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birds-and-manuscripts · 8 months

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“The manuscript book isn’t only the necessary medium for the trasmission of ancient and medieval culture: it’s also a complex and dynamic object, which reflects, in its appearance and physical structure, the cultural, economical, social and political changes through the centuries.” - Marilena Maniaci.

Throughout history, humankind has always felt the need to communicate, and to fulfil that need has used a variety of recipients for their writing — organic, inorganic, of plant or animal origin… Before, and alongside, the well-known triptych of papyrus-parchment-paper were and are clay, shards of pottery, metals, fabrics, leaves, wood, bones…

Any writing, in its materiality, is a two-faced coin. One face is that which can be easily (or not) seen, such as the text and the images. The other face is all that is not seen, be it inside the writing, such as the material aspects, the structure, the techniques, or outside the writing, such as the culture or socio-economic situation.

While philology and palaeography study the text and images are the interest of art historians, that hidden other face is the subject of research of codicology, particularly in its acceptation of archaeology of manuscripts. Codicology is a relatively recent branch of studies, which originates as an ancillary science to philology and palaeography and as such still lacks a unified method or mission, but in the aforementioned meaning of the term and for what concerns us, it can be defined as the study of the history of codices (sing. codex).

Codicology, then, studies the codex in everything that isn’t text and writing, and partially images (although all of these things give contextual information, and are taken into consideration). But what, exactly, is a codex?

A codex isn’t a book, it’s not even a scroll - at least, not necessarily. As defined by Marilena Maniaci a codex is “a container of information, mostly textual, but also visual and musical, in which the dimension of immaterial ideas interacts, in different and complex ways, with the materiality of the object.” More simply, a codex is any object consisting of a material which has been written on or which was meant to be written on and which has been bound or could have been bound.

A scroll is a codex, a book is a codex, but also ostraka (pottery shards) which have been tied together through holes, or a single and quite big piece of vellum which has been folded.

The three following images are all codices, as different as they may seem!

Codicology studies the materials a codex is composed of, the way it was produced, used, re-used, its history throughout the years, in whose hands it ended up and how its “adventures” influenced its physicality. These informations, seemingly of secondary importance, can give us interesting insights on the times the codex “lived” through.

#history chirp #history #material history #manuscript #manuscript history #medieval manuscripts #papyrus #parchment #paper #writing table #codicology #codex #medieval codex #book of hours #writing history

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blueiskewl · 1 year

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Thomas Potter A George I burr walnut-veneered and walnut adjustable writing table, circa 1720-30

The quarter veneered hinged and folding top inset with a later gilt-tooled leather writing surface, with ratchet mechanism to underside, above a single drawer to each side, one fitted with compartments for inkwells and pens, the drawers retaining the Untermyer collection inventory number 64.101.1084 74.5cm. high, 38cm. wide, 48cm. deep (closed); 2ft. 5½in. 1ft. 3in., 1ft. 7in.

#Thomas Potter #Thomas Potter A George I writing table 1720-30 #english furniture maker #furniture #writing table #art #artist #art work #art world #art news

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watering76 · 2 years

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【文具今昔】寫字檯

今天淺談一下英文書法用的寫字檯 (writing slope)，以現代人的眼光來看，有桌子了幹麻還用寫字檯？

講到寫字檯的發明，就不能不提羽毛筆、蘆葦筆的特性！

👇下圖才是真正的羽毛筆(quill pen)，用整根羽毛製作。

這是桂冠詩人阿佛烈·丁尼生男爵(Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson) 用過的羽毛筆，為了不妨礙握筆所以把大部分的毛削掉了，羽管前端削尖好沾墨書寫。

這幅1633年的畫作，畫的就是學者正在削羽毛筆的場景。

👇這一支不是羽毛筆！

仔細看筆尖的部分，這是用金屬做的沾水筆(dip pen)，尾端的羽毛是裝飾用途。

所以我們看看中世紀關於書寫的插畫，寫字檯的角度都非常陡峭，就是為了控制墨流：

這兩者雖站都是沾墨水書寫，但寫起來手感是差很多的。

除了軟硬彈性以外，最重要的是羽毛筆的墨水流量比較難控制，很容易寫下去一坨墨水堆積在紙上。在有斜度的寫字檯上書寫，筆可以拿得比較平，讓墨流緩慢些、也讓墨水不會全部都因重力堆積在筆尖。

1501年的時禱書紀錄了前人的書寫習慣，畫中眼神死的使徒馬太右手舉著毛完全剃光、只剩羽管的羽毛筆。

左手拿著小刀，萬一寫錯字時能將字跡刮掉。

近代書法之父愛德華・強斯頓 (Edward Johnston)，在他1917年的著作中建議用毛全剃光的羽毛筆，寫字檯的坡度呈45度，讓羽毛筆的角度與地面接近平行，藉此調整墨水的流速，以寫出精緻的線條。

＋＋＋＋＋＋＋時代的分格線＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋

十八世紀，金屬沾水筆尖發明後迅速取代了羽毛筆。

如同上圖廣告所說的，和羽毛筆相比，金屬筆尖寫起來更流暢、沾墨次數更少，而且吸附墨水的效果更好，墨流更好控制。

加上十七世紀開始流行銅版體這種由點尖書寫的字體，不大需要像平尖沾水筆那樣控墨，因此這個時代寫字就跟今天一樣，在平坦的桌上、或是坡度平緩的寫字檯上寫字就可以了。

下圖就是美國的書法大師普萊特‧ 羅傑斯‧ 史賓賽(Platt Rogers Spencer)在他1866年發行的著作中建議的書寫姿勢。

從下圖可以看到，寫字檯的角度和中世紀羽毛筆用的相比，坡度平了很多。

這時期還有這種便攜式的寫字盒(writing desk)，平時可以攤開來當作寫字檯使用，或者是當作收納箱，用來收納紙筆和墨水。

👇這是《傲慢與偏見》的作者珍・奧斯汀(Jane Austen)的父親贈與她的寫字盒。

你可以在Ebay或是古物店找到類似的古董寫字盒，維多莉亞時期不乏做工精細，雕花、鑲嵌珍珠母貝的珍品，當然如果你想要用寫字檯，也並非古董不可，找塊板子墊高就行啦！

＋＋＋＋＋＋＋時代的分格線＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋

現今原子筆、鋼筆、麥克筆等，已經沒有墨流的困擾了，在普通桌上書寫完全沒有問題。寫字檯已不是必需品，現在它主要估能是矯正寫字姿勢，減輕肩頸、手腕疲勞壓力，如果你沒有這些困擾，也就沒必要特別買囉！

現在市面上比較常見的多半是學童用的寫字檯、寫字架(sloping board / slant board)。木頭、壓克力的都有，而且功能多樣！有的可以升降，能兼作書架使用，更有的可以當白板、磁鐵吸板用。

我彙總一下國際手寫學會和書法家們給小朋友的建議：

桌子要比坐著時的手肘高6cm，若桌子太高，可以在屁股下加坐墊。

一張能讓背打直的椅子，坐下後，腳能著地，且呈現90度彎曲。

如果小朋友太矮，可以墊腳凳以符合90度的要求。

書寫是得用上兩隻手的任務，一手寫字，一手固定紙張。

調整椅子和桌子的距離，身體應該離桌子一個拳頭遠，也不要把身體重量壓在桌沿、寫字架上。

手寫架、寫字台放在桌子近邊緣處。

以上的條件都達到了之後，寫字架才有加分的功用，否則不但沒有加分，反而更��累！

在挑選寫字架方面：

理想的坡度為20度，19~25度還算是可接受的範圍。

要夠大！作業本或繪圖紙要能夠直放、橫放、斜放。

左撇子需要更大的書寫空間，所以手寫架要挑大的！

要能止滑，要有一點抓地力，不能一推就在桌上滑來滑去。(身體重量壓上去不算喔！若有這種情況請調整坐姿和桌椅高度。)

祝大家寫字愉快！

圖源：

大英圖書館線上館藏資料

大英圖書館推特

大英圖書館blog

維基百科

Internet Archive:Spencerian Key to Practical Penmanship、Writing & illuminating, & lettering

Playlern亞馬遜網站

#Calligraphy #tools #lesson #Handwriting #Writing Desk #Writing Table #文具今昔

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damrodigital · 2 months

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Elevate Your Workspace with Damro's Stylish Writing Table! 🌟

Upgrade your home office or study space with Damro's sleek and functional writing table. Crafted with quality materials and attention to detail, our writing table offers the perfect blend of style and functionality at an unbeatable price.

Key Features: ✨ Durable Construction: Made from premium materials, including high-quality wood and metal accents, our writing table is built to last. ✨ Ample Workspace: With a spacious tabletop, our writing table provides plenty of room for spreading out your work materials and staying productive. ✨ Storage Solutions: Stay organized and clutter-free with built-in storage drawers and shelves, perfect for keeping your essentials within reach. ✨ Modern Design: Featuring clean lines and contemporary finishes, our writing table adds a touch of sophistication to any workspace. ✨ Affordable Luxury: Enjoy luxury furniture at an affordable price with Damro's writing table, designed to enhance your workspace without breaking the bank.

Transform your home office or study area into a stylish and functional space with Damro's writing table. Shop now and take your productivity to the next level!

#furniture #online #home & lifestyle #writing table

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thakefurniture · 3 months

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Work Table, Games Table - Fine Regency rosewood octagonal work table, with geometric boxwood stringing. The lifting top, with inlaid burr yew band and removable reading bar. Crossbanded frieze below with baize lined slide to one side, and ink tray to the other, over a pleated silk bag. The rosewood a pleasing faded golden colour.

#Regency Work Table #Antique Work Table #antique sewing table #writing table #reading table #antique game tables #antique work tables #mahogany work tables #antique tables #Thakeham Furniture #Horsham #UK #Antique Tables #Work Table #Games Table

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everyhomedeserves · 4 months

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Introducing the Every Home Deserves Apollo Study Table, a fusion of style, functionality, and affordability that will transform your workspace. Crafted with precision in chic Columbian Walnut and Cold White finishes, this study table is a testament to modern design. Designed to cater to the needs of the contemporary professional, this study table is your ideal work-from-home companion.

#study table #writing table #engineered wood study table

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orsonpetticoat · 7 months

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Writing Table, Leeds, England

#Writing Table #Leeds #England

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illusionsofinsight · 8 months

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Writing Table, Leeds, England

#Writing Table #Leeds #England

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blackfeminism · 9 months

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Writing Table, Leeds, England

#Writing Table #Leeds #England

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hailsatanacab · 5 months

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Family Dinners - dpxdc

"Holy shit, you're Bruce Wayne!" Danny gaped, jabbing a finger at the man sitting at the head of the table.

The bustling dining room goes silent as everyone turns to look at him.

"Danny, who did you think was going to be here?" Tim asks, disbelief plain in his voice and Danny feels his face flush red.

"Sorry, I, uh, I guess I just never put it together. Tim Drake-Wayne. Wayne Manor. It, uh, makes sense now." He laughs sheepishly and scrubs at his neck before slumping back down into his chair.

"Well," Tim says with an indulgent sigh, "at least I know you're not just friends with me for my connections."

"Yeah, I'm really sorry, I just never thought about it, I guess."

Danny sinks lower as everyone around him laughs. Come to dinner, he said, the food is the best, he said, ignore the family, he said. Danny really wishes he'd listened to Tim and just ignored them—almost as much as he's regretting accepting the offer in the first place—but... he's having dinner with Batman.

Ancients, that's so weird!

The last time he saw Batman was in the future and, suffice it to say, it was not going well. There hadn't really been time for family dinners there.

Wait. Family dinners?

He peers around the table, openly gawking at everyone as it all clicks into place.

"Everything alright, Danny? Now realising who everyone else is?" Tim asks with a roll of his eyes.

"Uh... something like that..." Danny mumbles as everyone laughs again.

From further down the table, the smallest Wayne scoffs and clicks his tongue.

"I thought you said he was smart, Drake?"

"So, you all do it, too, then?" he asks, ignoring the jibe. Danny's only a little bit jealous as he thinks of how much easier they must have it, how much easier it'd be if his family had been on his side, too. "You all work together?"

"Nah," Dick says from across the table with a brilliant grin. "Tim's the only one that works with Bruce, we all have different jobs. I'm a police officer in Bludhaven."

"Disgusting." Danny blurts out without thinking—because seriously, what kind of self-respecting vigilante would also be a police officer?—before clapping a hand over his mouth. "Sorry."

The whole table laughs again, the loudest being the blonde girl a few spaces down from Dick. Look, Danny wasn't really paying attention to names when they were all paraded in front of him. Dick only gets remembered because his name is a joke.

Come on, Danny, recover!

"That's, uh, not what I meant, though."

"Oh?" Dick asks, cocking his head slightly to the side. Is it Danny's imagination or does his smile tense slightly?

"Yeah, I mean like, you know, in costume. It must make it so much easier to have everyone together like this."

"Costume? What do you mean?"

Yeah, Danny's not imagining it, everyone tenses up at that. It's really only now that he's realising that this probably isn't how he should bring up that he knows about their... night time activities. In fact, he probably shouldn't be bringing it up at all.

"Uuhhh..." Danny looks wildly around the table as he continues making his stupid noise. Think, think, think! There must be a way out of this!

"Danny?" Tim asks, looking concerned.

"Oh, Ancients, this isn't how I wanted it to go at all," he mutters, slipping even further into his chair. He's almost on the floor now and he so, so wishes it could just swallow him up.

His real first meeting with Batman was meant to be cool! He had planned to be Phantom, maybe save them from a tight spot, prove his worth as a mysterious and powerful ally as thanks for the help Batman gave him in the future.

"Danny, what are you talking about?" Tim starts tugging on his sleeve in an attempt to pull him back up from his pit of despair.

Eventually, Danny relents and sits up straighter, hiding his face in his hands and whining all the while.

"I'm sorry, I just didn't expect him to be here and it threw me off so now I look stupid and it's so embarrassing!" he wails, flailing his arms wide. "Why wouldn't you warn me that Batman was your adopted dad, Tim? Couldn't you have let me know?"

"I'm sorry, what? Danny are you alright? There's no way Bruce can be Batman, look at him!"

"Yeah," the blonde girl laughs from the bottom of the table, "look at him! That's a wet noodle of a man! Batman can actually do things, B is incapable of pretty much everything."

"Thank you, Stephanie," Bruce sighs, massaging his forehead.

It's... Those are the first words Danny's heard Batman say since everything went down and it's enough to knock him out of his embarrassment.

It's really good to hear his voice again. Especially now, when it's strong and healthy and full of personality—even if that personality is little more than a tired father right now—far better than how it had been, at the end.

Danny sits up, back straight, and grins. He's got this. He remembers it perfectly. Some people count sheep to fall asleep, Danny repeats his mantra to be certain that he'll never forget it.

"Gamma alpha upsilon tau iota mu epsilon, 42, 63, 28, 1 colon 65 dash 9."

Once again, the whole table falls into silence.

"Holy shit..." breathes the other D name (Duke? Danny's pretty sure he's Signal) from opposite Stephanie. "Isn't that...?"

"The time travelling code." The littlest Wayne says stiffly. "We have met in the future?"

"That's not just the time travelling code, Dami." Dick says, looking between Danny and Bruce. "That's the family time travelling code."

Danny's grin freezes in place.

"I'm sorry, what?"

"1 colon 65 dash 9." Dick explains, still flicking between him and Bruce. "It means you've been adopted into the family and we should all treat you as such, no questions asked."

"Tell you what, I'm about to ask a question." Danny says, dumbstruck. "You just told me it was a code to identify time travellers, not anything about being adopted! What the hell, B?"

Bruce looks about as shellshocked as Danny feels.

"We must have been close," he says finally, after opening and closing his mouth like a fish out of water a few times.

"No! Not that close!" Danny reels back, taking a deep breath ready to refute it all, but... "Well, I mean, you found me when I first got stuck, and you helped me get better despite being... And then we fought together against the, uh, bad guy, before he, um, he... before you couldn't."

An uncomfortable beat passes while they all pick up on what Danny tried so hard not to say.

"So, you're not from the future, then, you travelled there and came back?" Tim asks, breaking the tension and leaning forward with a glint in his eye.

"Yeah, it was a whole end of the world thing, but don't worry about it," Danny says with a hand wave, "It's all kosher now, won't ever happen."

"What did happen?"

"Seriously, don't worry about it, we cool."

"How long in the future was it?"

"About ten years? You were pretty spry for an old man, B," Danny laughs, wishing they'd get off the topic of what happened and get back to the adoption bit.

Everyone shares degrees of a cautious smile as they relax out of the shock, and Dick—whose grin is the biggest—says, "No wonder you got the family code, you're already riffing on him like one of us. How long were you there for?"

"A week, before I managed to get back to my present and stop him then."

"A week? Jeez, B, that has to set some kind of record, seriously."

"Oh!" Danny says, sitting bolt upright and blinking in surprise before pointing at Dick and bouncing in his seat. "You're Nightwing!"

"What?"

"That's exactly what Nightwing said when Batman told me the code! Makes so much more sense now."

Dick laughs and claps his hands, delighted.

"You were not formally adopted?" The grumpy small one—Dami?—asks, his face pinched.

"I didn't even know I was informally adopted."

"And your parents? Are they alive or dead?"

"Damian, stop—"

"They were dead in the future, but they're alive now." Danny says, looking down. He fiddles with the tablecloth, twisting the fabric around his fingers as he fights down the pang of sadness that he always feels when he thinks of them now. He forces a bright smile on his face and hopes it doesn’t look too strained. "I just, uh, can't talk to them much, anymore."

"Damian," Dick warns, "1 colon 65 dash 9. Treat them as family, no questions asked."

"This is Damian treating him as family, the little turd has no manners." Tim scoffs, rolling his eyes, but he gently bumps shoulders with Danny to knock him out of his funk. Danny can't help but send him a watery smile.

"I have the most exemplary manners, Drake, unlike some people." Damian spits, crossing his arms with a pout. "I was merely ascertaining his status to see how he could possibly fit into the family."

"I know this is all a bit sudden, Danny," Bruce smiles, ignoring Damian and reaching out to lay a warm hand on his arm, "for all of us. But if I felt strongly enough to give you that code after spending a week with you in the future, then you are more than welcome in this family, if you so choose it. I think I can speak for all of us when I say we'd like to get to know you a bit more."

"I know a threat when I hear it, Bruce." Danny snorts. "But, yeah, I get it. I'm sorry this is all so weird, it really wasn't how I wanted to find you again, but... I'm glad I did."

"So are we, Danny." Dick says, with a warm smile. "And formally or not, 1 colon 65 dash 9 means you're family. Welcome to the fun house! No take backs or refunds, sorry. You're stuck with us."

#dpxdc #dcxdp #dc x dp #dp x dc crossover #batpham #hailsatanacrab🦀🦀writes #look. this has been in my mind for so long guys so long - and idk if its canon that the batfam have codes for time travel situations or what #but i feel like ive seen it before and if its not canon it should be #so here - how i think that would be funny to go down #i have so many thoughts about TUE and its place in a dpxdc crossover like holy shit there's so many ways it can go!!#i have another wip in the works thats kinda similar to this but with superman and i cannot wait to work on it again #there are so many ways i wanted this to go but i just couldnt get there - i wanted to keep it on the shorter side but like #perhaps ill have to expand #i just love the idea that like. theres a stranger at your table who knows you and knows you well. who knows the secret that youd die to keep #there's a stranger at your table and he says something and you know he's family. you know you're strangers but now...#now you have to be something more #oh man theres so many juicy ways it can go and I KNOW I DID NONE OF THEM #i want to write this whole plot again and make it angstier #(me with everything)#anyway! sorry love you all hope you enjoy it!!

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