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flocculantchemicals · 8 months

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The Chemistry Behind Clean Water: How Flocculant Chemicals Make a Difference

Introduction

Pure water stands as an irreplaceable treasure, upholding existence throughout the expanse of our planet. The presence of secure and uncontaminated water stands as a foundational requirement for human continuation, a significance that cannot be exaggerated. Yet, the assurance of consuming water devoid of impurities demands an intricate fusion of scientific fundamentals, engineering methods, and inventive advancements. At the core of this pursuit resides the captivating realm of chemistry, where the significance of flocculant chemicals becomes paramount. These chemicals assume a pivotal role in metamorphosing muddled, tainted water into a lucid, revitalizing potion.

Importance of Clean Water

Clean water transcends luxury; it's a fundamental entitlement of every human being. The availability of unpolluted and secure drinking water stands as a cornerstone for preserving well-being and averting waterborne ailments. Water tainted with impurities can pave the way for an array of health complications, spanning from gastrointestinal disturbances to grave infections. Thus, the urgency for efficient techniques of water treatment remains of the utmost importance.

Role of Chemistry in Water Treatment

The quest for clean water is where chemistry truly shines. Chemistry provides us with the tools to understand the properties of water, the nature of contaminants, and the mechanisms through which they can be removed. The application of chemical principles in water treatment has revolutionized the way we purify water on a large scale.

Overview of the Flocculation Process

At the heart of water treatment lies the process of flocculation, a phenomenon driven by the interaction between flocculant chemicals and suspended particles in water. Flocculation involves the aggregation of these particles into larger clusters called flocs, which can then be easily separated from the water. This process not only removes visible impurities but also eliminates microscopic contaminants, ensuring the water is safe for consumption.

What are Flocculant Chemicals?

Flocculant chemicals, often referred to simply as flocculants, are substances that facilitate the aggregation of suspended particles in water. They are like molecular maestros orchestrating a complex dance of particles, turning chaos into order. Flocculants play a critical role in water treatment by aiding in the removal of contaminants and turbidity.

Definition and Purpose

Flocculants are polymers with a high molecular weight that possess an affinity for both water and the particles present in them. When added to water, these chemicals interact with suspended particles, causing them to clump together and form flocs. These flocs are heavier and settle down, making it easier to separate them from the clear water.

The Science of Flocculation

Flocculation may sound like a complex scientific process, but at its core, it's all about creating order out of chaos. Imagine a crowded dance floor where individuals are moving chaotically. Now, imagine a skilled dance instructor stepping in and guiding dancers to form couples and groups. Flocculation does something similar to particles in water.

Dispersion and Aggregation

When flocculant chemicals are introduced into water, they disperse evenly due to their affinity for both water and particles. As these molecules spread, they come into contact with suspended particles. This contact leads to the aggregation of particles, much like dancers forming pairs on the dance floor. Particles that were once scattered now begin to clump together.

Bridging and Enmeshment

Here's where the chemistry gets interesting. Organic flocculants act as matchmakers, creating bridges between particles. Think of it as dancers holding hands to form a chain or circle. This bridging creates a loose network of particles, and smaller particles get trapped within this network. It's like dancers in a circle holding hands, preventing anyone from escaping the dance.

Formation of Flocs

As the bridges between particles strengthen and more particles join the network, larger flocs begin to take shape. These flocs are like well-coordinated dance groups, moving together as a unit. Due to their increased size and weight, flocs start to settle down under the influence of gravity. Eventually, they become heavy enough to separate from the clear water, leaving behind a purified liquid.

Application of Flocculants in Water Treatment

Flocculants have found their way into various sectors, contributing significantly to water treatment and purification. Let's dive into some of the key areas where flocculants play a vital role:

Municipal Water Treatment

In the realm of municipal water treatment, flocculants are essential for transforming raw water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs into potable water. As water sources contain a mix of suspended particles, bacteria, and organic matter, flocculants aid in removing these impurities, ensuring the water meets safety standards.

Industrial Water Treatment

Industries rely on vast amounts of water for various processes. However, the water used in industrial operations often contains contaminants that can impact both product quality and equipment efficiency. Flocculants help industries treat and recycle water, reducing the environmental impact and ensuring smooth operations.

Mining Industry

Mining operations generate significant amounts of wastewater, which can be laden with minerals, sediments, and other pollutants. Flocculants are used to clarify and dewater the wastewater, allowing for safe disposal or reuse. This not only minimizes the environmental impact but also helps recover valuable resources.

Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater treatment plants handle domestic and industrial sewage, aiming to remove pollutants before releasing the treated water back into the environment. Flocculants assist in the sedimentation and filtration processes, aiding in the removal of solids and contaminants from wastewater.

Factors Influencing Flocculation

Certainly, let's delve into the various factors that influence the effectiveness of the flocculation process:

pH Levels

pH plays a crucial role in flocculation. The optimal pH range varies depending on the type of flocculant used. Deviations from this range can lead to reduced flocculation efficiency, affecting the quality of the treated water.

Temperature

Temperature affects the kinetics of flocculation. Higher temperatures can accelerate the process, leading to faster floc formation. However, extreme temperatures can also impact the stability of flocs, potentially affecting the overall treatment process.

Mixing Intensity

The energy applied during mixing affects the collision and adhesion of particles. Proper mixing ensures uniform dispersion of flocculants and enhances the chances of effective particle aggregation.

Particle Size

The size of suspended particles plays a role in flocculation. Smaller particles have a higher surface area, making them more challenging to aggregate. Therefore, the choice of flocculant and process parameters should consider the particle size distribution.

Advancements in Flocculant Technology

As technology advances, so does the field of flocculation. Innovations continue to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of water treatment processes:

Nanotechnology and Flocculation

Nanotechnology has paved the way for the development of nanomaterial-based flocculants. These tiny particles offer high surface area and unique properties, improving flocculation efficiency and reducing the required dosage of chemicals.

Eco-friendly Flocculants

The environmental impact of traditional flocculants has led to the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives. Biopolymers and natural materials are being studied for their flocculation potential, minimizing the ecological footprint of water treatment.

Automation and Precision

Automation and digital technologies are transforming water treatment plants. Advanced sensors and algorithms monitor flocculation processes in real-time, adjusting parameters for optimal performance. This level of precision ensures consistent water quality and reduces operational costs.

Environmental and Health Considerations

While flocculants contribute to cleaner water, their use raises important environmental and health considerations:

Disposal of Flocculated Particles

Once the flocs are separated from the water, they need to be properly disposed of or treated. The disposal method can impact soil and water quality, necessitating careful handling and management.

Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems

The release of treated water back into aquatic ecosystems can have unintended consequences. Flocs that make their way into natural water bodies can affect sedimentation patterns, potentially disrupting aquatic life and habitats.

Human Health Concerns

The presence of residual flocculant chemicals in treated water raises questions about their potential impact on human health. Research is ongoing to ensure that the benefits of water treatment outweigh any potential risks.

Conclusion The chemistry behind clean water is a captivating tale of science working hand in hand with nature to ensure our most precious resource remains pure and safe for consumption. Flocculant chemicals, those unassuming molecular magicians, play a central role in this endeavor. By harnessing their unique properties, we can witness the transformation of cloudy, contaminated water into a crystal-clear liquid fit for quenching our thirst and sustaining life.

The dance of particles, the orchestration of forces, and the delicate balance between science and engineering create a symphony of purification. From municipal water treatment plants to industrial processes and wastewater management, flocculants shine as the unsung heroes of the clean water revolution. Their ability to aggregate particles and form flocs may seem simple, but the intricacies of this process demonstrate the wonders of chemistry at play.

#flocculant #flocculant chemicals #mining chemicals #flocculant chemical suppliers #mining chemical suppliers #flocculant chemicals manufacturing #chemical manufacturing industries #chemical manufacturing #specialty chemicals #flocculation #nonionic flocculant

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e2nvaxyt55z · 1 year

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snowivivienne · 8 months

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How To Read Hair Care Ingredients

I have made a whole thread with all things you would need to know, if you want anymore information or have questions please dm me / comment / send an ask, hope you all enjoy ! ˚୨୧⋆｡˚ ⋆

Shampoo Formulation Breakdown

Water

Primary Surfactant

- For cleaning and foaming

Secondary Surfactants

- For foam and/or viscosity enhancement

Foam Builders

- adds more lather

Conditioning Agents / Antistatio Detanglers

- Add shine, gloss & emollience

Chelating Agents

- Grab hold of iron, calcium or magnesium ions that are found in hard water

Solvents

- To clarify the product or to lower the cloud point

Opacifiers / Pearling Agents

- Cover up cloudiness or unattractive colors & add sheen

Viscosity Builders / Stabilizers / Thickeners

- Enhance the physical properties and stability

Buffering Agents

- To help balance PH level

Preservatives

- Keeps the shampoo from becoming rancid

Fragrances

- adds a pleasant scent

Surfactants

Here is a breakdown of what category some of the most common ingredients fall into.

Anionic Surfactants

(Primary Surfactants, Deep cleansing)

• Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

• Sodium Laureth Sulfate

• Sodium C14-16 Olefin Sulfonate

• Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate

• Ammonium Laureth Sulfate

• TEA-Lauryl Sulfate

• TEA-Laureth Sulfate

• Sodium Lauroy| Sarcosinate

• Disodium Laureth

Sulfosuccinate

• Sodium Lauryl Sulfoacetate

• Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate

• Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate

• Sodium Lauroy| Methyl |sethionate

Note : Can be stripping, but if the formula has conditioning ingredients it is offset. Cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfaces help with said offset.

Cationic Surfactants

( Secondary, Conditioning, Poor Cleansing)

• Behentrimonium Chioride

• Cetrimonium Chioride

• Stearalkonium Chloride

• Behentrimonium

Methosulfate

• Cetrimonium Bromide

. Benzalkonium Chloride

. Stearalkonium Chioride

• Dialkyl Ammonium Chioride

• Monoalkyl Ammonium

chloride

• Stearamidopropyl

Dimethylamine

Note : Good for damaged hair

Nonionic Surfactants

(Secondary, Conditioning, Poor Cleansing)

• Decyl Glucoside

• Lauryl Glucoside

• Coco Glucoside

• Cocamide DEA

• Cocamide MEA

• Polvsorbate 20

• Polysorbate 60

• Lauryl Polyglucose

Amphoteric Surfactants

(Secondary, Conditioning, Poor Cleansing)

• Coco Betaine

• Cocamidopropyl Betaine

• Cocoalkyl Betaine

• Cocoalkyl

• Amidopropyl

• Betaine

Foam Builders

(Builds Lather)

• Secondary Surfactants

• Cocamide DEA

• Lauramide DEA

Antistatic Detanglers

(Usually low concentrations of cationic surfactants)

• Behentrimonium Chloride

• Cetrimonium Chloride

• Stearalkonium Chloride

• Behentrimonium Methosulfate

• Cetrimonium Bromide

• Benzalkonium Chloride

• Stearalkonium Chloride

• Dialkyl Ammonium Chloride

• Monoalkyl Ammonium Chloride

• Stearamidopropyl

• Dimethylamine

Silicones

• Dimethicone

• Amodimethicone

• Cyclomethicone

• Cyclopentasiloxane

• PEG-12 Dimethicone

Fatty Alcohols

• Cette Alchol

• Stearyl Alcohol

• Glycol Distearate

Note: These are not drying, but conditioning

Oils + Butters

• coconut oil

• shea butter

• etc.

Chelating Agents

• Disodium EDTA

• Tetrasodium EDTA

• Sodium Citrate

• Sodium Phytate

• Sodium Gluconate

• Caprylhydroxamic Acid

• TrisodiumPhosphate

• Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate

Solvents

• Isoproyl Alcohol (Drying, but will not dry your hair out - safe to use)

• Benzyl Alcohol

• Propylene Glycol

• Butylene Glycol

• Glycol

Opacifiers / Pearling Agents

• Glycol Distearate

• Glycol Stearate

Viscosity Builders /Stabilizers / Thickeners

• Sodium Chloride

• Ammonium Chloride

• Acrylates Copolymer

• Glycol Distearate

• PEG-150 Distearate

• Magnesium Chloride

• Hydroxyethyl Cellulose

• Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose

• Carbomer

• Acacia

• Carrageenan

• Guars

• Xanthan

• Silicates

Buffering Agents

• Citric Acid (Helps damaged hair - if higher on ingredient list)

• Sodium Hydroxide

• Sodium Citrate

Preservatives

• Parabens

• Chlorphenesin

• Potassium Sorbate

• Sodium Benzoate

• Benzoic Acid

• Sorbic Acid

• Dehydroacetic Acid

• Phenoxyethanol

• Methylisothiazolinone

• Methylchioroisothiazolinone

Fragrances

• Fragrance / Parfum

• Limonene

• Linglool

• Citronellol

• Lavender Extract

• Citrus Limon Extract

Coloring

• Ci 14700 (Red 4)

• C1 19140 (Yellow 5)

• Ci 61570 (Green 5)

• C1 15510 (Orange 4)

Simplified Summary :

When it comes to haircare, it truly does depend on each persons hair, no product is one fits all. If you like a product, and your scalp feels clean while your ends feel moisturized, continue use.

Healthy hair habits take priority over products. Keeping your scalp clean is number one, to do so depends on how often you wash. There is no right amount, it is okay to wash daily or weekly. If washing daily, use a shampoo that is lower in surfactants, aim for ones that say “okay for daily use”. If washing once a week, or twice, use one with higher surfactants (clarifying shampoo). If at any point your hair feels as if there is product buildup or the scalp is itchy use clarifying shampoo. number two is to condition frequently, you can condition before or after shampooing. It is helpful to pre-oil your hair 30 minutes prior to showering with coconut oil, coconut oil is the only oil proven to effectively enter the hair cuticle and can help protect against water damage. if you are going days without shampooing, spraying it with conditioning spray or oil on the shafts only is helpful. number three is small habits, dry your hair with a microfiber towel. keep shampoo only on the scalp and conditioner on the ends. squeeze out any excess water out prior to applying conditioner and let it sit for at least 2 minutes, longer if you can. use gentle hair ties and claw clips. put your hair in a protective style before bed. eat properly, get enough rest, and make sure you are hitting protein goals for biotin production. never brush your hair while it’s wet, and don’t over brush. use a leave in conditioner after washing, and avoid heat styling.

ingredients : shampoos and conditioners have a team of hair chemists formulating them carefully, so most haircare products are safe to use, but some are better based on added ingredients. ingredients like proteins, peptides, keratin, butters, oils, silicones, citric acid, glycerin, hyaluronic acid, lactic acid, and salicylic acid can improve hair. when choosing hair products, aim for ones that have these ingredients higher on the ingredient list

despite fear of silicones and sulfates, they are recommended by dermatologists and trichologists. the only ingredient you should avoid is formaldehyde. formaldehyde has different names, so avoid at all cost anything that says formaldehyde, methylene glycol, formalin, formic aldehyde, paraform, formol, formalin (methanol-free), FYDE, formalith, methanal, methyl aldehyde, methylene oxide, tetraoxymethalene, oxomethane, and oxymethylene. these are mainly found in special treatments and heat products, legally these can be called “formaldehyde free” if using it in a different form. (the ones listed above that are not verbatim “formaldehyde”)

affirmations

i love taking care of my hair, it’s so soft and fluffy. it never tangles and always is super shiny. it never breaks, my split ends always repair immediately. it grows so fast, inches every week. my hair smells so good and feels so bouncy ૮꒰ྀི⸝⸝> . <⸝⸝꒱ྀིა

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youzicha · 9 months

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“The Other Kitchen Debate” places the history of the microwave oven in the context of Cold War anxieties and gender politics. Discrepancies between Soviet and U.S. safety standards, Soviet deployment of microwave espionage, and the prospect of nuclear war triggered fears about the possible dangers of kitchen appliances powered by low-level radiation. During the 1970s and early 1980s, politicians, government regulators, industry representatives, advertisers, home economists, media, and consumers engaged in lively debates over oven safety and the merits of microwave cookery. By the late eighties and early nineties, as East–West tensions waned and record numbers of American women entered the paid labor force, American media perceived fewer distinctions between the hazards posed by electronic ovens and those presented by their conventional counterparts. New definitions of safety redefined microwave ovens as purely domestic appliances, leaving questions about the potential risks of nonionizing radiation unresolved.

Why did people in the 1970s and early 1980s worry about whether microwave ovens were safe or not, and stopped worrying in the late 80s and early 90s?

Cold War anxieties and gender politics, I'm sure.

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gasterofficial · 1 year

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actually actually, deionization is its own thing. if you want to avoid ambiguity, the proper term is nonionized.

AH, YOU ARE RIGHT. THANK YOU FOR THE CORRECTION.

#a funny little in character way to say i am so fucking tired and have been forgetting things all day ❤️#a shameful chemistry major fail moment #answered #as gaster #utdrp

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praziluk · 8 months

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just read your url as "prazniluk" and unfortunately I feel like you will forever be that in my head now

nonion.....

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the-pumpkin-witch-doctorr · 7 months

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Yes you are good quality still, best tent on the market

* thank you! at least this nonion is on my side.

#strings for a note

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imperialchem · 10 months

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Surfactants: The Key Players in Controlling Foam and Emulsion in Oilfield Operations

Surfactants, or surface-active agents, are chemicals used to efficiently mix different substances by lowering their surface tension. Imperial Oilfield Chemicals is a leading Surfactant manufacturer in India. These versatile chemicals have several applications, including the oil and gas business, the pharmaceutical industry, the agricultural industry, and the personal care industry. Imperial Oilfield Chemicals is unparalleled in its ability to manufacture surfactants.

Types of Surfactants:

In order to maximise oil recovery and streamline other processes, surfactants are an integral aspect of the oilfield. These surfactants fall into various groups due to their varied chemical compositions and applications. The following surfactants are commonly used in the oil and gas industry:

Anionic Surfactants

Cationic Surfactants

Nonionic Surfactants

Amphiphilic Surfactants

Biosurfactants

Synergistic Surfactant Blends

When choosing a surfactant for a particular oilfield operation, keep in mind the reservoir's characteristics, the fluid's composition, and the desired outcomes. A seasoned Surfactant supplier in Morocco, like Imperial Oilfield Chemicals, can provide the technical expertise and industry knowledge necessary to meet the needs of the oil and gas sector.

The Role of Surfactants in Oilfield Operations?

Surfactants have various applications in the oil industry and can considerably improve efficiency, oil recovery, and the quality of the final product. As a noteworthy Surfactant manufacturer in India, Imperial Oilfield Chemicals understands the importance of these compounds to the oil and gas industries.

Surfactants are helpful in the oil business because they reduce the interfacial tension between oil, water, and solid surfaces. The efficiency with which oil is displaced from reservoir rocks is increased. By decreasing interfacial tension, surfactants allow water-based fluids to effectively penetrate and sweep across the reservoir, mobilisation stored oil.

Imperial Oilfield Chemicals is a trusted Surfactant exporter in Morocco. Their choice of surfactants facilitates efficient oil-water separation, inhibits corrosion, and stabilises emulsions.

Advantages of using Surfactants in Oilfield Operations:

The oil and gas industry uses surfactants because of the many advantages they bring to oilfield operations. Surfactant exporter in Morocco, Imperial Oilfield Chemicals, is well aware of these benefits and produces high-quality surfactants to meet the expectations of the industry worldwide.

The ability of surfactants to reduce the tackiness of oil, water, and solids is a major perk. Oil can be recovered more efficiently from reservoir rocks due to its high grade. More oil can be retrieved from the ground when surfactants are used to increase reservoir penetration and sweep.

Additionally, surfactants stabilise emulsions, which facilitates the separation of oil and water. This is especially helpful in oil-water separation and demulsification, where surfactants facilitate the attainment of clean and separated phases.

Wetting agents, such as surfactants, let drilling fluids better adhere to reservoir rocks. This attribute improves drilling productivity, reduces the frequency of issues like pipe sticking, and fortifies wellbore stability.

The Key Players in Controlling Foam and Emulsion in Oilfield Operations:

Imperial Oilfield Chemicals, a leading Surfactant manufacturer in India and a reliable Surfactant exporter and supplier in Morocco offers efficient methods for controlling foam and emulsion in oil production.

Foam Control: Surfactants can be used to control foam because they reduce surface tension and make foam bubbles less stable. When surfactants are introduced into a foaming system, a thin layer forms at the air-liquid interfaces, disrupting the integrity of the bubbles.

Emulsion Control: By altering the interfacial properties of the oil and water, surfactants control the emulsion. Adsorption can reduce the interfacial tension between the oil and water, preventing the formation of stable emulsion droplets. Destabilising the emulsion with surfactants allows the oil and water phases to agglomerate and separate.

Innovative surfactants from Imperial Oilfield Chemicals can be used to control foam and emulsion, leading to greater production efficiency, less equipment downtime, and better overall operational performance. Premium goods are always on hand at Imperial Oilfield Chemicals so that they can meet the needs of the Moroccan oil and gas industry.

Final Thoughts:

Surfactants are the oil industry's unsung heroes because of their role in controlling foam and emulsion. Their unique qualities and roles cause a reduction in surface tension, a destabilisation of foam bubbles, and a modification of the interfacial properties of oil and water. Because of Imperial Oilfield Chemicals' status as a major Surfactant manufacturer in India, the oil and gas industry in Morocco has profited from the company's specific surfactant solutions.

Modern surfactants from Imperial Oilfield Chemicals (ICPL) improve oil and water separation, reduce foam, and improve fluid flow for oilfield firms. Since the capacity of surfactants to control foam and emulsion is critical to the effectiveness and efficiency of oilfield operations, they continue to play an important role in the oil and gas sector. When it comes to providing solutions that improve oil and gas sector productivity, safety, and quality of service, Imperial Oilfield Chemicals' specific surfactant skills and comprehensive experience are invaluable.

#Surfactant Supplier in Morocco #Surfactant Manufacturer in India #Surfactant Exporter in Morocco #Oilfield chemicals manufacturer in India #petrochemical products #petrochemical companies #petrochemical industries #petrochemical solutions #oil and gas industry #oil and gas companies #chemical product #chemical industry #chemical companies #exporter #manufacturer

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mcatmemoranda · 2 years

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This is one of the handouts parents get if their kids have high lead levels. It's called "Lead and Nutrition."

In NH, children are screened for lead poisoning at ages 1 and 2 with the finger prick test. If the level is high, they need a blood draw to confirm the lead level (venous blood draw).

Parents should wet mop floors and windowsills, clean children's pacifiers and toys, wash kids's hands often.

Ask parents about behavioral problems, developmental delays/disabilities, excessive mouthing (putting keychains in mouth; items like that could have lead in them)/pica (eating non-nutritional items), whether housing was built prior to 1978, whether their child-care facility was built before 1978, whether their housing has renovations, whether the child is a recent refugee/immigration/international adoption, whether parents' job could expose them to lead (welding, renovating, painting, fishing, stain glass, target shooting, jewelry making), whether they imported any spices that could contain lead (turmeric, sindoor, surma, orange shringar, asafetida).

You need to do annual developmental surveillance and may refer for early childhood education/stimulation programs.

When you screen for lead in office with the finger prick, you have to wash the child's hands with soap and water first.

Symptoms of lead poisoning include stomach aches, headaches, trouble paying attention, developmental delays, behavior issues, problems eating and sleeping, speech/language delays.

Long term effects: slowed growth, poor school performance, hyperactivity, aggression, brain/kidney/nerve damage.

Home, water, and soil should be tested for lead.

Parents should feed children foods high in calcium, iron, and vitamin C.

Tx of high enough BLL: chelation with succimer of calcium disodium edetate. Succimer — Succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) is a water-soluble analog of dimercaprol (British anti-Lewisite, BAL) that can be administered orally [48,49]. Like dimercaprol and CaNa2EDTA, succimer increases the urinary excretion of lead. Like dimercaprol, CaNa2EDTA increases the urinary excretion of lead through the formation of a nonionizing, soluble chelate.

Symptoms attributable to lead poisoning can include intermittent vomiting, anorexia, and abdominal pain (lead colic); intermittent irritability or lethargy; and/or lead encephalopathy (eg, persistent vomiting, persistent lethargy or coma, headache, or afebrile convulsions)

From UpToDate:

EMERGENCY MEDICINE (ADULT AND PEDIATRIC) (November 2021)

New threshold for elevated blood lead in United States children

●For children younger than six years of age in the United States, the reference value for an elevated blood level is 3.5 mcg/L (0.17 micromol/L).

Detectable blood lead levels (BLLs) are associated with neurocognitive deficits in infants and children less than 6 years old, and targeted screening of at-risk children is recommended. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has lowered the blood lead level (BLL) threshold for action to 3.5 mcg/dL (0.17 micromol/L) from the previous level of 5.0 mcg/dL (0.24 micromol/L) [1,2]. At or above this threshold, specific interventions should be taken based upon the degree of BLL elevation. For children with BLLs below 3.5 mcg/dL, the limit of detection for lead varies by laboratory, and the actual blood lead value may be close to or above the threshold. Thus, some children may need to be retested depending upon age or other risk factors.

With chronic ingestion or inhalation, lead can be incorporated into the skeletal system, which becomes an endogenous reservoir of lead that is resistant to elimination. While chelating agents can bind to lead in blood, they are ineffective in removing lead from the deep bone stores.

I had twin pts who both had EBLL of 5 mcg/dL in August and level of 4 mcg/dL today. One of them hadn't grown as much as her twin, so there was concern that the EBLL might be affecting her growth. Scheduled both pts for f/u with repeat venous BLL, CMP, iron level, CBC in 3 months.

Tx: BLL less than 45 mcg/dL = no need for chelation; get abdominal X-ray if pt has signs of excessive mouthing (puts everythin in their mouth) or pica (eats non-food items). If you see lead chips, can do whole bowel irrigation. Clean the home and toys. Make sure kids get 5 servings veggies and fruits a day with vitamins including iron. Wash their hands. If BLL is greater than 45 mcg/dL, chelation is necessary.

#lead #lead poisoning #peds #EBLL #chelation

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