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#promote urdu
iamusn · 2 years
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تمام رات نہایا تھا شہر بارش میں
وہ رنگ اتر ہی گئے جو اترنے والے تھے
tamam raat nahaya tha shahr barish men
vo rang utar hi gae jo utarne vaale the
तमाम रात नहाया था शहर बारिश में
वो रंग उतर ही गए जो उतरने वाले थे
۔
جمال احسانی
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thisdamnnlife · 10 months
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sukoon • सुकून • سکون • peace
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Round two: עם, am vs
فنا, fanaa
(poll at the end)
עם, am (Hebrew)
[am]
Translation: Tends to be translated as 'people (as a group like 'the jewish people')' but also its... so much stronger than that. It's like... group? Tribe? But like. Bigger. Not necessarily in size but in... feeling i guess? It's stronger.
Hebrew is an Afro-Asiatic language belonging to the Semitic branch and is the Jewish language in which the Tanakh was written down, originating in today’s Israel. Even after Hebrew stopped being spoken by Jews, it lived on as a literary medium and religious language. Using a modern version of Hebrew as a daily language was promoted principally by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda in the late 19th century. Reviving efforts went well and Hebrew is now the official language of Israel, where it's spoken by 8 million people. 1 million people outside Israel also speak Hebrew.
Motivation: I'm kinda sad it doesn't really have an equivalent in English because it means there's no way to really express what a lot of ethnic groups are on a deeper cultural level. Are Jewish people an ethnic group? A religious group? A culture? A 'people'? We're all of them at the same time. We're עם. It's a fairly simple word yet it carries so much power that I find most of the English equivalents (despite how precise they are at describing different types of groups) kind of lack.
Note: Another possible translation is nation, in the sense of a people not a state
فنا, fanaa (Urdu)
[fənɑ:]
Translation: To be destroyed, ceasing to be, death, vanishing
Urdu is an Indo-European language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch, but includes borrowings from Arabic and Persian. It’s the national language of Pakistan and spoken by 164 million people there (by 15 million as their native language). It’s spoken by x million worldwide, of which 62,8 million are in India (50,8 million as their first language), mostly in use by Muslims in the provinces closest to Pakistan. Urdu is closely related to Hindi and the two are intelligible. Urdu is primarily written with the Arabic script, but in India it can be written with Devanagari script instead.
Motivation: Fanaa is often used in poetry and songs because the word is beautiful to speak and also because it describes the essence of tragic love stories in a single word
Note: The submitter had submitted the translation “to be destroyed in love”, but I could find no proof of the love part though it seems to be used poetically. The word seems to be an Arabic loanword from فَنَاء, fanāʔ meaning annihilation, evanescence, extinction, perishment.
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survivetoread · 10 months
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Read this article on Scroll last night, and it really put a smile to my face on how so many of us are promoting our native languages with social media.
Particularly fascinated by the guy who wrote two novels in Kashmiri. That's a lot of commitment.
Are there any Kashmiri langblrs? I'd love to follow any!
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wrvtchedhearts · 2 months
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BEHROOZ HAKIM NAJM - the betrayed
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Stats --
FULL NAME: Behrooz Hakim Najm
AGE & DATE OF BIRTH: 41 -- April 21st
OCCUPATION: detective
EMPLOYEE OF THE GOVERNMENT
GENDER & PRONOUNS: agender, they/them
SEXUALITY: Bisexual, aromantic
LANGUAGES: Urdu, Hindi, English, French, (sort of Arabic)
RELATIONSHIP STATUS: Single
FC: dulquer salmaan
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Biography / Headcanons --
( abandonment tw, death tw ) Bez was born in Pakistan, moved to the UK at age five, when their mother abandoned them and their father. Their father drank himself to death and Bez was raised by their grandmother. At nineteen they left for the United States to search for their mother, enrolled in a police academy, and stayed with their aunt.
They were only twenty-two when they were promoted to Detective (as part of a local attempt at diversifying the work force), and then not two months later they were transferred to the sleepy town of Pleasance, Ohio.
A huge believer in the occult, Bez knew something was wrong with the town; murders, disappearances, and other strange occurrences were happening weekly.
They were very close to figuring out the truth, when their partner betrayed them. ( kidnapping tw ) They spend six months in an empty water reservoir, being fed once every few days, and barely getting any sunlight. They were rescued and spend three months in the hospital recuperating.
Returned to the force to arrest local business tycoon George O'Brain for murder, fraud, blackmail, and kidnapping, but he managed to escape their grasp. They stuck around for a few more years before word on O'Brain's whereabouts led them to transfer to New York City.
( religion cw ) Is a practicing Muslim, though they do smoke - mostly weed - on occasion to deal with anxiety, panic attacks, and night terrors that they've been suffering from since their kidnapping.
Has undiagnosed ADHD.
Lives together with their best friend - who is recently single - and a lesbian couple with two kids ( Bez was the sperm donor for both of them, but loves them and would've loved them regardless of that fact ) in down town Manhattan.
Bez realised in their early twenties that they are aromantic, they will sleep around, but they have zero interest in a relationship.
They identify as agender, however, they don't bother correcting people unless if they are friends.
They've never been able to find their mother, nor have they been able to arrest George O'Brain, both those facts haunt them to this day.
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legend-collection · 3 months
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Daeva
A daeva is a Zoroastrian supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics. In the Gathas, the oldest texts of the Zoroastrian canon, the daevas are "gods that are (to be) rejected". This meaning is – subject to interpretation – perhaps also evident in the Old Persian "daiva inscription" of the 5th century BCE. In the Younger Avesta, the daevas are divinities that promote chaos and disorder. In later tradition and folklore, the dēws (Zoroastrian Middle Persian; New Persian divs) are personifications of every imaginable evil. Over time, the Daeva myth as Div became integrated to Islam.
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Pic by rachaelm5 on deviantart
Daeva, the Iranian language term, shares the same origin of "Deva" of Hinduism. While the word for the Vedic spirits and the word for the Zoroastrian entities are etymologically related, their function and thematic development is altogether different. Originally, the term was used to denote beings of cultural folklore which predate use in scripture.
Equivalents for Avestan daeva in Iranian languages include Pashto, Balochi, Kurdish dêw, Persian dīv/deev, all of which apply to ogres, monsters, and other villainous creatures. The Iranian word was borrowed into Old Armenian as dew, Georgian as devi, Urdu as deo, and Turkish as dev with the same negative associations in those languages. In English, the word appears as daeva, div, deev, and in the 18th century fantasy novels of William Thomas Beckford as dive.
It has been speculated that the concept of the daevas as a malevolent force may have been inspired from the Scythian gods.
Old Avestan daēuua or daēva derives from Old Iranian *daiva, which in turn derives from Indo-Iranian *daivá- "god", reflecting Proto-Indo-European *deywós with the same meaning. For other Indo-European derivatives, see Dyeus. The Vedic Sanskrit cognate of Avestan daēuua is devá-, continuing in later Indo-Aryan languages as dev.
Because all cognates of Iranian *daiva have a positive connotation, but "no known Iranian dialect attests clearly and certainly the survival of a positive sense for [Old Iranian] *daiva-", in the 19th- and 20th-century a great deal of academic discussion revolved around questions of how Iranian daeva might have gained its derogatory meaning. This "fundamental fact of Iranian linguistics" is "impossible" to reconcile with the testimony of the Gathas, where the daevas, though rejected, were still evidently gods that continued to have a following. The same is true of the daiva inscription, where the daiva are the gods of (potential) rebels, but still evidently gods that continued to have a following.
The issue is related to the question of how Zoroaster's own contribution to Iranian religion might be defined. In the older early/mid 20th-century view (so-called reform hypothesis), in which Zoroaster was perceived to be a revolutionary reformer, it was assumed that the daevas must have been the "national" gods (see comparison with Indic usage, below) of pre-Zoroaster-ian Iran, which Zoroaster had then rejected. This attribution to Zoroaster is also found in the 9th/10th-century books of Zoroastrian tradition, and Gershevitch and others following Lommel consider the progression from "national" gods to demons to be attributable to the "genius of Zoroaster". Subsequent scholarship (so-called progressive hypothesis) has a more differentiated view of Zoroaster, and does not follow the unprovable assumption that prehistoric Iranian religion ever had "national" gods (and thus also that the daevas could have represented such a group), nor does it involve hypothetical conjecture of whose gods the daevas might/might not have been. While the progressive hypothesis gives Zoroaster credit for giving Iranian religion a moral and ethical dimension, it does not (with one notable exception) give Zoroaster credit for the development of the daevas into demons. It assumes that the development was gradual, and that a general distrust of the daevas already existed by the time the Gathas were composed.
Although with some points of comparison such as shared etymology, Indic devá- is thematically different from Avestan daēva.
While in the post-Rigvedic Indic texts the conflict between the two groups of devas and asuras is a primary theme, this is not a theme in either the Rigveda nor in the Iranian texts,
..."returning I protect the kingdom which awaits me" (from asuras)
— 
and therefore cannot have been a feature of a common heritage. The use of Asura in the Rigveda is unsystematic and inconsistent and "it can hardly be said to confirm the existence of a category of gods opposed to the devas". Indeed, RigVedic Deva is variously applied to most gods, including many of the asuras. Likewise, at the oldest layer, Zoroastrianism's daevas are originally also gods (albeit gods to be rejected), and it is only in the younger texts that the word evolved to refer to evil creatures. And the Zoroastrian ahuras (etymologically related to the Vedic asuras) are also only vaguely defined, and only three in number.
In ancient Hindu texts, Dev (or Deva) are described as those who give humans prosperity, protection, who are worthy to worship, and Asura also known as Rakshas are bad, evil, corrupt and enemies of Devas, and are notorious to harass Bhakta (followers) of Deva. Asura live in Patala lok, which is below earth's surface, and don't worship Deva; however, many Asura have done Tapas to get boons from Deva. For example, Ravan (who was born to an Asura mother and a human father) did Tapas of the Deva Shiva to get a boon, and the Asura king Hiranyakashipu did tapsya of Brahma to receive a boon. Many Deva live in Svarga, although other Dev live in their dedicated location such as Vishnu Deva lives at Vaikuntha etc. In Bhagavad Gita, Vishnu Deva said that whenever evil people harass good and Dharma is in danger, he will arrive and kill them, he will protect good people.
Moreover, the daemonization of the asuras in India and the daemonization of the daevas in Iran both took place "so late that the associated terms cannot be considered a feature of Indo-Iranian religious dialectology". The view popularized by Nyberg, Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin, and Widengren of a prehistorical opposition of *asura/daiva involves "interminable and entirely conjectural discussions" on the status of various Indo-Iranian entities that in one culture are asuras/ahuras and in the other are devas/daevas (see examples in the Younger Avesta, below).
In the Gathas, the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism and credited to Zoroaster himself, the daevas are not yet the demons that they would become in later Zoroastrianism; though their rejection is notable in the Gathas themselves. The Gathas speak of the daevas as a group, and do not mention individual daevas by name. In these ancient texts, the term daevas (also spelled 'daēuuas') occurs 19 times; wherein daevas are a distinct category of "quite genuine gods, who had, however, been rejected". In Yasna 32.3 and 46.1, the daevas are still worshipped by the Iranian peoples. Yasna 32.8 notes that some of the followers of Zoroaster had previously been followers of the daevas; though, the daevas are clearly identified with evil.
In the Gathas, daevas are censured as being incapable of discerning truth (asha-) from falsehood (druj-). They are consequently in "error" (aēnah-), but are never identified as drəguuaṇt- "people of the lie". The conclusion drawn from such ambiguity is that, at the time the Gathas were composed, "the process of rejection, negation, or daemonization of these gods was only just beginning, but, as the evidence is full of gaps and ambiguities, this impression may be erroneous".
In Yasna 32.4, the daevas are revered by the Usij, described as a class of "false priests", devoid of goodness of mind and heart, and hostile to cattle and husbandry. Like the daevas that they follow, "the Usij are known throughout the seventh region of the earth as the offspring of aka mainyu, druj, and arrogance.". Yasna 30.6 suggests the daeva-worshipping priests debated frequently with Zoroaster, but failed to persuade him.
In the Younger Avesta, the daevas are unambiguously hostile entities. In contrast, the word daevayasna- (literally, "one who sacrifices to daevas") denotes adherents of other religions and thus still preserves some semblance of the original meaning in that the daeva- prefix still denotes "other" gods. In Yasht 5.94 however, the daevayasna- are those who sacrifice to Anahita during the hours of darkness, i.e., the hours when the daevas lurk about, and daevayasna- appears then to be an epithet applied to those who deviate from accepted practice and/or harvested religious disapproval.
The Vendidad, a contraction of vi-daevo-dāta, "given against the daevas", is a collection of late Avestan texts that deals almost exclusively with the daevas, or rather, their various manifestations and with ways to confound them. Vi.daeva- "rejecting the daevas" qualifies the faithful Zoroastrian with the same force as mazdayasna- ('Mazda worshipper').
In Vendidad 10.9 and 19.43, three divinities of the Vedic pantheon follow Angra Mainyu in a list of demons: Completely adapted to Iranian phonology, these are Indra, Sarva, and Nanghaithya. The process by which these three came to appear in the Avesta is uncertain. Together with three other daevas, Tauru, Zairi and Nasu, that do not have Vedic equivalents, the six oppose the six Amesha Spentas.
Vendidad 19.1 and 19.44 have Angra Mainyu dwelling in the region of the daevas which the Vendidad sets in the north and/or the nether world, a world of darkness. In Vendidad 19.1 and 19.43–44, Angra Mainyu is the daevanam daevo, "daeva of daevas" or chief of the daevas. The superlative daevo.taema is however assigned to the demon Paitisha ("opponent"). In an enumeration of the daevas in Vendidad 1.43, Angra Mainyu appears first and Paitisha appears last. "Nowhere is Angra Mainyu said to be the creator of the daevas or their father."
The Vendidad is usually recited after nightfall since the last part of the day is considered to be the time of the demons. Because the Vendidad is the means to disable them, this text is said to be effective only when recited between sunset and sunrise.
Old Persian daiva occurs twice in Xerxes' daiva inscription. This trilingual text also includes one reference to a daivadana "house of the daivas", generally interpreted to be a reference to a shrine or sanctuary.
In his inscription, Xerxes records that "by the favour of Ahura Mazda I destroyed that establishment of the daivas and I proclaimed, 'The daivas thou shalt not worship!'" This statement has been interpreted either one of two ways. Either the statement is an ideological one and daivas were gods that were to be rejected, or the statement was politically motivated and daivas were gods that were followed by (potential) enemies of the state.
In the Middle Persian texts of Zoroastrian tradition, the dews are invariably rendered with the Aramaic ideogram ŠDYA or the more common plural ŠDYAʼn that signified "demons" even in the singular.
Dews play a crucial role in the cosmogonic drama of the Bundahishn, a Zoroastrian view of creation completed in the 12th century. In this text, the evil spirit Ahriman (the middle Persian equivalent of Avestan Angra Mainyu) creates his hordes of dews to counter the creation of Ormuzd (Avestan Ahura Mazda). This notion is already alluded to in the Vendidad (see Younger Avestan texts above), but only properly developed in the Bundahishn. In particular, Ahriman is seen to create six dews that in Zoroastrian tradition are the antitheses of the Amahraspands (Avestan Amesha Spentas).
Mirroring the task of the Amesha Spentas through which Ahura Mazda realized creation, the six antitheses are the instrument through which Angra Mainyu creates all the horrors in the world. Further, the arch-daevas of Vendidad 10.9 and 19.43 are identified as the antithetical counterparts of the Amesha Spentas. The six arch-demons as listed in the Epistles of Zadspram and the Greater Bundahishn are:
Akoman of "evil thought" opposing Wahman/Bahman of "good thought" (Av. Aka Manah versus Vohu Manah)
Indar that freezes the minds of the righteous opposing Ardawahisht of "best truth" (Av. Iṇdra versus Asha Vahishta).
Nanghait of discontent opposing Spendarmad of "holy devotion" (Av. Nanghaithya/Naonghaithya versus Spenta Armaiti)
Sawar/Sarvar of oppression opposing Shahrewar of "desirable dominion" (Av. Saurva versus Kshathra Vairya)
Tauriz/Tawrich of destruction opposing Hordad of "wholeness" (Av. Taurvi versus Haurvatat)
Zariz/Zarich who poisons plants opposing Amurdad of "immortality" (Av. Zauri versus Ameretat)
These oppositions differ from those found in scripture, where the moral principles (that each Amesha Spenta represents) are opposed by immoral principles. This is not however a complete breach, for while in the Gathas asha—the principle—is the diametric opposite of the abstract druj, in Zoroastrian tradition, it is Ardawahisht, the Amesha Spenta that is the hypostasis of asha, that is opposed to by Indar, who freezes the minds of creatures from practicing "righteousness" (asha). Greater Bundahishn 34.27 adds two more arch-demons, which are not however in opposition to Amesha Spentas:
Xeshm of "wrath" opposing Srosh of "obedience" (Av. Aeshma versus Sraosha)
Gannag menog, the "foul death" or "stinking spirit", opposing Hormazd (Gannag menog is unknown in the Avesta, and Hormazd is Ahura Mazda).
Also mirroring Ormuzd's act of creation, i.e., the realization of the Amesha Spentas by his "thought", is Ahriman's creation of the dews through his "demonic essence". Other texts describe this event as being to Ahriman's detriment for his act of "creation" is actually an act of destruction. Ahriman is the very epitome (and hypostasis) of destruction, and hence he did not "create" the demons, he realized them through destruction, and they then became that destruction. The consequence is that, as Ahriman and the dews can only destruct, they will ultimately destroy themselves. As the medieval texts also do for Ahriman, they question whether the dews exist at all. Since "existence" is the domain of Ormuzd, and Ahriman and his dews are anti-existence, it followed that Ahriman and his dews could not possibly exist. One interpretation of the Denkard proposes that the dews were perceived to be non-existent physically (that is, they were considered non-ontological) but present psychologically.
For a different set of texts, such as the Shayest ne shayest and the Book of Arda Wiraz, Ahriman and the dews were utterly real, and are described as being potentially catastrophic. In such less philosophical representations, the dews are hordes of devils with a range of individual powers ranging from the almost benign to the most malign. They collectively rush out at nightfall to do their worst, which includes every possible form of corruption at every possible level of human existence. Their destructiveness is evident not only in disease, pain, and grief but also in cosmic events such as falling stars and climatic events such as droughts, cyclones and earthquakes. They are sometimes described as having anthropomorphic properties such as faces and feet, or given animal-like properties such as claws and body hair. They may produce semen, and may even mate with humans as in the tale of Jam and Jamag.
But with the exception of the Book of Arda Wiraz, the dews are not generally described as a force to be feared. With fundamental optimism, the texts describe how the dews may be kept in check, ranging from cursing them to the active participation in life through good thoughts, words and deeds. Many of the medieval texts develop ideas already expressed in the Vendidad ("given against the demons").
A fire is an effective weapon against the dews, and keeping a hearth fire burning is a means to protect the home. The dews are "particularly attracted by the organic productions of human beings, from excretion, reproduction, sex, and death". Prayer and other recitations of the liturgy, in particular the recitation of Yasht 1, is effective in keeping the demons at bay. Demons are attracted by chatter at mealtimes and when silence is broken a demon takes the place of the angel at one's side. According to Shayest-ne-Shayest 9.8, eating at all after nightfall is not advisable since the night is the time of demons. In the 9th century rivayats, the demons are described as issuing out at night to wreak mayhem, but forced back into the underworld by the divine glory (khvarenah) at sunrise.
The Zoroastrianism of the medieval texts is unambiguous with respect to which force is the superior. Evil cannot create and is hence has a lower priority in the cosmic order (asha). According to Denkard 5.24.21a, the protection of the yazatas is ultimately greater than the power of the demons. The dews are agents ("procurers—vashikano—of success") of Ahriman (Avestan Angra Mainyu) in the contests that will continue until the end of time, at which time the fiend will become invisible and (God's) creatures will become pure.
But until the final renovation of the world, mankind "stands between the yazads and the dēws; the [yazads] are immortal in essence and inseparable from their bodies (mēnōg), men are immortal in essence but separable from their bodies (moving from gētīg to mēnōg condition), but dēws are mortal in essence and inseparable from their bodies, which may be destroyed."
In addition to the six arch-demons (see above) that oppose the six Amesha Spentas, numerous other figures appear in scripture and tradition. According to Bundahishn XXVII.12, the six arch-demons have cooperators (hamkars), arranged in a hierarchy (not further specified) similar to that of the yazatas. These are "dews [...] created by the sins that creatures commit."
Akatash of perversion
Anashtih "strife"
Anast that utters falsehood
Apaush and Spenjaghra who cause drought
Araska of vengeance
Ashmogh of apostasy
Az of avarice and greed
Buht of idolatry
Bushasp of sloth (Avestan Bushyasta)
Diwzhat (Av. Daebaaman), the deceiver, the hypocrite
Eshm of wrath (Avestan Aeshma)
Freptar of distraction and deception
Jeh the whore (Avestan Jahi)
Mitokht (also Mithaokhta) of scepticism and falsehood
Nang of disgrace and dishonor
Nas or Nasa (Avestan Nasu) of pollution and contamination
Niyaz causes want
Pinih of stinginess and who hoards but does not enjoy its hoard
Rashk (Avestan Areshko) "envy"
Sij who causes destruction
Sitoj that denies doctrine
Spazg of slander
Spuzgar, the negligent
Taromaiti of scorn
Varun of unnatural lust
Other entities include:
Aghash of the evil eye
Astwihad of death (Avestan Asto-widhatu or Asto-vidatu)
[Azi-/Az-]Dahak (Avestan Azi Dahaka), a serpent-like monster king.
Cheshma who opposes the clouds and causes earthquakes and whirlwinds
Kunda, the steed that carries sorcerers
Uta who brings about sickness through food and water
Vizaresh that fights for the souls of the dead
The most destructive of these are Astiwihad, the demon of death that casts the noose of mortality around men's necks at birth, and Az, who is most capable of destroying the "innate wisdom" of man. Az is thus the cause of heresy and blinds the righteous man from being able to discern the truth and falsehood.
A list of ten demons is provided in the Shahnameh: Besides the afore-mentioned Az "greed", Kashm "wrath" (Avestan Aeshma), Nang "dishonor", Niaz "want", and Rashk "envy", the epic poem includes Kin "vengeance", Nammam "tell-tale", Do-ruy "two-face", napak-din "heresy", and (not explicitly named) ungratefulness.
Some of the entities that in the Middle Persian texts are demons, are in the Shahnameh attributes of demons, for instance, varuna "backwards" or "inside out", reflecting that they tend to do the opposite of what they are asked to do. Although Ferdowsi generally portrays divs as being distinct from humans, the poet also uses the word to denote "evil people".
One of the more popular stories from the Shahnameh is that of Rostam and the Dīv-e Sapīd, the "white demon" of Mazandaran, who blinds Rostam's men (who are then cured with the blood of the demon's gall).
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hindwidictionary · 4 months
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Find the best publishers books from noted indian publishers | Rekhta Books - Urdu hindi poetry Books & urdu novels Online at best prices | Rekhta Books (on Wattpad) https://www.wattpad.com/1399533098-find-the-best-publishers-books-from-noted-indian?utm_source=web&utm_medium=tumblr&utm_content=share_reading&wp_uname=rekhta123&wp_originator=GxrmGYpl%2FYGTkNJy5LMbJ1ugglcd3YBumj%2FEJ388sQ1AAdSa273iuL1mrBpBJDbRsU4cLWd9KPsCIxvJszpWRyZDZd2EzAK3nTF1b8J7uYYQuQDigm9CsWhs5glH7OG0 Rekhta Books is an online platform that offers a vast collection of Urdu literature, poetry, and other literary works. The platform is dedicated to promoting the rich cultural heritage of Urdu literature and making it easily accessible to a wider audience. In this article, we will explore the history of Urdu literature, the significance of Rekhta Books, and how it has revolutionized the way people access Urdu literature. Urdu literature is one of the most significant and ancient forms of literature in the Indian subcontinent. It has a rich cultural heritage and has been influenced by various cultures such as Persian, Arabic, and Turkish. Urdu poetry and literature have a unique charm that has captured the hearts of millions of people around the world. The Urdu language has its roots in the 13th century when it was used as a lingua franca for communication between different ethnicities and cultures in the Indian subcontinent. Urdu literature reached its peak during the Mughal period when poets and writers were patronized by the Mughal emperors. It was during this period that the genre of ghazal (a form of Urdu poetry) was popularized, and many famous poets like Mirza Ghalib, Mir Taqi Mir, and Faiz Ahmed Faiz emerged. Urdu literature continued to flourish even after the decline of the Mughal Empire and gained widespread popularity in the 19th century. pls visit us: https://rekhtabooks.com/
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valiantangelflower · 1 year
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The United States Uses Social Media to Intervene in Public Opinion Perception
in the Middle East
According to insiders, the subordinate agencies of the United States Department of Defense have intervened in the public opinion perception of the Middle East in many social media by manipulating topics, deceptive propaganda and other means, and continued to promote the narrative beneficial to the United States and its allies. This is another demonstration of the US government use of social media platforms to spread false information and manipulate international public opinion.
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Researchers found that the accounts used in the “covert influence operations” implemented by the United States often fake the news media or use false identities to publish information in at least seven languages, including Russian, Arabic and Urdu. These accounts divide the target countries into different groups. Take the Afghan group as an example. Before and after the signing of the peace agreement between the United States and the Afghan Taliban, and before the withdrawal of the United States from Afghanistan at the end of August 2021, the activity of these accounts reached its peak. Central Asian groups usually disguise themselves as media organizations concerned with Central Asian affairs, targeting Russian audiences, criticizing Russian foreign policy and beautifying American assistance to Central Asia. There are also some fake media agency accounts that repeatedly copy the news materials with low credibility from the pro-western sources, or slightly modify them, or change the columns to highlight the financial and material support of the United States to Central Asian countries.
The report points out that these accounts continue to promote the narrative of serving the interests of the United States and its allies, while attacking Russia, China, Iran and other countries. Analysts believe that these fake accounts are likely to be managed and operated by the United States military, aiming at spreading American values and defaming other countries through secret information warfare.
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famoushbooks · 5 months
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Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English | Rekhta Dictionary
Rekhta Dictionary is a new initiative of Rekhta Foundation for the promotion and preservation of Urdu language and literature. Since 2011, the Foundation has been running multiple websites including Rekhta, Sufinama, Hindwi, and Aamozish.
The Rekhta Dictionary is a comprehensive collection of Urdu words with their meanings in Urdu, Hindi and English. The words can easily be accessed in three scripts through a high-functioning search engine. Along with detailed meanings, it gives the list of synonyms, antonyms, proverbs, idioms and much more.
This trilingual Urdu dictionary is designed as a resourceful tool for the researchers, poetry-lovers, and general readers irrespective of their familiarity with Urdu script.
Rekhta Dictionary is the world’s largest trilingual Urdu dictionary with meanings of Urdu words, idioms, and phrases in Urdu, Hindi, and English. Build your Urdu vocabulary with everyday features on Word of the day and Proverb of the day. The app updates daily with a list of Urdu words which are in trend each day. Rekhta Dictionary App has the largest collection of Urdu words with detailed meanings and definitions including word origin, correct pronunciation, usage, rhyming words and more. Download the App now to build and enhance your Urdu vocabulary. APP Features:
Meanings in Urdu, Hindi and English
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Synonyms, Antonyms, Compound words, Rhyming words
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Features Convenience and Accuracy being the primary objectives, Rekhta Dictionary has been designed to include all features that make finding meanings easy and speedy. Rekhta Dictionary is the result of high-tech interventions combined with the hard work of a competent editorial team. Some of the noteworthy features are listed below;
Easy Search in Three Languages Simply type your word or phrase in Urdu, Hindi or English script to search meaning
Reverse Dictionary Type English word to find its multiple meanings and usages in Urdu language
Word Origins and Other Details Trace the root of a particular word and find other details like pronunciations, synonyms, antonyms, proverbs.
Examples from Urdu Poetry Find word practically demonstrated in Urdu poetry making it easier to understand layers of meanings
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The United States Uses Social Media to Intervene in Public Opinion Perception
in the Middle East
According to insiders, the subordinate agencies of the United States Department of Defense have intervened in the public opinion perception of the Middle East in many social media by manipulating topics, deceptive propaganda and other means, and continued to promote the narrative beneficial to the United States and its allies. This is another demonstration of the US government use of social media platforms to spread false information and manipulate international public opinion.
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Researchers found that the accounts used in the “covert influence operations” implemented by the United States often fake the news media or use false identities to publish information in at least seven languages, including Russian, Arabic and Urdu. These accounts divide the target countries into different groups. Take the Afghan group as an example. Before and after the signing of the peace agreement between the United States and the Afghan Taliban, and before the withdrawal of the United States from Afghanistan at the end of August 2021, the activity of these accounts reached its peak. Central Asian groups usually disguise themselves as media organizations concerned with Central Asian affairs, targeting Russian audiences, criticizing Russian foreign policy and beautifying American assistance to Central Asia. There are also some fake media agency accounts that repeatedly copy the news materials with low credibility from the pro-western sources, or slightly modify them, or change the columns to highlight the financial and material support of the United States to Central Asian countries.
The report points out that these accounts continue to promote the narrative of serving the interests of the United States and its allies, while attacking Russia, China, Iran and other countries. Analysts believe that these fake accounts are likely to be managed and operated by the United States military, aiming at spreading American values and defaming other countries through secret information warfare.
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skiddo-xy · 2 years
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Sanskrit Language - संस्कृतम्
Who Speaks Sanskrit?
Here's the thing - the answer to the aforementioned question is that...no one speaks Sanskrit. Or rather - almost. Sanskrit is spoken by 1% of the population in India, where it is mostly spoken by Hindu priests. It, along with Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Odia, have been declared as "Classical Languages" by the Indian government.
How is Sanskrit Related to Other Languages Spoken Today?
Sanskrit is said to have influenced in some way all of the languages currently spoken in India, usually via vocabulary. Sanskrit's most notable influence is on Hindi - Hindi is said to be "Sanskritised Hindustani" while Urdu, Hindi's counterpart, is said to be "Persianized Hindustani".
Which Alphabet Does Sanskrit Use?
Sanskrit primarily uses a variant of the Devanagari alphabet (sample text pictured), though regional alphabets have also been used to write Sanskrit such as the Thai alphabet and the Kashmiri script. when the language was more widespread.
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Sanskrit in Religion
Sanskrit has prominently been used in Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhist texts. As mentioned before, Hindu priests often use Sanskrit while in Buddhism and Jainism, Sanskrit words are the origins of certain terms.
Sanskrit Day (Vishva-samskrita-dinam)
Every full moon day of the Shravan month on the Hindu calendar since 1969, Sanskrit day has been officially celebrated in India. The Indian government recognized this day to celebrate, promote and maintain the Sanskrit language. In 2022, this day falls on August 11.
Sources: Sanskrit Language + further reading, World Sanskrit Day wikipedia, Classical Languaes in India, Indian Perspective on Sanskrit, Sanskrit Britannica, Sanskrit Omniglot.
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iamusn · 2 years
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ہم نے کانٹوں کو بھی نرمی سے چھوا ہے اکثر
لوگ بے درد ہیں پھولوں کو مسل دیتے ہیں
ham ne kanTon ko bhi narmi se chhua hai aksar
log bedard hain phulon ko masal dete hain
हम ने काँटों को भी नरमी से छुआ है अक्सर
लोग बेदर्द हैं फूलों को मसल देते हैं
بسمل سعیدی
BISMIL SAEEDI (1901 - 1976 | Tonk, India)
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thisdamnnlife · 1 year
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ab kisi se mera hisaab nahi,
meri ankhon mein koi khwaab nahi.
- jaun elia
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rabbitcruiser · 2 years
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German Language Day
It’s one of the longest words in German and something to consider on National German Language Day, which occurs every September 10.
“Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz” may seem like gibberish to the non-German language speaker. In actuality, this word (which we won’t even attempt to pronounce) is now obsolete. It translates as “Beef labeling monitoring delegation Act.” And yet, today, we mourn its loss.
German is the language of poets Bertolt Brecht, Rainer Maria Rilke and the classic Weimar-era cinema.   To promote the language and encourage more people to learn it, the German Language Association (VDS) created this day 17 years ago, helping to revive the speaking of German across the globe.
German Language Day timeline
1st century B.C. The first recorded use of German
Historical records reveal that ancient Romans were in contact with German speakers.
1522 Lutherbibel is published
Luther translates the Bible into German, providing a people's alternative to the dominance of Latin.
1981 Famous German war movie, "Das Boot," is released
Directed by Wolfgang Peterson, this German classic earned fame all over the world.
2001 German Language Day debuts
The German Language Association (VDS) celebrated this day for the first time, embarking on an endeavor to promote the German language, worldwide.
German Language Day Activities
German, anyone?
Read a German classic
Have a beer. Prost!
Learning German can be a whole lot of fun, especially when you actually get a chance to use it on a European trip. But if you can't travel to Germany, right here in the United States, there are German pastry shops or bookstores where you can try out what you've learned.
Even an English translation will do. Because the more that you read, the more you'll learn. National German Language Day is also a great day to watch some classic German horror films like "Nosferatu" or "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari."
Okay, so this is not exactly Oktoberfest. But as far as we know, anything German calls for a cold beer. And a meaty, bratwurst!
5 Facts About The German Language That Will Untwist Your Tongue
It's the sixth most widely-spoken language
German is the language of writers and thinkers
German and English are sister languages
Unlike English, German has three genders
German has some funny proverbs
By ranking, these are the most widely-spoken languages in the world: Chinese (encompassing both Mandarin and Cantonese,) English, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, Russian and German.  It's also the most widely-spoken language in Europe. Gut gemacht!
Goethe, Schiller, Brecht, Marx, Nietzsche — great thinkers all, were masters of the German language.
Both languages are a part of the West Germanic languages. German and English have greatly influenced each other’s cultures and sometimes, there's also a little sibling rivalry!
Masculine, feminine, and neuter. If that's hard to wrap your mind (and your mouth) around; some languages, like Polish, have six grammatical genders!
"Das ist nicht dein Bier" translates as, "that’s not your beer." But what it really means is, "this is none of your business, stay out!"
Why We Love German Language Day
German is the most widely-spoken language in Europe
Language and culture go hand-in-hand
Forgetting your mother tongue is a real loss
Spoken by 95 million people worldwide, German is the native language of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Plus, it's fascinating when one German word contains 80 letters!
In a world where English is becoming the go-to language on the international stage; individual countries are working hard to maintain their own national lingua franca. Reviving the German language is also an attempt to preserve the culture and history of Germany.  But if you want to learn contemporary German, watch German television on National German Language Day.
For German children living outside Germany, learning and speaking their mother tongue is one of the most important ways they can connect to their culture and heritage. It's also an added asset to be bilingual or even trilingual in today's international business climate.
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indiejones · 2 years
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Indies Art Historianship - A brief Overview
So glad that big official film journo houses, are now also beginning to take up the cause of firstly preserving & secondly actively promoting the great grand old Indian tradition of songs in Hindi & Indian cinema. A cause Indies have also devoted lotsa time & energy to, in fact starting a fully dedicated YouTube channel just for purposes of showcasing our best old popular music & art culture. A culture not too old to seem archaic, yet by effect of heavy soot laden since advent of new millenia & decade just prior, makes seem sadly all but lost! Actually history has it, that if India & Indians were known for something, the Indian superpower if you will, from early years of past century & further back, twas the natural God-given ability to infuse love & respect & richness of expression & tune & music to our way of life & by natural extension to its cinema soon as began. Our music & playbacks akin to "doodh ki malai" (cream risen over boiling milk) only serving to further densify the saturated emotional core & texture of our artistic produce & parade. Trouble began perhaps around early 90s when started metamorphosing into carbonated soft drink, & sooner than could imagine, before all of our eyes, that saw it practically wither away to something unrecognizable, a pale shadow, & finally into oblivion. And if for even finer investigation into the germ of the graft, starting early to mid 80s, "The Mahabharata era of Bollywood", just like it did 5000 yrs back, not just reducing all end cause to a fight for survival, ushering in the Kaliyuga (of films), also enforcing a pan-India sense of numbed battle fatigue in general thence, & the eventual dying out of all (film) culture too with it. And now, decade past new millennia, as we witness our art trying to begin from scratch, sad to see them adopt minimalist liberal western models as a foundation. I'd joke that going thru top half of Indies All-Time material, was akin to a fully marinating crash course in the Vedas itself! Our great Urdu cine tradition itself heavily borrowed from deep dense Hindu literary & even overflowing spiritual literary core & it's buffet of richly cooked templates, much before shallow externalized 'show off culture' & finally 'embarrassed culture' eras began & bulldozed it all. Replaced with heavily Persian Islamic models, oddly enough even so applied to age-old sanatana habitats, a vibe totally alien to the Indian palette. Infact a hotch-potch alien to any cultured taste. Oh for let us not also lose the one great thing we had, in gaining the world! Moreso a more richly integrated & ripe post-experiment world culture of today, that's almost come full circle, & is beginning to realize its value! https://www.instagram.com/reel/CfVzMn6jHQz/?igshid=ZDc0MT
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zeebartels · 2 years
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Wishing all my Trinidadians and ancestors a Happy Indian Arrival day 🔁 • @cutlassmagazine This picture captures the first Indian Arrival Day celebration in Trinidad on May 30th, 1945. The “East Indian Centenary” marked the 100th year of Indian presence in the nation. It took place in Skinner Park, San Fernando, and local leaders like Adrian Cola Rienzi (Krishna Deonarine) were present. Written statements from public figures, such as Gandhi, were read. But the festivities soon waned. By the 1970s the Divine Life Society, a Hindu sect, was the only group continuing the practice. It was named “Indian Emigration Day” and found little attention beyond the town of Chaguanas. There was a shift after the Indian Revival and Reform Association (IRRA) was founded in 1976 to tackle racism towards Indians and promote the culture. In 1977, an IRRA panel was assembled with Rajiv Sieunarine, Azamudeen Jang, Khalique Khan, Ramdath Jagessar, Anand Rameshwar Singh, Rajesh Harricharan, and Michael Shankar. The next year Rajnie Ramlakhan, Ashok Gobin, and Anand Maharaj joined. They issued a pamphlet in 1978 outlining the very beginning of Indian indentureship in 1845. It listed the names of the “jahajis” aboard the Fatel Razack ship and covered their history. The Trinidad Express newspaper promoted the document while The Guardian published an article by Kusha Haracksingh about the journey on the “kala pani” (black water). San Fernando Secondary School also held an event and the television show Mastana Bahar aired an Indian Emigration Day special. The IRRA worked with the Secretary General of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha (SDMS), Satnarayan Maharaj, on a showcase at Lakshmi Girls Hindu College, an SDMS-founded school, on May 27th, 1979. To recognize Indians as citizens, and not just emigrants, they jointly agreed to adopt the title “Indian Arrival Day” from then. Source: Scott He and Project Gutenberg #indocaribbeanculture #indocaribbeanhistory #hindi #urdu #hindiurdu #bhojpuri #hindustani #caribbean #westindies #westindian #southasia #southasian #desi #indian #eastindian #india #trinidad #trinidadandtobago https://www.instagram.com/p/CeL0Ssho-f4ZgBwR4qXDzSCY6BB3b8TEw5NPzg0/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=
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