"In the agricultural calendar, Michaelmas was one of the quarter days when tenant farmers paid their rent and outstanding bills were settled. It was also the day by which farm workers should have safely gathered the harvest in. In fact the full moon in September is popularly known as the 'Harvest Moon', and work in the fields went on by its light. Today harvest is often a few weeks early as farmers take advantage of any good weather in August or early September. At Harvest End or Harvest Home, various seasonal customs were observed that appear to date back to ancient rituals connected with the twin themes of fertility and sacrifice and life and death.
Prominent among these folk customs was the ritualistic cutting of the last sheaf in the harvest field. This was believed to symbolise the dwelling place of the corn spirit, who could take male, female or animal form. Sometimes the last sheaf was called the Old Woman, the Old Wife, the Old Witch, the Old Hag, the Queen, the Maiden, The Old Sow, the Mare, the Bitch, the Hare, the Goat or the Gander. These were either forms of the bright and dark goddess or the totem animals sacred to her. In Scottish folk tradition two 'corn dollies' were made from the last sheaf and called the Cailleach and the Maiden, representing the aspects of the Goddess in transition at this time of the year. In the Highlands the last sheaf was known as the Maiden before Samhain (November 1st) and the Cailleach after that date, when the dark half of the year began.
In Ireland the ancient god ruling the period from Lammas to Samhain and the harvest was Crom Cruach or Crom Dubh ('the bloody dark' or 'black bent one' or 'crooked one of the [burial] mound'). He was an underworld deity who was supposed to have invented the plough, and his myth may date back to Neolithic times. He was depicted carrying the Kern Baby (the last sheaf) on his hunched back, and was accompanied by two large black hounds. On Lammas this dark god fought a ritual combat with the god of light, Lugh, who gave his name to the festival of Lughnasadh. Crom owned a huge pet bull that was a danger to the harvest, and the supernatural beast had to be killed by Lugh's magical spear before the crops could be safely gathered in.
Offerings of first-born humans and animals, milk and grain were made to stone images of Crom on Samhain Eve (October 31st). It is claimed that St Patrick destroyed one of these idols that was being worshipped by pagans, with a blow from his crosier. When the demon inhabiting the stone left, the saint consigned him to perpetual punishment in Hell. In this story Patrick seems to have taken over the former role of the god Lugh in banishing the dark god Crom to the underworld. In 1921 an image believed to represent this harvest deity was excavated near a prehistoric stone circle in County Cavan, southern Ireland.
It was lucky for a young woman to be responsible for accompanying the last sheaf back to the farmhouse, and she was called the Lady or Queen of the Harvest. In the late 16th century a pageant was presented to Queen Elizabeth I featuring a wooden effigy of the Roman corn the last sheaf arrived back at the farm it was woven into a corn dolly and dressed in female clothing with ribbons and wild flowers. This effigy would be hung up over the hearth until Plough Monday. Then it was taken down and buried in the first furrow of a newly ploughed field as a fertility charm. Alternatively it was kept above the fire until the next harvest and replaced with a new one.
The male farm worker chosen to cut down the last sheaf was given the title of Lord of the Harvest. On English farms this custom was known as 'Crying the Neck', when the reapers threw their sickles at the last sheaf. It was considered unlucky to be the one who actually cut the sheaf down. Sometimes the man who was responsible was violently jostled by his fellow workers or had corn stalks thrown at him. There was also a tradition that if the 'neck' was cut by an older man, a younger farm worker would seize it from his hands and run back to the farmhouse with his trophy.
Once the last sheaf had been cut and the crops safely gathered in, a Harvest Supper was arranged by the farmer and his wife for the workers. If all had gone well this was a sumptuous feast where jointsof roast beef, sides of bacon, chicken, goose, cheese, home-made bread, plum pudding and ginger cake were washed down with large quantities of home-brewed cider and beer. On the Scottish island of Orkney the Harvest Supper featured the slaughter, cooking on a spit over an open fire and eating of a whole sheep, in a custom that is believed to date back to Viking times. The supper was presided over by the Lord and Lady of the Harvest and, in a reversal of the normal social rules and norms, the man was regarded as her consort and took a secondary role in the proceedings. After everyone had eaten their fill there was country dancing accompanied by music from a fiddle and the bagpipes."
—
Liber Nox:
A Traditional Witch's Gramarye
Chapter 9: 'Michaelmas'
by Michael Howard
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My Year in Books 2022:
11,299 pages read
33 books read
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