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kenresearchcompany · 1 year

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KSA Industrial Waste Water Treatment Market Is Anticipated to Grow and Reach to More than USD 1,600 Mn by 2026F: Ken Research

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Water Quality and environmental safeguarding is moving up the agenda of Saudi Arabian government with a Decree from the various office of ministries of Environment safeguarding that enhanced the effluent standards required from specific industries and also added to the list of pollutants which could not be released without treatment.

The Saudi Water Partnership Company (SWPC) plans to grant concessions for the construction and operation of a total of 14 desalination plants and 12 wastewater treatment plants, to be undertaken through public-private partnerships, seeking to attract investors from all over the world.

Packaged Water Treatment Systems: Packaged system are expected to gain sufficient traction in the near future as implementation of regulation governing effluent discharge gets more stringent. SMEs will be the most preferred customers for such units as their effluent discharge is much smaller and compact water treatment machines will be able to meet the requirement for water treatment. These are also suitable for industries that generate effluent in small quantities and in batches. They can also be modified for individual industries based on the type of effluent to be cleaned.

Recycling and Adoption of ZLD technology: The treatment is suitable for industries and areas where water is scarce resource. Therefore, industries can opt for reusing and recycling the water to minimize their overall withdrawal from natural and municipal supplies. Many companies are switching to this technology due to depleting water resources and degrading quality of natural water supply. Therefore, the market is expected to register a much faster growth in near future for the said technology.

Analysts at Ken Research in their latest publication “Saudi Arabia Industrial Waste Water Treatment Market Outlook to 2026F- Driven by government initiatives of Vision 2025, to achieve 100% clean water bodies and by 2035 to treat more than 6.8 million cubic meter of wastewater per day” observed that Industrial Waste Water market is an emergent market in KSA at a rebounding stage from the economic crisis after pandemic. The rising government policies and demand for growth in Waste Water Management sector, exciting potential and opportunity for investors along with government initiatives is expected to contribute to the market growth over the forecast period. The market is expected to grow at a 12.9% CAGR during 2021-2026F owing to the rise in economy of the country, increasing consciousness towards looks and new government policies.

Key Segments Covered in the report:-

Saudi Arabia Industrial Waste Water Treatment Market

By Region

Western Region

Central Region

Eastern Region

Southern Region

Northern Region

By Industry

Upstream oil & gas

Refining & petrochemicals

Food & Beverage

Power generation

Others

To learn more about this report Download a Free Sample Report

By Order Intake

EPC Contracts

O&M Contracts

Key Target Audience:-

Waste Water Treatment Service Providers

Water Treatment Equipment Distributors

Water Treatment Equipment Manufacturers

FMCG Companies

Waste Water Treatment Companies

Paper Manufactures

Government Bodies & Regulating Authorities

Time Period Captured in the Report:-

Historical Period: 2016-2021

Forecast Period: 2021-2026F

Companies Covered:-

AES Arabia Ltd

Al-Kawther Industries, Ltd. (Alkawther Company)

AquaTech

Ion Exchange and Company LLC

Metito Saudi Limited

Pentair Residential Filtration, LLC

Veolia Arabia Co

Water and Environment Technologies Company Ltd (WETICO)

Water Projects Saudi Arabia Ltd.

Visit this Link :- Request for custom report

Key Topics Covered in the Report:-

Market Overview for KSA Industrial Waste Water Treatment Market

Business Cycle and Genesis of KSA Industrial Waste Water Treatment Market

Value Chain in KSA Water and Waste Water Treatment System

Operating Margin in KSA Waste Water Treatment System

Payment System in KSA Water and Waste Water Treatment System

Asset Light Business Model in KSA Water and Waste Water Treatment System

Waste Water Treatment Market - EPC Project Timeline (2000 - 5000 m3 / day Plant)

Roadmap for Tender Application for EPC Company

Market Sizing of KSA Waste Water Treatment Market, 2016-2021

Market Segmentation of KSA Industrial Water Waste Treatment Market

SWOT Analysis of KSA Industrial Water Waste Treatment Market

KSA Industrial Waste Water Growth drivers

KSA Industrial Waste Water Market Restraints

PESTLE Analysis of Saudi Arabia

Pre-treatment and Joint Treatment Programs

Key Challenges Facing Startups and Investors in KSA Waste Water Treatment Market

Technology Used in KSA Waste Water Treatment Market

Technology and Process in Waste Water Treatment Market

Supervisory Framework in KSA for Industrial Waste Water Treatment Plant

Leading Sub-Sectors in the Saudi Arabia Waste Management Sector

Wastewater and Treated Water Process

Understanding the Decision-Making Parameters for a Waste Water Treatment Plant

Various Parameters for Competition in Industrial Waste Water Treatment Market

Expected Technology Adoption in KSA Industrial Waste Water Treatment Industry in Next Five Years, 2021-2026F

Market Sizing of KSA Waste Water Treatment Market, 2021-2026F

KSA Industrial Waste Water Treatment upcoming projects

Key Players in the Saudi Arabia Waste Management Sector

Future Market Sizing of KSA Waste Water Treatment Market, 2021-2026F

Key Growth opportunities in KSA Waste Water Treatment Market

For more insights on the market intelligence, refer to below link:-

Saudi Arabia Industrial Waste Water Treatment Market

Related Reports By Ken Research:-

Philippines Industrial Waste Water Treatment Market Outlook to 2026F-Driven by the rising number of industries within the countries and governments initiatives

Indonesia Industrial Waste Water Treatment Market Outlook 2027F – Driven by Rising Industrialization, Depletion of Resources and Government’s Strong Initiatives in Waste Water Treatment

Vietnam Solar PV Equipment Market Outlook to 2027- Driven by the regulations and incentives updated by the Government of Vietnam and concerns for climate change

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lupine-publishers-ctbm · 1 year

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The Main Trouble of Humanity is Misunderstanding of the Principles of Biological Systems Regulation and their Evolutionary Development

Introduction

According to thermodynamics, to control a biological system, no matter what system it is - microbes, plants or animals (including human society), two conditions must be met. a) It is necessary to study and understand the features of internal regulation of this system. And having understood that: b) Create most favorable conditions for its self-development. Do not force the system to change in the direction desired by certain individual, but to promote self-development, creating conditions required for that. Unfortunately, this principle is most often not taken into account and not observed by the human. After all, to do it correctly, one needs to think carefully, instead of destroying everything around and showing his coolness. And which is most important, prevent violation of the objective laws of nature, which sooner or later would end with environmental disasters. In this regard, the slogan “human is the ruler of nature” should be considered the most harmful and strongly propagated by the authority’s thesis. This opinion arose under the influence of certain achievements of the human in the creation of highly productive plant varieties [1]. We should note that humans immediately absolutize every achievement, even minor, but a new one. When formation of ATP under the influence of light was discovered, it was immediately declared that the main regulation mechanism is ATP deficiency. After discovery of the regulatory involvement of cell membranes, everything was explained by a change in membrane permeability. They discovered genetic codes and genetics became the main thing in all the regulations. During the Lysenko period in Russia, genetics was suppressed, but then it returned to normal. But now the role of genes is being absolutized. And their role as an executive mechanism for the accumulation of information has become dominant, and even more important than metabolism itself. But humans’ actions change a lot without understanding the consequences. Selecting plants with large fruits, people did not see what was happening with a root system that was outside their field of vision [2]. As a result, all cultivated plants have a root system 2-3 times smaller than that of their evolutionary predecessors. The consequences of that were tragic. A small root system provided an increased yield only with sufficient moisture and a high concentration of minerals in the soil. This promoted hydroponics. In such conditions, the use of mineral fertilizers has intensified with a simultaneous increase of plants quantity per unit of sown area (hectare). There was even an idea of “PROGRAMMING THE HARVEST”. Its principle is as follows. If you want to get a high yield, add the appropriate amount of minerals to the soil. In Europe, where soil fertility is insufficient and humidity is high, the role of mineral fertilizers has especially increased. While teaching economics and ANALYSIS of economic activity to students in the 1960s, I proudly told the students that in Holland they apply 1 ton of mineral fertilizers per hectare, whiler we (in Russia) are only 60-100kg / ha. At that time, students were told about the small root system of cultivated plants, that the plant does not need a large root size, since we give it all the necessary resources (water and minerals). And then we get a high yield.

Read more about this article: https://lupinepublishers.com/biotechnology-microbiology/fulltext/the-main-trouble-of-humanity-is-misunderstanding-of-the-principles-of-biological-systems-regulation-and-their-evolutionary-development.ID.000143.php

Read more Lupine publishers Goggle Scholar Articles:https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=X4tPijcAAAAJ&citation_for_view=X4tPijcAAAAJ:dfsIfKJdRG4C

#Lupine Publisher Group #Lupine publishers #Lupine Publishers LLC #biomedical sciences

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economicsresearch · 3 years

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page 536 - a basement with a series of sub-basements connected by ladders, the purpose of such a structure could be for bomb security, secret imprisonment or a movie theatre

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bestkoreanfoodstoconsider · 4 years

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Dishing Out The Best of Korean Food

There are always a lot of different Korean meals that gained popularity one of the tourists and the food enthusiasts. It's not just kimchi that makes the Korean cuisine more special but it's considered to be a significant portion of their tradition because this is created at a specific period in large quantities to sustain them until that time comes again. The time in making kimchi is termed "kimchang ". https:koreanfood.info

For all centuries, Koreans have already been consuming beach food, services and products in the areas and mountains. Their food is particular and exotic. The distinguishing factor of a Korean food is the quantity of spruce there is. Korean food is usually spicy. Their standard spices contain red pepper, soy sauce, natural onion, garlic, sesame, vegetable previous, vinegar and wine to say a few. Korean meals have a number of part dishes. The favorites contain kimchi, beanpaste soup, broiled beef and fish including steamed vegetables. An entire Korean food is known as "Hanjoungshik" consists of ingredients like grilled fish, steamed grain, soup, vegetable dishes, steamed short ribs and kimchi.

Desk manners will also be distinctive as it pertains to the Korean culture. You have to be knowledgeable about these exact things as you dine with Koreans in the future. They use chopsticks and a spoon because of their ingesting utensils. The scoop can be used to scoop grain while the chopsticks are used to consume different area dishes. It is very important to see that using equally at the same time frame is regarded as bad manners. High and low platforms are useful for dining but through the Choson Dynasty, the low tables are utilized mainly due to the ondol, a ground heating system that was the fad through that time. These platforms have beautiful forms and arrangements though the large tables are creating a comeback in the homes of modern Korean families.

Korea even offers many different ingesting establishments that include block vendors, little eateries, and conventional types that provide a full-course meal. Additionally there are rapidly foods that provide western and Korean dishes. Fortunately, it's maybe not essential to provide a suggestion because it's not a custom in the country.

As well as dinners, Koreans do infrequently drink such a thing alternatively water or barley tea but if they drink, they have several types of beverages. Tea and many coffee shops are extremely popular in the area. As it pertains to alcohol based drinks, Koreans are partial to the popular drink called soju.

Korean food is well-known internationally to be spicy, flavourful and delicious. But did you know that Korean cuisine also presents numerous health benefits? Korean cuisine is so balanced that South Korea boasts of an obesity rate of just 3.5 percent. Now, contrast that obesity rate with famous brands the United Claims (34.4%), the U.K (25%), Mexico (30%) and New Zealand (25%).

Many might attribute such minimal obesity rate to genetics of Asians when compared to Caucasians - the latter being greater in build compared to the former etc. - but that's not the case either. Koreans are healthy than many people largely for their diet, proof of that is the Cambridge World History of Food's record that the typical Korean dinner includes 13 percent less fat than those present in the diets of Americans and Europeans.

Standard Health Great things about Korean Cuisine

Besides the fact that Korean food adds itself well to a non-obese populace, in addition it offers many other health benefits. Said benefits to good health won't come as a surprise once the elements, condiments and resources applied along with the cooking instruments, methods and systems applied are considered.

The most typical substances found in Korean cuisine are vegetables, which we all know to be filled with the macronutrients and micronutrients essential in the maintenance of great health. From the side bowl to the main bowl and from fresh to fermented, vegetables like cabbages, vegetable sprouts and spinach are nicely used. Include the generous uses of garlic, ginger and different helpful herbs and Korean cuisine is very balanced

Meat, by contrast, is used modestly which magnifies Korean cuisine's health benefits. Also if it is a meat bowl, the Koreans prefer the slim and balanced forms like slim meat, chicken breasts and fatty fishes. Consequently, the dangers for cardiovascular diseases are considerably decrease, thanks to reduce soaked fat and cholesterol content in Korean cuisine.

The cooking tools, practices and technologies useful for organizing Korean food are the healthy types. Grilling, stir-frying, stewing and fermenting are typically the most popular ways to cook Korean cuisine, every one of which means that the meals are grilled in their very own juices. In comparison, several foods in nations with high obesity prices such as the United Claims are serious melted in vats of oil.

All the popular Korean foods has its own health advantages by virtue of the elements and preparing practices applied to it. The following are only a number of hottest:

Bulgogi is really a grilled plate consisting of marinated barbecue meat though it can also be created from chicken (dak) and pig (dwaeji). Because that is grilled over an open flare, it cooks alone juices and, ergo, number fatty oils are used. Caloric material is 310 per serving.

Jeyuk bokkeum is fiery chicken offered with grain, leaves of lettuce, Chinese cabbage, perilla (Sesame leaves) and other large leafy green vegetables as well as cuts of raw garlic and soup peppers. Calorie per providing is 221.

Bibimbap may have slightly larger fat material - 560 calories for a single providing - than other types of Korean food but the health benefits remain there, nevertheless, as a result of the seasoned vegetables, tofu, egg, meat or seafood in the dish.

Ddukbokki is manufactured out of grain meal coupled with fish cakes, garlic and onions. Very hot and hot has most of the benefits connected with gochujang and chilli's, along with being really low in fat. Nutrient depend is 378 per serving.

A debate on medical benefits of Korean cuisine won't be complete without mention of kimchi, a traditional hot Korean condiment served from morning till evening in almost all dishes. It is famous to enhance the circulatory program due to the garlic, fish substance and chilli as their main elements, press here for more health advantages of Kimchi.

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onlinemarketinghelp · 4 years

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Finding Recession-Resistant Investments In The Face Of The Coronavirus https://ift.tt/2w14Ney

The coronavirus has presented investors with unprecedented uncertainty.

The global financial markets are still reeling from what WHO has called a pandemic, and the White House has declared a national emergency. Last month, the Dow Jones dropped 10 percent in one day, its largest one-day fall since 1987. The Federal Reserve Bank has even stepped in, injecting $1.5 trillion into the economy. In one month alone, the stock market lost well over 20%.

In light of these events, we thought it was interesting to see impact of the coronavirus on the fine wine market with a great deep-dive with our partners Vinovest. With more people looking for alternative investments, especially recession-resistant investments, let's look into this relatively unknown asset.

If you want to skip the details and learn more, check out Vinovest and see how you can invest in fine wine >>

Quick Navigation

How Does The Coronavirus Affect Fine Wine?

What Makes Fine Wine A Recession-Resistant Investment?

The Economics Of Fine Wine

Fine Wine vs. Gold In Recessions

Long-Term Appreciation In The Face Of Panic

Historical Performance Of Fine Wine

What To Expect From Here

How Does The Coronavirus Affect Fine Wine?

It is natural to wonder how the coronavirus will affect the value of fine wine. After all, equities are cratering under recent financial pressure. With that in mind, it's important to know that fine wine has almost no correlation with the stock market. Even in the most turbulent economic periods, fine wine manages to march on unscathed. Take the Great Recession in 2008. Stock prices plummeted 52 percent as people created a run on the money market funds. The price of fine wine, though? It had a single digit dip of nine percent.

What Makes Fine Wine A Recession-Resistant Investment?

Fine wine is not susceptible to the same market forces as traditional investments, like stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. While supply and demand impact both assets, the similarities disappear quickly after that. The separate sphere of influence is the key to the recession-resistance.

Factors That Influence The Price Of Wine:

Annual Harvest Yield

Consumer Tastes

Reputation

Tariffs

Vintage

Weather

Factors That Influence The Price Of Equities:

Company Earnings

Corporate Management

Dividends

Interest Rates

Political Climate

Barring a cataclysmic natural disaster or shift in consumer tastes, fine wine will remain a reliable investment. Outside factors, like the coronavirus or stock prices, are highly unlikely to influence whether or not someone wants to buy and consume wine. In an interview with Forbes, Silicon Valley Bank Wine Division founder Rob McMillian articulated the sentiment best, saying:

“We have to start the conversation by recognizing that people enjoy wine in good times and stressful times. Wine is not recession-proof, but it is recession-resistant. In the same way, it might not be virus-proof, but it will prove virus-resistant from an economic perspective. There is no chance we will see sweeping abstinence as a consequence of the virus.

Since the Great Recession, there have been several corrections in the stock market, the most recent being the coronavirus. While stock prices fluctuate during these times, the fine wine market tends to stay the same. Fine wine may experience a small decline. That said, there are precedents for price increases. We understand the coronavirus is creating a lot of concern. The cause for concern shouldn’t extend into investment-grade wine, though. It’s why fine wine is one of the few recession-resistant assets that can safeguard investors from the economic storm.

The Economics Of Fine Wine

Again, fine wine does not play by the same rules as traditional equities. For starters, wine has a fixed supply. Once the harvest is over, that is it. A winery cannot produce more wine for that vintage, even if it's a smashing success.

That supply will only decrease with time because investors will drink the wine. Even if the demand remains constant, the scarcity will drive up the price, barring a significant change in one of the factors mentioned above. The growth is buoyed by increasing interest in fine wine consumption from emerging markets, like India and China.

As Rob McMillian suggested, the coronavirus will not diminish people’s interest in wine. While the outbreak is far from ideal, people should not expect to see a meaningful change in consumption habits. The same cannot be said of the stock market.

The coronavirus has created a domino effect through fear, panic, and uncertainty, all things that investors want to avoid. As a result, many people are selling their stocks to minimize their losses or get their money into "safer" investments. As a result, American investors have lost roughly $3 trillion in wealth.

Fine Wine vs. Gold In Recessions

It's worth taking a moment to talk about gold. The odds are that when investors think of "safer" physical assets, they think of gold. That inclination is not without merit. Gold handily outperformed the S&P 500 from December 2007 to June 2009.

Historically, gold has had an inverse relation with the equity market during times of crisis. That correlation, though, is not stagnant. Gold’s recent performance suggests a positive correlation with the stocks, thus weakening its reputation as a risk-hedging investment.

The coronavirus-induced recession is a perfect example. The United States saw the first COVID-19 death on February 29. In the following days, Florida and California declared states of emergency, public and privates closed, and major corporations-imposed travel restrictions on employees. Gold, which had traded at $1,697 per ounce on March 2, fell 11 percent in a week.

There are other examples of gold’s increasing correlation with the stock market. During the 2018 US-China trade war, gold showed a 0.69 correlation, which means almost 50 percent of the variance between two is correlated. Mathematicians would call this value statistically significant. Fine wine, however, had a negative correlation, coming in at -0.55.

Gold is losing its luster as a portfolio diversifier. Its increasing correlation with the equity market fails to protect investors, despite its “safe haven” reputation. Additionally, the price of gold has more than quadrupled since 2000, far outpacing the reasonable demand for the physical product.

Long-Term Appreciation In The Face Of Panic

It is unclear how long the coronavirus will last. China is returning to its new normal after roughly 50 days. All countries, though, are not as well-equipped or proactive when it comes to treating COVID-19.

While the immediate financial world is in upheaval, fine wine is a long-term investment. It is not something people day trade, like stocks, to make marginal capital gains. Investors do not have the pressure of time when selling wine.

That is, in part, because wine gets better with age. All grapes have a compound called tannins. The organic substance is in the seeds, skin, roots, and leaves of the grape. While the quantity of tannins varies based on the grape varietal, they are present in every wine, to some extent.

Tannins have a bitter and astringent taste. Over time, though, they break down, which makes a wine smoother and more balanced. It is one of the reasons why wine producers put so much emphasis on proper and extended aging. To reap the benefits of aging, investors will likely need enough patience to outlast the 2020 flu season.

Historical Performance Of Fine Wine

Predictions are challenging, and the coronavirus only adds more uncertainty to the equation. The best way to understand what the future holds is to look at the past. From 2008 to 2010, in the throes of the global recession, the Liv-ex 1000, which tracks 1,000 wines from across the world, returned a little less than zero.

The same recession-resistant applied abroad. The March Gestion Vini Catana fund, which started in December 2009, invests in wine production and vineyards. Within a year after opening, it was up nine percent compared to a 3.7 percent decline for the FTSE 100. Meanwhile, the average hedge fund at this time was down 0.2 percent.

The question here is, why? During economic struggles, investor’s preferences do not change in a meaningful way when it comes to fine wine. It is one of the reasons why annual wine consumption has grown for the past 20 years. By the same token, people who purchase investment-grade wine can often afford to hold on to their collections during recessions, mitigating the risk of fire sales.

Wine Business Monthly published a study about which wineries performed the best during the recession in 2008. One of its conclusions was that large wineries had the resources to deal with the downturn. They have well-established consumer bases and can leverage economies of scale.

The second conclusion was that wineries that owned the means of production thrived. Translation: wineries like Château Lafite Rothschild, Screaming Eagle, and many more are in good shape. These estates control their land, grapes, and production, all the way through to distribution. Therefore, they do not have the same concerns as boutique producers that rely on purchasing grapes.

Unsurprisingly, sub-indices, like the Bordeaux 500 and Burgundy 150, performed well during the Great Recession. The former saw a 50 percent increase in value from 2009 to 2011. As for the Burgundy 150, its growth was closer to 60 percent.

The best case for fine wine’s recession-resistant is its history. While it is not impervious, it has stood up against the Great Depression, Dot Com bubble, and more. Researchers found the long-term investment performance of young-maturing wines from high-quality vintages provided the strongest financial return. Not only did it demonstrate remarkable recession-resistance, but it has also outpaced competitors, like fine stamps, arts, and bills, during the same time.

What To Expect From Here

As Managing Director of Cult Wines Ltd. Tom Gearing put it, “fine wine can act as a defensive asset class in times of economic crisis but also benefit from periods of economic growth.” It is why many people use fine wine as a way to round out their long-term investment strategy. The investment reduces overall risk while adding diversification and stability.

While clouds are darkening over Wall St, fine wine is a silver lining. The short-term volatility resistant and long-term appreciation will counteract the chaotic snapshot of the world today.

If you have any additional questions about wine investment, check out Vinovest today.

The post Finding Recession-Resistant Investments In The Face Of The Coronavirus appeared first on The College Investor.

from The College Investor

The coronavirus has presented investors with unprecedented uncertainty.

If you want to skip the details and learn more, check out Vinovest and see how you can invest in fine wine >>

Quick Navigation

How Does The Coronavirus Affect Fine Wine?

What Makes Fine Wine A Recession-Resistant Investment?

The Economics Of Fine Wine

Fine Wine vs. Gold In Recessions

Long-Term Appreciation In The Face Of Panic

Historical Performance Of Fine Wine

What To Expect From Here

How Does The Coronavirus Affect Fine Wine?

What Makes Fine Wine A Recession-Resistant Investment?

Factors That Influence The Price Of Wine:

Annual Harvest Yield

Consumer Tastes

Reputation

Tariffs

Vintage

Weather

Factors That Influence The Price Of Equities:

Company Earnings

Corporate Management

Dividends

Interest Rates

Political Climate

The Economics Of Fine Wine

Fine Wine vs. Gold In Recessions

Long-Term Appreciation In The Face Of Panic

Historical Performance Of Fine Wine

What To Expect From Here

While clouds are darkening over Wall St, fine wine is a silver lining. The short-term volatility resistant and long-term appreciation will counteract the chaotic snapshot of the world today.

If you have any additional questions about wine investment, check out Vinovest today.

The post Finding Recession-Resistant Investments In The Face Of The Coronavirus appeared first on The College Investor.

https://ift.tt/39s5Ku4 April 01, 2020 at 10:15AM https://ift.tt/39uZORf

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drnikolatesla · 6 years

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“NIKOLA TESLA FOR THE FIRST TIME DESCRIBES HIS NEW SYSTEM FOR SUPPLYING WIRELESS POWER TO RUN ALL THE EARTH’S INDUSTRIES.”

By Marcel Roland. New York American, September 3, 1911.

By a series of discoveries and inventions just perfected, Nikola Tesla, the electrical scientist, has upset what has hitherto been regarded as one of the fixed laws of nature. “Every effect diminishes with distance,” is the way the textbooks have expressed it.

Tesla now says that instead of decreasing like other forces, electricity may be made to increase in intensity with the distance traveled.

The full significance of this discovery may not be at once apparent. It is obvious, however, that it annihilates space. There can be no limit to the power of the electric wave which increases in intensity the further it travels.

For nearly 20 years Tesla has been working on his plan, he calls it his wireless “World System.” If it is put into successful execution it will convert the earth into a gigantic conduit, which will pass power for all earthly activities, and make possible communication with other planets.

From time to time Tesla has made partial announcements as his work progressed. This, however, is the first comprehensive account of his system as a whole that the inventor has consented to give to the world.

“Through ages past man has anyways attempted to project in some way or other energy into space. In all his attempts, no matter what agent he employed, he was hampered by the inexorable law of nature which says every effect diminishes with distance, generally as the square of the same, sometimes more rapidly.

“I saw at once that space was annihilated in all the three aspects; in the transport of our bodies and materials and in the earth, transmission of the energies necessary for our existence. You can imagine how profoundly I was affected by this revelation. Technically, it meant that the earth, as a whole, had certain periods of vibrations, and that by by impressing electrical vibrations of the same periods upon it, it could be thrown into oscillations of such nature that innumerable benefits could be derived.

“It is difficult to convey an idea of these inventions without resorting to technical terms. The first and best known of these is my transformer, which enables the production of electrical vibrations of transcending intensities. I have already attained activities of many millions of horse power; but this is nothing compared to those which I am expecting to get with my improved apparatus.

“The second is what I have termed my magnifying transmitter, which I look upon as my best electrical invention, and with which any distance can be bridged. I have already passed of this wonderful instrument and am confident that a message can be flashed to such a distance as the planet Mars.

“Some technical men would be disposed to look upon such statements as those of a dreamer, but it is only because they have not had opportunities to see experiments which I have actually performed. The third invention I have designated as the “Art of individualization,” which enables the transmission of an unlimited number of messages through a wire or wireless, without the slightest interference. Not before this improvement is universally adopted will the world fully realise the benefits of telegraphy and telephony. The fourth invention is my receiver, which concentrates the energy transmitted over a wide area into the operating device.”

What would the voltage in your transmitter be?

“In the transmission of telegraphic and telephonic messages I shall employ from five to ten million volts, but in transmitting power in great quantities, as much as one hundred million volts will be used.“

How will your “World System” compare with those now in use as regards to cost?

“We could easily afford to offer a transmission of telegraphic and telephonic messages to any terrestrial distance for five cents a word. In a short while no one will think it anything out of the way to dictate or to write a long letter across the Pacific.”

How long does it take for the transmission of a message, by your system, around the world?

“The exact time is, according to my measurements, 43-1000 of a second, which is a speed about 50 per cent greater than that of light.

“The impulse starts from my magnifying transmitter with infinite speed, slows first rapidly and then at a lesser rate until, when it has penetrated to a distance of 6000 miles from the transmitter, it proceeds with approximately the speed of light. From there on it accelerates, first slowly and then more rapidly, and reaches the opposite point of the globe again with infinite speed only to rebound and pass through the same phases on its way back to the transmitter.

“This movement of electricity through the Earth, which takes place strictly in accordance with a mathematical law, and enables a great number of accurate measurements and determinations to be made, which are of immense practical and scientific value.”

Is your universal marine service based upon this principle?

“Largely so. In setting up and maintaining stationary waves in the earth its entire surface is subdivided in perfectly definite zones of electric activity, so that any observer of all those data which are of importance to navigators as the latitude and longitude, the position with reference to a given point, the speed of travel, and the course followed. This method is quite exact and reliable, and once introduced will be instrumental in a great saving of time, life and property.”

When your system of time distribution is introduced what kind of devices will be used for indicating the hour?

“They will be ever so much simpler than the ordinary clocks or watches, being entirely devoid of wheel work. For personal use a small case will be provided resembling that of a watch which would indicate precisely the time and require no more attention than a compass for instance. The large clocks on towers and public edifices in general will be replaced by extremely simple devices operated on the same principle.

“All these will be ‘tuned’ to a wireless wave sent out at a certain time. This will automatically set the hands of every ‘tuned’ time piece.”

In operating stock tickers, will the present instruments have to be replaced by others?

“Not at all, they will remain intact. A great financier told me that this should be one of the most valuable and practical applications of my system, inasmuch as the instantaneous operation of such instruments all the world over will go far toward allaying panics and failures which are at present mostly due to the inadequacy and stagnation of channels of information.”

“A business man will be able to dictate in his office a letter which will appear in type at any other place he wishes without loss of time in the transmission. It will be exactly as though he had his stenographer close by. In the same manner it will be practicable to send a handwritten letter or even a check, and what is more important, it will not be possible to falsify the signature.”

Will the transmission of complex musical productions require complicated apparatuses?

Not at all. The apparatus at any of the master plants, transmitting a great number of musical compositions, will be of necessity complicated, but the subscriber will need only a telephone receiver, and, if he desires exclusiveness, and individualizing device in connection, which, however, will be rarely required. He will be none the less able to listen to the most complex opera played in some remote party of the world. What is more, he can carry the entire outfit with him on his walks and travels, and whenever he desires to listen to the music he can do so.

The wireless system which I have developed does not contemplate competition with established lighting systems in densely populated districts, but it offers an ideal solution for the illumination of isolated places. The light will be furnished by exhausted glass tubes, bent in all sorts of ornamental shapes, and is of surpassing beauty, resembling closely the daylight. The lamps will last forever. The entire apparatus for lighting the average country dwelling will contain no moving part whatever, and could be readily carried about in a small valise. It will be quite immaterial in which region of the earth the house to be lighted is located. Distance will not affect the charge.“

How far from the Earth’s surface can power be transmitted by this wireless system?

“To any distance; in fact, the greater the elevation above the ground that easier it is to supply the power to the vehicle, such as an airship crossing the ocean.”

What do you consider the most important application of your system?

The transmission of power, of course. The operation of aerial machines alone will be of a revolutionizing influence, in as much as it will afford a perfect solution of this important problem. Another great field will be the irrigation and fertilization of the soil by wireless power. The time is not distance when a farmer will have installed on his place an apparatus for continuously manufacturing, from the gases of the atmosphere, nitric compounds which will be used to fertilize, while a motor will pump the water and perform other duties; all the energy being supplied from a plant perhaps thousands of miles away. This system can be extended so as to make productive vast tracts of now barren lands located in various countries. I believe that the export of wireless power will be one of the chief resources of the United States and other fortunately situated countries in times to come.“

#nikola tesla #science #history #physics #invention #engineering #technology #wireless #energy #power #communication #inverse square law #faster than light #electricity #future #ahead of his time #ahead of our time #quotes

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economicsresearch · 3 years

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page 536 - a portrait of famous wrestler hulk hogan known for his moustache and leg drop

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xtruss · 3 years

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EU’s Radical Net-Zero Pledges Hit Home — With Eye-Watering Energy Bills

Any Russian relief will have to come through Nord Stream 2 -- Russia has signaled it won't increase gas deliveries except through that one pipe when it's approved

— Sophie Mellor

Running out of gas as the cost of energy hits record highs, Europe is facing a “power crunch”—one that has been years in the making. [In other words, one that could have been avoided to a considerable extent if the US and the Atlanticist 5th column hadn’t been allowed to sabotage energy cooperation with Russia for as long as they have.] As the global demand for gas soars, Europe’s uptake of intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, combined with its aggressive shutdown of coal and heavy EU carbon taxation, has caused its electricity supply to tighten.

The continent’s gas crunch is causing extreme volatility, with the U.K. on Thursday seeing its electricity price jump 10-fold during one seven-hour period, to a record high of £2,300 ($3,180) per megawatt-hour (MWh), as Ireland, which regularly exports wind energy to the U.K., itself faced supply shortages.

They’re Not Alone.

This volatility has brought higher prices, hitting record highs across Spain, Germany, and France. Residential users, meanwhile, bear the brunt of the cost.

The eye-watering bills come as both the European Union and United Kingdom push to become global leaders in decarbonizing their energy grids. Last year, for example, the EU pledged it would achieve net zero by 2050, a commitment that means phasing out carbon-intensive energy sources over the next decade for more sustainable sources like wind and solar. Complicating matters: Energy prices have soared this year as demand everywhere picks up, leaving homeowners in the middle of the push and pull of an increasingly volatile global market.

Customers in both Spain and Portugal are now paying an average of €140 ($165) for a MWh of electricity, according to Iberian Peninsula electricity market operator OMIE—the highest since 2002. And on Thursday, Spain’s day-ahead electricity was at a record €152.32/MWh. Over in France and the U.K., EDF Energy said it would raise its standard variable tariffs by 12% from Oct. 1 to account for rising wholesale energy costs. And France’s benchmark power price for delivery next year also hit a record high, at €99.50 per MWh.

Such record gas prices are not usually seen in the months before winter, when more power is needed to heat homes.

A Controversial Connection

If there’s a lifeline, it could come from Russia. Russia’s state-owned energy giant Gazprom announced Friday that it had finished construction of the controversial 750-mile Nord Stream 2 natural-gas pipeline to Germany. The timing couldn’t be any juicer, as it comes just a day after U.K. electricity prices hit an all-time record and Ireland warned that a power shortfall could lead to blackouts.

If all goes to plan, Russian gas could begin flowing to the European continent within a month.

Until then, European consumers will have to pay the price. “I don’t see a reason for blackouts, because there are more than enough sources of electricity supply. It’s just going to be expensive,” says Carlos Torres Diaz, head of gas and power markets at energy research firm Rystad Energy.

Years in the Making

The current power crunch is the product of years of policy choices, many made with the best of intentions, and has left Europe in a sticky political situation.

For the past several years, Europe has been shutting down its own gas fields domestically to reduce impact on the environment. [And because they’re yielding less.] The largest gas field in Europe, the Dutch Groningen field, is currently being decommissioned eight years earlier than initially planned, with its output reduced to a “minimum” flow that is meant to be used only as a backup energy source. Similarly, gas production in the U.K. is down 28% year to date, according to global natural resources consultancy Wood Mackenzie, with Norwegian gas production also stilted due to maintenance.

Russia has not ignored Europe’s increasingly precarious energy supply. Russia limited export flow of natural gas over the summer in a criticized move to maximize profits, leaving Europe in a tight spot, and now, with Europe’s anguish rising, Russia is making noise about getting gas flowing through the Nord Stream 2 pipeline as soon as possible. [“Limited export flow” sounds like Russia reduced the shipments, but actually it continued to ship the quantities stipulated in the contracts, it just didn’t ramp up shipments beyond that eg to gas-trading bourses. And since Brussels has been screaming it wants to “free” itself of Russian gas, why complain about it when Gazprom accommodates you?]

The Gazprom-owned $11 billion Nord Stream 2 pipeline, which runs under the Baltic Sea, will send 55 billion cubic meters of gas to Europe each year, enough to supply 26 million households annually. The project, which has been 10 years in the making, was met with intense regulatory pushback and sanctions over fears the pipeline would make Europe too reliant on Russian gas. [Incidentally sanctioning Nord Stream 2 has not made it any less reliant on Russia, it has merely prevented Russia from being able to supply it.]

Now, this drop in European gas production, along with a boom in energy consumption related to the COVID-19 economic recovery—the International Energy Agency found that European gas consumption in Q2 2021 rose by 25%, the largest year-on-year quarterly increase since 1985—has made the idea of buying more gas from Russia increasingly palatable.

“Europe is desperate for this additional source of gas, and that helped move the approval of the pipeline,” says Diaz.

Farther Out East

Europe has few good alternatives aside from Russian gas. The most likely replacement for Russian gas would be going to Asian markets—where there is stiff competition from other countries—to buy liquefied natural gas (LNG).

China, Japan, and South Korea have spurred a buying spree of LNG this summer, hoping to have enough gas stored to last the winter, while burning enough now for a post-COVID-19 economic recovery. This buying spree has sent the price of LNG soaring, with the spot price of LNG cargoes above $15 per million British thermal units in July, according to energy consultancy ICIS, from its December low of $8 MBtu.

“There has always been this argument about Russia versus LNG,” says Rystad’s Diaz, who thinks Europe needs both sources of supply. “If we don’t import Russian gas, the alternative is LNG. And to attract LNG, we will need to compete with Asia, which has the potential for higher prices.”

Net Zero’s Net Effect

The last lever pushing prices higher has been a knock-on effect of Europe’s efforts to bring down its emissions.

Renewable energy produced by wind and solar, which produces 20% of the electricity in Europe, is intermittent, which means it does not produce power when the sun doesn’t shine and the wind doesn’t blow. And without batteries, storage is limited.

This summer was a bad season for wind, with output in the U.K. dropping to as low as 409MW on Monday, compared to a record high of 17,600MW set on May 4. Things were equally grim in Germany, with renewable energy output at one point making 8.1 percent less in the country’s total energy makeup.

And another self-inflicted cost is borne from the record high price that comes along with releasing carbon dioxide into European air under the EU’s emissions trading scheme. Normally when gas prices increase, there “tends to be a switch from gas to coal power generation,” says Diaz, but given the tax under the emissions scheme, “there will be less switching that we can expect.”

— Source: Fortune

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davids69811 · 3 years

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Constructing a Financial Model

A great deal of capitalists count on experts' projections when they are examining the prospective value of a supply. That's not always a negative suggestion; experts have fortunate access to firms' directors and also commonly have significant experience and also knowledge in their sector. Terminal Value Multiplier

Still, if you really wish to do your very own research study, you're mosting likely to need to start constructing your own economic versions. For some supplies, there aren't any kind of forecasts readily available; for others, the single forecast available might be out of date, or it's a forecast by the broker, which you can anticipate to be rather hopeful in most cases.

Besides, even if there are other forecasts available, constructing your very own design will give you an in-depth understanding of the company and also its company, even more than just checking out the yearly record.

First, you'll require to analyze business model of the business. Is there a convenient system of volume? As an example, it's houses with housebuilders, kilowatt hours with electrical power companies, and so on. That could use on the price side too; for sellers, square metres of retail room is an essential number. Provided these units, you'll often be able to quotes revenues as well as at least a few of the prices - this is very beneficial, as you can after that analyse where growth is beginning - is it coming from increased quantity of sales, or simply increased prices?

You'll likewise need to take a look at whether gross margin or running margin is the key ratio. For retailers, it's gross margin - properly that procedures what mark-up they're making on their items. For a software program firm, on the various other hand, the gross margin is generally 90% of more - there's practically no cost of sales - so it's operating margin that is more important.

If a business has primarily team prices, you can approximate the variety of personnel and also what they're most likely to be paid - undoubtedly an event caterer or construction business will certainly have a tendency to have lower expenses per employee than a computer system consultancy or investment manager.

Start with the last couple of years' actual figures, and afterwards merely build up next year in the exact same format. By utilizing unit-based forecasts, or by taking a look at what margin you might expect, as well as making use of a selected growth price for earnings, you can develop next year's profit and also loss account. For instance, with a computer company I might look at what various other firms in its location are making as operating earnings margins - and afterwards projection, claim, it will have margins a number of percent reduced, due to the fact that it has some replication of prices while it's establishing an Indian outsourcing arm.

You may also change the margins if you recognize that expense inputs are enhancing - for example, in the food market or in brewing, where malt and jumps skyrocketed in cost in 2008-9.

When you've developed the version, you need to check it. An excellent way to do this is to exercise the other proportions - as an example you may work out contractor day prices for a computer firm by working out the everyday cost per employee, as well as increasing it. That's really guideline but it must give you an idea of whether the model is functioning.

A massive benefit of having this type of version is that you can bend it. You can claim 'what if' the price of gas went up once more? What influence would certainly it have on British Airways? You can ask 'suppose' a firm employed much more staff, 'suppose' Marston's closed a couple of clubs, 'what happens if' the price of uncollectable bill at Lloyds increased.

Broker projections all make presumptions, as well as you don't actually know what those assumptions are - you can make a variety, and also you'll be choosing assumptions that you assume are viable. If you're a contrarian capitalist, you may wind up with a rather different result from much of the experts, just due to the fact that you have altered presumptions about the economic climate, or the oil price.

Connecting the Void In Between Financial Modeling and also Budgeting

A financial model and also an operating budget are 2 different points, yet both should associate with and also enhance each various other. I'm mosting likely to briefly discuss the differences, what each is utilized for, as well as how to use them both better to run as well as improve your organization.

THE DIFFERENCES

Financial modeling/forecasting typically takes a big-picture approach and also stays clear of a lot of information. The version is utilized to examine chances as well as the domino effect of significant organization decisions. The version is usually expressed in regards to yearly performance.

An operating expense, on the other hand, is bogged down in the information. It needs to link straight to the bookkeeping system's basic journal, or graph of accounts for QuickBooks individuals, and also is generally a month-by-month projection of the activities of each represent the following 12 to 24 months. Use the operating expense consists of analysis of the budget vs. real performance each month.

HOW & WHY SHOULD THEY ASSOCIATE?

An organization requires to have both a financial model and also an operating expense. A budget plan without a long-lasting model/forecast leaves a firm rather directionless and also doing not have the capacity to understand the influence of business decisions on economic efficiency. A financial model without an operating budget is a "pie-in-the-sky" dream that is not established in fact. There is no chance to track progress in the direction of completing the goals and also objectives, if they are even detailed, as well as it is nearly difficult to hold any individual responsible. Every business ought to have both.

The area where numerous companies go wrong is that they do not proactively both of them as well as guarantee they "feed" right into each other. For example, allow's presume we have actually modeled $5,000,000 in sales for 2009 yet our operating budget requires $3,500,000. This inconsistency is big as well as revokes one, the various other, or both!

The operating budget needs to validate and enhance the assumptions made in the financial model, as well as vice-versa. In fact, the month-to-month testimonial of the budget vs. actual performance can typically create beneficial info about our assumptions as well as can validate changes and also updates regularly to the financial model.

For instance, allow's presume we forecast a 50% gross earnings in our 5-year financial model. Because of modifications in the economy, increasing product rates, as well as a minor adjustment in mix of products, our gross revenue is being available in each month at 45%. We locate as well as track this in our operating budget evaluation each month. Given that the trend appears to be regular, we might choose to update the gross profit presumption in our financial model.

Many arising companies may not have the proficiency to produce as well as use these devices to their benefit. By locating a professional that provides CFO solutions, the majority of services can optimize the benefit of these tools at a very economical cost.

Startup Financial Designs

To understand the requirement and also significance of start-up monetary designs, we initially require to recognize just what it is that the economic field entails itself in. Financial institutions, such as investment companies, banks and also safety and security firms handle the circulation of money, the amount of which can commonly be of such a nature regarding make it unforeseeable. In many cases this amount hinges on particular future problems, as in equity or bonds. This makes the extremely nature of financial purchases unsure as well as unsteady.

Selecting the right version

A particular context or decision must go in the real understanding of functional startup monetary versions. This decision or context relies on the perspective within which it has to be located. Many services as well as other financial tasks need a restricted horizon, while others run within perspectives that might go for weeks, months and also perhaps even years. Designs that have been designed to collaborate with constantly and frequently changing data as well as procedures would not be applicable in circumstances which are progressive as well as remain fixed for longer periods of time. Therefore the requirement to pick the best kind of financial model is an important one.

Which models are great?

While the a great deal of unmanageable elements make it difficult for a lot of start-up financial versions to function as focused tools for forecasts. Nevertheless, these versions can be used for numerous other objectives such as risk as well as revenue evaluation, predicting the worths of assumptions that are made based on existing market conditions, determining the margins that are needed to prevent adverse scenarios, and also different kinds of sensitivity evaluation. These are necessary to manage minimal capital investment, resources allotment and determining performance.

The very best location to begin a financial model from, is a profound understanding of the case that requires this design. The technique is partly satisfied by those start-up economic models that contain parts of market behavior, however reality can usually be vastly various from the concept that is to be complied with. To comprehend fully the nature of all the types of threat that the business might be exposed to, the financial model needs to plainly disclose the possible locations of dependencies. These dependences can be seen between different kinds of tasks and between consecutive period. It is likewise useful if the design clarifies the partnership between possession types and types of service. In such an instance, the way that the two sides of a balance sheet engage would certainly be turned up clearly.

Financial Modeling For You

Financial modeling is a term made use of in service as well as investing a whole lot. It is a huge component of accountancy as well as it is something that most of us in professional settings will certainly be familiar with. Nonetheless for those people that just ever before need to manage our very own cash, economic modeling may be a somewhat even more foreign idea. Right here we will certainly take a look at what financial modeling is, just how to utilize it and also exactly how it will profit you.

Basically financial modeling is the process of preparing designs of your financial resources (as you may have guesses) and also this then enables you to see visualizations of where your financial resources are heading with time and so act appropriately to readjust this.

In companies this will certainly typically entail a visualization of the company's earnings. For example business often tend to gain a specific quantity of revenue on a monthly basis and also annually, and economic models could be made use of in order to take a look at how this revenue has actually transformed every year and also to determine patterns. This would certainly then allow the accounting professional to demonstrate aesthetically to personnel and management just how the company's profits will look in 10 years approximately utilizing a chart. Additionally they could consider just how buying even more personnel would certainly impact that forecast based upon the adjustments that new team have made to the revenues previously which would certainly enable the financial model to guide future decisions. This can also be utilized in company assessment in order to approximate the value of an organization and also in order to forecast whether it would certainly make a great financial investment or otherwise.

So exactly how does this affect an individual? Well there are many models that are extremely valuable for us on a day to day basis. For instance using a compound passion computation can be extremely beneficial for anticipating just how much interest you will earn (and so how much resources you will have to invest) as well as where to spend your cash. Substance interest is passion that expands tremendously as the rate of interest made is included right into the round figure to obtain passion itself (like a snow round getting energy down a hillside). A financial model of compound interest will constantly appear like a contour coming to be gradually steeper, but real financial valuation and also substance passion computation is called for in order to predict when exactly the curve will certainly strike specific factors. This then enables you to precisely predict where your money will certainly be in say 2 years or ten years.

You do not require to be a brilliant in mathematics and also accounting to use monetary modeling to your advantage nevertheless; you can rather utilize on the internet calculators for example to manage your compound interest calculation, or you can make use of software program to do the exact same thing. This will after that enable you to merely input your data and after that get exact projections of your financial resources.

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peakwealth · 3 years

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E l m i l a g r o

How long can it last?

One of the consequences of the pandemic and its various stages of confinement is that I have spent a lot of time nosing around the south of Spain. Not the coast but the hinterland. My lasting impression has been the sheer extent and importance of the industrial agriculture. It is huge.

Everyone knows about the emblematic crops, the oranges and above all the olives, with groves that spread over thousands of square kilometers. But there are vineyards most of the way from the Portuguese border to Valencia; enormous strawberry fields around Huelva; cereals, cotton, almonds, rice and the famous 'plastic sea' of greenhouses near Almería.

The greenhouses used to surround just the town of El Ejido but have proliferated north, east and west. Investors have figured out that even relatively small patches of arable soil (or just suitable land for building hydroponic greenhouses) can make for good business.

It is by now the largest concentration of covered horticulture in the world, stretching for almost 200 kilometers east to west. In Spain this is celebrated as an economic miracle, el milagro almeriense. The area produces millions of tons of fruit and vegetables, keeping European supermarket shelves stocked year round. If that sounds like a cliché, it actually means what it says: a good chunk of European food security depends on Southern Spain.

And that, in turn, depends on irrigation.

What makes all this farming seem so miraculous is that southern Spain doesn’t have much prime farmland. It is semi-arrid. Fortunately, the region is mountainous with two large ranges, the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra de Segura, both massive enough to hold vast quantities of underground water, not counting the snow-melt and rain runoff.

Without irrigation not much will grow. (South-east of the Sierra de Segura, Andalusia)

Of course, the availability of fresh water isn't the only thing that explains the success of the Spanish agribusiness. As elsewhere in Europe, much of it is tied to complex subsidies from the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (although less so in high-yield horticulture under plastic which is said to be more or less self-sustaining.) As it is, farming makes up a much bigger part of the economy in the south of Spain than is usual in Europe or in the rest of Spain for that matter.

It is modern, highly efficient and employs tens if not hundreds of thousands of people, including an opaque underclass of mostly African migrants whose plight goes largely unnoticed. It is one of Spain's dirty semi-secrets.

Last year, the United Nations Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, Philip Alston, visited an African workers' shanty town in Lepe (like the one above). Lepe is a high-tech farming area near the Portuguese border. Alston concluded: "They live like animals. Their conditions are among the worst that I have seen in any part of the world." The Spanish authorities didn't appreciate this at all.

The hydrological makeup of Andalucia includes several rivers that drain into the Atlantic or into the Mediterranean. They are dammed in many places to generate electricity and store water. Most critical to agriculture is the river Guadalquivir. In some parts, west of Seville, its lush green banks are almost reminiscent of the Nile in Egypt. (There’s even West-Nile virus.) Other rivers include the Guadiana (on the Portuguese border), Genil, Guadalhorce, Andarax and the Segura river basin. But surface water from those rivers is limited in quantity and subject to periodic droughts. That leaves water from aquifers.

Low water level of the embalse de Iznájar, the artificial lake upriver from the main dam on the Genil river. The level hasn’t improved since this photograph was taken in late October 2020.

Even when the rivers run dry, groundwater remains available and farm production can continue - in principle. Pumping water from the soil is the easiest and most effective method to irrigate land. In terms of economic yield (revenue produced per cubic meter of water) groundwater irrigation is more than three times more productive than surface water. But it costs more.

Spain has about 2,5 million hectares of olive groves. Most are severely lacking in biodiversity. Pesticides and weed control keep the fields almost bare. This leads to the loss of topsoil and eventually to desertification. Whereas old trees could be managed without irrigation or chemical input, new plantations are high density / high yield and are designed for easy mechanical harvesting. They require chemicals and, usually, irrigation. Low market prices for olive oil are pushing farmers to replant old groves for higher yields, adding to the problem. (South of Cuevas de San Marcos, Andalusia)

The overriding problem is non-renewable extraction, which is to say overuse if not outright plundering (’agro-piracy’) (1). In many areas more water is extracted than is recharged naturally, which is not allowed under European water management rules. Data from the regional government, the Junta de Andalucía, confirm that most of the aquifers in the core horticultural area around Almería are in bad shape.

Overexploitation dates back to the eighties and is significant, 180 % in the Sierra de Gádor, a massive 2000 meter high ridge looming over the coast north of El Ejido. Nearby aquifers in Nijar, Tabernas, Lower Andarax, etc. have recorded similar or higher levels of depletion. As a result some water tables have dropped precipitously. The Segura basin and the Murcia plateau, also heavily farmed, have 'some of the most depleted aquifers in Europe' (2).

The anthropogenic impact of urbanization along the coast, intensive year-round agricultural production and tourism are taking their toll on aquifers. Aside from pollution (like fertilizer leaking into the soil), the lack of planning, control and enforcement of existing regulations is adding to the problem.

Newly developed satellite imaging of aquifer volumes will make it possible to monitor the withdrawal of groundwater reserves around the world. Until now there was a lot of guesswork involved.

The next question is, inevitably, the effect of climate change or the accelerating pace of climate change. Intensifying droughts and erratic rainfall are expected to get more common, affecting both rivers and groundwater. What happens to Andalusia’s vast agricultural sector if water shortages turn into long term desertification? What happens when the last well runs dry?

------------------------------------------

(1) https://www.freshplaza.com/article/9334061/european-court-of-justice-condemns-spain-for-not-protecting-donana-from-the-continuous-plundering-of-water/

(2) International Journal of Water Resources Development. 2019 Vol 35. No. 6 (p. 977-998)

http://www.cedex.es/NR/rdonlyres/3B08CCC1-C252-4AC0-BAF7-1BC27266534B/145732/2017_07_424150001_Evaluaci%C3%B3n_cambio_clim%C3%A1tico_recu.pdf

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