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clairaworlds · 1 month

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now that I'm home I can elaborate on Dune: Part Two. In case anyone was wondering, here's a quick spoiler-free review: it was really good. I really liked it, but that's coming from someone who has read Dune, started on messiah, and has had a lot of conversations with a certified mega-fan (read all of Frank Herbert's stuff and quite a few of the others as well) if you're familiar with the book(s), it's really good. It changes some stuff but I honestly think it does so out of necessity, and because a movie is a different medium than a book. It really plays to the strengths of what a movie can do. also, it's gorgeous. if you haven't read the books it's still a really good movie and decently approachable (provided you've watched the first one) but I think some things are... easy to miss if you don't have book knowledge. this is not positive nor negative, it's just a thing. it's also my personal opinion that it's probably uhh an easier transition to read the book first and then watch the movie. I wouldn't know I finished Dune about a year ago it's just what I suspect. ok, spoilers below so don't go further than this if you're avoiding them.

the movie was so good, as I said above, there were a lot of changes, I honestly liked most of them, it's a LONG movie, but it feels dense, and almost a little rushed at times because there's SO MUCH it has to fit into one place. The movie does a decent job of fitting everything into the story but there are a few moments where it does struggle. It's sort of hard to truly explain my stance because even some of the things that weren't necessarily my favorite I can understand why they were like that. For example, Alia is my favorite character in Dune and she wasn't even in the book that much, I was extremely sad that she didn't get to stab anyone. She's my favorite freak of nature. That said, I can understand why she wasn't there, I don't think that scene would have had the same flow if she got to commit murder. If it were up to me, I probably wouldn't have condensed the thing into a less than 9-month time span (as Alia hasn't been born yet) but it's not the worst thing and I don't really mind. I was SO happy Gurney got to sing/play I missed that so much in the first one (I really like Gurney).

I, personally thought chani and pauls relationship was really good, the symbolism of her little blue ribbon was really fun. Also, the fact that she stands in defiance of the prophecy set by the Bene Gesserit while simultaneously being a part of it is cool to watch. It's a little less clear what's happening with that if you're not familiar with the books but if you are it's great.

Irulan got to do some things, which in my opinion is really cool. I felt so bad for her at the end of the first book. She's still not in a great place but at least she got to do some stuff.

I liked Jessica being weird and creepy and muttering to her psychic daughter the whole movie. To be honest I wasn't super with it at first but it ended up being fun.

all of the house Harkonnen stuff RULED. like the aesthetics, the vibes, the black and white, the fireworks that looked like drops of blood, the fight scene. it was amazing. I was LIVING for it. why do I want Feyd-Rautha's outfit (from the fight scene) with its long dramatic tastles and cool shapes? Honestly, a lot of the Harkonnen outfits ruled. a lot of the outfits in general ruled. Irulan's weird dimand dress was neat. I loved the beading on her headdress.

sandwalking is still awesome and I loved to see it. every time a Freemen jumped out of the sand I was grinning like a maniack. they were terrifying in a way that's hard to explain. it was awesome to watch.

ok, getting into some of the more serious stuff. The moment where Paul goes to the South and accepts his role is.... just... the way they shot it. the music that played. the terror in Chani's eyes. It was really good. they played it like a tragedy and a work of horror. you were not supposed to look upon this moment with joy or reverence. it felt like something that would--- that could--- only end badly. it was exactly the right feeling for that moment. Paul could never be anything other than a tragic figure, and this moment, this moment where he decides to accept it, that was very much the start of the end. (from a certain point of view, from another, it's been crashing down for a while now, and this was just another step towards oblivion) There are no heroes in Dune, and this moment did not feel heroic. In almost any other movie, any other story, this would be a victory, a moment where the leader steps into their role and rallies their troops. The fact that this moment is horrifying shows me just how much respect this movie gives to its source.

Not only that but the battle at the end had direct parallels to the battle in the first movie. running the opposite direction, and this time our characters are the attackers. It felt epic to see the sandworms and the troops on top of them (also the sand riding scene was fun) then, it turned right back around as the brutality of the attack was emphasized. it felt like watching a massacre because it was. it was supposed to remind you of what happened to Leto and the others. Leto might not have believed in revenge, but his son does. There are no heroes in Dune. there never could have been.

the ornithopters continue to be epic to see on a massive screen. The movie also sounded amazing.

that's most of what I have to say for right now. overall, it was a great movie. I was originally a little nervous to go back in a theater, considering last time it did not go well, but I don't regret this for a second. like all movies you see in theaters it's LOULD, and fairly bright (although I've seen much more blinding movies) I'm decently noise-sensitive and EXTREMELY photosensitive (I don't get seizures or anything, but bright lights will almost always trigger a migraine) I brought a pair of ear-plugs and I could still hear perfectly, although I do have a nasty migraine so there's that. Honestly, this is just a hazard of me seeing literally anything in a theater so I don't blame the movie itself. I wish I could go to theaters without pain, but we don't often get what we wish for. Still, I had fun, and I'd go see it again, so this movie is officially worth the migraine.

#dune #dune movie #dune part two #dune part 2

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ot3 · 2 years

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Phonics concepts: Think “How many things can I RELATE to what is known as the literal SPELLED city of Helsinki and all of its PIECES (i.e. Hell, El, Lucifer, sync,sink, quay, X, che etc….and there are MANY) within?” What you begin to see when you do this, is the corelation of stories merging into one story but you have to have the objective of KNOWING THYSELF. This is the objective of humanity where the vastness of humanity is blind in their own mirror here. Phonics is using every rule to break every rule singularity code where EVERY letter, syllable, number spell can be MORPHED into either good intention or evil intention where the SPELLS default to evil, tipping the scales in its favour. You literally empowered evil with every word uttered unknowingly. All you need to do is let every letter be sounded EVERY way it can be, combinations of two letters, same thing and consonants where a “C” can sound like an “S” so a “K” can be replaced there as well since Kat works to SOUND the same idea. A SOUND mind hears ALL SOUND ideas as THEY define what INTENTION they carry beyond the COMMONLY ACCEPTED definitions of the masses. Phonics is the Phoenix of unified singularity where all things must, come back to YOU but what is the common denominator you need to see that objective? It has to be something that ties everyone together into thinking they are who somebody else says they are, and that YOU, didn’t create for yourself but defend it like you did. It has to be able to control every aspect of your life and so obvious, you’ll miss it because you’ve based your whole reality where your idea of what your life is, is fully dependent on it.

Legal Boundary

Norse Mythology

Hades, Hell, Plutos, Astrotheological (all Zodiacs), Religion (all variations)

Written and spoken language using sound/spells

Humans inhabit buildings there (commonalities are things like blood, pain, joy, human bodies, males, females, religions etc.)

Atlas drawn, flat earth, 2 dimensional

Education, banking, military, policing, taxing, government systems

For all those still seeking vengeance in any way whatsoever in any/all man made for-Um’s…..legal, common law, vigilante’, patriots, freemen, cops, lawyers, judges, priests, popes, false kings and queens, presidents and poly-tic-Sions….et fucking cetera ad infapukum…..apparently, YOU know better than creation….that’s called blaze-for-me and you burn for that…true story

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toonbly · 3 years

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Oh please do give us the essay I would LOVE to hear your thoughts.. your Freemind content is like kisses directly to my brain 's all so good.

OKAY SO LIKE. quick tw for discussions about internalized transphobia and internalized homophobia

QUICK CLARIFICATIONS: I’m a queer transmasc nonbinary and some of this is projection. A LOT of this is cherry-picking from and overanalyzing little bits of FM canon.

im gonna put this under a readmore to save yalls dashboards

HERES WHY FREEMINDS NARRATIVE IS 10X MORE INTERESTING IF HE’S QUEER:

So some things to cover: We’re cherry picking from canon and MOST of this is based off of fanon interpretations of freemind’s character. i should also clarify that I myself am asexual and nonbinary transmasc (though i only use they/them pronouns), im not entirely sure of my romantic orientation but yknow, obviously im not cishet lol. Some of it’s self projection, some of it is character study, either way I think it’s important to clarify that some of this is my OWN experience and that what im outlining here obviously isn’t the universal queer experience.

SO COVERING CANON. like okay, most of us tend to go down the route of “Freemind is gay/bi/otherwise queer in terms of attraction and he’s just in denial of it” in our freemanverse content and like, if you pick apart the source material there’s canon backing for this! (ie: Freemind saying he can’t wear earrings cause sailors do that and sailors are “kinda gay”, then later going on and on about how he wants to be a pirate and how he should’ve done that instead of being a scientist.) LIKE OKAY, OBVIOUSLY THIS WAS JUST ROSS MAKING A HOMOPHOBIC JOKE AND PROBABLY DIDN’T THINK ABOUT THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS AT ALL. obviously that is the case, but as most freemanverse content does we are casually Throwing That Out The Window and cherry-picking from canon because Freeman’s Mind is full of gross content and we are simply here to take whatever we want to and RUN AWAY AS FAR AWAY AS WE CAN WITH IT. What I’m saying is basically, yeah, there’s some canon backing for Freemind possibly being gay/bi/whatever and just in denial of it due to internalized homophobia and some toxic masculinity issues. In terms of toxic masculinity he constantly brags about how cool and tough he is, makes himself out to be an invincible genius, etc. He very much frames himself as the “Tough man who feels no emotions because ReAl MeN dOn’T cRy.”

That’s basically all we need from canon. Accidental subtext on Ross’s part implying internalized homophobia and Freemind’s constant attempts to frame himself as what a “real man” would typically be considered as resulting of toxic masculinity.

Now moving onto fanon: Many fanon narratives take Freemind’s character and try to give him a redemption or healing arc. Basically the guy learns that he’s allowed to show emotions and that this doesn’t make him pathetic or lesser than anyone else, and usually he does so with the help of those around him (typically the other Freemen, sometimes Eddie, hell sometimes h/lvrai characters like Tommy!) So here we have the narrative of “A man struggling with toxic masculinity and self worth issues learns to better himself, he lets others in and starts to be true to who he actually is strengthening both himself and the connections with the people he loves.” This is an arc I love and have incorporated into a LOT of my works involving Freemind! Hell I think it’s difficult not to take his character into that direction.

But, okay, what does this have to do with Freemind being queer? Obviously I’ve mentioned the internalized homophobia subtext and all that but up until now it seems like I’ve only really mentioned the more emotion-based aspects of Freemind’s arc. Well this is where we get into my own personal interpretation of Freemind’s story.

My version of Freemind is a gay trans man, he realized he was trans sometime in his teens but only came out and transitioned sometime during college. In my version of the story, I think Freemind grew up around a kind of rough crowd. He’d hang out with those sort of boys at school that were just the EMBODIMENT of toxic masculinity, and I think he kind of internalized a lot of what they told him? They told him things like “Boys don’t cry” and “Boys are tough” and “Boys can’t like girly things” and “Boys can’t like other boys, that’s weird.” etc etc etc. He hung out with a rough crowd and didn’t have the best support system at home, and a lot of this resulted in his more egotistical larger than life personality- He acted out a lot both because his peers told him to and because hey, at least it got him some form of attention. He was a smart kid, sure, but that was never really enough to impress anyone around him. He kinda developed this “I’m better than ALL OF YOU” attitude as a defense mechanism, and as he started coming into himself and actually accepting that he was trans he took those things that his peers told him “””real men””” do and don’t do and cranked it up tenfold, just to further prove that he was better than all of them and than he was even more of a “””real man””” than any of them could tell him. He took these toxic view points and internalized them, making them a key point of his personality just so he could prove himself and put himself above others. I don’t think he struggled too badly with internalized transphobia, at least in the “I can’t be trans cause that’d be bad” sense. I think he struggled with it more in the “I have to do all of this or I’m just lying to myself and doing this for attention” sense. Granted, he never held anyone else to this same standard, he’ll never admit it but to him things are always different when it’s him. Sure Freeman and Feetman can have their little boyfriends and do gender nonconforming things, but that’s different, they don’t have to prove themselves for anything, they’re not held on the same pedestal as he is, they’re not Gordon Freemind. It’s different whenever it’s him.

BUT, as he begins to grow and learn and not hold himself to such a high standard, Freemind begins to learn that all of these things aren’t true. He learns that showing emotion, being gender nonconforming, being attracted to men, etc. doesn’t make him any lesser than the others around him and there’s no “different standard” for him JUST BECAUSE it’s him. Hell there’s no different standard for him at all, there never has been, and the people who told him otherwise were just toxic assholes who he shouldn’t have to please in order to exist as himself. As he is, he’s good enough, he’s always been good enough, and allowing himself to be vulnerable and accepting who he is doesn’t make him lesser than those around him.

What I’m saying is this: Freemind’s narrative outlines the journey of a man learning vulnerability and learning to accept himself and allow others into his life. His character arc cannot be complete until he does these things, and in certain stories Freemind’s inability to be vulnerable and accept who he is might become a detriment to his goals and the goals of others around him. If he doesn’t learn to accept himself and open up to others he will fail to achieve his goals. Ultimately it is Freemind allowing himself to open up, accept himself, and be vulnerable that saves the day. Alone, this is already narratively interesting, but if you also mix in the ideas of him being queer in any fashion and learning to accept that and that there’s no “right way” to be himself, it adds a LOT of layers to the narrative. It becomes less a story about some dudebro learning that he’s allowed to feel emotion and more a story about a queer man learning to accept who he is, being proud of who he is, and how allowing himself to be vulnerable contributes to this acceptance. It becomes a narrative about how being open with yourself and others can lead to you discovering who you really are and accepting and loving yourself for it. Freemind’s identity as a queer man becomes DIRECTLY TIED into his character arc of learning vulnerability and allowing himself to make connections and I feel like that’s really important! Sure, not every narrative needs to be about a queer struggle and frankly I don’t like tackling it constantly myself, but Freemind’s story in particular becomes much more interesting under a queer lens especially considering how you could very easily tie the discovery and acceptance of his identity into his general character arc. It’s a story about a queer man learning to love himself and becoming a happier, better person for it.

TL;DR: As a queer transmasc nonbinary myself, I find the idea of Freemind’s narrative being queer incredibly interesting. It’s easy to tie in Freemind’s identity to his character arc of becoming more vulnerable and open about both who he truly is as a person and in an emotional sense, and I think it’s really interesting to make a character’s identity relevant to their arc somehow. Granted, this doesn’t always need to be made the case because queer struggle narratives can get tiring on some queer audiences, but in this specific case I think it’d be an interesting character study.

#long post #Anonymous

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chicagocityofclans · 3 years

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Jin Asato → Daniel Henney → Hyena

→ Basic Information

Age: 221

Gender: Male

Sexuality: Straight

Born or Made: Born

Birthday: January 8th

Zodiac Sign: Capricorn

Religion: Atheist

→ His Personality Jin is a restless soul. He is always looking for some kind of new adventure, whether that is found in new relationships, new military tours, or doing things he's never done before. His childhood in a wild and aggressive hyena clan formed his focused, and detailed personality from a young age. He enjoys the control he has over his hyena and relies more on hyperactivity and exercise to stave off the frenzy. Jin has always been confident in who he is and what he wants; and what he generally wants is to wander.

He has never been comfortable settling in one place for long. Jin often takes vacations, going for weeks or months at a time to some beautiful natural location where he can expel excess energy and meet new people. Jin rarely knows where he’ll go and relies on the words of locals and fellow travelers to dictate his path. Though he is proactive and a natural leader, Jin has never stepped up to take any major position. He knows his borderline nomadic lifestyle isn’t the best for the clan and never wants to see someone suffer because of his choices.

→ His Personal Facts

Occupation: Part Time Firefighter/Part Time Park Ranger

Scars: Many

Tattoos: None

Two Likes: Being Outdoors and Exploring

Two Dislikes: Stillness and Air Fresheners

Two Fears: Drowning and Untidiness

Two Hobbies: Mountain Climbing and Backpacking

Three Positive Traits: Confident, Proactive, Focused

Three Negative Traits: Restless, Spontaneous, Peripatetic

→ His Connections Parent Names:

Ine Asato (Mother): Ine was the head of Jin’s original clan. She was the quintessential hyena, full of chaos and frenzy. His clan was actively encouraged to attack others. Jin never found himself fitting in well, and joined the military to get away from his family.

Teru Asato (Father): Jin’s father was a complete follower. He respected Ine as the head and rarely acted for himself or his own wishes. Jin never wanted to be like him and made a choice from a young age to be thoughtful and purposeful with his actions.

Sibling Names:

None

Children Names:

None

Romantic Connections:

Venus Barton (Ex-Girlfriend): Jin and Venus could not have had opposite personalities, but they had a consistent habit of falling into bed with one another. She encouraged him to let loose a little, and he kept her on the straight and narrow. Jin is still devastated at her death, and has blocked out nearly all his pack mates and friends.

Sanna Salgado (Ex-Girlfriend): Jin met Sanna, a local hyena, while on a trip hiking across the Andes Mountains. They had five passionate days together on the trail, which continued when she returned with him to Chicago. Soon they both tired of each other, though she stayed in the city. She has recently reached out to him in the wake of Venus’s death but they have yet to rekindle their relationship.

Esme Galindo (Interest): Esme is a human 2nd grade teacher who lives in the unit above Jin’s. He ignored her for most of the first year she lived above him, but found himself drawn to her the more conversations he had with her. She’s sweet, nice, and meek; none of which have ever been his type before. There’s a quiet strength to her and it has intrigued him.

Christina O'Moore (Ex-Girlfriend): Jin met Christina while backpacking in Europe. She was human but reminded him so much of the hyenas back home. They had a few interesting nights together and decided to keep in contact. They dated off and on for a few years before Jin decided he wouldn’t mind her taking the bite. He planned on explaining himself and the supernatural world while they were ice climbing but a freak accident took her away before he could confess.

Beth Jessem (Ex-Girlfriend): Beth is a sweet spotted hyena that Nada and Raja tried to get him to settle down with. They dated for a few months before Jin called it quits. He couldn’t see her as anything more than a friend. Jin tried to hold it together for her but they were too different and couldn’t see himself spending the rest of his life with her. They are still friends and Jin has recently met her new boyfriend. He doesn’t know why he’s burning with jealousy seeing them together.

Calinda Hall (Ex-Girlfriend): Calinda and Jin have recently broken up. She has it in her mind that she would make the best leader for their clan. When Jin found a freshly turned hyena in Calinda apartment, he freaked out and informed Nada. He would have felt guilty if Calinda wasn’t sleeping with all of the males she turned.

Platonic Connections:

Ethan Cleirigh (Good Friend): Ethan, Asa, and Jin go to the same Veterans support group. Ethan and Jin met around a year ago and became close friends in that time. Jin has been trying to get Ethan out and about more, suggesting they go climbing or exploring.

Asa Fields (New Friend): Asa has only recently begun going to Jin and Ethan’s support group, but they’ve become fast friends. Jin’s heard rumors surrounding the Fields family and is interested to see how true they are.

Benjamin ‘Ben’ Nile (Friendly): Jin knows Ben from being around Venus’s house so often as he was growing up. He tried to reach out to Ben, but believes it was too late to be any kind of parental figure. He seems a little lost and doesn’t seem to care that he is.

Juliette Willott (Friends): Juliette and Jin, while not very close, share many similarities. They were both born into large hyena clans and they’re both incredibly active and prefer to be outside. When on duty together, they often talk about the different places they’ve explored.

Gretchen Sims (Friend): Gretchen and Jin became friends quickly when she joined the clan. While they seemingly have very different personalities, Jin appreciates the softer and more intuitive side of Gretchen. It’s not often seen in Hyenas and he thinks it will make her a good leader. That is if she is willing to tone down some of her wilder ways.

Kylo ‘Nada’ Rajui (Good Friend): Nada is the person Jin is closest to in the Clan. Nada has his own past in the service and the two often were the balancing forces to Venus. He regularly receives an invite to Nada’s barbecues, though

Raja Lankala (Good Friend): Raja and Jin got along from the moment they met. He was initially interested in her, but happily stepped aside once Nada and Raja made it clear they were after each other. They remained close friends, and when going to the barbecue Jin usually hangs out with her and Juliette.

Peter Knox (Friendly): Jin loves the brews that Duke and Peter mix up. They recently have begun talking and he’s hoping they’ll consider recreating a foreign beer from his days in the Navy.

Deucalion Thornton (Friendly): Jin loves the brews that Duke and Peter mix up. They recently have begun talking and he’s hoping they’ll consider recreating a foreign beer from his days in the Navy.

Talia Cleirigh (Acquaintance): Jin has met Talia a few times, having gotten dinner with her and Ethan. They’re kind of an odd pair in Jin’s eyes, but they seem to be happy. Jin has considered briefly going to Talia’s practice to help with his own nightmares, but doesn’t know how well he’d react to dream manipulation.

Hostile Connections:

West Freemen (Dislike): He knows the younger hyenas can be a handful themselves, but when West parties with them he takes it to a whole new level. They’ve never make as stupid of decision as they do in West’s company and Gretchen especially can’t be making those bad choices anymore.

Russel Jordan (Dislike): Jin has a low tolerance for Russel. He exploits weaknesses in the clan and uses them for his own good. His motivations are almost always selfish and Jin thinks the clan has suffered for it. If Jin was more involved with the pack, he would have challenged Russel for third already.

Pets:

Gravy (3 Legged Kitten): Gravy was found outside near Gretchen, Luke and Ben’s apartment a month or so ago. They didn’t want him, so Jin took him in. He was already considering a therapy dog, and thought Gravy could work instead.

→ History (paragraph(s) on background)

→ The Present (paragraph(s) on how the character connects to the plot)

→ Available Gif Hunts (we do not own these)

Daniel Henney (Jin Asato) [1][2]

#Jin Asato #Daniel Henney #Taken

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ceydasutemensketchbook · 3 years

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Blog Posts About the City Series

On 19th November, Prof. Dr. Burcu Erciyas attented our lecture, and talked about "ORDER IN THE ANCIENT GREEK WORLD". Firstly, she mentioned what polis is. Aristotle defines it as ‘A polis could not consists of ten men, an done composed of 100,000 men would no longer be a polis’. Then, she told us the Greek Polis properties. For instance, it is a self-governing city-state which is not large. Plato think that an ideal city should have 5,000 citizens (Athens were its peak with 100,000 citizen). Then, Burcu Erciyas mentioned about colonies in the seventh century, such as in the Black Sea, Sicily, Italy. Also they spread throughout the Meditarrenean (ca. 550 B.C)

After that, she started to inform about “ORDER”, which is our second chapter, and she told us regular grid and modular grid. Since they have similar curves, fractal is a good example of order in nature. I learned that everything has order and disorder. Without order, disorder has no meaning. Kurt Koffka says that if a piano has no order, it is meanless. Order is important for the sustainibility of our lives. For all Gestalt Principles, there should be an order, because quantity and quality should be balanced. Order in design should be followed for wholeness, structure, unity within variety, rule based design, design in 2D & 3D, systematic approachs and smallest unit. Moreover, nature, life and mind has three concepts: Quantity, order, and maeaning or significance. Then she informed what is low & high level order and their differences (simplicity, complexity, more units or rules etc…). Also, grid is an order tool as divide the format (generally equally into a rule). The chessboard is an example of grid but it is a boring structure, since it is predictible. Out of the basic design, order is related with cosmos and chaos. Cosmos is the opposite of chaos. Destiny is place of anything in cosmos (for example, in the society, freemen, women, slaves etc.). “Grid is not the only road to order, it is an order depending on topography” Pergaman Scenery. It is also a political tool ( eastern is not equal with western unifying). With all of these informations, we made an order work and i used order as a grid with repeating 2D shapes.

On the 24th December, PhD. Ender Peker talked about “Disorder in Nature and Urban Space”. This lecture was the introduction to geomorphology and topographical features. Philosophers says that we shold seek simplicity and distrust. In the urban design, fractals are good examples such as the appearance of Kapadokya in Nevşehir. We talked about Newton. He was a linear thinker to solve certain predictible things. Then, Ender Peker talked about what the climate change project is (in 2050’ s). We shouldn’t confuse climate change with global warming. Climate change is general weather condition, such as average degree or precipitation – evaporation ratio in areas. Recently, climate crisis started to be used instead of climate change for urgency. Between 2030 and 2050 years, it is thought that the average degree will change almost 1.5 C. As an example of this change, Turkey’s level of water will reach Taksim level. In this changes, we should think elderly people and childerns too, as urban planners. After that, we mentioned why the climate changes, and how we overcome it. Green houses is a good example of the cause. They spread CO2, CH4, and N2O. Then, extreme weather events, heat waves, drought and water scartity begins to be seen. Then, Ender Peker mentioned about how we overcome these difficulties. There are two method: Mitigation and adaptation. Firstly, he talked about Mitigation. Sustainable transportation, clear energy and energy efficiency are good examples of it and beneficial ways. In our daily life, building order affects energy consumption. For instance, adjacent houses provides energy saving as thermal insulation (in basic design, detachement and attachement). Materials of buildings are important, too. Glass structures are 5–6 degree cooler by comparison the other structures. In Urban Heat Island, it is thought that the materials of buildings constitute urban heat effect by absorbing. Also, when traffic congestion decreases, since air pollution decreases, public health liveability increases (we should walk or ride a bike). The second topic was Adaptation Themes for Resilient Cities. Water management is important in adaptation. Thus, blue–green infrastacture plays an important role in climate. Water and permeable areas should be more in cities and countries. As an example, while the asphalt is 60.5 degree, in shadows under the tree, the air temperature is 33.5 degree which is healthy for elderly people. Forest in the Sky project says that the green areas can everywhere, such as in terrace and balcony. We saw a good example from Signapure. Ender Peker also mentioned that the air conditions are a big thread for humanity. Both heat and air conditions impress human health. Finally, he talked about 4 types of scale matters: Architectural scale, Street scale, neighborhood scale and city scale. I found very beneficial this lecture, because we are urban planners of future. No one can make universal changes, the changes can be part by part. Furthermore, urban planners create these parts. We must learn the World we live in, and we should make designs thrifty and appropriate for all conditions.

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nicholassabalos · 7 years

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R-E-S-P-E-C-T!

SAN DIEGO, CA (Oct.4, 2017) Yeoman 3rd Class Andre Arceneaux, of Baton Rouge, LA (left) and Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Daniel Jackson-Norgart, of Naples, FL....perform morning colors on the United States Navy nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70) flight deck.

Many Sailors will have an opportunity to serve on the colors detail sometime during their career....and represent their fellow crew members front-and-center in showing respect for the American flag....and all it stands for.

USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70)....with up to 6,000 Americans serving onboard.

At precisely 0800 (8 AM) and sunset local time, this ceremony is tradition aboard every American warship in port.

The National Anthem is played....all hands pause in their work....those outside on deck face the flag and salute....those on the pier turn towards the nearest American flag and stand at attention with hand over heart or, if in uniform, stand at attention and salute. Those in cars driving nearby, stop their cars and sit at attention for the duration of the 90-second ceremony.

Everything possible (safety considered) comes to all-stop for a short, yet deeply respectful, pause....twice a day....every day.

* * * *

The National Anthem used to be played in movie theaters before each screening. The audience would stand....many with hand over heart....some singing.

I so clearly remember doing it myself hundreds of times as a teenager.

It continues to be played before virtually every sporting and public event in the Nation....and at American military and diplomatic facilities worldwide.

Stand....with hand over heart....and think about your country. How lucky we are! And, if you’re not happy with some aspect of it....use your time, smarts, energy (and money -- for some of the current millionaire athletic and artistic protesters) to go out and work to fix it.

THAT’S how an American citizen shows respect for their flag....their National Anthem....and the unique blessings we share with each other in the freest and fairest nation every conceived by man.

* * * *

I’ve spent my entire life traveling the world....as a child and as an adult....as a civilian, military officer, and diplomat....and no country can match America’s freedoms, opportunities and equality. We’re far from perfect....as we actively seek that perfection....but few can even come close.

Travel the world....and see for yourself just how good we have it in America. No contest!

Sailors prepare for morning colors detail....the Petty Officer Second Class in the foreground leads the team....and cradles the flag.

__________________________

>>Top photo: Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Sean M. Castellano, USN

* * * *

>>Note: For those on their knees....here’s something to consider....the words to the Star-Spangled Banner -- the National Anthem of the United States of America. Do you know them? Do you know what they mean? You are not alone, if you don’t!

The Star-Spangled Banner

O say can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming. And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country, should leave us no more? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war's desolation. Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.' And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

Normally, only the first stanza is sung before sporting events and other ceremonies. But, for those who don’t know the words....I’ve included all four stanzas.

Fort McHenry under fire from British warships during the Battle of Baltimore in 1812.

The words were written by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key....after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor....during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812.

When you next read the words or listen to the National Anthem....try picturing in your mind the sheer wonderment of the American forces....as they arose from the ashes of that great land and sea battle two centuries ago....and realized they had secured a definitive victory over the superior invading British forces.

That’s what the National Anthem is all about -- victory of the little guy over the big guy....repelling the invader....asserting our independence....looking out for each other....as a team....as Americans....

In that context, our National Anthem will take on an even deeper meaning for most....knowing they are a part of mankind’s greatest experiment in freedom.

And are more than willing to fight to stay free!

That alone is worthy of unsullied R-E-S-P-E-C-T!

#U.S. Navy #Navy #USN #American flag #National Anthem #respect #honor #civics #USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70)#military #ceremony #Star Spangled Banner #history #Yeoman #Mass Communications Specialist

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enby-prompto · 7 years

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Inquistor Nyx Ulric & His New Team -PREVIEW-

Dragon Age Inquisition Final Fantasy XV Crossover based on @bierausgalahd‘s art. Character Introductions. Takes place after the Winter Palace, in The Emerald Graves. This excerpt ends before the fight scenes, but by the time its done it they’ll hit up the spooky Chateau d’Onterre. Hopefully I’ll be able to write more soon. Enjoy!

Inquisitor Nyx Ulric Trevelyan emerged from his tent, as sunlight streamed through the glorious thicket of trees and curved elven ruins surrounding their camp, marking their first day of exploration of …. Of…. “Uh, where is this exactly again?” The rogue asked the guard standing off to his right. “The Emerald Graves, ser.” The guard returned drily, continuing to stand at attention.

“Right, The Emerald Graves.” The trees were immense, standing as tall as towers, and bursting with lush greenery. He was sure he had heard of this place before, but this had been the most time he had spent outside of The Free Marches since incidentally joining the Inquisition. Although hastily constructed the previous night, the camp had held up. Nyx tried to hide his relief; in the wake of Haven, they were getting better at this.

All he remembered being told the night before while they settled in was something about the trees being dead elves, or for the dead elves, but it now being full of Orlesian villas. And red templars. And Freemen. Oh, and of course the demons. All in all the forest, and all of Orlais, was beautiful, but only in the way that things are when they wanted to kill you. In fact, ever since settling into Skyhold, the Orlesian Empire seemed like nothing more than an increasingly palpable assassination attempt covered in silks and painted masks. Had he been given the option, the rogue would have gladly kept his distance.

Yet, here they were, at Josephine’s behest. There had been several nobles’ complaints about rifts in the area, and a very interesting letter from an individual named “Fairbanks” that they needed to find. It was for these very reasons that Nyx had decided to bring along the newer members of his team, and from the rustling that had started behind him, they were awake.

The first to appear was Gladio Amicita, a member of Thedas’ much lauded mercenary group, the Chargers. Their leader, a rather personable Qunari named The Iron Bull, had called him “a chip off the old block”. While Bull was away on business, or as Leliana had informed the Inquisitor, a mission spying on Nyx’s far distant cousin, Dorian Pavus, Bull’s right hand man, Krem, had recommended Amicita to the job. “G’mornin, boss.” The tattooed man greeted. Like his Qunari leader, Gladio also liked to fight shirtless, and was currently casually flexing in a way that made Nyx think he practiced. The rogue nodded in turn.

“Is it morning already?” A whine escaped the next tent, followed by the sulking form of the Inquisition’s only Orlesian royalty, Crown Prince Noctis Lucis Caem Valmont. He, unlike the other of the Inquisition’s members, had joined at the urging and planning of his chamberlin, Ignis Scientia. Scientia was a skilled player of The Game, making him a good friend to both Josephine and Leliana. Ignis gave the opportunity for the Orlesian Empire to not only keep a friendly, if not scrupulous, eye on the growing Inquisition, but also to aid in his majesty’s current incognito status. Upon a young age, the crown prince was found to have profound magical capability, after which he spent most of his life in the Circle of Montsimmard. After the unrest in Kirkwall, Emperor Regis commanded his son’s chamberlin to conduct some obfuscation that would eventually result in the curious disappearance of the prince from the Circle, and would end with the arrival of a very fatigued, but well-tended, apostate to Skyhold’s door, but months after the assassination attempt at The Winter Palace. As it would turn out, the boy was a damn fine Knight-Enchanter, if he could ever be bothered to wake up from a nap.

“Good morning, your Highness,” Nyx offered cordially as the young mage made his way over to them.

“What’s so good about it?” Noctis asked lazily, picking grass out of his silk robes.

The warrior scoffed, “Well, I dunno, you just woke up in a beautiful magic forest, and your butler is already making you breakfast.” Gladio leaned over to the Inquisitor, mumbling “damn brat doesn’t know what a bad morning looks like.” Nyx bit back a snort.

The prince looked affronted and moved to retort when Ignis appeared, presenting a plate of what looked like fancy eggs.

“I am not a butler,” his voice smooth as he passed the plate to his liege, before producing two more for his companions. “Thanks, Iggy.” The bespectacled man quirked a brow at the Inquisitor, but seemed otherwise nonplussed by the nickname. “Now, if you don’t mind, I shall be making my return to Skyhold. I must aid Solas in some research.” Ignis looked pointedly at Gladio. “Please try not to let him get killed, he is the crown prince to the Orlesian throne.”

“Pay me,” the warrior spat. Forever stoic, the chamberlain didn’t miss a beat. “Your stipend shall be in the post, upon your safe return.” The only response from the warrior to that was a grunt, Nyx suspected in affirmation. With that, Ignis mounted up alongside another Inquisition guard and left camp.

As fun as it was watching his new team make friends, The Inquisitor was preoccupied by the absence of the fourth member to accompany him to The Emerald Graves. As if summoned, an arrow flew past the three of their heads, continuing on to strike the form of a possessed wolf on the edge of the clearing leading out of their camp. It let out a pained cry, alerting the two other wolves who appeared behind it. While the guards leaped at the wounded creature, a blond figure tumbled to the ground from a nearby tree. “Thanks Prompto!” the Inquisitor called out, before fading into the shadows himself. The archer bounced behind Gladio and Noctis, all three falling into an offensive stance.

Ulric had found the half-elven archer just after the crown prince’s arrival to Skyhold, if only because he kept leaving a rather obvious trail of clues as to how to find him, or rather, the infamous ‘Red Jenny’ of Val Royeaux. Red Jenny was known throughout Thedas for feats of great revenge and attrition, so upon finally meeting with this so called ‘Jenny’, Nyx could hardly hide his surprise. Standing in a growing puddle of some random noble’s fresh blood, Nyx could remember Prompto holding out his hand in greeting, to which he blinked. “You’re Red Jenny? I kind of expected you to be more…” “Womanly? Haha, yeeeah, no. But, my sister is. And an archer. And she’s a Jenny. Well, we both are. And some other folks… There are a few of us, actually.” The blonds words seemed to stumble out of his mouth, after which he broke down the system of The Friends of Red Jenny, or at least tried to. Nyx still wasn’t sure if he completely understood it. However, the archer seemed earnest enough about wanting to do good and help people, so Prompto had joined the Inquisition. He didn’t seemed too concerned about leaving his sister to take care of things in Val Royeaux while he was away, and when asked about it, only responded something about there not being enough gold in Thedas to get her any closer to the hole punched into the sky. And that had been that.

And here they were.

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judefan813-blog · 4 years

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angrycollectordaze-me-blog · 6 years

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作业代写：The story of michelle bhutto's novel

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The story of michelle bhutto's novel，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了米歇尔·布托尔的小说叙述。米歇尔·布托尔的小说以小说与现实的“象征性”关系为立足点，以小说的艺术形式革新为核心内容，将小说从叙述结构、叙述人称和叙述视角诸方面进行创新探索，充分调动读者的参与意识，以适应当代社会纷繁复杂的现实。

Michelle bhutto's novel theory relationship between fiction and reality "symbolic" as foothold, the artistic form of the novel innovation as the core content, requires novel to from the narrative structure, narrative person, narrative Angle of view has made some research on innovation, give full play to the reader's participation, to adapt to the contemporary society the complicated reality, showing a different with the traditional novel and more objective in essence the real world, has a strong innovative experimental.

Fair to say that in traditional lashed out at the novel, strongly advocated narrative innovation of "new novel" the home, michelle bhutto's narrative theory is solid plain, the objective of. He doesn't like Natalie Mr Lott face to face with the "age of doubt," resolutely decisively to break away from the traditional, "not only against the idea of depth psychology, and opposed ideas about character inference", focusing on display "as all personality to change the basis of" no personality ", "former level" of human nature; Also don't like rob ? Gerry, under the guidance of "the doctrine" ideas, the pursuit to the simulations of fine pure object world, efforts and traditional novel ubiquitous "humanitarian" draw a line. May be about his years of study life hone, michelle bhutto's novel theory lacks both aggressive agitation abilities, in the expression in the art of fiction is about more than a lot of scholars, relieve and calm. In the relationship between fiction and reality "symbolic" overall understanding, under the domination of bhutto's narrative theory in the form of a novel innovation as the core, the content involves the fiction and reality, and traditional and skill The narrative theory system of "new novel" school has been improved and enriched in such aspects as ingenious innovation.

"New novel" pie in the 1950 s boom and fame, the reason is that they lift up high the flag of novels, the credibility of the traditional novels and the art form unequivocally questioned and denied. "new novel" pie leader Robert ? Gerry "by the tone of ironic banter accused the traditional novel as a" myth "about depth, believe that the" depth "consciousness is the chief culprit of novel art in the stagnant state, asked for a perfect thing in this world phenomenology meticulous observation and depict. Natalie Mr Lott also believes that the traditional GeLang desktop is hardly enough to show typical characters in the novel Various complexity characters infinite broad mind world. As we know, literary authenticity is often closely contact with the problem of the relationship between the literature and art with the world together, also is any serious writers and critics could not avoid the fundamental problem is unable to avoid. As an important writer, "new novel" send bhutto's narrative theory and starting from the fundamental question.

From fundamental sense, bhutto's ideas about relationship between fiction and reality is not beyond the basic category of theory of reflection, which argues that literature and art and the world is the relationship between relationship is reflected and reflection. He thought that the truth of the fiction novels is a kind of imitation, is the life of an isolated, easy to grasp the fragments of description and representation. It is a kind of medium and carrier, at the same time people can by writing novels in depicting, represent the life "of a kind of psychology, sociology, moral or other theory". He called the general relationship between fiction and reality of this novel "symbolic". This kind of "symbolic" relationship "determines our general Often referred to as the subject matter or theme of a novel, the novelist's task is to try to express and clarify this "symbolic" relationship.

From the point of view, the thor, in turn, points out, "symbolic" relationship contains two levels of meaning. One is made of the novel and the objective world "external" symbolic. The characters in the novel always to the outside world and events as its subject, is a refraction of the real world situation. From this perspective, the novel can become the symbol of the outside world, in short, the world is ontology, in the novel purves acknowledges is the content of the show; 2 it is made of the novel form and content "inner" symbolic. Due to the content of the novel always through certain to be in the form of organization, form is content organization, considering and become the symbol of the content, the form or content into ontology, form become purves acknowledges. By reflecting the content to the refraction of the world, form is realized in the double relationship between the indirect symbol of reality, also is what bhutto's call "novel external symbolic tend to reflect, in symbolic". In bhutto's point of view, on the one hand, because of the novel and reflect and reflect the relationship between the objective world, and era of social change It is bound to cause the change of the novel concept and form. On the other hand, with the continuous development of novel concepts, artistic skill improvement, form is not only is the way of some kind of decoration and the performance content, but also a meaningful, can be self-sufficient, refraction of the real world of special forces. The changing process of its implied the trace of the development of the real world, is worth us to observational studies seriously.

In complicated, diversity of contemporary society, the traditional artistic skills of the novel has far couldn't keep up with the world changes the speed of development, the co-action in front of it, hard to do, "can't hold all the rapid emergence of a new relationship, the result is a persistent, don't adapt to, we can't arrange consciousness of all the information to us, because we lack of proper tools." therefore, if a writer also hopes his creation to adapt themselves to society, you must have the courage to break the bondage of both specifications, with their own understanding and determination to replace those from others indirect experience, explore new art forms , research new performance way. In other words, the contemporary novel first with the core of the problem is in the form of innovation. Reality in any way or in what way may be present in people's eyes, should be the cause of writer attaches great importance to the priority. In this way, "the novel form of innovation is far from myopic reviews often imagine, is opposed to realism, on the contrary, it is necessary to more advanced realistic conditions."

To emphasize his trumpeted the rationality of the novel form of innovation, benazir bhutto, will prove my eye from contemporary to traditional, from literature to find the theory basis for the development of the process. In the "symbolic" relationship under the guidance of overall understanding, benazir bhutto, in combination with the history of European novels, examines the evolution of the novel form and the relationship between the transformation of times. Bhutto, pointed out that the western novel of epic and romance, and the tramp novel, to mature in the 19th century development, from beginning to end is closely related with the time development of social life.

Bhutto's thought, in the feudal of the middle ages, the populace is weak, don't compete with nobility, which occupies the center of the social life. However, their authority, is the result of widespread recognition, with the aid of a bard sung's singing a colourful and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people of the family reputation. This reality determines the heroic epic plot must be single, must be centered on the nobles, sung by their heroism as the main content. So in the epic "the history of a nation is the history of the country's imperial; Narrative of a war, that is, describe the general's feats "phenomenon, it is not hard to understand. At the end of the middle ages, the bourgeois adventure race to draw profit-seeking activities to broaden the people originally narrow field of vision, also changed the traditional literature, with the inner obscurity of freemen and enterprising spirit, is increasingly attracting the attention of the public, and then replaced aristocrats as literary upstarts, then adapted to roam adventure tramp novel contribute, in a long time to become a widely adopted novel style. Since then, with the growing bourgeoisie strength, increasing stabilization of international capitalism people start to raise The socialist society tired hypocrisy of civilization and the reality and suspicion, from the mysterious and exotic things, valentine, express sad feelings is becoming a new trend of literary performance, gloomy and romantic "secret societies became the basic theme of romantic literature in the 19th century", the novelist through "to the existing communities or revelation, or recognition, and introduced a new, positive and effective groups.... Ushered in a new language, new language and new words. "the establishment of the capitalist system and the development, broke the boundary between the person and the person originally fixed identity, give a person a degree of freedom development provides opportunity, interpersonal relationship has become increasingly complex, the destiny of man also has an unprecedented uncertainty. So, that from others too outstanding personal experiences, basically the chronology of character activities for recording linear novel structure is stable and change is insufficient, stretched in front of the new reality, be replaced by the novel structure of multiple has become an inevitable history. In general, is when to adapt in the form of European novels On the other hand, the changes of the novel form clearly indicate the historical track of The Times change.

Relationship about the evolution of the novel form and times change, benazir bhutto, check it on the one hand, from the diachronic perspective analysis, on the other hand, in Balzac's "human comedy", for example, comments and discusses it from the synchronic perspective. With Gerry and Mr Lott many paper discusses Balzac, benazir thought that Balzac's "human comedy" adopted by the form is to adapt to The Times and highly fit with typical. In his view, Balzac novel forms of innovative contributions are two:

First is about image creation "character representation method". Every important figure in the "human comedy" is the representative of a class has a certain social background and life experience, their actions in the novel is not only fragments of his life experience, and show a side of social life at the same time. Will they connected, in different before and after the activity of the novel not only constitutes the complete the life line of the character, but also to show a certain historical period laid the possible broad social style and features. These representative connections to each other, hand in photograph, have taken place in the structure of the "human comedy" by point and plane, plane and solid by revolutionary change , constitute a complex system, its size and capacity is almost a par with the real world. Not only that, Balzac also interwoven, intended to make some real historical figures make it into the fictional world of a certain position, become the participants and interaction with the exchange of fictional characters. They shuttle between the fictional character and the world, better solve the imaginary world and the real world is compatible with contradictions, create a "virtual and actual" the authenticity of the results.

Followed by the "human comedy" in that kind of shift with the real social structure, the overall structure of the reflection relationship. Bhutto, pointed out that Balzac's genius, is not only using the character representation method to build a solid real effect, and which is his custom research of several scenarios as the foundation, to show the complexity of social life more and more intense, greatly strengthening the authenticity of the novel world. At the same time, he wasn't content to like later naturalistic writers, make the novel the copy and copy of life, but to actively be considerable variation in the real, through the studies of philosophy and the analysis and research Architecture away from real life, to work and maintained a certain amount of space between reality and directs the novels in the direction of the virtual world, set up a "true magic" path. However, whether it is "empty and fact" or "verisimilitude and illusions", build the effect the performance of the technique is with the French bourgeoisie strength growing, ups and downs, social life destiny of realistic situation corresponds to the bizarre.

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republicstandard · 6 years

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The History Of Liberty

Liberty is not a recent invention; on the contrary, the idea of it forms part of our oldest intellectual heritage.

When we say that no man may be imprisoned or dispossessed unless in virtue of the law of the land and the judgment of his peers, we are getting back to the language of the Magna Carta. Or if we seek with Chatham to affirm the inviolability of the private dwelling-house, we are unconsciously bringing back to life the imprecation contained in the ancient law of Norway:

"If the king violates a free man's dwelling, all will seek out the king to kill him."

Liberty is found among the most ancient groupings of the Indo-European people, known to us. It is a subjective right which belongs to those, and to those only, who are capable of defending it: to the members, that is to say, of certain virile families which have, with a view to forming a society, entered into a sort of federation. Whoever belongs to one of these families is free, because he has "brothers" to defend him or avenge him. These can, if he has suffered injury or death, beleaguer in arms the dwelling-place of the murderer; they can also, when he is the accused, range themselves at his side.

In this powerful family solidarity, all the most ancient forms of procedure find their explanation. As, for example, the manner of serving a writ, the record of which is preserved for us in the laws of Alfred: acceptance of service was obtained by a mimic assault on the defendant's house— a clear indication of the fact that a suit was at first a recourse to arbitration held with a view to obviating a physical combat. It was these powerful families, jealous of their independence, but assiduous in matters of common import, that gave their tone to libertarian institutions.

To us it is hardly credible that a society can remain alive in which each man is the judge and master of his own actions, and our first reaction is that the most hideous disorder must reign wherever there is no Power to dictate to men their behavior. Patrician Rome is evidence to the contrary. Why is it that the autonomy of individual wills did not produce what seem to us its natural results? The answer lies in three words: responsibility, ritual, folkways.

The Roman was, it is true, free to do anything. But, let him have answered imprudently the question "Spondesne?" ["Do you promise?"] and he was bound; that he misunderstood, that he was deceived or even coerced, helped him nothing: there was no coercing a man; etiamsi coactus, attamen voluit [Even though compelled, yet he decided.].

He was free, but, through carelessness, imprudence, or stupidity, he promised to pay a certain sum, and cannot: behold him now the slave of his creditor. A world in which the consequences of mistakes were liable to be so heavy both required and formed virile natures. Men meditated long their actions, and, as though to induce reflection, their every action wore a ceremonial aspect [my note: origin of Olympian virtue ethics].

At the height of Republican Rome, this ritual was strict in the extreme; and brought it home to men that their decisions and acts were grave and solemn things. It gave to their steps a measured and majestic gait. Unquestionably, nothing did more to give to the Senate its air of an assemblage of kings.

The early imprinting on the mind by a feared and venerated father of the cult of the ancestors, a severe and uniform education, the formation in common of adolescent training centers, the early spectacle of behavior commanding respect, this and all else conditioned freemen to certain modes of behavior.

The climate of opinion when Republican Rome stood at its summit was that of a small, privileged society, freed from all menial work and sordid preoccupation and nurtured on tales of heroic exploit; a betrayal of this standard, and its doors closed forever against the offender.

It was because the political thinkers of the eighteenth century conceived of opinion after these classical models that they sought to entrust it with so large a part. They failed to notice that the object of their admiration was neither general nor natural, that it was the opinion of a class and a product of meticulous training.

The system of liberty rested entirely in those days on the assumption that men would use their liberty in a certain way. Reliance was placed on the observable fact that men —men, that is to say, of a certain class— in virtue of acquired characteristics which could be maintained in vigor, behaved for all practical purposes in this particular way. With them, and for them, the system of liberty was workable. It was a system based on class.

The word "freeman" does not sound to our ear as it did to those of the men of old. The emphasis is, for us, entirely on the "man." In it is the substance, and the adjective is a mere redundancy which only develops an idea already contained in the noun; whereas for the Romans the emphasis was on the "free," so much so that they telescoped the noun and the adjective into a single noun: ingenuus.

It is to this nature that the privileges of liberty are linked. The moment a man belies it, they are lost to him; as, for instance, to the Roman who let himself be taken prisoner in war, or became a notorious evildoer, or, for the sake of security, placed himself in another man's power.

Freemen are, taken as a body, capable both of ruling others and of agreeing among themselves, and rest their pride simultaneously in the majesty of their own persons and in that of the city. Men of their breed, whether Spartiates or Romans, will never submit to slavery whether from within or from without. They put up a superb resistance to the aggressions of Power seeking expansion, while bringing to the discipline and defense of society a proud and assiduous succor.

They are the soul of the Republic, or rather they are the entire Republic. But, what about the rest? The system of liberty in the ancient world rested on a social differentiation which the modern spirit finds profoundly shocking. Full civil and political rights were at first the portion only of the eupatrids or the patricians, members at one and the same time both of the founding families or clans and of the warrior bands in whose assemblage the strength of society consisted; the phratries and curias kept alive the memory of these bands.

Naturally, the mass of plebeians brought social pressure to bear on the privileged aristocracy, and this pressure had the effect of diffusing the system of liberty, though it also altered its characteristics. To us, who are not satisfied with a liberty that is undiffused, this pressure, and its diverse forms and consequences —which are not, as we shall see, what were intended— are full of valuable lessons.

Out of an extremely complex process, it is only possible here to disengage the three main forms of emancipation, to which we shall give the names of (1) incorporation, (2) differential assimilation, and (3) counter-organization.

In the earliest days of Roman history whole families were taken into the patriciate. The authorities tell us of several occasions on which this happened, as, for instance, at the annexation of Alba, when the great Alban clans were taken in on a footing of equality. Enlargements of the patriciate effected after this manner did no harm to the system, any more than did the frequent admissions of individuals by way of adoption. The effect was merely that people who had the habit of liberty received an accretion of like-minded people, or, in the case of individual admissions, of people who were considered to display in the highest degree the characteristics proper to a state of liberty. The admissions of individuals went on almost uninterruptedly and greatly reinvigorated the patriciate. The admission of whole families soon came to an end.

The result was that, instead of virile plebeian families coming in to enlarge and fortify the patriciate, they remained part of the plebs, gave it its leaders, and conducted a long-drawn-out political warfare, in the course of which the right of plebeians to hold the various public offices was progressively recognized.

In the course of its struggles with the patriciate the condition of the plebs changed, for it won for itself civil and political rights. These were not, properly speaking, the patrician rights, and this is why the expression "differential assimilation" has been used. For instance, the form of patrician marriage, the confarreatio, was bound up with rites which were purely patrician; other forms of marriage had, therefore, to be found. Again, the manner of making a will by means of a solemn declaration of testamentary intentions made before the comitia curiata was unsuited to the plebeian; so there was invented the disposition by way of a fictitious sale of the estate.

The spirit of the law underwent a change. So long as Roman society was powerfully organized in private groupings, each of them presided over by a man of strong will, whose will had been disciplined by beliefs and folkways, all the law that was necessary was to keep some sort of watch on the various crossroads at which collisions were possible. But, behavior became less calculable when it was a case of a crowd of men whose wills had received less conditioning. Weaker characters, of men who had not previously enjoyed complete autonomy as regards law, could not be made subject to the cruel consequences of mistakes, which would be more frequent. It became necessary to temper and humanize the law. Public authority, in the form of the praetor, was brought in to protect individuals. Regulations multiplied under it.

The men of the people came thereby to set less store by their legal status of freemen than by their participation in the public authority [my note: birth of liberty as democratic machination, no longer liberty as personal honor and aristocratic virtue]. In this way, there was introduced into Roman society the essentially erroneous notion that it is the business of legislative authority to prescribe or forbid anything whatever. Anyone who put forward a proposition of a nature seemingly advantageous for the immediate future was blindly applauded, even though his proposition subverted the entire permanent edifice of order.

It was the tribunate [a political body first created to protect the plebs from arbitrary tyranny] which habituated the people to the idea of a saviour redressing at a stroke the social balance. Marius and Caesar were to be its heirs, and the emperors would find it an easy task to establish themselves on the ruins of the Republic and liberty. And who were the men who would try to stay this process? Freemen of the old school. Brutus' dagger, so dear to the Jacobin heart, was wielded by an aristocratic hand.

The death or the Roman Republic may be ascribed with equal truth either to the fault of the masses or to the failure of the great. The system of civil and political liberty could be made to work so long as it was not extended beyond men whose folkways accorded with it. But, it ceased to be workable when once it had come to include strata of men for whom liberty was as nothing beside political authority, who expected nothing from the one and hoped everything of the other.

In the first period of growth, economic independence and personal autonomy in matters of everyday life had gone on broadening down at the same pace as the right to political liberty, or even at a faster pace, a second phase arrived in which this independence and this autonomy started contracting, while the right to liberty continued to be extended to those members of society who were as yet without it (instance the admission to citizenship by Marius of the capite censi).

The result was that, instead of the physical independence of society's members becoming generalized, the bulk of them became the dependents of the public authority. To carry out its new duties, that authority had necessarily to build up a separate administrative corps.

I find a remarkable counterpart to the story of the two Gracchi [two brothers who tried to salvage Rome by two very different methods: fortifying of the middle class vs. their final excision in a two-class state] in that of the two Roosevelts.

Theodore Roosevelt, considering that the physical independence of the majority of citizens was the essential condition of their attachment to libertarian institutions, applied himself to fighting a plutocracy which was transforming citizens into salaried dependents. He came to grief on the same blind egoism of the men of great place as caused the downfall of Tiberius Gracchus.

Franklin Roosevelt accepted the accomplished fact, took up the defense of the unemployed and the economically weak, and constructed, by means of their votes and to their immediate advantage, such a structure of Power as recalled in striking fashion the work of the first Roman emperors.

The phenomenon, when once its essence has been grasped, throws a flood of light on the political history of Europe. We may pass over the evolution of the Italian republics, which, in their progress from the patriciate to the tyranny, exactly reproduce the course of events at Rome; for it is not by these, but rather by the monarchies, that the modern states have been created.

As we have seen, the chances of preserving libertarian institutions are bound up with the proportion of the politically effective members of the society in question who desire benefit from them. We ought not, therefore, to feel surprise at the wide measure of support accorded to kings in their attempts to substitute their own authority for liberties which benefited only the few and were an oppression to the many. Those historians who are impelled by an inner need to take sides are much embarrassed by this struggle between monarchy and aristocracy.

Will historians, in their passion for libertarian and anti-absolutist institutions, admire the resistance of aristocracy to the formation of absolutism? Sismondi, for instance, states that in the Middle Ages;

"All the real advances made in independence of character, in the safeguarding of rights, and in the limitations forced by discussion on the caprices and vices of absolute Power, were due to the hereditary aristocracy."

Only the English political scene does not impale the historian on this dilemma, and that by reason of certain historical peculiarities which have been well set forth by de Lolme. There, in effect, the authority of the crown was from the first sufficiently great and security sufficiently assured to save the large class of freemen from shriveling into a narrow caste.

Instead of the ambitions which had been thwarted and the activities which had been exploited by the oppressive measure of liberty enjoyed by the notables finding, as in France, a rallying-point beneath the royal banner, the political strength of what may already be termed "the English middle class" was mustered in the wake of the squires (regarded as large-scale freemen) under the banner of liberty. The phenomenon is one of decisive importance: for it has had the effect of forming, for and throughout whole centuries, an English political outlook very different from that prevailing on the continent of Europe.

J. S. Mill, in a famous passage, threw into contrast the different political tempers of the peoples of France and England:

There are two states of the inclinations, intrinsically very different, but which have something in common, by virtue of which they often combine in the direction they give to the efforts of individuals and nations; one is the desire to exercise power over others; the other is disinclination to have power exercised over themselves. The difference between different portions of mankind in the relative strength of these two dispositions is one of the most important elements in their history.

Barely troubling himself to camouflage the cap, Mill then fits it on the French, who sacrifice their liberty, he explains, to the most exiguous and illusory participation in Power:

There are nations in whom the passion for governing others is so much stronger than the desire of personal independence, that for the mere shadow of the one they are found ready to sacrifice the whole of the other. Each one of their number is willing, like the private soldier in an army, to abdicate his personal freedom of action into the hands of his general, provided the army is triumphant and victorious, and he is able to flatter himself that he is one of a conquering host, though the notion that he has himself any share in the domination exercised over the conquered is an illusion.

A government strictly limited in its powers and attributions, required to hold its hands from over-meddling, and to let most things go on without its assuming the part of guardian or director, is not to the taste of such a people; in their eyes the possessors of authority can hardly take too much upon themselves, provided the authority itself is open to general competition. An average individual among them prefers the chance, however distant or improbable, of wielding some share of power over his fellow citizens, above the certainty, to himself and others, of having no unnecessary power exercised over them.

These are the elements of a people of place-hunters; in whom the course of politics is mainly determined by place-hunting; where equality alone is cared for, but not Liberty; where the contests of political parties are but struggles to decide whether the power of meddling in everything shall belong to one class or another, perhaps merely to one kind of public men or another; where the idea entertained of democracy is merely that of opening offices to the competition of all instead of a few; where, the more popular the institutions, the more innumerable are the places created, and the more monstrous the over-government exercised by all over each, and by the executive over all.

The English people, according to Mill;

"Are very jealous of any attempt to exercise power over them, not sanctioned by long usage and by their own opinion of right, but they in general care very little for the exercise of power over others."

The English have little sympathy with the passion for government, but "no people are so fond of resisting authority when it oversteps certain prescribed limits."

In their capacity as leaders of the middle classes, the English aristocrats, ever since Magna Carta, associated them in their own resistance to the encroachments of Power. From that ensued a general attachment to safeguards for the individual and to affirmation of a law which was independent of Power and, at need, opposable to it.

In France it was around the monarchy that the middle classes rallied in their struggle against privileges. The victories of state legislation over custom were popular victories. So it came about that the two countries entered on the democratic era with very diverse dispositions.

In one of them, the system of liberty, from being a right of persons of aristocratic origin, was to be progressively extended to all. Liberty would become a generalized privilege. For this reason it is misleading to speak of the democratization of England. It would be truer to say that the rights of the aristocracy have been extended to the plebs. The British citizen is as untouchable as a medieval noble.

In France, on the other hand, the system of authority, the absolutist machine constructed by the Bourbon monarchy, was to fall into the hands of the people, taken in mass. In England, democracy would take the form of the extension to all of an individual liberty which was provided with centuries-old safeguards; in France, that of the attribution to all of a sovereignty which was armed with a centuries-old omnipotence and saw in individuals nothing but subjects.

When the people appears in the political arena in the leading part, it enters on what has been for centuries the battle-ground of monarchy and aristocracy. The former has forged the offensive weapons of authority, the latter has strengthened the defensive positions of liberty.

According as the people has, during its long minority, rested its hope in the monarchy or in the aristocracy and collaborated in the extension or in the limitation of Power, according as its admiration has traditionally gone out to kings who hang barons or to barons who turn back kings, it will have formed potent habits of mind and inveterate sentiments which will lead it on to continue either the absolutist work of the monarchy or the libertarian work of the aristocracy.

Thus, the English Revolution of 1689 invoked the name of Magna Carta, whereas in the French of 1789 praises of Richelieu rang loud; he was canonized as "man of the mountain and Jacobin." But even in countries where popular authority is orientated by potent memories towards the safeguarding of individual rights, it will inevitably tack about to Power's side, and its breath will come, sooner or later, to puff the sails of sovereignty. This tacking about takes place at the bidding of the same causes as we have already seen at work at Rome.

So long as the people, consisting of freemen participating in the work of government, comprises none without some individual interests to defend, so that all feel an attachment to subjective rights, liberty seems to them precious and Power dangerous. But so soon as this "people with voting power" comprises a majority of persons who have, or think they have, nothing to defend, but are offended by great material inequalities, then it starts to set no value on anything but the power which its sovereignty gives it of overthrowing a defective social structure: it delivers itself over to the messianic promises of Power.

Louis Napoleon, Bismarck, and Disraeli perfectly understood this —great authoritarians all of them, who realized that, by enlarging the franchise at a time when property was becoming a closer preserve, they were, by calling in the people, paving the way for the distension of Power. It was the politics of Caesarism.

Only three things matter to Caesarism. First, that those who are oldest in liberty within the society should lose their moral credit [note: in America, the moral delegitimation of Anglo-Nords, who built the modern West and only for whom a modern republic has been possible] and become incapable of imparting to those who enter on the heritage of this liberty a pride of personal status embarrassing to Power. Tocqueville has remarked on the part played in this respect in France by the complete extirpation of the ancient nobility. The second factor necessary to Caesarism is that a new class of capitalists should arise, without moral authority and possessed of an extreme of wealth which sets them apart from their fellow-citizens. Lastly, there is the third element, which is the union of political strength with social weakness in a large dependent class.

Though they heap treasure on treasure and think themselves thereby more powerful, the "aristocrats" of the capitalistic creation,by awakening the resentment of society, disqualify themselves for ever from being its leaders against the inroads of Power. Whereas the infirmities of the multitude find a natural haven in the omnipotent state.

In this way is removed the only obstacle that Caesarism has to fear— a movement of libertarian resistance, emanating from a people with subjective rights to defend and under the natural leadership of eminent men whom their credit qualifies and whom the insolence of wealth does not disqualify.

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