement

- At 00:23 Sohyun said:

"오늘 하루 내 눈을 닮은 너와 함께"

(Today + one day/whole day + my + eyes + like + with you + together)

- This sentence has two meaning depending on how you want to understand it:

1. Today with you, who have the same eyes like mine.

2. Today with you, who are just like my eyes.

- The first meaning can be seen through the using of Sohyun’s twin in the advertisement, showing someone who has the same pair of eyes like hers.

- The second meaning is to promote for the contact lens that Sohyun wears, something that is light, non-irritable and comfortable just like her eyes.

3. Jin’s dad jokes

(Yall bet I cannot leave this one out)

- At 1:1 Jin said:

"안녕하세요는 거품(bubble)이 껴 있는 것 같아요!"

“I think ‘Hello Counselor’ has some bubble in it!”

- At 1:22 he gave the answer to the dad joke:

"언벌리버블"

“It’s unbelievable” (straight up just “unbelievable” pronounced in a Korean accent).

- Explanation:

“버블” when pronounced sounds like “bubble” in English.

- At 1:40 Jin continued with his dad joke:

"오리들의 여왕이 일어서면?"

“What if the ducks’ queen stand up?”

- And at 1:49 one of the MCs actually got it right:

"선덕여왕"

“Queen Seondeok“

- Explanation

- 선 means “stood up” (used as adverb in sentence)

- 덕 is pronounced like “duck” in English

- 여왕 means “queen”

And that’s it for today’s lesson. I’ll be back with better content (if I don’t procrastinate again, of course) in the future so follow my blog lmao.

#korean #korean language #dad joke #langblr #studyblr #study #study language #bts #bangtan #jin #kim sohyun #advertisement #wordplay #learning korean #korea #korean culture #vocabulary #korean vocabulary #korean vocab

[dreamer-hangugeo]

행복이 가장 중요하다. 그 누구의 것도 아닌 내것인 행복 Happiness is the most important thing. 

The happiness that belongs to me, not to someone else. ✏️ 𝐕𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐲: 1. 행복: happiness 2. 가장: best 3. 중요하다: important 4. 누구: A pronoun used to indicate a person 5. 것: something, thing 6. 아니다: not ✏️ 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐫: 1. Possessive particle (의) = “‘s” or “of” in English 2. 2. Postposition -도 = "also," "too"

❤️  

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#Korean Quotes #korean language #korean phrases #learn korean #hangul #Motivational Quotes #한국어단어 #한국어 단어 #한국어 배우기 #한국어능력시험 #한국어배우기 #한국어 #한국어문법 #한국어 문법

[tlaquetzqui]

It’s too bad the only moraic language with a huge music industry, is Japanese. I’d like to see if other languages set up like that have as complex of lyrics as J-pop often does (e.g. “Ai to Makoto/Love and Authenticity”, by ALI Project, a love song that takes a number of its lyrics from 19th century nationalist slogans). My theory is lyrics are easier to write when your accent structure is explicitly based on, basically, beats.

(Okay yes there is K-pop, and it doesn’t seem to have as complex of lyrics, but Koreans usually think their language is set up like Chinese, syllables not morae—which can be seen in the structure of hangul. Think “describing the postpositions in Finnish and Hungarian as being a whole bunch of cases, because European linguistics was invented to study Semitic and Indo-European languages, and they both use prepositions”.)

Hmm. The Indic languages mostly have a prosody similar to Latin, which is only different from morae in a few ways, and have a big music industry. I wonder how complex their lyrics are?

#linguistics #international music

[jojal-jojalkorean]

Korean Grammar - Postposition Introduction(조사)

Hi. This is Admin Yu! The first grammar lesson of April is the overall introduction of postpositions(particles).

조사 Postposition / Particle

조사(postposition or particle) is a word that is attached to the back of another word to indicate the word’s grammatical role or to add special meaning. A postposition must be attached to a self-reliant word (usually substantive) to be used in a sentence. Because it comes at the back of another word, it’s called postposition. Particle is the alternative name for postposition in Korean. Postpositions can be divided into 격조사(position marking particle), 보조사(assistant postposition), 접속 조사(conjunction postposition) as used.

격조사 Position marking particle / Position marker

Postpositions that assign a word its grammatical role in a sentence are classified as 격조사(position marking particle or position marker). Through the position marking particle, a substantive or a phrase that acts like substantive can be used as 주어(subject), 목적어(object), 서술어(predicate) etc.

주격 조사 : subject marking particle, subject marker ex) 이/가 목적격 조사 : object marking particle, object marker ex) 을/를 보격 조사 : complement marking particle, complement marker ex) 이/가 서술격 조사 : predicate marking particle, predicate marker ex) 이다 관형격 조사 : adnominal marking particle, adnominal marker ex) 의 부사격 조사 : adverbial marking particle, adverbial marker ex) 로, 에게, 에서 호격 조사 : independent word marking particle, independent word marker ex) 아/야

Since a word’s grammatical role can be assigned by the postposition, words can be ordered rather freely in a sentence. Position marking particle can sometimes be omitted.

내가 너를 좋아해. = 너를 내가 좋아해. = 내가 너 좋아해. = I like you.

보조사 Assistant postposition(particle)

Postpositions that add special meanings but don’t assign grammatical roles are classified as 보조사(assistant postposition). These postpositions are often attached to substantives or adverbs.

ex) 은/는, 도, 만, 조차, 마저

나도 너를 좋아해. = I like you too.

접속 조사 Conjunction postposition(particle)

Postpositions that connect two or more words or phrases equally are called 접속 조사(conjunction postposition). Most of them can be translated to “and” or “or”.

ex) 과/와, (이)나, (이)랑, 하고

***

Our grammar lessons of April will be on the Korean postpositions. Postpositions can be a tough concept to understand for those whose first language doesn’t have the postposition system. Understanding the difficulty of the concept, we will be explaining Korean postpositions in full details for April. And our ask box is always open so feel free to ask us any questions!

- Written and edited by Admin Yu

#korean #korea #langblr #studyblr #korean langblr #korean studyblr #language #learn korean #study korean #korean language #postposition #korean postposition #grammar #korean grammar #한국어 #한국 #한국어 공부 #조사 #한국어 배우기 #Admin Yu

[crplpunkklavier]

tyrannicallady replied to your post: In American English we pronounce lasagna sort of...

Wow that’s so interesting! English is such a mess XD I’m super impressed that you were able to learn it just by reading and writing!! Your writing is amazing~~~ :)

ah thank you, oh man. to be fair of course i had it in school like everyone else, i just did a lot of reading in my own time, i don’t think i would have gotten this fluent otherwise

U RIGHT THOUGH english pronounciation is the biggest mess i’ve ever seen lmao but then again i’m pretty sure every language has its messy parts :’)

#tyrannicallady #replies #like french verbs or korean postpositions #idk where exactly german gets messy but im sure theres enough #starting by how we give inanimate objects a gender

[gongbu4life]

악돌’s First Steps to Serious Korean Part 1 (2/4)

Part 1 (1/4) Introduction is here: [LINK]  Read the full lesson here on my Wordpress site: [LINK]

-

(1) Word Order

Basic Korean sentences stick to this order: SUBJECT (S) OBJECT (O) VERB (V). This is different from English, where basic sentences are in this order: SUBJECT (S) VERB (V) OBJECT (O).

English: Akdol likes an apple. Korean: Akdol an apple likes.

This is common knowledge in the beginning stages of learning Korean. I’m including this here so that we’re on the same page.  However, there’s a bit more to this sentence structure, as we will find out… But this is good background information.  

(2) Particles, aka Postpositions (조사)

We have three particles to look over today:

이/가 – subject particle (사랑이, 사과가) 은/는 – topic particle (사랑은, 사과는) 을/를 – object particle (사랑을, 사과를)

Korean uses particles, short suffixes, to mark different units of the sentence. The English language does not use particles. You can easily find an exhaustive list of particles in the Korean language, but we will only work with those three today.

Why are we learning this? Koreans drop particles all the time. And so do many beginner’s learning materials! But I think that’s even more reason to learn these particles… Koreans know which particles they drop. You don’t. These pesky little suffixes are not part of the English language, and it is normal to find them difficult. However, particles are fundamental to understanding Korean grammar and learning them early on will set you up for success in the future.

Why are there two of each? As you already know, some syllable blocks in Korean have final consonants, while some don’t. For the subject particle, 이/가, 이 is used for words with final consonants, like 사랑 (love). 가 is used for words without final consonants, like 사과 (apple). This is further demonstrated for the other two particles in the examples above.

We will learn more about these in the next few sections.

(3) Subject (주어) + Subject Particle (주격조사 “이/가”) + Topic Particle (보조사 “은/는”)

저는 사과가 좋아요. 저는 사과를 좋아해요.

** While we’re on this subject (ha!)… In Korean, plurality is not marked unless it is important. These two sentences only have 사과, which seems to be a singular noun, but it means ‘apples (in general).’ To learn more about Korean plurality, see: [Nojeok Hill (explanation in English)] [UBC.ca]

Both sentences above start with the same word, 저. 저 means “I,” and it is in a formality level where you are showing respect. (나 is the informal counterpart to 저; 나 also means “I” but it is a casual way of expressing “I.” Read more here [funkorean4u] )

Then what is 는? It is a topic particle. What is 가 on 사과? It is a subject particle. Wait, 악돌 선생님, this is confusing to my English sensibilities – and rightfully so!

The short answer is, 이/가, the subject particle, will always mark the subject. In addition, in the absence of a subject particle, 은/는, the topic particle, may mark a subject, like in the second sentence 저는 사과를 좋아해요 ( ‘I apple like’ ).

When there are both a topic particle and subject particle in a sentence, the subject particle marks the subject, and the topic particle marks the ‘topic’ of the sentence. 저는 in the first sentence can be, ‘As for 저 (I), …," and not be the 'subject' of the sentence. 저는 here does not act out the verb.

Learning when to use the subject particle and the topic particle is difficult at first. This skill is something you’ll work on throughout your Korean career. These particles, again, are a function absent in the English language, so it is absolutely normal to have trouble learning this overnight.

Here are a couple of videos explaining the differences between the topic particle and subject particle. [MotivateKorean] [TTMIK] [Go!Billy]

I suggest that you take the advice of MotivateKorean here: When you are talking about yourself, just stick to 저는. We are doing that in this lesson. 

-

In the next segment, we’re going to look at my favorite part: “VERBS!” Please send me ANY feedback or questions regarding this series. Is this helpful? What would you like to see more of? 

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Part 1 (1/4) Introduction is here: [LINK] Read the full lesson here on my Wordpress site: [LINK] 

- edit: made minor changes, like changing “I eat apples” to “I like apples” to match the lesson. 

#korean grammar #korean lesson #grammar #korean language #악돌's first steps