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The Pierce Festivals Calendar in ancient Egypt
They were either painted or carved into temple walls or on papyrus, and the paint is flaking away; time, weather and mankind have destroyed large portions of them. Secondly, only casual mention of ritual is found, and in some places, none at all. The pictures of food and other offerings, however, provide information in surprising detail, and those of you who place daily offerings on your personal altars will find useful information here. The Gods, in most instances, are the national ones: Re, Horus, Osiris, Hathor, and Isis. There are inclusions of the other naturu and naturitu as the individual season required.
These calendars afford us a wonderful picture of those early worshipers. The festivals were great, happy affairs, planned for and looked forward to in much the same way Christians look forward to Christmas or Easter.
Food, drink and general party going was the rule, never the exception. Picture in your mind a whole town in party dress celebrating the feast of “Chewing onions for Bastet.”
Festivals of Opet
Opet or Ipet means “harem,” The original name is “The Beautiful Feast.” On this day the barque of Ammon-Re would be removed from its temple shrine, and, along with the image of Ammon-Ra, would journey up the Nile to the temple of his wife Ammonet. This was a serious party festival, lasting for twenty days, with a special ritual held at every stop of Ammon-Res barque.
After nine months had passed Ammonet-Mut would ceremonially be taken into the Temple birthing chamber to give birth to Ammon-Re’s son, Khonsu. Even today, remnants of this festival are still observed. Today Opet has been renamed; it is now “The Festival of Saints,” celebrated by Moslems. During the festival, a small boat is carried out of the Mosque of Abu El Haggag and paraded through the streets of Luxor.
“The Feast of Sothis” (the heliacle rising of the star Sirius) was celebrated with a special ritual. Most temples housed more than one natur or naturit. Normally secluded images of the temple’s naturu would be removed from their shrines and taken to the roof of the temple so that the first light of the first day of the New Year would fall upon them.
~ Diana Janeen Pierce
The Yearly Five Days
Remember, it is permissible to eat offerings once the naturu have taken the essence from them. They can be removed and eaten after an hour.
Honey, raw grains, prepared meats (Goose was a favorite, as was beef. However, avoid pork. It was considered unclean because of its connection to Sutekh. Also, avoid fish if you honor Osiris.Other offerings were fruit, flowers, oils (scented and olive) bees wax, bread (all kinds, plain or fruit filled, often in special shapes: pyramids or sacred objects) and incense, along with scented candles.
June 22 Birth of Osiris
June 23 Birth of the Original Horus
June 24 Birth of Sutekh
June 25 Birth of Isis
June 26 Birth of Lady Of The House
Akhet, Inundation
Festivals And Holidays Of The Month Thuthy
Offerings, same as above.
The Sacred Days:
June 27 The birth of Re. First day of Thuthy. Feast of Thoth.
June 29 The Birth of the Aton.
July 2 Monthly feast of Re.
July 6 Second monthly feast of Re.
July 13 Feast of the Dead. Offerings given in the Necropolis.
July 15 Festival of Nut and Lord Re. Main Festival of Lord Thoth.
July 18 Holy to Osiris.
July 21 Holy to Sakhmet (The destructive form of Hathor.) Mysteries of Osiris. Feast of Lights of Isis.
There is evidence that indicates that this Festival is the true “Festival of Intoxication.” The possible mistaken belief that it honors Thoth not Hathor/Sakhmet stems from the fact that the feast falls in the month of Thoth. Strong evidence points to the myth recounting the destruction of mankind as the basis for this festival.
According to this story, in order to end Hathor’s bloody rampage, Re tricked her into drinking beer laced with mandrake and red ocher. He flooded Egypt with this drugged beer. Hathor/Sakhmet, thinking it was blood, consumed so much of it that she became drunk and passed out and lost interest in destroying humanity. The yearly inundation by the Nile, with its rich, red silt, is the earthly re-enactment of this flood of beer. This feast of intoxication is the Egyptian “October fest.”
July 22 Honors the battle between Horus and Sutekh.
July 23 Honors the peace between Horus and Sutekh.
July 25 Sky Feast of Lord Re.
July 26 Ritual day in the Temples of Re, Osiris and Horus.
Festivals And Holidays Of Paopy
2nd Month Of Akhet
Offerings, same as above.
July 27 Month of Paopy, Holy day of Re.
July 28 Procession of Horus to the city of Neith.
July 29 Thoth orders the eye of Horus healed.
July 31 Feast of Osiris.
August 1 Feast of Opet, the marriage of Ammon-Re to his wife Ammonet.
August 2 Monthly feast of Re.
August 4 Jubilation of the Heart of Re
August 5 Procession of Bast. Birth of Nut.
August 6 Monthly feast of Re.
August 7 Birth of Hathor (Hut-hert).
August 8 Satisfying the hearts of the Ennead.
August 9 Horus receives the White Crown.
August 11 Feast of Osiris.
August 13 Ceremony of Transformation (Anubis) Mummification of Osiris.
August 14 Ceremony of raising the Sacred Djed Pillar.
August 16 Neith goes forth to Aten.
August 22 Lighting the fires of Neith.
August 25 Sky Feast of Re. Feasts of Osiris and Horus.
Festivals and Feasts Of Hathys
3rd month of Akhet
Offerings, same as above
August 26 Month of Hathor begins. Feast of Hathor. Feast of Re.
August 30 Honors Hathor.
August 31 Feast of the naturu of the black mud of Egypt (Khemet.)
September 1 Monthly Feast of Re.
September 3 Isis emerges.
September 5 Monthly feast of Re.
September 6 Osiris go out of Abydos; Purification Of The Naturu AndNaturitu ib-hearts. Feast of Hapy. Offerings are given to the Nile.
September 7 Hapy is created.
September 8 Jubilation of the Dead.
September 9 Fertility of Min. A day of offerings to Min, especially from husbands wishing for sons.
September 10 Day of the appearance of the Eight Primordials.
September 11 Lamentation of Isis and Lady Of The House for Osiris.
September 12 Feast of Hathor (Third month of Akhet.) The statue of thenaturit was taken by boat and procession to the mortuary complexes to visit pharaoh’s tomb.
September 14 Bastet appears before Re.
September 15 Feast Of Ma’at.
September 17 The dispute between Horus and Sutekh judged by Re.
September 18 Isis emerges.
September 20 The Black Land given to Horus the Red lands to Sutekh.
September 21 The Autumn Equinox.
September 22 Horus is crowned King. The appearance before Ptah
September 24 Feast of the Noble Ladies. Sky Feast.
Festivals and Feasts of Choiach
4th month of Akhet
Offerings, same as above
September 25 Month of Choiach begins. Feast of Re and Sekhmet.
September 26 Feast for all naturu.
September 28 Feast of Sobek. Sacred crocodiles are honored this day.
September 29 Procession of Hathor.
October 1 Feast of Sorqet. Feast of Thoth.
October 2 Monthly Feast of Re.
October 5 Feast of Osiris in Abydos.
October 6 Transformation of the Bennu Bird (Re).
October 7 Procession of Hathor and the paut naturu.
October 8 Feast Of Naturu and Naturitu and Fate. Emergence of the Transformed Bennu.
October 9 Feast of Sakhmet-Bastet-Re.
October 11 Feast of the judging of the crew of the Solar Barque. Holy day of Hathor.
October 15 Ritual of Raising the Djed Pillar.
October 16 Feast of Plowing the Earth.
October 21 Feast of Isis seeking Osiris’ body.
October 22 Feast of the loss of Osiris by Isis.
October 23 Feast of rejoicing that Isis finds the body of Osiris.
October 24 Feast of the paut naturu of Re. Feast of Osiris and Horus. Offerings for the ka (living memories.)
Poret, Emergence
Festivals of the month Tyby
Offerings, same as above.
October 25 The month of Tyby begins. The Heb Sed Jubilee.
(Pharaoh demonstrates his vigor before the people) Feast of Re. Feast of Bast.
The word Heb means “Festival,” and Sed means “cloth,” as well as “tail.” One of the requirements of this festival was that the King had to run around the circumference of the temple inner court, carrying ritual objects in his hands. It is believed that some form of rejuvenation occurred during the event. This feast took place every three years, with an even grander version occurring at a Pharaoh’s Thirtieth Year Jubilee.
October 30 Feast of Clothing Anubis.
October 31 Feast of Sakhmet and the purifying of the flame.
November 1 Monthly feast of Re.
November 2 Feast of Sakhmet.
November 5 Monthly Feast of Re
November 6 Feast of Hathor and Sakhmet. Day of prolonging life and the goodness of ma’at.
November 11 The naturu leave Abydos. Mouth Of The Far Horizon
November 13 Bastet leaves Bubastis to guard the two lands.
November 14 Feast for the followers of Re.
November 16 Feast of Neith.
November 21 Feast of Thoth’s oath.
November 22 Sky feast.
November 23 Feast in the temple of Hapy.
Festivals of Menchir
2nd month of Poret
Offerings, same as above
November 24 Month of Menchir begins. Festival of Little Heat (left eye of Re.) Feast of Ptah lifting up Re with his hands.
November 25 Re returns to the sky.
November 26 Sutekh emerges.
November 29 Feast of Isis.
December 1 Feast of the Great Heat (Right Eye Of Re.) Feast of Hathor.
December 2 Monthly feast of Re.
December 3 Birth of Horus the younger (son of Isis and Osiris.)
December 4 Birth of Sobek.
December 5 Feast of “Lifting the Sky” (Re.)
December 6 Monthly feast of Re.
December 10 The day of Keeping Osiris in the hands of Anubis.
December 13 Day of Nut.
December 15 Feasts of Horus and Ptah.
December 16 Festival of Isis.
December 19 Feast of Min. Isis sees Osiris’ face.
December 20 Feast of Sokar. Feast of Osiris.
December 21 Sky feast. The Winter Solstice.
Festivals of Famenoth
3rd month of Poret
Offerings: same as above
December 24 The month of Famenoth begins. Feast of entering Heaven (Re.) Sky Feast.
December 28 Festival of Lights of Neith.
December 29 Procession of Anubis. Jubilation of Osiris.
December 31 Festival for Khnum.
January 1 Day of Hathor.
January 2 Day of Thoth. Monthly feast of Re.
January 6 Monthly feast of Re.
January 8 Day of opening the Doors and courts of Karnak.
January 10 Feast of Nut.
January 11 Birth of Nut.
January 14 Birth of Apep.
January 15 Feast of Horus. Offerings made for the Dead.
January 18 Day for those in the Imenty (below the western horizon.)
January 20 Feast of Osiris.
January 22 Festival of the Doorways of the Horizon are Opened. Sky feast.
Festivals for the month of Parmuthy, Fourth Month Of Poret
Offerings: the same as above
January 23 Month of Parmuthy begins: Feast of Re.
January 24 Procession of Geb to see Anubis.
January 28 Feast of “Chewing onions for Bastet.”
(Native Americans in Oklahoma have a yearly spring festival where they fry the first wild green onions of spring and eggs. Since we have no idea what this festival of Bast (Goddess of Joy and the gentle rays of sunlight) was for, it might be a way to honor her. Do it for dinner and chase it with a beer, I do. Since I’m also Cherokee Indian, this covers both events nicely.)
January 29 Feast of Min.
January 30 Monthly feast of Re; Counting the parts of the Wadjit eye.
February 3 Monthly feast of Re.
February 4 Feast of Nut.
February 7 Procession of Khopry.
February 8 Procession of Sut.
February 10 Feast of Re.
February 18 Feast of Sakhmet destroying mankind.
February 20 Adoration of Beautiful Being. Sky Feast.
February 21 Offerings to Re, Osiris, Horus, Ptah, and Sokar.
Shomu (Harvest) The season of Re
Festivals and holidays for the month of Pachons.
Offerings: same as above
February 22 Month of Pachons begins. Feast for Ra, Horus, and Renemutet.
February 26 Feast of Sexual fertility of Min.
February 27 Harvest festival. Festival of the great one of the House of Re.
March 1 Festival of Isis. (This day became New Year’s Day in the Roman calendar until it was replaced by the Egyptian Calendar on the order of Emperor Augustus.)
March 2 Monthly feast of Re.
March 3 Festival of Clothing Anubis.
March 6 Monthly feast of Re.
March 7 The day of cutting out the tongue of Sobek, the Crocodile God.
March 10 Day of Hathor.
March 11 Day of joy for Re and his Ennead.
March 12 The day of the counting of Thoth.
March 13 Ma’at judges souls.
March 21 The Spring Equinox.
March 23 Celebrations for Re, Osiris, and Horus.
The festivals and holidays for the month of Paony, Second month of Harvest.
Offerings: same as above
March 24 Month of Horus begins, Feasts for Re, Horus and Bastet.
March 28 Holy to Re and his Followers.
March 30 Feast of the Wadjet eye.
April 1 Feast of Re.
April 5 Feast of Re.
April 10 Feast of Osiris.
April 13 Feast of the children of Nut.
April 17 Sacred to Re.
April 18 Procession of Neith.
April 20 Day of purifying all things.
April 22 Sacred to Thoth. Feast of Re.
The holidays of the month of Epipy,3rd month of Harvest.
Offerings: same as above
April 23 Month of Epipy begins. Festivals to Hathor, Bast. Day of the great feast of the southern heavens for Re.
April 24 The Goddesses feast in their temples.
April 27 Hathor sails for Punt, Third month of Shomu, ending with the New Moon.
Feast of the “Beautiful Reunion.” Hathor’s barque was called the “Mistress of Love.” During this festival, it was believed that Hathor left her temple in Dendera and sailed south to visit Horus in the city of Edfu. During her trip she stopped to visit Mut’s temple, the second day she visits Anukis, (A form of Nephthys, “Lady Of The House.”) On the third day, she is joined by the Local God of Nehan (a form of Horus) before ending her travels in Edfu at the great Temple of Horus there. Horus would set out in his barque and meet Anukis outside Edfu. At this time, the two statues were enshrined together for fourteen days, and then the statues were taken to the temple roof to greet the sun god Ra.
April 29 The other Gods follow.
May 2 Monthly feast of Re.
May 7 Horus hears the supplications of the god.
May 8 Ma’at appears before Re.
May 10 Ma’at and Re leave in secret.
May 21 Festival of Mut; Sky feast
May 22 Ceremony of Horus-Of-The-Winged-Disk
Festivals and sacred days for Mesore
4th Month Of Harvest
Offerings
May 23 Month of Mesore begins. Feast of Re.
May 24 Sacred to Ma’at.
May 25 Feast of Raet. Feast Of Hathor as Sopdut.
May 26 Processional day of Sopdut.
May 27 Day of the appearance of Min.
May 29 Anubis Travels to the necropolis.
May 30 Wadjit’s Summer Solstice.
June 1 Monthly feast of Re. Holiday of Anubis.
June 4 Feast of the Followers Of Horus.
June 6 Re goes forth to honor Nun.
June 10 Day of the return of the complete The Eye of Re (Uadjet eye.)
June 13 Anubis feasts with the children of Nut and Geb.
June 19 Feast day of Min.
June 20 Feast in the Temple of Sokar (“Opening The Aperture” lasted seven days, and represented the opening of the Epagomenal days and Re’s birth). Feast of Ptah.
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A Study of Hermetic Philosophy, The Kybalion
The Kybalion is a study of Hermetic Philosophy based on doctrines that were kept secret for centuries, seen only by the eyes of initiates of Mystery Schools in Egypt and India. This work is helpful to earnest seekers of Arcane Truths and Occult wisdom.The Emerald Tablet ofHermesbegan appearing during the twelfth century, in many different languages in the Alchemical libraries in Europe. At that time its concepts were considered too difficult to be understood by the average person. It was finally decided that a statement of Truth was necessary to reconcile bits of occult knowledge, and place them in the hands of students. The Hermetic Laws act as a key to open inner doors in the Portal already entered by those whom have already dared to enter the “Temple of Knowledge.”
The Hermetic teachings have come down to us over tens of centuries since the life of its founder, Hermes Trismegistus, “The Scribe of the gods.” During this period in history, only certain learned men knew how to write, and were in high demand to make copies of philosophical studies. Men and gods dwelt in Old Egypt when man’s present race was in its infancy. Hermes was believed to be a contemporary of Abraham of the Hebrew Bible. All esoteric traditions embedded in basic teachings of every race may be traced back to Hermes, even the ancient teachings of India. From there, occultists travelled to Egypt and obtained the Key which reconciled divergent views, while sitting at the feet of Hermes. Then Hermes was regarded as “The Great Great and Master of Masters.” Although many teachers have wandered on different pathways throughout different lands, there is still a basic resemblance underlying the theories taught by occultists of many lands today. Any student of Comparative Religions will notice the influence of the Hermetic teachings in every religion.
The lifework of Hermes was to plant a seed of truth to grow into different forms, not to establish a religion or philosophy to dominate the world’s thoughts. The original truths he taught were kept pure by a few men of each age, who reserved them for the few that were deemed ready to comprehend them. They were handed down from lips to ear—“The Lips of Wisdom are closed except to the Ears of Understanding.”
The details of Hermes Trismegistus'’ life are lost to history, though this man, or god, was said to have finally dwelt in Egypt. The date of his journey or last incarnation on our planet is unknown. Some Jewish traditions claim that Abraham learned a portion of his mystic knowledge from Hermes. After Hermes passed from this plane of existence, (tradition and oral records claim he lived 300 years in the flesh), the Egyptians deified Hermes, made him one of their gods, and changed his name to Thoth. So the Hermes and Thoth that are spoken of today are actually one and the same person or god. After the passing of more time, the Ancient Greeks began calling Hermes their “god of wisdom.” The Egyptians later revered his memory by calling him “the Scribe of the Gods” and gave him the title “Trismegistus”, meaning “thrice great” or greatest great.” In all ancient worlds, Hermes Trismegistus was revered, and even today, “hermetic” means secret or sealed so nothing can escape.
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Judgement of the Dead
Among the obstacles that could stand in the way of reunion of ba and ka, and resurrection, the most important was the Judgement of the Dead. We know of the Judgement mostly from one of the latest and most popular collections of spells known as the Book of the Dead, which became the standard for funerary literature from the 18th Dynasty until the end of ancient Egyptian civilization. Especially from spell 125 of the Book of the Dead, we learn about the final judgement. The symbol for AKH. A scene from the the Book of the Dead depicts the Judgement of the Dead. Anubis watches the scales; on the right, Thoth records the results; Amemet, next to Anubis, waits to eat sinful hearts. In the scales are shown the deceased’s heart on left, and the feather of Maat, goddess of truth, justice and order, on the right. The deceased’s ba, we are told, is summoned in to the “Hall of Two Truths” (or of the two Maat goddesses), where the judgement is to take place. There the deceased was usually joined by Anubis, the god of embalming,who ushered him or her into the hall where he would first greet Re and his nine gods, or Osiris and his forty-two messengers, reciting to them “I know you, I know your names.” From there the heart of the deceased was placed on one side of a balance. The heart was special to the ancient Egyptians: it was considered the center of a person’s personality, and it provided a link between one’s life in this world and the next - it would assure memory of ones earthly identity in the afterlife. So important was it that the Egyptians took special care that the heart be left in the body of the deceased, along with a spell from the Book of the Dead to give the heart back to the dead in the afterlife. (This unlike the brain, which was extracted and discarded.) On the other side of the balance was placed a feather, the symbol of Maat. The deceased then would begin immediately reciting a formula called the Negative Confession, part of which is shown below:
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What is a Kemet
The Eight Parts
Khat-The human body. Absolutely mortal, the KHAT dies and must be preserved or else it will decompose. To some degree the KA and KHAT are tied together- the KA must recognize its tomb and thus the dead must be preserved.
In early times this preservation, performed through mummification, was the only method and was reserved for kings. Soon after it was extended to the non-royalty of Kemet, although they often could not afford mummification, a procedure requiring a lifetime of savings. However, in place of mummies the Kemetic people used statues, paintings, or even simply their name in the event that thier mummies(KHAT) were destroyed.
It seemed that the Kemetic beliefs in the afterlife were full of ‘back-doors’ and 'tricks’ and would read something like “One’s body must be preserved in order to survive the afterlife. However, if the body is destroyed, a statue will suffice. However, if the statue is destroyed, a painting will suffice. However, if the paintings are destroyed, your name will suffice. Here is a large book of spells just in case something comes up. However, if you cannot afford this book of spells, here is an abbreviated version.”
In fact, the Kemetic belief in the importance of the preserving of bodies is wildly erratic to our eyes- in some places it seems as if the soul entire is destroyed if even a piece of the corpse is missing, such as illustrated by WESIR’s near-destruction through his missing phallus, and the Kemetic surgeon’s disdain for the removal of infected body parts- not to mention that the large number of funerary spells illustrated the dangers of the Netherworld. However, in other cases entire spells were created, called EXECRATIONS, for destroying the deceased’s soul if the afterlife, for fear that the victim(usually executed criminals/prisoners of war/etc) may return to haunt the living. One would think that destroying their body would be enough, yet these extensive rituals for destroying the soul show that a fear still lingered. It seems the Kemetics were extremely careful, safe people, and did the most they could to insure that things worked as they felt was necessary; if that meant they must be mummified, have a statue or two, a few paintings, a name and a book of spells to survive terrific, and if one needed to perform a number of rituals to destroy the dangerous dead, that is acceptable as well. Kemetic religion and magick tended to be highly lawyeristic, so to speak.
Ka-The KA is the spiritual double. It appears in reliefs, at its creation, as a double of the human with the sidelock of youth, and is molded by KHNUM, a creator deity, at the birth of each human along with the other parts of their soul. It is often portrayed as a human with a pair of arms upon his or her head- the word KA can also mean “embrace” as thus the hieroglyph for KA is a pair of arms, outstretched for an embrace, and often upon the head of the human form to illustrate that this figure is, itself, a KA.
Wooden statue depicting the
KA as a human with the KA
glyph upon his head.
The KA reflects the human aspect of the soul, that part which remembers earthly existence and may remain on this planet, in its tomb, or visiting friends and relatives. It recieves offerings and must eat and drink(spiritually) or else it may starve or become angry.
Contrary to popular belief, there are few curses for intruders into the tombs of the Kemetic dead- generally only a warning that in the next life they would pay for desecrating the tomb of another. Few curses for this life were ever mentioned. On the contrary, friendly living people were welcomed into the tomb on the basis that they may be leaving offerings, doing repairs, or simply visiting.
The KA, as has been mentioned, has earthly memories, emotions, and personality. It is more or less the human aspect in the spirit world.
Kings were said to have multiple KAU, and some funerary texts such as the Pyramid Texts speak of the deceased king being surrounded by his KAU.
Ba-The BA is the part of the human soul that is divine; the immortal soul, represented as a bird with the head of the deceased, possibly to symbolically represent its ascent into heaven. In those texts and faiths that had a belief in reincarnation(though they are very rare), the BA would be the part of the soul to return to inhabit a new body. The BA can travel both to the Duat(Netherworld) as well as return to earth to visit family, friends, even its body and its KA and converse with it(its KA). Some older books, such as Budge's Egyptian Book of the Dead, state that the BA could reinhabit the KHAT(body), although this is extremely doubtful- likely an example of the common mistakes of Egyptology in its infancy.
BA returning to its body as a bird with a human head.
It carries a symbol meaning “Eternity.”
Khaibit-One of the most difficult aspects of the soul to define, the KHAIBIT is translated as “Shadow” or perhaps “Shade” and was clearly tied to the KA. There are few references to the KHAIBIT in Kemetic texts, making it more difficult to understand. Obviously the KHAIBIT was important to the Kemetic funerary belief system, as the following text displays:
Do not let my BA be trapped,
Do not let my KHAIBIT be fettered,
let the way be opened for my BA and my KHAIBIT,
may it see the Great God[WESIR].
-Chapter XCII of the BOOK OF COMING FORTH BY DAY
While one may assume at first that “shadow” is simply another word for “soul” just as we use many words for “ghost” such as “spirit,” “poltergeist,” “phantom,” “spectre,” “eidolon,” or even, ironically, “shade!” However, from the text above as well as others of its type it becomes clear that the Kemetic people regarded the KHAIBIT to be quite distinct from the rest of the soul, even if it was inextricably tied in with those same parts.
The KHAIBIT most likely represents the darker aspect of the deceased- many of their thoughts, mostly dark, as well as secrets and desires. Modern practitioners of the faith tend to regard it as “things about the person which they will not admit to themselves” which does not necessarily represent anything dark or wicked- and indeed, it may not represent anything frightening or grotesque at all. Remembering that Eastern culture and thought is very different than our own Western way of thinking, the KHAIBIT, or shadow, could very well have had some very simple and unfrightening meaning, such as being a reflection of the soul just as the physical shadow is a reflection of the physical body.
The KHAIBIT.
Sahu-The SAHU, like the KHAIBIT, is somewhat vague but appears to be the spiritual vehicle or body of the deceased, perhaps that which the soul itself inhabits. Some beliefs also relate the SAHU to the KHAIBIT, recording the SAHU as the 'reverberations’ of the KHAIBIT. If the KHAIBIT joins the KA in death(as discussed below), then this would make sense; this will be discussed in more depth later.
Apparently the Netjeru also had Sahu, which is reasonable if we assume that the SAHU is the vehicle which the BA inhabits after death. We have this text as an example of the SAHU used in context:
You have recieved your SAHU,
your foot shall not be fettered in the Netherworld,
nor shall you be turned back upon earth.
Hail to you, [N],
on this day when you are standing before RA
as He comes from the east,
when you are endued with this,
your SAHU amongst the BAU[Ba’s].
His duration of life is eternity,
his limit of life is everlastingness in his SAHU.
I am a SAHU with his BA.
This text makes several points quite clear: that a) the Sahu is “given” to the deceased, which means it is most likely not used in this life but rather used after death exclusively, b) the Netjeru has SAHU as well, and c) the deceased dwelt within his SAHU.
Sekhem-This is the life-energy or power of the deceased. It is perhaps related to the station of the person- RA was known as “SEKHEM UR” or “Great SEKHEM” and the Pyramid Texts refer to King Wenis(Unas) as “Great SEKHEM amongst the SEKHEMU.” Although some sources speak of the SEKHEM as being mortal and dying with that KHAT, the Pyramid Texts seem to indicate the SEKHEM as traveling to the Netherworld with the deceased:
Your SEKHEM comes to you among the AKHU.
The text continues on to describe the SEKHEM as being pure along with the KA, BA, and the deceased as a whole. This would indicate that the SEKHEM does not die with the KHAT but instead carries on. However, the Pyramid Texts were written first for King Wenis in the Old Kingdom- it is possible that the concept of an everlasting SEKHEM applied to the king alone, or was perhaps a concept used during the Old Kingdom and either altered or discontinued at a later date.
Ib-This is the heart. The Kemetic people believed the heart to be the seat of thought, logic and knowledge, and regarded the brain as useless; they realized of course that the brain, if damaged, could cause disability or death(this is apparent by the fact that they performed minor forms of brain surgery) but considered it otherwise meaningless. During mummification it was thrown away unpreserved. The other organs were placed in what we now call Canopic Jars, mummified, and magickally guarded by the so-called Sons of HERU. The exception was the IB, or heart- being the seat of thought and knowledge, it was mummified and placed back within the body.
The logic motivating this concept was most likely the beating of the heart itself- as one becomes excited through any extreme emotion such as fear, anger, excitement and suchlike, the heart beats faster, leading the ancients to (quite logically) believe that the heart was the source of thought and emotion- that it was itself thinking as opposed to being affected by the thoughts of the brain.
It was the IB, or heart, which theoretically contained the deeds performed in life, which is weighed against the feather of MA'AT during the “Weighing of the Heart” within the Hall of Double MA'AT, and devoured if the deceased had been unrighteous or wicked in his or her lifetime.
The glyph for IB.
Ren-This is the individual’s Name. All people have a Name which describes the person as a complete entity. In many cultures the name of an individual is considered powerful- in the Aboriginal culture of Australia, for example, a child gives up his or her name at adolescence and keeps it hidden for fear that its use could empower others to control him or her. In like fashion the Kemetic people believed that the Name, or REN, contained power that could be used against him or her in magickal incantations.
One of the most famous myths of Kemet was of ASET learning RA’s true name, and thus gaining power over Him. The story, briefly, was that ASET, as NETJERET of HEKA(a form of Kemetic magick) was held back in Her power by only one thing- the name of RA. Thus She caused RA to become ill through a serpent’s poisoned bite and told Him that She could cure Him only through His name. He first attempted to avoid the true answer by telling ASET “I am KHEPERA in the morning, RA in the afternoon, and TEM in the evening.” ASET informed him that She needed His one True Name, and afflicted by pain and looming death He relented and was healed. The complete story is more involved but this incredibly abridged version serves the purpose of describing the purpose of the REN, as shall be explained:
Though this sounds like a cruel tale of deceit and personal injury, one must always bear in mind that the NETJERU are Principles of Nature or Divine Laws; these tales are parables intended to convey a moral or philosophical concept. In this case the story has several possible meanings; the one with which we are concerned is the simplist, and is that names have power. RA’s True Name Itself could be used to empower ASET, and also it can be used to control or heal the owner. Additionally it is an archetypal story of the rejuvination of the ruler, but this interpretation is not important to a discussion of Names.
The Transfigurations
Akh-The AKH is, in some texts, a combination of BA and KA, and in others, the KA and KHAIBIT. This can be translated roughly as Transfigured Spirit. Personally I favor the latter interpretation- both the KA and KHAIBIT represent the deceased in life, whilst the BA is eternal and semi-divine; both the KA and KHAIBIT are definately mortal. If the IB can be devoured at the Weighing of the Heart, it is logical to assume that the IB merges with the KA and KHAIBIT as well to form the AKH.
In some beliefs we find that the SAHU joins with the BA(and, theoretically, the REN) to create its own spirit after death as well. If we factor in the concept that the SAHU is a 'reverberation’ or 'vibration’ caused by the KHAIBIT. If this is taken as fact it answers some of our other questions and fills in some gaps- the KA and KHAIBIT form the AKH, mortal, earthbound and shadowy, lingering on this planet while the BA, SAHU, and most likely REN join to form an immortal spirit, flying upwards towards the heavens. If this soul were to be reincarnated, some memories may be trapped in the SAHU from the KHAIBIT, thus providing those fleeting glimpses of past lives as well as occassional deja-vu. As has been noted previously, reincarnation was a very small, almost nonexistant part of the original Kemetic theology, and as such this theory would likely have made very little impression on the Kemetic people and I stress that it is solely my own and is not to be interpreted as purely Kemetic.
AKH means “Shining One” or “Glorious One” and is used to describe the Blessed Dead; those who live on in the afterlife, surviving its perils and found MA'A KHEREW- True of Voice or Justified- at the Weighing of the Heart. Offerings were made for the AKHU of ancestors, and in particular by sons to their fathers.
The symbol for AKH.
Mut or Muet-Not to be confused with the Netjert MUT, consort of AMUN of Karnak, the MUETU are the spirits of the UnBlessed Dead, also known as the “dangerous dead,” the “troublesome dead” and so forth. These are exceptionally wicked spirits and return to haunt, torment, possess, and generally to cause harm to the living. These malevolent spectres are either avoiding judgement, seeking vengeance against a person or persons(or all people!) or may be the result of a curse. The fact is that the MUETU could be angry for any number of reasons, but are absolutely foul and evil. EXECRATION rituals, as described earlier, were used for fear of the executed and enemy dead from returning as MUET.
The Kemetic Parts in Other Systems
This is a comparison of the Kemetic Parts of the Soul compared to a system given by Janet and Stewart Farrarr in A Witches’ Bible. Please note that the pairing is stretched, and not intended to fully fit the Kemetic belief. For example, in the system given by the Farrarrs, the Fourth through Seventh Plane soul-parts would be the immortal parts that are brought with one in each incarnation, making up the Individuality. The First through Sixth soul-parts make up the Personality and are destroyed with each new incarnation. Forcing them to fit the scheme given, we would say that the KHAIBIT and KA are immortal, for example, which is untrue. However, since I found the system interesting, I have cross-referenced to the best of my ability the parts given by the Farrarrs with the Kemetic parts.
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The Kybalion is a study of Hermetic Philosophy based on doctrines that were kept secret for centuries, seen only by the eyes of initiates of Mystery Schools in Egypt and India. This work is helpful to earnest seekers of Arcane Truths and Occult wisdom.The Emerald Tablet ofHermesbegan appearing during the twelfth century, in many different languages in the Alchemical libraries in Europe. At that time its concepts were considered too difficult to be understood by the average person. It was finally decided that a statement of Truth was necessary to reconcile bits of occult knowledge, and place them in the hands of students. The Hermetic Laws act as a key to open inner doors in the Portal already entered by those whom have already dared to enter the “Temple of Knowledge.”
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