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audreyhepburninblackandwhite · 2 years

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Audrey Hepburn and Robert Clark, the Executive Director of Production for the Associated British Picture Corporation. Audrey was contracted as one ABPCs artists in the early 1950s.

#audrey hepburn #robert clark #1950s #vintage #classic #style #photography #fashion #old hollywood #old hollywood glamour #movies #old movies

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sheltiechicago · 1 year

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The last meal of this 110-million-year-old dinosaur was preserved in stunning detail

It died on a summer day in what's now Alberta, Canada. Shortly after it ambled through the remains of a wildfire, it somehow ended up dead in a river among the Cretaceous landscape and was swept out to sea. There it remained entombed in marine sediments until 2011, when an oil-sands miner stumbled across the remains: the best-preserved dinosaur of its kind ever discovered.

PHOTOGRAPH BY ROBERT CLARK, NAT GEO IMAGE COLLECTION

#robert clark #photographer #national geographic #dinosaur #fossil #alberta #canada #history #cretaceous period #science

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xtruss · 9 months

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Brain samples are taken from the Copper-Age Mummy Ötzi, who was encased in ice shortly after death. This Natural Mummification preserved the body for some 5,000 years before its discovery in 1991. Photograph By Robert Clark, National Geographic Image Collection

These Mummies Were Made … By Accident?

Freeze-dried, salted, or buried in a bog: Thousands of years before humans intentionally mummified their dead, nature took care of it for them.

— By Elise Cutts | August 7, 2023

A mummy isn’t exactly something one would expect to make by accident.

Left to nature, a human body would usually be reduced to bones within a few years. Mummy-making cultures like the ancient Egyptians were only able to stave off the inevitable thanks to complex funerary practices involving all manner of specialized tools, chemicals, and procedures.

But there are paths to mummified eternity that don’t involve canopic jars, natron salts, or brain-removing hooks. In fact, some of the oldest Egyptian mummies were likely accidents, says Frank Rühli, director of the University of Zurich’s Institute of Evolutionary Medicine and head of the Paleopathology and Mummy Studies Group.

Buried in shallow graves, bodies can be naturally preserved for thousands of years by the dry heat of the Sahara’s desert air and sand. Rühli says he believes this could have inspired ancient Egyptians to start mummifying their honored dead.

Hot deserts are just one of many environments in which corpses naturally mummify. Scientists explain how environments ranging from bogs to icy mountaintops can stave off decay and—with a bit of luck—mummify bodies.

Deserts

The Egyptians aren’t the only desert culture known for their mummies. The Chinchorro people of northern Chile started to intentionally mummify their dead about 2,000 years before the Egyptians—and thousands of years before that, the Atacama Desert was doing it for them.

“One of the things that's interesting about the Chinchorro mummies is that some of them were intentionally prepared, while other were naturally mummified,” says physical anthropologist Bernardo Arriaza of the University of Tarapacá in Chile, who spent his career studying the Chinchorro mummies.

A bone-dry corpse, perhaps ironically, will likely leave more than bones.

A Landscape of the Desert! The Atacama desert plateau is one of the driest places in the World. Mummies have been found here that predate ancient Egypt’s by 2,000 years. Photograph By Naftali Hilger, Laif/Redux

Decay is a biological process and without water, biology can’t work. This is why deserts preserve bodies so well and why Egyptian and Chinchorro mummification practices involved steps to dry out the body.

The oldest Chinchorro mummy, Acha Man, was naturally preserved by the desert for more than 9,000 years. Natural mummies have been found in deserts around the world. Among the most well-preserved are the Tarim mummies of Xinjiang, China, who were buried in boat-shaped coffins up to 4,000 years ago in the Taklamakan Desert.

Salt

For a handful unfortunate Iranian miners caught in cave-ins at the Chehrabad salt mine, salt did the job just as well as deserts.

"They were working in the salt mine and then it collapsed,” says Rühli, who studied the mummies. This actually happened multiple times—at least twice, says Rühli—over about 1000 years, entombing young men separated from one another by centuries in the salt they’d come to mine. Though the weight of the salt crushed the miners, flattening their corpses, the salty rock drew the water out of their bodies and mummified their squashed remains.

Salts in the dry soils of the Atacama Desert also helped preserve the Chinchorro mummies, says Arriaza. The soils are rich in nitrate compounds, nitrogen, potassium, sodium, calcium. “Mostly salts,” he says. “That's going to help dehydrate the body.”

Ice

Removing the water from a corpse isn’t the only way to stop decay. Low temperatures slow down most biological processes, and freezing a body completely can keep it from rotting for thousands of years.

Pathologist Andreas Nerlich of the Munich Klinik Bogenhausen studied Ötzi, a 5,300-year-old ice mummy who was found poking out of melting glacier ice in the Ötztal alps near the Austrian-Italian border. “They're preserved as long as the ice is there,” he says of mummies like Ötzi.

While “very rare,” adds Nerlich, ice mummies like Ötzi can be remarkably well-preserved compared to dehydrated mummies. That’s because dehydration shrivels and distorts tissues, but frozen organs mostly keep their shape.

Permafrost, earth that remains frozen year-round, can also mummify. One Siberian mummy, the 2,500 year-old Ice Maiden, was quite literally frozen in a block of ice after her burial chamber flooded and the water quickly froze. Because her burial chamber was constructed from permafrost earth, the ice that formed inside never melted.

Freeze-Drying

Combining cold and dry conditions can mummify bodies even when it’s not consistently chilly enough to keep a body frozen year-round. That’s what happened to a handful of Thule Inuit women and children in Greenland. They were naturally mummified in their graves after their deaths, likely caused by famine or disease, in the 15th and 16th centuries.

It’s a bit like natural freeze-drying, says paleopathologist Niels Lynnerup of the University of Copenhagen, who studied the mummies.

“Even though it's very cold in Greenland, it's not like it's in the high Arctic with permafrost,” he says. The bodies were buried under rocky covers or cairns, so “they still had wind blowing through.” The wind desiccated the bodies and, combined with the bacteria-slowing effect of cold temperatures, mummified them.

Many of the Inca mummies discovered high on Andean mountaintops were preserved by freeze-drying, too. The exceptionally well-preserved Maiden of Llullaillaco, the mummy of a teenage Inca girl left to succumb to cold on an Andean mountaintop as a sacrifice, is a unique case as she was frozen solid.

Even the conditions in cool, dry crypts can sometimes preserve remains in a similar way so long as bodies are either well-ventilated or kept under airtight conditions after being dried out, says Nerlich. Several natural mummies in crypts weren’t entirely accidents. One Upper Austrian mummy known as the Luftg’selchter Pfarrer was intentionally stuffed with water-absorbing materials and treated with salts to delay decay temporarily before he naturally mummified in his crypt.

Bogs

Natural mummification almost always involves somehow getting rid of water, either by removing it entirely or turning it into ice. So may be a bit surprising that wet, swampy bogs can preserve human remains for millennia.

The oldest bog mummy is Cashel Man, who was probably killed in a sacrifice around 2,000 B.C. His body was naturally mummified because of the unusual chemical conditions in bogs.

“There are several factors which cause human remains to be mummified in bogs,” says archaeologist Isabella Mulhall of the National Museum of Ireland. “The lack of oxygen, the cool dark environment… the [acidity] levels of the bog also has a role to play.”

A type of moss often found in bogs also helps mummify bodies, Mulhall adds. Sphagnum moss releases an acidic sugary molecule called sphagnan, which takes up the nutrients that would otherwise nourish microbes that cause decay. This helps mummify corpses—though sphagnan also leaches the calcium out of bones, weakening them.

The acidic fluids in bogs chemically alter the body, not unlike leather tanning or pickling. That’s why most bog bodies, no matter how they looked in life, have dark, leathery skin and bright red hair.

Many bog bodies appear to have met rather violent ends—a fate shared with many other natural mummies. But because luck happened to preserve their bodies, the victims of these ancient tragedies can still tell scientists about themselves and their societies. The same processes that mummify human skin and organs can also sometimes preserve undigested food in the stomach, blood, traces of disease-causing microbes, and even clues about the ecosystems and climates that ancient people lived in.

“In a sense,” says Arriaza, “all these ancient remains are time capsules.”

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doubletalkingmaeve · 7 months

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This blog is brought to you by an old man lover

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idontkniwanythgin · 1 year

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Reading anything about Arctic explorers you're just sitting there like

#if you know you know #history #thp #arctic exploration #the terror #franklin expedition #sir james clark ross #francis crozier #the arctic #robert mcclure #oof

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perfettamentechic · 2 years

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11 giugno … ricordiamo …

11 giugno … ricordiamo … #semprevivineiricordi #nomidaricordare #personaggiimportanti #perfettamentechic

2020: Mel Winkler, attore e doppiatore statunitense, attivo soprattutto in ambito televisivo. (n. 1941) 2019: Valeria Valeri, pseudonimo di Valeria Tulli, attrice e doppiatrice italiana. (n. 1921) 2015: Ron Moody, attore britannico. Nel 1969 vinse il Golden Globe per il miglior attore in un film commedia o musicale per la sua interpretazione nel film Oliver!. (n. 1924) 2014: Ruby Dee, attrice,…

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took-hold-of-nothing · 11 months

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titanebaby · 4 months

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horseplay in the lake / we’re so lucky to have him on the team

ft. the poem that peter tweeted abt

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bruciemilf · 6 months

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Couple costume ideas

#bruce wayne #clark kent #superbat #dc #battinson #text #henry cavill #robert pattinson

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scottxlogan · 7 months

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Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark in The Avengers

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audreyhepburninblackandwhite · 1 year

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Audrey Hepburn and Mr. Robert Clark, Executive Director of Production for Associated British Studios, during Audrey's welcome home party at Claridges Hotel in London in 1953

#audrey hepburn #robert clark #personal #candid #1953 #1950s #vintage #classic #fashion #style #old hollywood glamour #old hollywood #photography

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sheltiechicago · 2 years

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The 52-million-year-old rock layer of Fossil Lake in Wyoming holds abundant, exceptionally preserved fossils, such as an early songbird.

PHOTOGRAPH BY ROBERT CLARK

#robert clark #photographer #rock layer #fossil #fossil lake #lake #wyoming #dinosaur #ancient bird skeleton #nature #national geographic #history

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classichorrorblog · 8 months

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Galaxy Of Terror (1981)

#Horror #Horroredit #Galaxy Of Terror #Bruce D. Clark #Robert Englund #CHB #1981 #80s

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vala-dreams · 1 year

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I think battinson deserves a tiny toddler and a scary Clark Kent. End post.

#shitpost #battinson #batman 2022 #robert pattinson #clark kent #clark kent and bruce wayne #robin #robins #superbat

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therogerclarkfanclub · 2 months

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Black Hills Redemption

June 21st - 23rd, 2024 In Deadwood, South Dakota

Updates:

02 MAR '24: Rob and Steve are the first guests formally announced on the BHR website.

06 MAR '24: Alex McKenna is on board!

07 MAR '24: Benjamin is ready to party!

10 MAR '24: Red Harlow himself, actor Robert Bogue, will once again join the gang!

11 MAR '24: Peter and Mick are joining the fun once again!

12 MAR '24: Another big update! Jim Santangeli, and for the very first time, Howard Pinhasik will join the rest of the gang at Deadwood.

13 MAR '24: Ms Grimshaw and Ms. Jackson will be meeting up with the rest of the gang!

15 MAR '24: Arthur's favorite father figure and the Spaghetti villain have joined the fun.

16 MAR '24: THE BOAH is coming to Deadwood!

18 MAR '24: The final two camp ladies will be at Deadwood!

23 MAR '24: Everyone's favorite Bandito is coming to Deadwood!

25 MAR '24: For the first time. Ms Molly herself, Penny O'Brien will be at the 2nd annual RDR Event! Also, photos have been rearranged to place the newest announcements on top.

30 MAR '24: The talent behind Agent Milton will be joining the rest of the gang at Deadwood!

21 APR '24: Sophia Marzocchi, the og Abigail Marston, will maker her first appearance at the 2nd annual Red Dead event!

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weirdlookindog · 3 months

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#the hideous sun demon #robert clarke #1950s horror #1958 #1950s movies #tom boutross #sci fi horror #horrorgifs #gif #my gifs

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