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languagebraindump · 2 years
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Particles が & は- a different perspective
Disclaimer*
I’m learning Japanese. Don’t take this as the ultimate guide to the Japanese particles!
I already made a post about these particles (here and here) long time ago, but it was at the begining of my journey with Japanese and I’m not sure if I knew what I was doing back then (it’s not like I know now tho lol)
Feel free to correct me!
Combination #1 (more to come!)
[known information]  は  [unknown  information]
To determine whether something is known or unknown, you need to closely analyze the context. Japanese is a highly contextual language and I often catch myself analyzing something without considering the context first. I hope that grammar rules will somehow explain everything to me. Analyzing the context also helps with reading comprehension. The use of a certain particle very often hinges on what was said before or is just known or unknown information by the character or you or your listener.
私はポーランド人です.
私は – known information
ポーランド人 – unknown information
Context:
I’m standing in front of you and I’m introducing myself. 私は is considered as known information because you can see me. You know exactly who is speaking. However, you know nothing about me. I’m giving the unknown information – ポーランド人です。
あなたは誰ですか?
Context:
You’re standing in front of me, so you’re known information to me. There is something about you that I don’t know, though. You’re providing me with the unknown information.
このアニメはどう?
Context:
We both watched the same anime. We both know what anime we’re referring to. But I don’t know what you think about it. You’re supplying me with the missing bit of information.
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Examples from Jujutsu Kaisen manga 
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Context:
Yuuji and Megumi just arrived in front of the school. Yuuji can feel the pressure given off by the curse. It’s known information to both the reader and Yuuji. We can see the dark shadows around the school. “(Damn) … the pressure…” So, I truly believe that in this case は matches the use of English definite article ‘the’ which is also used when both you and the reader / your listener know (see, hear, etc.) the noun in question.
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Context:
Yuuji is asking about Megumi’s divine dogs.
因みにあっちで呪いパクパク食ってんのは?
They both can see the divine dogs,  so it’s known information to both.  Megumi is supplying Yuuji with the unknown information (they are my shikigami)
呪いってのは 
Speaking of… the thing that we both know now. The rest of the sentence is the unknown information – it’s not common to see the curses.
The third は also shows us known and unknown information.
死に際とかこういう特殊な場では別だがな
Except on deathbeds and special occasions like this.
Both of them (including us) know what a ‘deathbed’ means and the current situation is. Megumi gives us the missing information. (However, in this case we could also apply the contrastive rule of は which always hinges on the context. Contrastive は always introduces some implicit or it could be even explicit information – you normally don’t see curses HOWEVER [contrast] when you’re about to die, it’s a different case).
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sofiaflorina2021 · 23 days
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Japan to Revise Official Romanization Rules for First Time in 70 Years
Hepburn romanization is the most widely used Japanese language romanization system but it is not standard in Japan itself. The Japanese government usually uses the Kunrei-shiki romanization, which is the standard since 1954.
Both are used simultaneously in Japan and this is sometimes quite confusing, especially when teaching children. Schools use the Kunrei-shiki style but in society Hepburn style is the most common. Geographic names and places are rendered with Hepburn style, and also, passports. Both have advantages and disadvantages.
Later I will explain the differences between these two along with other romanization systems for Japanese. But the most important thing is that Hepburn style followed the English pronunciation, not like Kunrei-shiki style.
In my opinion, making Hepburn romanization style as the standard doesn't really have an effect on Japanese language in general, it would only have an effect on Japanese society. Outside Japan itself, Hepburn style is the most widely used.
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takeshitakyuuto · 9 months
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The internet has its downsides but wow we live in a world of information and do you know how wonderful that is for language learning? I have access to innumerable shows, subtitles, books, comics, songs from different languages. I found a site that teaches Chinese to children. I’m reading a manga series that’s out of print. No matter how hard you try, no matter how well written a book is, you just can’t learn a different language from text alone. Life is beautiful
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ligayangdala · 2 years
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THE LAST ASK U ANSWERED WAS FROM ME... and yes idk kung akin lang but habit ko na ang i-search yung blog niyo every hour tapos kahit "li" palang natatatype ko lumalabas na blog niyo kaya kinabahan ako kanina nung di kayo nalabas. ssend ko sana pic kaso naka-off pala dms niyo sa twt >< -🏁
last ask
huhu unfortunately, sb nga kami 😭 sabi sa ibang posts and advice na nakita namin usually hours lang bago maaksyunan ni tum/blr pero meron rin 'yung iba 2-11 days tapos 'yung iba one month 😭 jusko, kinakabahan ako HDBXXGGV we're currently making a backup in case hindi na talaga kami bigyan ng another chance huehue
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withmyweirdluck · 1 year
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French lang blrs suck elephant ass. Grow up, Cheryl. Get new material.
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Genuine question for native English speakers (or anybody who knows the answer):
Why do you say "I am gay/bisexual/pansexual/straight/etc" and if you are a lesbian you say "I am a lesbian"? Why do you have to put that "a"? Is there an historical reason? Is it considered offensive referring to someone as "a lesbian" instead of "a gay person"? I mean, gay, pansexual, straight, etc are all adjectives, but lesbian is a noun. Why? To my non native ears that "a" before "lesbian" sounds rude and quiet offensive. I was wondering if some native English speakers feel the same.
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よう vs そう and related structures (ようになる  & よう (for aims) &   ために vsように)
俺と君とでは物ごとの価値基準が違うようだ
Rengoku to Akaza in the movie Mugen Train.
It seems you and I have different standards of what things are worth. (I’m not sure if there’s an official translation yet. I suck at translation, sorry!)
価値基準  かちきじゅん  standard of value
物事  ものごと  things; everything
ようだ = it seems & it looks like.
Such short structures, but they really can get on your nerves. This morning someone asked me: “What do Japanese people do for living in Poland?” And I wanted to say: “Well, it seems most of them work as teachers.” I got a bit confused. Which one should I use?  ようです or  そうです?
Both can be translated to “it seems” after all. I already talked about よう&そう. Let’s compare them now. The truth is, just like English “looks like” and “seems,” ようです and  そうです can be used interchangeably with little change in meaning. Long story short,
よう is used when we talk about observable conditions (when you’re pretty sure that your guess is true. You have lots of evidence for that).
そうwhen we talk about perceived conditions. (an educated guess, you don’t really have much evidence for what you’re saying or you can’t really see whether you’re right or not).
Rengoku is pretty sure that his standards differ from Akaza’s. Like, come on, Akaza is a demon who eats people and fight them for fun, and Rengoku kills demons and helps people. Besides, the way Akaza acts and talks are observable conditions. The evidence is strong in this case. Also, before Rengoku said the sentence, Akaza said: “Weak people make me sick” (strong evidence that their values differ). そう would suggest that Rengoku knows nothing/little about Akaza.  
In this example: 
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あまり計画通りに事が運んでいないようだな
It looks like things aren’t going quite according to plan.
We said that:
Madara sees the Shinobi Alliance, so it is an observable condition, hence looks like/ようだ. (I think in English “seems” would be ok too though). In this case, Madara sees something, but also knows that if all the shinobi gathered to fight, other parts of his plan aren’t going well either. So, he can’t see other “failures,” but everything screams: “Obito kinda failed!!!!”
Strong and observable condition.
計画通り  けいかくどおり in accordance with plans; just as planned​
運ぶ はこぶ to go (well, etc.); to proceed; to progress​
あまり + negative verb = not much; not everything; here: “aren’t … quite”
In this example though,
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Jiraya vs three paths of pain. He was quite surprised to see three rinnegan users.
何か… ネタがありそうですのぉ。
ネタ a trick
I think the official translation was:
“It must be a trick or something” [Three people having rinnegan was a trick]
(Lit. It seems it’s his trick)
Pre-masu + そう = either “it seems” or “it’s going to.” The context is very obvious here; Jiraya is making an educated guess.
Jiraya didn’t have much evidence. He knew nothing about his situation and rinnegan. It was pure guessing.
Let’s go back to my answer.
“Well, it seems most of them work as teachers.”
I could say:
ポーランドでは日本人が教師として働いているようです– I have evidence supporting my statement; strong evidence; visible evidence; I live in Poland so I know things, right? (Yes, that was my answer)
ポーランドでは日本人が教師として働いていそうです– I’ve never been interested in the topic; I’m just guessing; maybe I have heard some rumors but it was long time ago; I don’t live in Poland and I can’t be sure; etc.
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More examples from Sunday’s 進撃の巨人 episode (9). I want Sasha back, right now! T.T
~そう
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いや 役に立ちそうなものは 何も
Armin to Eren when Eren asked if Armin saw anything in Berthold’s memories.
役に立つ やくにたつ to be helpful; to be useful
役に立ちそうなもの  =  pre-masu + そう+ な + noun
Armin couldn’t be really sure if Berthold’s memories were useful or not. At the moment of speaking they knew nothing about what was to come. Also, it wasn’t an observable condition. It’s not like Armin was having Berthold’s memories in front of him and was pointing to each “useful, shit, useful, shit…”
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誰よりもうまそうに食べてくれました
Nicolo to Sasha’s parents.
誰よりもmore than anyone else; more than anyone
うまそうに食べて =  i-adj + そう+ に + verb
We can’t use ように here because Niccolo is not judging from present evidence. He can’t see Sasha right now or hear her say: “You’re a genius Nicolo-san!”
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立体機動でたくさん遊べそうだしな
Zeke to Levi when Levi took him to Zeke’s “hotel”
立体機動 3d maneuver gear
Again, no present evidence for that. Zeke can’t see the “devils” using their 3d maneuver gear at the moment of speaking. Besides how could he know if the forest was a good place to use it? He has never seen them use it in the forest.
~よう
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マーレ軍に潜入する諜報員のようなものなのかな
Hanji to Yelena
軍 ぐん army
潜入 せんにゅうinfiltration; sneaking in; going undercover​ [suru verb]
諜報員  ちょうほういん intelligence operative; spy​
もの  person
ものなのかな = noun + な + のかな = I wonder if… (more here)
Hanji is expressing similarity in this case. She’s comparing Yelena and Onyankopon to spies. (No guessing)
Lit. If you guys (もの) are like (のような) spies (諜報員)… (Remember, we start translating from what is after よう)
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諜報などと呼べるような代物ではありません
Yelena to Hanji
代物  しろもの  fine thing; fellow; affair; stuff​; article; goods; product​ (the translation is perfect “or anything of that sort”)
呼ぶ よぶ  to call; to name; to brand [here in its “can” form]
など makes the noun a bit vague [spies or things like that]
Lit. We are not (ではありません) people (代物) who can be named/called (と呼べる) as (ような) spies (諜報) or anything of that sort (など)
諜報などと呼べるような is a relative clause hence “who” in the translation.
Yelena, just like Hanji, is comparing themselves to spies. She’s not making any guesses.
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娘が世話になったようやね 
Sasha’s parents to Connie, Mikasa, Jean & Nicolo
世話になる おせわになる to receive favor; to be much obliged to someone; to be indebted
娘 むすめ daughter
In this case, よう actually express an observable condition. Sasha’s family heard the conversation between Connie and the rest. Also, the translator tried to match Sasha’s father’s simple language. Good job.
Bonus 1
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 すごく早く進むようになってさ
building it’s been qucik (building the port)
~ようになる 
It means that a change has happened. For example, from building the port SLOWLY to building it QUICKLY. The state has changed. If you couldn’t read kanji in the past, but now you can, you could use this phrase to indicate that a change in your abilitites has happened.
漢字を読むようになった
大きくなったら分かるようになるよ。
When you get older you’ll be able to understand.
Now I don’t understand, but the state will change when I’m older.
The phrase is often translated to more or less to “Now (indicating that in the past I couldn’t) I can do something” or “In the future (because now I can’t) you’ll be able to do something.”
 BONUS 2
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時間を稼ぐためには手出しできねえようにしてやるんだ
手出し(が)でき(ねえ) [idiom] having one’s hands tied, however, 手出し [suru verb] means to interfere; meddle, so we can read this lit. as “unable to interfere”
してやる is a casual way of saying  “do something for somebody.”(てあげる).
But there’s another meaning “to deceive someone” or “to outwit” someone.
「(A desired state/result) + ように + do A」 means “Do A so that (a desired state/result) occurs.”
Desired stated - 手出しできねえ – they don’t interfere (the people of Marley)
Do A - してやるんだ – that’s what they will do; they will outwit them. I’m pretty sure that’s what Eren is really saying. When you think about it, “to keep someone at bay” means “to prevent them from reaching, attacking, or affecting you.” Whether through tricking or asking, it doesn’t matter. The translation is really good. Translating Eren’s words 1:1 would get us a wordy phrase and we need to remember about subtitling rules.
ために vs ように
ために is used for situations where the speaker/actor has control, or ability to make something happen ("in order to"). ように is used when you cannot control the situation ("so that").
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mypheralside · 5 years
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Chinese and Japanese study while I am mostly away with no Internet, I'm catching up on my study notes as I fell a little behind.
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literaturha · 5 years
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Myrna Báez, Spectators
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from Basic Persian A Grammar and Workbook by Saeed Yousef and Hayedeh Torabi
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yachihitokablr · 7 years
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French Preposition
Depuis
Def. indicates the duration of an action of an action/situation
Ex. “Je suis ici depuis 2001″ “Elle était prête depuis trois  heures quand je suis allée la chercher
Pendant
Def. indicates the duration of an action/situation
Ex. “Je suis restée en Angleterre pendant cinq jours” “Je fais du cours tous le matins pendant trente minutes”
Pour
Def. is used to project how long a specific action/situation will last in the future
Ex. “Je reste en Angleterre pour cinq jours”
Dans
Def. indicates the start of a specific action/situation which will tale place in the future
Ex. “Je vais en Angleterre dans cinq jours”
En
Def. indicates the amount of time it takes to complete an action
Ex. “Je fais mes devoirs en une heure”
Il y a
Def. an idiomatic expression meaning ago
Ex. “Je suis venue en France il y a cinq ans”
à
Def. used to express the time an event occurs
Ex. ��J’ai rendez-vous à dixh”
ça fait
Def. indicates i’ve been
Ex. “ça fait cinq ans que je suis en France.”
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movsuni · 7 years
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trying this again
hey guys im Mo! I’ll be trying this again, gonna try and hold myself accountable and use this blog finally as a way to track my language process.
bear with me as i get my blog up and running, looking all cute, adding my posts to tags, etc.  
if anyone is a native speaker/learning portuguese, asl, korean pls feel free to message me! I’d love to have some language partners to practice w!
any ling majors as well, pls like or reblog so i can check out your acc as well !!
thank u!! look forward to talking w you all!
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acourtofhearts · 3 years
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༄ Stardust, Lang Leav ˚✧₊⁎
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polylingualpassion · 5 years
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Expanding your ABC’s for Global Literacy
Expanding your ABC’s for Global Literacy
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The latin alphabet is by far the most pervasive writing system currently in use on the planet, spanning more than 130 major languages. Nearly everyone one has encountered, used, or at least heard of it. From this vantage point, the closest branching points and most obvious relatives are the Greek and Russian alphabets. There is significant overlap in terms of shared letters. All three alphabets…
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potorisha · 6 years
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BASICS
So tagalog is pretty much like “a - e - i - o - u” in a lot of pronounciations.
There are some instances where you press on a consonant when pronounciating.
No need to prolong vowels unless needed :)
When spelling, there is no “c”
Alphabet is no different from english
—————
So, i guess first word of the day !
“Kamusta ikaw ?” - (KA - MOO - STA I - COW) - How are you ?
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