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#phenotype
profesors · 5 months
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◾Original portraits of some of the Serbian revolutionaries from the 18th and 19th centuries by Serbian painter Urosh Knezhevitsh(srb. Урош Кнежевић/lat. Uroš Knežević) 🇷🇸
◾Officially, the first revolution for liberation from the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans was started by the Serbs in 1804 (and earlier than that there were smaller Serbian revolutions).
▪️Hayduk Velyko Petrovitsh & Mirko Apostolovitsh (srb. Хајдук Вељко Петровић и Мирко Апостоловић)
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▪️Voivoda Blagoye Zhabarats & Yanko Popovitsh (srb. Војвода Благоје Жабарац и Јанко Поповић)
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▪️Vasa Charapitsh & Yanitshie Dyuritsh(srb. Васа Чарапић и Јанићије Ђурић)
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▪️Luka Lazarevitsh & Mladen Milovanovitsh(srb. Лазар Лазаревић и Младен Миловановић)
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▪️Yakov & Aleksa Nenadovitsh (srb. Јаков и Алекса Ненадовић)
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er-cryptid · 4 months
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Phenotype vs Genotype
Phenotype -- the trait produced by the genotype -- depends on both genotype and environmental factors -- not inherited by offspring -- consists of expressed genes -- dominant alleles can mask recessive alleles -- genotype AA causes phenotype A -- genotype Aa causes phenptype A -- genotype aa causes phenotype a
Genotype -- the actual genetic code of an organism -- codes for the phenotype -- consists of both dominant and recessive alleles -- inherited by offspring -- usually refers to one specific gene causing a trait -- written as a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters -> AA -> Bb -> ee -- dominant = uppercase letters -- recessive = lowercase letters -- both uppercase = homozygous dominant -- one uppercase and one lowercase = heterozygous -- both lowercase = homozygous recessive
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purethca · 1 year
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Platinum punch
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alatismeni-theitsa · 5 months
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SHORT QUESTION: Could you tell me if being blonde was common in Ancient Greece?
CONTEXT: I saw a lot of Greek people talk about how having dark hair was more common, so I thought it was (context: they were criticizing how Greeks are sometimes portrayed as always blonde). But there are many mythological characters (a lot of the gods, Cassandra, Helen, Menelaus, Achilles, Clytemnestra, etc.) being represented as blonde (although some vary. I've seen Menelaus redhead, Cassandra brunette and I've seen more Clytemnestra brunette than she blonde).
It could just be a common mistake, but many are usually based on some ancient source that actually either claims these people were blonde (or at least light-haired, like red or light brown) or leaves it implied. I started thinking it might be something more deity-related since most of the ones I saw were gods or demigods, but then we have people like Cassandra and Menelaus. And so I thought it was one of those cases where the general population isn't like that, but that's the standard of beauty, but I'm not sure and that's why I came to ask.
Hello! I'll try to answer this very plainly. Blond hair is and has been quite a rare genetic trait in the Mediterranean. Blond hair is still considered "special" in some way in Greece. In antiquity it was extremely special because it was so rare. (Like blue eyes). It was a "godly" trait/quality almost, because it was so rare. That's why significant characters in the Greek myths can appear to be blond.
Percentage of blond people in Europe:
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I should also say that the Greek "blond" differs from the UK and Norwegian "blond". So that's why a blond N. European can look "too pale" to play a blond Greek. (Ofc all types of Greeks exist, including very very blond Greeks, but I'm just talking about general percentages)
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cbirt · 11 months
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Scientists from the University of Saskatchewan, Canada, have performed a benchmarking analysis of the self-supervised contrastive learning methods used in image-based plant phenotyping. Plant phenotyping, traditionally performed manually, is now being handed over to deep learning-based methods. However, there is still a scarcity of methods for plant phenotyping tasks such as detection and counting. The authors try to fill this gap and benchmark two self-supervised learning (SSL)-based methods, viz., momentum contrast (MoCo v2) and dense contrastive learning (DenseCL), against the conventional supervised learning method for image-based plant phenotyping tasks. They find that supervised pretraining usually outperforms self-supervised pretraining and also show that MoCo v2 and DenseCL can learn different high-level representations as compared to the supervised method.
Plant phenotyping is a crucial step involved in crop breeding. Plant phenotyping involves detection tasks as well as counting tasks, and the plant breeder is typically assigned the tasks of crossing parents and producing progenies with desirable and better traits. These desirable traits pertain to better yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Phenotyping accounts for a major bottleneck in the crop breeding process owing to the significant number of progenies involved and the chances of missing an improved progeny during the selection process. This is a highly labor-intensive task, and with the growing demand for accelerating the crop breeding process due to climate change and the ever-increasing human population, there is a need for automation in the plant phenotyping domain.
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Lucien Schnegg (French, 1864-1909) Buste de Jane Poupelet, c.1900 Musée des beaux-arts de Bordeaux
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sneeplerbeepler · 5 months
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i love when tumblr users post their faces. such interesting phenotypes
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lindahall · 1 year
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Wilhelm Johannsen – Scientist of the Day
Wilhelm Johannsen, a Danish botanist and geneticist, died Nov. 11, 1927, at age 70.
read more...
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redsaxon · 2 years
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studioannotate · 2 years
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Decoration is primarily concerned with superficialities—i.e. changing the surface of a thing, and not its substance—and must therefore occupy its own space separate from art.... . . . . . #gaurikhandesigns #3dcreerhacks#interiordesignmagazine #designmilk #archdaily #shalinimisraltd #perfecthousedesigner09 #archdigestindia #archidit #urbancrafts #designonly #studio101 #ivsschoolofdesign #3dsmaxvraytutorial #livespace #phenotype #chromeddesignstudio #photography #vrayrender #realstic #render #interiordesign #architecturecompetition#carpentry #painter #laminates #lightingideas https://www.instagram.com/p/Cg4kAKjpIns/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
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happynaturalhair · 2 years
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There R Two Types of American Indian The Autochthon Ancient Original Copper Colored Negroid Phenotype & The Mongoloid Phenotype They Only Teach U In School About The Mongoloid Indians that came here as immigrants when we was always here Ancient like the Sun ☀️Know The Difference Feathers Up Wise Up Tribe Up & Most Important Do Your Own Research 🔬 & Know Your Tribe I Do #hachotakniyamasseecriiktribe #mohawk #mohegan #choctaw #cherokee #blackfoot #feathersup #tribeup #wiseup #doyourownresearch #yakoke #2 #different #phenotype #american #indian #negroid #mongoloid #period https://www.instagram.com/p/Ce1pjO4u-IC/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
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unnwell · 2 days
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What do you find pretty or ugly, whether physically or character wise?
Random one from me: long fingers
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er-cryptid · 1 year
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purethca · 1 year
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Sticky glue
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Stickyglue
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mycochaotix · 2 months
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MCX Rants: - My loose thoughts on pheno type hunting and stabilization
Allow me to dive into a thought rant, let me know how you feel about it :)
Consider: as you work off the desired pheno, youll swab from it and the first time (as far as i understand currently, open to corrections with supporting sources lol) you do a Z swab on agar, say … 6 separate colony germinations appear. Those are strains of the variety-species/ parent fruit. Likelihood of the individual colonies being able to fruit AND fruit similar pheno to parent fruit is some percent (lets say 80% carry trait of successfully fruiting, and 5% of those produce your desired pheno). Im not sure what actual percentage is im using some hypotheticals here; to figure it out would be a long, potentially expensive, and arduous experiment to quantify that imo.*
So… you isolate all six of the germinating colonies and those are F0 strain isolates of the parent fruit/ variety-species, etc. if you take all 6 to separate plates, and assuming all six are healthy plates you inoculate immediately to grain to make spawn that’s assumedly healthy, then fruit all 6 into shoebox tubs (thats what i do lol)… and ( if you take the % i made up before), maybe all 6 tubs fruit, but only 1 has a fruit or two, mixed with random phenos, or a few fruit’s looking like your desired pheno.
Heres where it gets Mendelian and fun to me! : you only swab the fruits with your desired pheno, and put those immediately to new plate. The germinations on that plate are F1 germinations. Say that on the F1 mother spore plate … 8 or 9 germinate (compared to F0’s 6):, you either rinse and repeat as above with 9 plate xfers, grainspawn to fruiting container… or pick the germinations that are fastest and most concentric, healthy and otherwise rhizoid if you wanna stay at 6 strain isolates each familial generation. Personal tip, based solely on my own experience: i believe If you clone the parent fruit to new plate while you do this process, you can observe its mycelial growth in a way that may lead you to picking colonies early on in F1-2 mother spore plates that share mycelial traits with parent fruit ;) but more testing needed for that to be more than my opinion.
If all goes well, and as I understand it…. (Again this is alot of conjecture because my search for quality information on this topic is VERY sparse and YT censoring mycocontent creators as I type this , ;( ) —- the next 6 tubs should have more tubs producing the desired pheno or more desired pheno in any given tub. Either way, which ever occurs you continue to apply selection pressure to the fungus by only swabbing desires phenos. Do it again… F2, 3, 4 the occurrence and ‘stability’ of the pheno should be much more reliable so that any given germinating colony should produce similar pheno as desired. Although i believe theres always some small percentage of reverting or pheno alteration with the spores that lessens but is above 0 on spore germination.
Okay im stopping now, hope that all made sense and curious you (or anyone brave enough to have read this far) thinks about these thoughts of mine.
Im around for any follow up Qs :)
-mcx
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Audio link: 8 minutes 20 seconds https://youtu.be/DphYB55XIwI?si=d9c7HsbtfpCm6tf7
In this blog we will be exploring predation and prey drive behaviour in dogs. Many guardians struggle with their dogs chasing cats, squirrels, livestock, other dogs and other species such as deers, birds and smaller wild animals.
Many guardians believe that this behaviour is due to the dog's genetics and they aren't wrong. This will be a blog series.
It is really important that we understand breed, genetic and phenotyping before exploring prey drive behaviour in dogs so that we have a full understanding of how to help our individual dog.
Dogs became an important part of life during the 19th century, artificial selection began and extensive records of dogs lineage were recorded. Breed standards were introduced, stud books were produced and the purpose of the breeding for the dog such as herding was also documented. (1)
During this time dogs entered into another transition of being selectively bred for working roles to being artificially selected for fashion reasons.
The dogs that we have today in the modern world face even more challenges within a modern household and society setting. Due to the possible frustration of not being able to express breed related behaviours, they can also become frustrated due to the isolation, non stimulating environments and frustration of inactivity.
Due to this the dog is evolving all of the time, with dog's being artificially selected to fit in with the ever changing demands of what people desire from a dog within a modern world. The companion dog today can still be viewed or acknowledged as an evolutionary work in progress. (2)
The way in which dogs have been artificially selected the genome for dogs is able to be studied clearly, scientists have found small and large variations between the genomes of breeds. (3)
From the learning and the research behind the genetics and the genomic maps of dogs, researchers spend a lot of time investing into the learning of breed specific behavioural traits.
Researchers have also found mapping genes frustrating due to the complexity of the mapping. Researchers are now looking at phenotyping to see if this can be more successful in fully understanding the genes of dogs. (4) (5)
Phenotyping comes from the Greek phainen, which means to show and tupos which means type. This word means the characteristics of an organism and the observable traits, resulting from the genotype interactions with the environment. So phenotypes best reflect nature and nurture. (6)
Due to the complexity of dog behaviour we cannot rely on genetics and breed traits alone. Epigenetics also play a role within an individual dog's behaviour.
Epigenetics are the addition of changes to gene expression. Epigenetics take place before the puppies are born, whilst they are growing inside their mother. Epigenetics can also be added due to the mothers nutrition during her pregnancy and if she has any fearful experiences during pregnancy such as fireworks, separation anxiety or a traumatic event. Epigenetics change all the time through different periods of growth, they can be removed or added to through the environment, behaviours, the environment and poor health such as infections and cancer. (7)
Epigenetics and genes can and do change all of the time. So even though good breeders will select a mother and father for desired traits, such as behaviour, coat type, health and development, the puppy is being influenced all of the time from gestation to birth and throughout all of their life.
It may seem odd that I am writing about predatory behaviour, however in order to understand your individual dog and their behaviour we have to understand your dog as a species and how their behaviour can be influenced by their breed type, genes, phenotype, life experiences and poor health episodes.
Many people stereotypically think of a dog breed such as a border collie and automatically make the association of herding. Because this is what they were bred to do. Many dogs have been purpose bred for working and we all make typical associations of the breed and what we expect them to do based on that breed, another example Labrador retriever, retrieving.
Guardians can become frustrated with intense genetic behaviours, such as herding, retrieving, aloof behaviour and more. Guardians can also become frustrated if their dog does not seem to concede to the behaviour of their breed and the expected behaviour of the breed. For example a German Shepherd that doesn't alert bark or a livestock guardian dog breed who doesn't want to guard.
It is really important that we understand breed, genetic and phenotyping before exploring prey drive behaviour in dogs so that we have a full understanding of how to help our individual dog. So in coming back to the introduction we need to help them to feel safe and secure in our relationship, communications and learning.
References
McGreevy PD, Bennett P: Challenges and paradoxes in the companion animal niche. Anim Welf 2010,19(S):11–16.
McGreevy PD, Bennett P: Challenges and paradoxes in the companion animal niche. Anim Welf 2010,19(S):11–16.
Lindblad-Toh K, Wade CM, Mikkelsen TS, Karlsson EK, Jaffe DB, Kamal M, Clamp M, Chang JL, Kulbokas EJ 3rd, Zody MC, Mauceli E, Xie X, Breen M, Wayne RK, Ostrander EA, Ponting CP, Galibert F, Smith DR, DeJong PJ, Kirkness E, Alvarez P, Biagi T, Brockman W, Butler J, Chin CW, Cook A, Cuff J, Daly MJ, DeCaprio D, Gnerre S, et al.: Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 2005,438(7069):803–819. 10.1038/nature04338
Hall NJ, Wynne CD: The canid genome: behavioral geneticists’ best friend?Genes Brain Behav 2012, 11: 889–902.
Hall NJ, Wynne CD: The canid genome: behavioral geneticists’ best friend?Genes Brain Behav 2012, 11: 889–902.
Wanscher 1975; Mayr 1982; Henig 2001, Jewell 2001
Heijmans B, Tobi E, Stein A, et al., Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 17046-17049.
Image description: A three window comic panel which is grey. The title reads: prey drive and livestock force and fear free solutions.
The first window is of a Wolfdog chasing sheep on a country hillside. With a blue and yellow sky. The text box reads: You don't need an e collar to stop this behaviour, but a little bit of common sense and a responsibility.
The second window is of a wolfdog running in a secure dog field. With a blue sky background. There is a fence and tufts of grass growing by the fence.
The text box reads: utilise enclosed dog fields, long lines and check fields for livestock. Avoid fields with livestock.
The third bottom window is of a Wheelchair user with blonde, pink, purple ombre hair sat in a Wheelchair with a Wolfdog either side engaging with a backdrop of a sheep herd on fields with a blue sky in the distance. The text box reads: working on predation substitute training and work on stimuli which triggers a prey chase behaviour.
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