#simone baroni

[brokehorrorfan]

Crimson Peak will be released on 4K Ultra HD on May 21 via Arrow Video. Guy Davis, the film’s concept artist, designed the packaging for the 2015 Gothic horror/romance.

Master of horror Guillermo del Toro directs from a script he co-wrote with frequent collaborator Matthew Robbins (Mimic, Pinocchio). Mia Wasikowska, Jessica Chastain, Tom Hiddleston, Charlie Hunnam, and Jim Beaver star.

The limited edition set comes with a double-sided fold-out poster, four double-sided postcards, and an 80-page book featuring writings by David Jenkins and Simon Abrams, an interview with Guillermo del Toro, and conceptual illustrations by Guy Davis and Oscar Chichoni, all housed in a slipcase.

Crimson Peak is presented in 4K with Dolby Vision, approved by del Toro, and original DTS:X Master Audio sound. Special features are listed below, where you can also see the full packaging.

Special features:

Audio commentary by director/co-writer Guillermo Del Toro

The House is Alive: Constructing Crimson Peak - Feature-length documentary with cast and crew interviews and behind the scenes footage

Spanish-language interview with Guillermo Del Toro

The Gothic Corridor; The Scullery; The Red Clay Mines; The Limbo Fog Set - Four featurettes on Allerdale Hall

A Primer on Gothic Romance featurette

The Light and Dark of Crimson Peak featurette

Hand Tailored Gothic featurette

A Living Thing featurette

Crimson Phantoms featurette

Beware of Crimson Peak - Walking tour of Allerdale Hall with Tom Hiddleston

Interview with film historian Kim Newman

Violence and Beauty in Guillermo Del Toro’s Gothic Fairy Tale Films - Video essay by the film historian Kat Ellinger

Deleted scenes

Original trailers and TV spots

Also included:

Double-sided foldout poster

Four double-sided postcards

80-page, hard-bound book with writing by David Jenkins and Simon Abrams, an interview with Guillermo del Toro, and conceptual illustrations by artists Guy Davis and Oscar Chichoni

Beginning in Buffalo, New York, during the 1880s, Crimson Peak follows Edith Cushing (Mia Wasikowska), an aspiring writer who is haunted by the death of her mother. Edith’s falls in love with seductive stranger Thomas Sharpe (Tom Hiddleston), who whisks her off to Allerdale Hall, his baronial, yet dilapidated English mansion built upon a mountain of blood-red clay. Here Edith meets Lucille (Jessica Chastain), Thomas’s sister who at times seems hostile and jealous. As Edith struggles to feel at home in the imposing residence, she gradually uncovers a horrendous family secret and encounters supernatural forces that will help her discover the terrible truth behind Crimson Peak.

Pre-order Crimson Peak.

#crimson peak #del toro #tom hiddleston #jessica chastain #mia wasikowska #charlie hunnam #arrow video #dvd #gift #guy davis #jim beaver #horror #gothic horror #doug jones #javier botet

[sflow-er]

Some thoughts on the hierarchy at Hillerska

A few days ago, @raincitygirl76 made a really intriguing post about how the show is about the class system (find it here!), mainly focusing on Hillerska’s impact as an employer and the types of students who go there.

That inspired me to go off on a tangent and make a separate post about the hierarchy. I’ve been using Agnes Hellström’s book about the real boarding schools (‘Att vara utan att synas: Om riksinternaten Lundsberg, Sigtuna och Grenna��, 2013) as a fanfic reference, so I’m also using that here. It was written back when the schools were still allowed to charge for tuition, and I’m sure things have improved since then. However, much of the content is pretty consistent with what Lisa has said about doing research for YR and what we see in the show.

Disclaimer: I’m not Swedish, just a Nordic neighbour, and these are just my own impressions. If I’m wrong about something, please feel free to add on to this or correct me!

Let’s start with a description of the hierarchy by a former student (he attended long ago, but the author confirmed it largely held true in 2013):

”De som var grevar, baroner och friherrar var högstatus, sedan kom de som var snuskigt rika, ’uppkomlingarna’ som inte fötts rika, företagsledares barn. Därefter kom en grå massa av oss andra, efter dem lärarbarnen och sist kom externerna.” (p. 58)

So, the top tier is reserved for the aristocracy. Kids from comital, baronial, and untitled noble families. They’ve been going to these boarding schools for a long time. Interestingly, it’s mentioned in the book that some of them may have even experienced bullying in a normal school; specifically, the ones who have grown up sheltered on their family estates (likely too far away to attend the exclusive schools favoured by the elite in the cities). They might be singled out and picked on in a more modern crowd, but at the boarding schools, they are the leaders.

The next tier is for the non-aristocratic elite: the filthy rich, the ‘upstarts’ who weren’t born rich, the children of business executives. The order that this former student lists them in feels significant, because old money looks down upon new. According to the book, the old elites felt that the schools were ‘ruined’ when even just more nouveau riche and scholarship kids started coming in (they must’ve hated it when the tuition fees were abolished!!). So, kids like Alexander are likely to be treated worse than those whose family’s wealth goes back several generations - but they are still part of this group.

The next tier is for other boarding students who aren’t as rich. At the time discussed in the book, their parents often took out loans to get them in. As we know, that isn’t the case anymore, but the schools do still have ways of keeping the ‘riffraff’ out... Some of the knowledgeable Swedes here on tumblr have written about this.

Furthermore, I think we can also include the ‘optional’ costs as a deterring factor for those who can’t afford them. Back in 2013, parents were apparently advised to put at least 10.000 SEK aside on a ‘student account’ for other expenses (some kids would take taxis to the nearest town, for example, and they could also use it to buy stuff they needed from the school). I’m guessing the student account may not be a thing anymore, but as we see Sara struggle with money in S2, there will still be stuff you don’t want to miss out on. Also, the extra tutoring seen in S1 is based on real life. The price in the show seems to be pretty close to reality, although according to the book, the teachers could sometimes offer discounts to “poorer” boarding students... (I’m sure it’s not humiliating at all to accept let alone ask for that.)

On the next tier down, we find the teachers’ kids, and the former student interviewed specifically mentions that the non-residents are at the bottom. So I guess Englund or Ådahl’s kids would be treated a little better than Simon and Sara in the show, but they would still be looked down upon. It’s mentioned in the book that the teachers often live on the premises, and I get the impression that they can bring their families too (there was a story about a teacher whose boyfriend was going to move in with her there), but I’m not 100% sure.

So why don’t we hear about these other boarders or teachers’ kids in the show?

Well, the book talks a lot about how everyone is acculturated into the same inner-circle mentality. Despite the internal hierarchy, the boarding students still feel closer to equal than one might think. They all get to be part of the elite bubble, and they want to stay there. Even though it’s a community with very strict norms and very little wiggle room.

A few illustrative quotes from the book:

Trots externerna blir tillvaron så sluten, åsikterna likriktade. En lärare flyttade sin son från Sigtuna till Märsta efter att sakta men säkert ha sett honom förvandlas till en brat. Sonen är fortfarande arg över det. (p. 76)

Lundsberg hade varit ett isolerat, klasslöst samhälle där alla tyckte likadant. Inget revolterande, ingen politisk diskussion. [...] Det var en del av hela Lundsbergs koncept, att träna ynglingarna att lyda auktoriteter och inte göra uppror. (p. 133)

Eleverna på riksinternaten påminns ständigt om att de är Sveriges framtid och Sveriges elit. Där den traditionstyngda kulturen med gamla anor är som starkast är det som svårast att våga sticka ut. Ramarna blir snäva, rörelseutrymmet begränsat. Normen är vita, heterosexuella överklassbarn (med lika vita heterosexuella överklassföräldrar). (p. 144)

To paraphrase in English, these schools are closed bubbles where everyone follows the rules and shares the same opinions, to the point where even those who aren’t technically elites (e.g. the teachers’ kids) start to turn into entitled brats. Rebellion and political discussion aren’t really a thing, and the students are taught to respect authority. As we know, this isn’t just the school’s authority; it’s also the authority of the older students (we see this in the show, and there have been plenty of real-world revelations of hazing and ‘peer upbringing’ among students). And of course, it’s also the legacy of those who came before them. They are constantly reminded of their elite status, wrapped up in old traditions and conservative thinking, and expected to fit into a white, heterosexual, upper-class box.

[As an interesting sidebar, the book supports what the creators of YR (Lisa?) have said about most queer people in such schools. Nobody is openly bullied or harassed for their sexuality, but they are gossiped about, and people usually choose to stay in the closet. Being trans is basically unheard of, and traditional binary gender norms abound. Many students feel that it’s even harder for boys to come out than it is for girls.]

In conclusion, I think it’s safe to say there probably are other students at Hillerska who aren’t necessarily part of the elite - but they want to be, so they’re not going to stand out. I’m sure there’s been a lot of progress since the book’s publishing, but considering how well it aligns with S1 of YR in particular, the changes we see Wille enact in S2 do feel rather revolutionary.

#young royals #young royals analysis #hillerska #swedish stuff #att vara utan att synas #riksinternatskolor

[sparrowsarus]

Concept

In gratitude for services rendered, a childless baron declares Xenk his successor, as he has no other viable heirs.

So Xenk has this entire barony to suddenly look after, no idea what he's doing, and calls in reinforcements (Ed and Co)

Who, of course, laugh themselves sick; then actually help.

Kira knows, roughly, how to manage a noble household, and what is expected. She only did it for two years, but the barony is small enough that they have a bit of leeway, and the staff are willing to guide her.

Holga takes over the guards and soldiery: supplies, inspections, training regimes. She might be a barbarian, but she knows how to run a war party, and guards are just a stationary war party.

Simon actually grew up in a noble household, and therefore is essentially the seneschal of them all: the actual seneschal reports to him, and he lets Xenk know what's what, and shows him how to fix it.

Doric, naturally, starts managing the gardens and the stables/falconry.

All of them, of course, try to teach Xenk how to do it; but he looks utterly overwhelmed and miserable, totally unsuited for the gig.

Ed, though.

Ed is thriving.

Ed is settling local disagreements, managing the budgets, debating the merits of enclosure against the moral issues, just generally being eyebrow deep in the intricacies of estate management. Helping the others with their tasks. Showing Xenk how to do this thing or the other, here I found this book that might explain better, oh you're going to need to import more timber this year, there is a property disagreement about the river you need to handle, yeah sure I can find you precedent for this case.

TL;DR they fall in love and Kira finds herself inheriting a barony because Xenk yeets it at her when she turns 20.

#dnd honor among thieves

[une-sanz-pluis]

As senior prince of the blood and potentially the greatest landowner in England since the Norman Conquest, Henry was uniquely qualified to lead a movement of restoration and reform. He may well have had a genuine commitment to the principles involved. His political stance apparently caused Gaunt great concern on several occasions. Henry was a man of intellect and substance, and probably identified with the political tradition associated with Thomas of Lancaster and his wife's Bohun ancestors. It is perhaps significant that in 1388, when the triumph over the court party prompted new talk about the canonization of Thomas of Lancaster, he named his second son Thomas. After his accession he gave vestments depicting the life and martyrdom of Thomas of Lancaster to St George's Chapel at Windsor. In 1399 Henry certainly set great store by the office of steward of England, an office previously held by Simon de Montfort and Thomas of Lancaster. Henry laid claim to the stewardship while still in exile, and after his landing at Ravenspur styled himself steward of England in official documents. According to the 'baronial' tradition, it was the steward's role to take over the reins of government in times of danger, and to convene and preside over parliament in the king's absence. * Children usually took the name of a godparent, and Henry's son was perhaps the godson of Thomas of Woodstock: ... The choice of name may nonetheless be significant. Interestingly, none of Henry's four sons was named Richard.

— Michael Bennett, "Henry of Bolingbroke and the Revolution of 1399", Henry IV: The Establishment of the Regime, 1399-1406

#henry iv #thomas earl of lancaster #john of gaunt #thomas duke of clarence #historian: michael bennett #richard ii #the appellant crisis #the deposition of richard ii

[c-c-2]

“Ye Airs! Sweet Airs / Aure, O Aure! che’l ciel nudo e sereno.” by Lodovico Paterno (1), Translated by Henry Francis Cary (2), Samuel Waddington, comp. The Sonnets of Europe. 1888.

Ye airs! sweet airs, that through the naked sky

Fan your aurelian wings in wanton play;

Or shedding quiet slumber, as ye fly,

’Mid the dim forest murmuring urge your way;

To you these garlands, and this basket high

Piled up with lily-bells and roses gay,

And fragrant violets of purplest dye,

Icon, all fainting in the noontide ray,

Scatters, a votive offering to your power:

And oh! as ye receive the balmy spoil,

Temper the inclement beam; and while his flail

He plies unceasing through the sultry hour,

Hoarse Echo answering ever to his toil,

Dispel the parted chaff with brisker gale.

Illustration: Untitled Italian Landscape, c.1970 by Alfredo Lerains (b. 1940)

Notes:

(1) Lodovico Paterno was born in Piedimonte d'Alife (today Piedimonte Matese, in the province of Caserta), on February 12, 1533, from an ancient Neapolitan family descendant of a baronial branch called di Castello. His father's name is uncertain.

His date of birth comes from the verses of one of his works entitled “Del trionfo d'Amore” («from the day I was born, or when I was extinguished!, / the duodecimo day, on the mezo day, / with thirty three, in the thousand ages five hundred, / two months before April.” References to the place of his birth are scattered throughout the songbook, as in the case of the incipit of the sonnet, in which the tutelary deities of Piedimonte are evoked: "A foot of a mountain, whose beautiful air breathes / both of Mars, and of Phoebus the merits together.”

The family lived in the S. Giovanni district, the first settlement of the current town, but also owned a residence in S. Giovanni a Carbonara, in Naples. His brother Bernardo is addressed in a sonnet by Giovanni Agostino Caccia in his “Rime spirituali”, which defines him as a "very rare physicist,” testifying to his practice of medicine professionally. Lodovico’s first teacher was the humanist Francesco Filippo Pedemonte, author of a commentary on the “Ars poetica Oraziana”, which appeared in Venice in 1546. He later studied law at the University of Naples and was a disciple of the Aristotelian philosopher Simone Porzio (1497-1554) and Ettore Minutolo, respectively readers of metaphysics and canon law.

In Naples he entered the service of various lords, including Alfonso III de Cardenas, Marquis of Laino and Count of Acerra, who also delighted in composing verses, and who died in 1564, to whom Paterno dedicated the poem in octaves Il palagio d'Amore. The last news of his life is from a notarial deed of 1575. An unconfirmed popular source wants Paterno to have dressed in the habit of St. Dominic and that he died in an Aversa convent of the Dominican Order.

Despite the difficulty of clearly outlining the framework of Paterno's cultural experiences, given the paucity of biographical data, he shows himself to be well integrated into the Neapolitan literary environment. An at least equal relationship with the main protagonists of the Neapolitan poetic scene is to be supposed, as Bernardo Tasso, in the last canto of the “Amadigi”, presents him in the “[…] company of elected spirits / that of Sebeto on the vague shores / singing, with graceful, high concepts / they light up the shore and the waves with love,” alongside Angelo Di Costanzo, Berardino Rota, Luigi Tansillo, Ferrante Caracciolo and Ferrante Carafa, as the one who "with fruitful and lofty ingenuity / is already based on such a sublime sign.”

He made his debut at the age of just twenty-five with the songbook “Nuovo Petrarca”, published in 1560 (Venice, G.A. Valvassori), with an emblematic title, but soon retracted following the ferocious criticisms of the strictly observant Petrarchists, who forced the young poet to reprint the collection in same year, again for Valvassori, with the more innocuous title of “Rime.” The ambitious original title wanted to indicate a “new” way of imitating Petrarch, that is “to develop all the thematic and expressive possibilities, bringing the various elements to a level of accumulation and amplification that exhausts their availability for use in other contexts”

Consisting of 966 compositions, the songbook is divided into four parts, as stated on the title page: “La prima et seconda in vita et in morte di m. Mirtia,” The third of the various subjects, and the fourth of the Triumphs. With the mimetic name of Mirzia, from the myrtle plant sacred to love, Paterno celebrated in his verses his hidden love for Lucrezia Montalto, wife of Count Luigi Gaetani d'Aragona, of the Piedimontese feudal house and, on his death, the wife of Cesare Cavaniglia, Count of Troy and Montella.

(2) Henry Francis Cary, (born Dec. 6, 1772, Gibraltar—died Aug. 14, 1844, London, Eng.), English biographer and translator, best known for his blank verse translation of “The Divine Comedy” of Dante.

Educated at the University of Oxford, Cary took Anglican orders in 1796 and was later assistant librarian in the British Museum. He published biographies of English and French poets and translated the ancient Greek writers Aristophanes and Pindar. Although Cary’s translation of Dante hardly reproduces the original’s great strength, it manages to retain some of its vividness. “The Inferno” appeared in 1805–06; the whole work, under the title “The Vision, or Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, of Dante,” in 1814. It was long the standard English translation of Dante’s masterpiece.

[ao3feed-kathony]

Forever Im Yours Forever I Do

read it on AO3 at https://archiveofourown.org/works/54464953 by SoftballIsAllINeed royal bridgertons, king edmund lives, pen meets bridgertons after debuting, ladies present at the queens ball, no diamond of the season; violet just likes to matchmake, featheringtons still have barony, portias nice cuz i said so, kate and anthony meet when Lady Sheffield Sharma meets Queen Violet after death of husband, benedict and sophie marry the same and benedict willingly renounced claim to the throne to avoid any issues with parliament, bridgerton 3 cheers to Colin now second in line to the throne (for now). and that’s what you missed on Glee :))) Words: 925, Chapters: 1/?, Language: English Fandoms: Bridgerton (TV), Bridgerton Series - Julia Quinn Rating: General Audiences Warnings: Creator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings Categories: F/M Characters: Colin Bridgerton, Penelope Featherington, Anthony Bridgerton, Benedict Bridgerton, Daphne Bridgerton, Eloise Bridgerton, Francesca Bridgerton, Gregory Bridgerton, Hyacinth Bridgerton, Portia Featherington, Violet Bridgerton, Edmund Bridgerton, Prudence Featherington, Philippa Featherington, Felicity Featherington, Kate Sheffield | Kate Sharma, Sophie Beckett Relationships: Colin Bridgerton/Penelope Featherington, Anthony Bridgerton/Kate Sheffield | Kate Sharma, Sophie Beckett/Benedict Bridgerton, Simon Basset/Daphne Bridgerton, Eloise Bridgerton & Penelope Featherington Additional Tags: Alternate Universe - Royalty, Alternate Universe - Canon Divergence, edmund lives, portias nice, edmund is the biggest polin shipper read it on AO3 at https://archiveofourown.org/works/54464953

#kathony #kanthony #anthony bridgerton #kate sharma #kate sheffield #ao3feed #fanfic

[kritere]

Inter-Lecce, dove vederla in TV e streaming su Sky o DAZN: le formazioni

DIRETTA TV 5 Marzo 2023 L’Inter attende il Lecce allo stadio Meazza per la 25a giornata di Serie A: fischio d’inizio alle ore 18, diretta TV e streaming su DAZN. Inzaghi dovrebbe schierare Dzeko in attacco con Lautaro, Baroni senza lo squalificato Baschirotto. 0 CONDIVISIONI Alle 18 l’Inter ospita il Lecce al San Siro per la 25esima giornata di Serie A. La squadra di Simone Inzaghi, dopo il…

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#Calcio

[privateistanbultour]

Last grand rally to weld Christendom

Now, whilst the Popes were making their last grand rally to weld Christendom into spiritual unity, in France, in England, in Spain, in North Italy, in South Italy, in Southern Germany, in a minor degree throughout central Europe, princes of great energy were organising the germs of nations, and were founding the institutions of complex civil administration. Monarchy, municipalities, nations, and organised government, national constitutions, codes of law, a central police, and international trade were growing uniformly throughout the entire century.

Feudalism, strictly so called, the baron’s autocracy, baronial war, and the manor court, were as rapidly dying down. Crushed between the hammer of the kings and the anvil of the burghers, the feudal chivalry suffered, in many a bloody field, a series of shameful overthrows all through the fourteenth century, until it ended in the murderous orgies of the fifteenth century. But it was the thirteenth century that established throughout Europe the two great forces of the future which were to divide the inheritance of feudalism — a civilised and centralised monarchy on the one hand, a rich, industrious, resolute people on the other hand.

It was the thirteenth century, moreover, that saw the great development of the manufacturing and trading cities north of the Alps. Down to the expulsion of the Christians from Palestine, at the close of the twelfth century, there had been few cities in Europe of wealth and importance outside Italy and the South of France and of Spain. But the next hundred years founded the greatness of cities like Paris and London, of Troyes, Rouen, Lyons, Bordeaux, Bruges, Ghent, Cologne, Strasburg, Basle, Nuremberg tours sofia, Bremen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, Winchester, Norwich, Exeter, Bristol. The Crusades had brought Europe together, and had brought the West face to face with the East. Mankind had ceased to be ascriptus glebes, locally bound to a few clearings on the earth. It had begun to understand the breadth and variety of the planet, and the infinite resources of its products. Industrial exchange on a world-wide scale began again after a long interval of ten centuries.

The latter half of this same century also saw the birth of that characteristic feature of modern society — the control of political power by representative assemblies. For the first time in Europe deputies from the towns take part in the national councils.

In Spain this may be traced even before the century begins. Early in the century it is found in Sicily; about the middle of the century we trace it in England and Germany; and finally, in France. As every one knows, it was in 1264 that Simon de Mont- fort summoned to Parliament knights of each shire, and two representatives from boroughs and cities; and, in 1295, Edward I. called together the first fully-constituted Parliament as now understood in England. The States- General of France, the last and the least memorable of all national Parliaments, were only seven years subsequent to the formal inauguration of the Parliament of England. The introduction of Parliamentary representation would alone suffice to make memorable the thirteenth century.

#Last grand rally to weld Christendom

[istanbularge]

Last grand rally to weld Christendom

Now, whilst the Popes were making their last grand rally to weld Christendom into spiritual unity, in France, in England, in Spain, in North Italy, in South Italy, in Southern Germany, in a minor degree throughout central Europe, princes of great energy were organising the germs of nations, and were founding the institutions of complex civil administration. Monarchy, municipalities, nations, and organised government, national constitutions, codes of law, a central police, and international trade were growing uniformly throughout the entire century.

Feudalism, strictly so called, the baron’s autocracy, baronial war, and the manor court, were as rapidly dying down. Crushed between the hammer of the kings and the anvil of the burghers, the feudal chivalry suffered, in many a bloody field, a series of shameful overthrows all through the fourteenth century, until it ended in the murderous orgies of the fifteenth century. But it was the thirteenth century that established throughout Europe the two great forces of the future which were to divide the inheritance of feudalism — a civilised and centralised monarchy on the one hand, a rich, industrious, resolute people on the other hand.

It was the thirteenth century, moreover, that saw the great development of the manufacturing and trading cities north of the Alps. Down to the expulsion of the Christians from Palestine, at the close of the twelfth century, there had been few cities in Europe of wealth and importance outside Italy and the South of France and of Spain. But the next hundred years founded the greatness of cities like Paris and London, of Troyes, Rouen, Lyons, Bordeaux, Bruges, Ghent, Cologne, Strasburg, Basle, Nuremberg tours sofia, Bremen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, Winchester, Norwich, Exeter, Bristol. The Crusades had brought Europe together, and had brought the West face to face with the East. Mankind had ceased to be ascriptus glebes, locally bound to a few clearings on the earth. It had begun to understand the breadth and variety of the planet, and the infinite resources of its products. Industrial exchange on a world-wide scale began again after a long interval of ten centuries.

The latter half of this same century also saw the birth of that characteristic feature of modern society — the control of political power by representative assemblies. For the first time in Europe deputies from the towns take part in the national councils.

In Spain this may be traced even before the century begins. Early in the century it is found in Sicily; about the middle of the century we trace it in England and Germany; and finally, in France. As every one knows, it was in 1264 that Simon de Mont- fort summoned to Parliament knights of each shire, and two representatives from boroughs and cities; and, in 1295, Edward I. called together the first fully-constituted Parliament as now understood in England. The States- General of France, the last and the least memorable of all national Parliaments, were only seven years subsequent to the formal inauguration of the Parliament of England. The introduction of Parliamentary representation would alone suffice to make memorable the thirteenth century.

#Last grand rally to weld Christendom

[happysofiaa]

Last grand rally to weld Christendom

Now, whilst the Popes were making their last grand rally to weld Christendom into spiritual unity, in France, in England, in Spain, in North Italy, in South Italy, in Southern Germany, in a minor degree throughout central Europe, princes of great energy were organising the germs of nations, and were founding the institutions of complex civil administration. Monarchy, municipalities, nations, and organised government, national constitutions, codes of law, a central police, and international trade were growing uniformly throughout the entire century.

Feudalism, strictly so called, the baron’s autocracy, baronial war, and the manor court, were as rapidly dying down. Crushed between the hammer of the kings and the anvil of the burghers, the feudal chivalry suffered, in many a bloody field, a series of shameful overthrows all through the fourteenth century, until it ended in the murderous orgies of the fifteenth century. But it was the thirteenth century that established throughout Europe the two great forces of the future which were to divide the inheritance of feudalism — a civilised and centralised monarchy on the one hand, a rich, industrious, resolute people on the other hand.

It was the thirteenth century, moreover, that saw the great development of the manufacturing and trading cities north of the Alps. Down to the expulsion of the Christians from Palestine, at the close of the twelfth century, there had been few cities in Europe of wealth and importance outside Italy and the South of France and of Spain. But the next hundred years founded the greatness of cities like Paris and London, of Troyes, Rouen, Lyons, Bordeaux, Bruges, Ghent, Cologne, Strasburg, Basle, Nuremberg tours sofia, Bremen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, Winchester, Norwich, Exeter, Bristol. The Crusades had brought Europe together, and had brought the West face to face with the East. Mankind had ceased to be ascriptus glebes, locally bound to a few clearings on the earth. It had begun to understand the breadth and variety of the planet, and the infinite resources of its products. Industrial exchange on a world-wide scale began again after a long interval of ten centuries.

The latter half of this same century also saw the birth of that characteristic feature of modern society — the control of political power by representative assemblies. For the first time in Europe deputies from the towns take part in the national councils.

In Spain this may be traced even before the century begins. Early in the century it is found in Sicily; about the middle of the century we trace it in England and Germany; and finally, in France. As every one knows, it was in 1264 that Simon de Mont- fort summoned to Parliament knights of each shire, and two representatives from boroughs and cities; and, in 1295, Edward I. called together the first fully-constituted Parliament as now understood in England. The States- General of France, the last and the least memorable of all national Parliaments, were only seven years subsequent to the formal inauguration of the Parliament of England. The introduction of Parliamentary representation would alone suffice to make memorable the thirteenth century.

#Last grand rally to weld Christendom

[istanbulmosque]

Last grand rally to weld Christendom

Now, whilst the Popes were making their last grand rally to weld Christendom into spiritual unity, in France, in England, in Spain, in North Italy, in South Italy, in Southern Germany, in a minor degree throughout central Europe, princes of great energy were organising the germs of nations, and were founding the institutions of complex civil administration. Monarchy, municipalities, nations, and organised government, national constitutions, codes of law, a central police, and international trade were growing uniformly throughout the entire century.

Feudalism, strictly so called, the baron’s autocracy, baronial war, and the manor court, were as rapidly dying down. Crushed between the hammer of the kings and the anvil of the burghers, the feudal chivalry suffered, in many a bloody field, a series of shameful overthrows all through the fourteenth century, until it ended in the murderous orgies of the fifteenth century. But it was the thirteenth century that established throughout Europe the two great forces of the future which were to divide the inheritance of feudalism — a civilised and centralised monarchy on the one hand, a rich, industrious, resolute people on the other hand.

It was the thirteenth century, moreover, that saw the great development of the manufacturing and trading cities north of the Alps. Down to the expulsion of the Christians from Palestine, at the close of the twelfth century, there had been few cities in Europe of wealth and importance outside Italy and the South of France and of Spain. But the next hundred years founded the greatness of cities like Paris and London, of Troyes, Rouen, Lyons, Bordeaux, Bruges, Ghent, Cologne, Strasburg, Basle, Nuremberg tours sofia, Bremen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, Winchester, Norwich, Exeter, Bristol. The Crusades had brought Europe together, and had brought the West face to face with the East. Mankind had ceased to be ascriptus glebes, locally bound to a few clearings on the earth. It had begun to understand the breadth and variety of the planet, and the infinite resources of its products. Industrial exchange on a world-wide scale began again after a long interval of ten centuries.

The latter half of this same century also saw the birth of that characteristic feature of modern society — the control of political power by representative assemblies. For the first time in Europe deputies from the towns take part in the national councils.

In Spain this may be traced even before the century begins. Early in the century it is found in Sicily; about the middle of the century we trace it in England and Germany; and finally, in France. As every one knows, it was in 1264 that Simon de Mont- fort summoned to Parliament knights of each shire, and two representatives from boroughs and cities; and, in 1295, Edward I. called together the first fully-constituted Parliament as now understood in England. The States- General of France, the last and the least memorable of all national Parliaments, were only seven years subsequent to the formal inauguration of the Parliament of England. The introduction of Parliamentary representation would alone suffice to make memorable the thirteenth century.

#Last grand rally to weld Christendom

[istanbultea]

Last grand rally to weld Christendom

Now, whilst the Popes were making their last grand rally to weld Christendom into spiritual unity, in France, in England, in Spain, in North Italy, in South Italy, in Southern Germany, in a minor degree throughout central Europe, princes of great energy were organising the germs of nations, and were founding the institutions of complex civil administration. Monarchy, municipalities, nations, and organised government, national constitutions, codes of law, a central police, and international trade were growing uniformly throughout the entire century.

Feudalism, strictly so called, the baron’s autocracy, baronial war, and the manor court, were as rapidly dying down. Crushed between the hammer of the kings and the anvil of the burghers, the feudal chivalry suffered, in many a bloody field, a series of shameful overthrows all through the fourteenth century, until it ended in the murderous orgies of the fifteenth century. But it was the thirteenth century that established throughout Europe the two great forces of the future which were to divide the inheritance of feudalism — a civilised and centralised monarchy on the one hand, a rich, industrious, resolute people on the other hand.

It was the thirteenth century, moreover, that saw the great development of the manufacturing and trading cities north of the Alps. Down to the expulsion of the Christians from Palestine, at the close of the twelfth century, there had been few cities in Europe of wealth and importance outside Italy and the South of France and of Spain. But the next hundred years founded the greatness of cities like Paris and London, of Troyes, Rouen, Lyons, Bordeaux, Bruges, Ghent, Cologne, Strasburg, Basle, Nuremberg tours sofia, Bremen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, Winchester, Norwich, Exeter, Bristol. The Crusades had brought Europe together, and had brought the West face to face with the East. Mankind had ceased to be ascriptus glebes, locally bound to a few clearings on the earth. It had begun to understand the breadth and variety of the planet, and the infinite resources of its products. Industrial exchange on a world-wide scale began again after a long interval of ten centuries.

The latter half of this same century also saw the birth of that characteristic feature of modern society — the control of political power by representative assemblies. For the first time in Europe deputies from the towns take part in the national councils.

In Spain this may be traced even before the century begins. Early in the century it is found in Sicily; about the middle of the century we trace it in England and Germany; and finally, in France. As every one knows, it was in 1264 that Simon de Mont- fort summoned to Parliament knights of each shire, and two representatives from boroughs and cities; and, in 1295, Edward I. called together the first fully-constituted Parliament as now understood in England. The States- General of France, the last and the least memorable of all national Parliaments, were only seven years subsequent to the formal inauguration of the Parliament of England. The introduction of Parliamentary representation would alone suffice to make memorable the thirteenth century.

#Last grand rally to weld Christendom

[ottomanistanbul]

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Last grand rally to weld Christendom

Now, whilst the Popes were making their last grand rally to weld Christendom into spiritual unity, in France, in England, in Spain, in North Italy, in South Italy, in Southern Germany, in a minor degree throughout central Europe, princes of great energy were organising the germs of nations, and were founding the institutions of complex civil administration. Monarchy, municipalities, nations, and organised government, national constitutions, codes of law, a central police, and international trade were growing uniformly throughout the entire century.

Feudalism, strictly so called, the baron’s autocracy, baronial war, and the manor court, were as rapidly dying down. Crushed between the hammer of the kings and the anvil of the burghers, the feudal chivalry suffered, in many a bloody field, a series of shameful overthrows all through the fourteenth century, until it ended in the murderous orgies of the fifteenth century. But it was the thirteenth century that established throughout Europe the two great forces of the future which were to divide the inheritance of feudalism — a civilised and centralised monarchy on the one hand, a rich, industrious, resolute people on the other hand.

It was the thirteenth century, moreover, that saw the great development of the manufacturing and trading cities north of the Alps. Down to the expulsion of the Christians from Palestine, at the close of the twelfth century, there had been few cities in Europe of wealth and importance outside Italy and the South of France and of Spain. But the next hundred years founded the greatness of cities like Paris and London, of Troyes, Rouen, Lyons, Bordeaux, Bruges, Ghent, Cologne, Strasburg, Basle, Nuremberg tours sofia, Bremen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, Winchester, Norwich, Exeter, Bristol. The Crusades had brought Europe together, and had brought the West face to face with the East. Mankind had ceased to be ascriptus glebes, locally bound to a few clearings on the earth. It had begun to understand the breadth and variety of the planet, and the infinite resources of its products. Industrial exchange on a world-wide scale began again after a long interval of ten centuries.

The latter half of this same century also saw the birth of that characteristic feature of modern society — the control of political power by representative assemblies. For the first time in Europe deputies from the towns take part in the national councils.

In Spain this may be traced even before the century begins. Early in the century it is found in Sicily; about the middle of the century we trace it in England and Germany; and finally, in France. As every one knows, it was in 1264 that Simon de Mont- fort summoned to Parliament knights of each shire, and two representatives from boroughs and cities; and, in 1295, Edward I. called together the first fully-constituted Parliament as now understood in England. The States- General of France, the last and the least memorable of all national Parliaments, were only seven years subsequent to the formal inauguration of the Parliament of England. The introduction of Parliamentary representation would alone suffice to make memorable the thirteenth century.

#Last grand rally to weld Christendom

[trekkingistanbul]

Last grand rally to weld Christendom

Now, whilst the Popes were making their last grand rally to weld Christendom into spiritual unity, in France, in England, in Spain, in North Italy, in South Italy, in Southern Germany, in a minor degree throughout central Europe, princes of great energy were organising the germs of nations, and were founding the institutions of complex civil administration. Monarchy, municipalities, nations, and organised government, national constitutions, codes of law, a central police, and international trade were growing uniformly throughout the entire century.

Feudalism, strictly so called, the baron’s autocracy, baronial war, and the manor court, were as rapidly dying down. Crushed between the hammer of the kings and the anvil of the burghers, the feudal chivalry suffered, in many a bloody field, a series of shameful overthrows all through the fourteenth century, until it ended in the murderous orgies of the fifteenth century. But it was the thirteenth century that established throughout Europe the two great forces of the future which were to divide the inheritance of feudalism — a civilised and centralised monarchy on the one hand, a rich, industrious, resolute people on the other hand.

It was the thirteenth century, moreover, that saw the great development of the manufacturing and trading cities north of the Alps. Down to the expulsion of the Christians from Palestine, at the close of the twelfth century, there had been few cities in Europe of wealth and importance outside Italy and the South of France and of Spain. But the next hundred years founded the greatness of cities like Paris and London, of Troyes, Rouen, Lyons, Bordeaux, Bruges, Ghent, Cologne, Strasburg, Basle, Nuremberg tours sofia, Bremen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, Winchester, Norwich, Exeter, Bristol. The Crusades had brought Europe together, and had brought the West face to face with the East. Mankind had ceased to be ascriptus glebes, locally bound to a few clearings on the earth. It had begun to understand the breadth and variety of the planet, and the infinite resources of its products. Industrial exchange on a world-wide scale began again after a long interval of ten centuries.

The latter half of this same century also saw the birth of that characteristic feature of modern society — the control of political power by representative assemblies. For the first time in Europe deputies from the towns take part in the national councils.

In Spain this may be traced even before the century begins. Early in the century it is found in Sicily; about the middle of the century we trace it in England and Germany; and finally, in France. As every one knows, it was in 1264 that Simon de Mont- fort summoned to Parliament knights of each shire, and two representatives from boroughs and cities; and, in 1295, Edward I. called together the first fully-constituted Parliament as now understood in England. The States- General of France, the last and the least memorable of all national Parliaments, were only seven years subsequent to the formal inauguration of the Parliament of England. The introduction of Parliamentary representation would alone suffice to make memorable the thirteenth century.

#Last grand rally to weld Christendom

[atozistanbul]

Last grand rally to weld Christendom

Now, whilst the Popes were making their last grand rally to weld Christendom into spiritual unity, in France, in England, in Spain, in North Italy, in South Italy, in Southern Germany, in a minor degree throughout central Europe, princes of great energy were organising the germs of nations, and were founding the institutions of complex civil administration. Monarchy, municipalities, nations, and organised government, national constitutions, codes of law, a central police, and international trade were growing uniformly throughout the entire century.

Feudalism, strictly so called, the baron’s autocracy, baronial war, and the manor court, were as rapidly dying down. Crushed between the hammer of the kings and the anvil of the burghers, the feudal chivalry suffered, in many a bloody field, a series of shameful overthrows all through the fourteenth century, until it ended in the murderous orgies of the fifteenth century. But it was the thirteenth century that established throughout Europe the two great forces of the future which were to divide the inheritance of feudalism — a civilised and centralised monarchy on the one hand, a rich, industrious, resolute people on the other hand.

It was the thirteenth century, moreover, that saw the great development of the manufacturing and trading cities north of the Alps. Down to the expulsion of the Christians from Palestine, at the close of the twelfth century, there had been few cities in Europe of wealth and importance outside Italy and the South of France and of Spain. But the next hundred years founded the greatness of cities like Paris and London, of Troyes, Rouen, Lyons, Bordeaux, Bruges, Ghent, Cologne, Strasburg, Basle, Nuremberg tours sofia, Bremen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, Winchester, Norwich, Exeter, Bristol. The Crusades had brought Europe together, and had brought the West face to face with the East. Mankind had ceased to be ascriptus glebes, locally bound to a few clearings on the earth. It had begun to understand the breadth and variety of the planet, and the infinite resources of its products. Industrial exchange on a world-wide scale began again after a long interval of ten centuries.

The latter half of this same century also saw the birth of that characteristic feature of modern society — the control of political power by representative assemblies. For the first time in Europe deputies from the towns take part in the national councils.

In Spain this may be traced even before the century begins. Early in the century it is found in Sicily; about the middle of the century we trace it in England and Germany; and finally, in France. As every one knows, it was in 1264 that Simon de Mont- fort summoned to Parliament knights of each shire, and two representatives from boroughs and cities; and, in 1295, Edward I. called together the first fully-constituted Parliament as now understood in England. The States- General of France, the last and the least memorable of all national Parliaments, were only seven years subsequent to the formal inauguration of the Parliament of England. The introduction of Parliamentary representation would alone suffice to make memorable the thirteenth century.

#Last grand rally to weld Christendom

[istanbul-day]

Last grand rally to weld Christendom

Now, whilst the Popes were making their last grand rally to weld Christendom into spiritual unity, in France, in England, in Spain, in North Italy, in South Italy, in Southern Germany, in a minor degree throughout central Europe, princes of great energy were organising the germs of nations, and were founding the institutions of complex civil administration. Monarchy, municipalities, nations, and organised government, national constitutions, codes of law, a central police, and international trade were growing uniformly throughout the entire century.

Feudalism, strictly so called, the baron’s autocracy, baronial war, and the manor court, were as rapidly dying down. Crushed between the hammer of the kings and the anvil of the burghers, the feudal chivalry suffered, in many a bloody field, a series of shameful overthrows all through the fourteenth century, until it ended in the murderous orgies of the fifteenth century. But it was the thirteenth century that established throughout Europe the two great forces of the future which were to divide the inheritance of feudalism — a civilised and centralised monarchy on the one hand, a rich, industrious, resolute people on the other hand.

It was the thirteenth century, moreover, that saw the great development of the manufacturing and trading cities north of the Alps. Down to the expulsion of the Christians from Palestine, at the close of the twelfth century, there had been few cities in Europe of wealth and importance outside Italy and the South of France and of Spain. But the next hundred years founded the greatness of cities like Paris and London, of Troyes, Rouen, Lyons, Bordeaux, Bruges, Ghent, Cologne, Strasburg, Basle, Nuremberg tours sofia, Bremen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Dantzic, Winchester, Norwich, Exeter, Bristol. The Crusades had brought Europe together, and had brought the West face to face with the East. Mankind had ceased to be ascriptus glebes, locally bound to a few clearings on the earth. It had begun to understand the breadth and variety of the planet, and the infinite resources of its products. Industrial exchange on a world-wide scale began again after a long interval of ten centuries.

The latter half of this same century also saw the birth of that characteristic feature of modern society — the control of political power by representative assemblies. For the first time in Europe deputies from the towns take part in the national councils.

In Spain this may be traced even before the century begins. Early in the century it is found in Sicily; about the middle of the century we trace it in England and Germany; and finally, in France. As every one knows, it was in 1264 that Simon de Mont- fort summoned to Parliament knights of each shire, and two representatives from boroughs and cities; and, in 1295, Edward I. called together the first fully-constituted Parliament as now understood in England. The States- General of France, the last and the least memorable of all national Parliaments, were only seven years subsequent to the formal inauguration of the Parliament of England. The introduction of Parliamentary representation would alone suffice to make memorable the thirteenth century.

#Last grand rally to weld Christendom