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Neuroscientist Stephanie Cacioppo and colleagues conducted a meta-analysis of all neuroimaging studies of love using fMRI and compared them with the results obtained for different types of love, which I schematically presented above.  Love, regardless of its type (e.g., passionate romantic love, maternal love, unconditional love), has been found to activate a specific brain network involving a set of 12 major brain regions (i.e., caudate/putamen; thalamus; ventral tegmental area; anterior insula; anterior cingulate cortex; posterior hippocampus; occipital cortex; occipitotemporal/fusiform cortex, angular gyrus/temporoparietal junction, middle dorsolateral frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and precentral gyrus;  What you see in my representation is that the neural bases of love are more complex and subject to greater cognitive impact than previously thought, because they involve areas of the brain that go beyond the basic emotional system. but also cortical association areas (such as angular gyrus/temporal parietal), which mediate more complex and cognitive functions, such as self-expansion, body image, self-representation, metaphors, attention, memory, and abstract representations. https://www.instagram.com/p/Cop1EwmrNsf/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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Transcription is the enzymatic synthesis of RNA on a DNA template. It is the first stage of the gene expression process, which ultimately leads to the synthesis of the protein encoded by the gene.  Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase, which requires the presence of dsDNA template and precursor ribonucleotides: ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP. RNA synthesis always takes place in a fixed direction, from the 5' end of the RNA molecule to its 3' end. Usually, only one of the two strands of DNA is transcribed into functional RNA. The strand whose sequence is copied is called the template strand (or antisense or non-coding strand) because it is the template from which the bases of the ribonucleotides pair during RNA synthesis.  The RNA sequence is therefore identical to the sequence of the non-template (or sense or coding) strand, with U replacing T. https://www.instagram.com/p/CoMPnslrZ40/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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Physical mutagens Ionizing (e.g. X and γ rays) and non-ionizing (e.g. UV) radiation cause various DNA damages. The most common products of UV irradiation of DNA are pyrimidine dimers. Chemical mutagens Base analogs can mispair during DNA replication, causing mutations. Nitrous acid causes the deamination of cytosine and adenine. Alkylating and arylating agents produce various adducts that can block transcription and replication and cause mutations by direct or - more often - indirect mutagenesis. Most chemical mutagens are carcinogenic. Direct mutagenesis If a base analog or a modified base with different pairing properties is found in the parent DNA and is not removed by the repair mechanism before the replication fork passes, the wrong base may be incorporated into the daughter DNA. The second round of replication fixes this change as a permanent DNA mutation. Indirect mutagenesis and synthesis above the lesion site Most DNA damage is repaired by direct damage removal or excision repair mechanisms before the replication fork passes. If such repair is not possible, erroneous DNA synthesis may occur above the damage site with the participation of specialized DNA polymerases and one or more incorrect bases will be incorporated opposite the damage. https://www.instagram.com/p/CoFHMiRL36f/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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It is interesting to observe individuals who lie. Although our rationality demands us to lie, there is the conscience that doesn’t allow us to tell lies. It is a struggle inside our brain reflected in our body and facial expressions. Looking here, we may observe the intense fight which takes place inside his brain, expressed by his facial expressions: doubt, anger, uncertainty, scorn, fear, contempt, uncertainty, guilt, while his body, especially the head movement contradicts his statement. Another classic example of deception.  Clearly, I will include this in my next planned book on emotions and deception. Thanks, Mike Pence for this much needed example! https://www.instagram.com/p/Cn35WjfLTTK/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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As more we know about DNA, the better we can treat patients.  Also, this knowledge allows us to solve cold cases.  If you want to find out more about DNA, stay tuned. Weekly, there will be more information about DNA, mutations of the DNA, and diseases. https://www.instagram.com/p/Cnv-Hi8Lc0V/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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The human karyotype consists of 46 chromosomes. Stained metaphase chromosomes are used for karyotyping. Each normal human cell nucleus in the G0 phase of the cell cycle contains 46 chromosomes (i.e., 46 DNA double helices). In preparation for cell division, the 46 double helices are replicated to form 92 double helices.  Then, each one of these helices is greatly condensed into chromatids. Proteins join pairs of identical chromatids at their centromeres to form metaphase chromosomes. With basophilic stains (e.g., Giemsa stain), metaphase chromosomes can be visualized under a light microscope.  Cells contain more than 100 times more DNA in their nucleus than in their mitochondria. Although a cell's network of mitochondria contains thousands of copies of mitochondrial DNA, even the shortest of the 46 chromosomes contains more than 3000 times the number of base pairs in the mitochondrial genome. https://www.instagram.com/p/CnjNiQGLZLK/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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Helicases can use energy from ATP hydrolysis to separate the two strands of the double helix. The energy input from ATP is needed to pay the penalty for breaking hydrogen bonds between bases in DNA. Humans produce several different helicases. The physiological roles of these helicases are largely unknown.  Mutations in a few helicases are known to cause disease:  a deficiency in WRN causes Werner syndrome (predominantly characterized by premature aging);  a deficiency in BLM causes Bloom syndrome (accompanied by an increased rate of tumorigenesis); and a deficiency in RECQ4 causes Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (associated with skin abnormalities).  All of these disorders are rare and show autosomal recessive inheritance. Once a part of two complementary DNA strands has been separated, single-strand binding proteins (e.g., replication protein A [RPA]) can prevent the pairing of bases.  Topoisomerases can relieve strain in DNA and thus alter the topology of DNA.  Supercoiled DNA is DNA that has folded back on itself to accommodate under or overwinding (negative or positive supercoiling, respectively) of the double helix. Topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II both relax supercoiled DNA during replication and transcription. Topoisomerase II also untangles (decatenates) DNA for chromosome segregation during mitosis.  Type I topoisomerases cut one strand, whereas type II topoisomerases cut both strands of a double helix. In both cases, the enzyme forms a transient covalent link with either the 5′ or 3′ end of the broken DNA.  Type I topoisomerases (including topoisomerase I) relieve the torsional strain of DNA by cutting one strand of the double helix, swiveling around the intact strand or passing the intact strand through the break, and then ligating the cut strand again. https://www.instagram.com/p/CnfHxIQL9CB/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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Packing of DNA Double Helices Into Chromatids The length of human DNA molecules far exceeds the diameter of the cell nucleus. DNA is compacted into orderly structures ranging from nucleosomes to metaphase chromatids. In the nucleus, DNA is folded into nucleosomes, which in turn are part of increasingly higher orders of folding. The greatest degree of DNA compaction is needed for cell division. The longest human chromosome (chromosome 1) contains about 246 million base pairs and has a length ~15,000 times the diameter of a typical nucleus.  The organization of DNA also affects the transcription of genes. The basic unit of folding is the nucleosome, of which several types exist. Nucleosomes contain a core particle that consists of eight histone proteins, a DNA helix of ~147 base pairs that encircles the histones ~1.7 times, and linker DNA of  ~40 base pairs to which histone H1 is often bound. N- and C-terminal tails of the histones protrude from nucleosome core particles.  Certain amino acids in these histone tails can be modified. The resulting structure of the histone tails affects the packing, replication, and transcription of DNA https://www.instagram.com/p/CnXatjYrXOH/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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The hierarchical organization of the memory systems may result from the course of ontogenetic and phylogenetic development, with the episodic memory system appearing last. Lower-order memory systems can operate independently of higher-order systems, as evidenced by the fact that some species of animals use only perceptual memory. In turn, children under the age of four can acquire semantic information about the world before they show any episodic memory abilities. This fact is associated by some researchers studying the learning process, with listening to fairy tales and stories, and with the type of activities performed, mainly playing instruments or movement games. In patients with various types of brain damage, episodic memory is often impaired while maintaining semantic and perceptual memory. This occurs, for example, in people with Alzheimer's disease. The most important domain of memory is autobiographical memory because its loss is associated with the disintegration of the self-system and related identity disorders. https://www.instagram.com/p/CmO_6myoPjv/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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With every new sensation appears also new neuronal connections, while old ones disappear. Even fleeting impressions are registered in new configurations. If it's not memorized, it disintegrates similar to the footprints on a sandy beach.        The configurations which are kept, link to new cellular groups or trigger their activity creating associations or by linkage, they produce new models of connection. In theory, every shared triggering of connected groups of neurons leads to the excitation of the same fragment of thought, feeling, or subconscious brain function. However, the brain is too unstable to create identical configurations of activity. Instead, it leads towards a similar but subtly modified firing pattern. In other words, we never experience the same condition twice. Part of the internal environment of the brain, including the hippocampus, is constantly looking for new stimuli. This hunger for information is one of the basic properties of this environment and is reflected in our deepest reactions. It is a process that allows us not only to learn about the world but also it allows us to find our place in the world.  https://www.instagram.com/p/CmHZ9hhr17h/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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Each component of memory can play an important role in the processes of forming and maintaining the sense of subjectivity. we pay attention to neuronal conditions, with particular emphasis on memory systems and their close connections with attention networks and sensory systems, executive and emotional systems, and thus with human activity. These processes play an important role in the creation and modification of human identity. Of particular importance here are the cooperating neuromodulators operating within the central nervous system. Juri Kropotov (Hardcover ISBN: 9780123745125 eBook ISBN: 9780080922973) emphasizes that the most important function in the neuromodulation of cognitive processes is performed by four neurotransmitters (cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic).   In neuropsychology, many behavioral disorders related to the malfunction of neurotransmitters have been described. The effects of a deficit of dopamine produced in the substantia nigra are best explained by describing the complaints of one of our patients (Patient X) with Parkinson's disease about difficulties in crossing the intersection. Patient X, when sees a green light, cannot take the first step, and once he moves, the light changes and he cannot stop. Therefore, Patient X must ask another person to help cross the street. Here we see difficulties in initiating, stopping, and changing the mode of operation. This example confirms that dopamine is closely related to the executive system, i.e. human activity. https://www.instagram.com/p/Cl5mXkZL-yT/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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It is worth recalling that human memory differs from computer memory in that it is selective and closely related to the Self-system. Topics of interest are retained more effectively than topics that are of no interest.  As a result, personal and meaningful memories may be stuck in memory in billions of neurons, while dry facts learned in school will be forgotten quickly. In addition, memory is the basis for our proper operation, and especially the functioning of such important factors of mental life as consciousness and self-awareness, and thus, the sense of one's own identity.  Memory also makes it possible to perform cognitive operations related to thinking, perception, or attention, and to correlate cognitive phenomena with emotional life and behavior (at Bonarka City Center) https://www.instagram.com/p/Cly8sGhMDl_/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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The individual told us whatever we wanted to hear. The problem is that there were two elements which didn’t comply to the whole story. Police checked in the database the particularities of the crimes, and we concluded we are dealing with a copycat. We reopened the case from 2010. We analyzed again the information related to the killings. All traces led to a former military man who’s brother was a police deputy. While the police was waiting for waiting for the warrant, the two were informed of what was going to happen and fled the country most probably to the somewhere in Asia… https://www.instagram.com/p/ClixoC2LMnN/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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It was after midnight (12/13 November) when me and two policemen decided to inspect the areas where the killings happen.  We exited the pub and decided to walk around the perimeter of the first murder place, then we walked around the place of the second murder site.  There in the darkness I observed a small woodland, and I told to the two policemen that we should ‘throw an eye’. We were walking quietly when suddenly we heard mumbling, sobbing and a male voice telling in a low voice ‘I’ll be the last man f**ing you s***d b**h’.  The two policemen draw their guns, and like two panthers rushed into hunting… The perpetrator was cought. A 2,11 m high, long face, sunken eyes, wearing military uniform and armed with a AK 47 bayonet.  During the interrogations the individual confessed not only to the two known murders, but also to two arsons. The victim, a 25-33 year old female was rushed to hospital. She has several injuries and is safe. https://www.instagram.com/p/Ck6Yh3ULTDO/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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I truly believe this is Putin's double.

There are slight variations between the Putin individual who speaks in the Kremlin and this individual.

The real Putin manges better in masking emotions. This individual clearly doesn't believes anything he is telling. Also there is a slight difference in his voice.

One is certain. When this individual mentions "prawda" and "pobeda" he is displaying pain, doubt, fear and guilt. 

And after "budiet z nami" his face shows extreme sadness and guilt as if "that wasn't me".

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As always, a great discussion! We discussed consciousness and debated on subliminal stimulation. The classic way of preventing information from reaching the consciousness of the subjects is subliminal stimulation, which is a procedure in which visual stimuli are displayed very briefly - for a few milliseconds, which is too short a time to be apprehended. Another approach that is used more frequently today is masking. In this procedure, a masking stimulus is presented a few milliseconds after the target stimulus. Masking produces the same effect as a brief exposure of the stimulus, but because it helps prevent the stimulus from being continued, it blocks awareness of it more effectively. In both cases, the subjects deny that they saw something, but non-verbal measures indicate that the stimulus was registered. There are also other approaches. Measurements of non-verbal reactions in the absence of verbal reports allow people to distinguish between conscious and unconscious states https://www.instagram.com/p/Cixb2I7sWyb/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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Besides these signs there is also the fact that the CIA didn't collaborate with the FBI. Imagine that if everybody would have done his job, there wouldn't have been 9/11. https://www.instagram.com/p/CiXbpOELX6h/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=