This permits every water molecule to be involved in four hydrogen bonds to four other H2O partners, as is shown in figure 6.41a. Hydrogen bonding in ice creates a three-dimensional network (figure 6.41b) that puts each oxygen atom at the centre of a distorted tetrahedron.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
“An international collaboration of scientists has created and observed an entirely new class of vortices—the whirling masses of fluid or air.
Led by researchers from Amherst College in the U.S. and the University of East Anglia and Lancaster University in the U.K., their new paper details the first laboratory studies of these "exotic" whirlpools in an ultracold gas of atoms at temperatures as low as tens of billionths of a degree above absolute zero.”
“The unusual nature of the observed whirlpools here, however, is due to symmetries in the quantum gas. One especially fascinating property of physical theories, from cosmology to elementary particles, is the appearance of asymmetric worlds despite perfect underlying symmetries. For example, when water freezes to ice, disordered molecules in a liquid arrange themselves into a periodic array.
The spatial symmetry of a system is often readily identified—for example, a honeycomb has a periodic array of cells with hexagonal symmetry. Although the vortex medium used in this new work is a fluid rather than a solid array, it also possesses an internal set of hidden discrete symmetries. For example, one of the team's ultracold gases had the fourfold symmetry of a square, and another had the tetrahedral symmetry of a four-sided die, familiar to players of fantasy games everywhere.”