ka7v

[ka7v]

QTH of SM2CEW in Sweden Easter 2024

High latitude weather in 2024.

#SM2CEW #Sweden #high latitude weather

[ka7v]

Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton enunciated 3 laws of motion:

Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted on by a force.

The time rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the applied force (both considered as vector quantities).

To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Conservation of momentum and angular momentum

Newton’s laws give us two important conservation laws:

Conservation of linear momentum; in the absence of any force, the linear momentum of a body does not change. 

Conservation of angular momentum; in the absence of any torque, the angular momentum of a body does not change.

Inertial Frame

Newton’s laws applied in a coordinate system or inertial frame.

Newton stated that this frame coincided with the fixed position of stars.

Any reference frame moving uniformly (that is, without acceleration) with respect to the fixed stars is also inertial, as implied by Newton’s first law.

Inertial Force

Newton’s laws only are true in inertial frames.  If Newton’s laws are applied to motion within a non-inertial frame, it is necessary to introduce fictitious forces to compensate for the effects of the acceleration of the frame.  These are called inertial forces. 

Centrifugal force, Coriolis force

Examples of inertial forces:

The centrifugal force is the apparent outward force experienced by a body at rest in a rotation frame, as for example, experienced by a passenger in a car turning a sharp corner.

A Coriolis force is an additional force experienced by a body moving in a rotation frame. It is commonly encountered in fairgrounds, on some types of apparatus that turn in more than one direction at once.

Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy

Energy is the capacity of a body or system for doing work. It formally related to the effect of a force acting on a body for a specific distance.  Potential energy is the energy a body posses by virtue of its position or state.  An example is a rock perched on top of a cliff, which required a force to have pushed it up the hill; the energy can potentially be recovered by pushing off the cliff. Kinetic energy of a body possesses by virtue of its motion. An example is a fast moving rock just before it hits the ground after falling off a cliff, and which was accelerated by the force of gravity in its downward plunge.

Potential Well

A potential well is a position or state of a body where it has less potential energy than it would have in any neighboring position or state.

Gravity, Newton’s law of gravity and the Gravitational Constant

Gravity is the force experienced by a body as a result of the positive attraction between masses.  Newton’s law of gravity states that the gravitational force produced by one body acting on another body is in the direction of the body and proportional to the product of the masses divided by the square of the distance between them.  The two bodies thus exert an equal and opposite effect on each other.  The constant of proportionality, G, is called the gravitational constant. Some math required.

See Gravity and General Relativity and Gravity

Essential source: Cambridge Encyclopedia of Astronomy.

#isaac newton #newton's laws of motion #inertial frame

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What Physics Teachers Get Wrong About Tides! | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios.

We all know tides have something to do with gravity from the Moon and Sun, but if gravity affects the motion of all objects equally, then how come oceans have large tides while other bodies of water don't? It's because your mental picture of the tides is probably WRONG!!! Join Gabe on this week’s episode of PBS Space Time as he sets the record straight on tidal force, gravitational differential and what role the moon actually plays in tides. Why don't lakes have tides? Watch the episode to find out!

PBS Space Time

#tides #tidal locking #gravitational differential #Youtube

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Construction of US Navy’s aircraft carrier John F. Kennedy hits important milestone by Fatima Bahtić

The construction of the US Navy’s aircraft carrier John F. Kennedy has reached a significant milestone, American shipbuilding company Huntington Ingalls Industries revealed.

As informed, the company achieved a milestone in the compartment and systems construction of aircraft carrier John F. Kennedy (CVN 79).

Newport News recently turned over to the ship’s crew the 1,000th compartment of the 2,615 total spaces. The milestone reflects the shipyard’s steady progress toward delivery of the ship to the navy, according to the statement.

Newport News has also installed more than 9.8 million feet of cable, or more than 1,800 miles, of the approximately 10.5 million feet of cable on the vessel.

The completed spaces include electrical and engineering. This will allow sailors assigned to the pre-commissioning unit to increase training on the ship while final outfitting and testing process.

John F. Kennedy, the second in the Ford class, was launched in late October 2019 and is the second aircraft carrier of the Gerald R. Ford class, slated to replace USS Nimitz (CVN 68) when that ship is decommissioned.

The ship was christened in December 2019 and is scheduled to be delivered to the US Navy in 2024. Two other Ford-class aircraft carriers are currently under construction at Newport News, Enterprise (CVN 80) and Doris Miller (CVN 81).

The Ford-class aircraft carriers are the first to be designed 100% digitally.

John F. Kennedy represents a transition to a new digital construction process, with shipbuilders beginning to use visual work instructions on laptops and tablets rather than paper drawings. 

The ship is being built in sections with more outfitted equipment—valves, pipe, electrical panels, mounting studs, lighting, ventilation and other components—than any other aircraft carrier built at Newport News.

The use of new technologies, including digital work instructions that provide shipbuilders digital 3-D data versus traditional paper drawings, has increased efficiency and productivity, the shipbuilder said.

Enterprise will be the first carrier totally built using digital tools.

Ford-class ship enhancements incorporated into the design include flight deck changes, improved weapons handling systems and a redesigned island, all resulting in increased aircraft sortie-generation rates.

The aircraft carriers also feature new nuclear power plants, increased electrical power-generation capacity, allowance for future technologies, and reduced workload for sailors, translating to smaller crew size and reduced operating costs for the US Navy.

Construction processes on Ford-class carriers are enabled by workforce learning that took place on USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) and those lessons are being applied throughout the Ford class.

#aircraft carrier #Gerald R. Ford-class #John F. Kennedy #US Navy #CVN 79

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Truth revealed about ham radio.

K1OIK speaks the truth about ham radio. Contesters, "a proud and meaningless association of human beings".

burt2481

#amateur radio #a #amateur radio license #Youtube

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How I would explain Calculus to a 6th grader.

Math help with middle and high school math. This video explains the concepts of Calculus is a very easy to understand way- anyone can learn Calculus! For more math help to include math lessons, practice problems and math tutorials check out my full math help program at https://tcmathacademy.com/.

Let’s Solve These Basic Algebra Equations- Step-by-Step.

Your First Basic CALCULUS Problem Let’s Do It Together.

TabletClass Math

#basic math #calculus #issac newton

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Carl Sagan - Cosmos - Traveling - Speed of Light.

carlsagandotcom

#carl sagan #cosmos #relativity #Youtube

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Artemis I Launching to the Moon: Official NASA Launch Trailer.

Artemis I will be the first integrated test of NASA’s deep space exploration systems: the Orion spacecraft, Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and the ground systems at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. The first in a series of increasingly complex missions, Artemis I will be an uncrewed flight test that will provide a foundation for human deep space exploration, and demonstrate our commitment and capability to extend human existence to the Moon and beyond.

During this flight, the spacecraft will launch on the most powerful rocket in the world and fly farther than any spacecraft built for humans has ever flown. It will travel 280,000 miles from Earth, thousands of miles beyond the Moon over the course of about a four to six-week mission. Orion will stay in space longer than any ship for astronauts has done without docking to a space station and return home faster and hotter than ever before.

Learn more here: https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-1

Video Producer: Sonnet Apple

Music: Universal Production Music Credit: NASA

NASA

#artemis 1 #moon and beyond #nasa

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KA7V Amateur Radio's Greatest Hits

Parallel Resonance

Electromagnetic Waves

Calculus: One of the Most Successful Technologies

Theory of Meteor Reflection - International Meteor Organization

EME Station Requirements for 70cm

A Changing Magnetic Field Will Create an Electric Field in Space

Calculating the Effective Aperture of a Radio Telescope

Plank’s Constant, Electromagnetic Frequency and Radiation Explained

The Main Sequence

Stellar Populations Part I

Stellar Populations Part II

Tour of the EMS 01 – Introduction

General Relativity and Gravity

Joe Taylor’s Amateur Radio

#radio physics #science #electromagnetic fields #electromagnetic radiation #space and time

[ka7v]

NASA's Perseverance Rover Sees Solar Eclipse on Mars.

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

#solar eclipse #mars #nasa jpl

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Joe Taylor’s Amateur Radio by Barry Wright - KA7V With Input from SM2CEW

At one time the history of the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) and its creator Hiram Percy Maxim were always mentioned prominently in the ARRL Handbook. This is no longer the case. You may do a search on any recent edition and see what you find.

Mr. Maxim was the individual that founded the ARRL in 1914 and profoundly influenced what amateur radio is today. The most important mode of communication at the time was continuous wave or CW. This is commonly known as the Morse Code invented by Samuel Morse. When I obtained my first amateur radio license in 1958 the ability to send and receive the Morse Code at 13 words per minute was a requirement for obtaining a license. The most common license at that time was the General Class License and it provided all privileges for amateur radio operation.

Amateur radio operation was not unique to the United States and was and remains to this day popular all over the planet.

As some point during the 1970s the ARRL decided that to operate on all modes on all bands a higher status license was required. This was the Amateur Extra Class license. To obtain this license one had to demonstrate knowledge of radio frequency communication including electronic fundamentals and all of the rules and regulations that were required to legally operate an amateur radio station. In addition, the Morse Code requirement was set at 20 words per minute. Since I had operated CW almost exclusively during my amateur radio career, 20 words a minute was not a problem. The technical exam for the Amateur Extra Class License in 1980 was comprised of multiple choice questions. When I first obtained my license in 1958, this wasn’t the case. At that time, one might be asked to draw the circuit diagram for a Colpitts oscillator or define the differences between Class A,B, AB and C transmitter operation. These classes of operation were defined as their conduction state. You can find a lot of information on amplifier conduction states on the internet.

I will say that Class A amplifiers were considered linear where the single output device conducts through a full 360 degrees of the output waveform. When one is listening to recorded music, for example, this was considered ideal. However for operating radio transmitters, the efficiency of Class A operation was not very high and greater amplification of a transmitted signal was needed. A form of linearity was still considered desirable however, especially for voice communication. One could run CW operation in Class C. These were non-linear modes and were most suitable for CW and similar modes like RTTY and frequency modulation or FM. Again if you want more information about this subject matter, the internet is full of such material.

These techniques were accepted from the beginning of radio frequency operation through the end of the 20th Century. I saw no need for anything else.

There were additional codes besides CW that were employed by governments, for example, that wanted the content of their communications kept secret. During the 2nd World War, the Germans and Japanese both had encryption algorithms that made it difficult to easily decipher their messages. The United States military could translate the Japanese code into understandable English and the Allies did the same for the code used by the Germans.

There were algorithmic requirements for these codes or they would be so simple to translate that they would become useless for any method of encryption. The Morse Code on the other hand was simple to the point where a moderately intelligent individual could easily translate CW into English words themselves.

Modes like RTTY or Radio Teletype and psk31 had a level of complexity that made it difficult if not impossible to translate without the assistance of a decoding device. Decoding devices are now known as computers.

So there were several modes of operation for amateur radio operation but it was still necessary to be able to send and receive the Morse Code to obtain an amateur radio license that granted all operational privileges. The assumption by many was that the technical aspects of any exam could be memorized from a text book but one couldn’t fake knowledge of CW. CW was the ultimate indicator of anyone’s acceptability to join the amateur radio community.

The importance of CW can be seen in this example. One of the great achievements of radio communication was the reflection of a radio signal off the moon and its reception back on the earth. This was first done by the U.S. Army on January 26 1946 and was later done by amateur radio operators. You can read more about the amateur radio moon reflection project here:

The first Amateur Lunar tests & contacts.

It became easier over the years as amateur radio operators accumulated wealth and antenna and preamp design became more sophisticated. By the early 1970s many amateur radio operators were able to send and receive signals via “moon bounce” or earth-moon-earth (eme). This was first accomplished by Morse Code. So Morse Code once again was essential to amateur radio.

For some reason however the Federal Communications Commission, with the suggestion and support of the corporate lobby previously known as the American Radio Relay League, removed all Morse Code requirements for all amateur radio license classes in 1991. You can read about their pathetic excuses in this piece: It Seems to Us “Morse” by David Summer.

There were members of the amateur radio community that did not think this was a good idea. See, for example: Maybe Nothing Will Save Amateur Radio - Original Author Unknown

After all, for amateur radio to remain a civilized process some degree of proficiency in a set of skills was necessary. I can only speculate why the ARRL lobbied the FCC to take this step in reducing the requirements for obtaining an amateur radio license, but the general assumption was that the ARRL wanted the number of amateur radio operators in the world to increase. It is perhaps coincidental that the greater number of amateur radio operators that existed, the larger the market would be for amateur radio equipment.

Well since making legitimate contacts by modes such as single sideband could still at times be difficult, a new mode of communication that had a much higher probability of success was desirable. After all, who would want to spend thousands of dollars on equipment that they couldn’t use to make contacts with others that had also spent several thousands of dollars for equipment designed for the same purpose. Or so the theory went.

The unasked question became was another mode possible that would make completing an amateur radio contact (also known as a QSO) a slam dunk? As it turned out, someone was waiting in the wings, so to speak, to accomplish this.

A particular amateur radio operator whose call sign is K1JT who possessed seemingly impeccable credentials, decided on his own perhaps to fill the void to produce a mode of operation that was really easy to make contacts with. This mode was known as WSJT. As defined by its inventor the WS part meant Weak Signal and the JT part was the suffix of his call sign (K1JT). No modesty there at all.

The propagation modes this software was originally designed for was Meteor Scatter, Tropo Scatter and moon bounce. The stated intention of this software was to make these communications modes “easier” and more accessible to amateur radio operators that couldn’t afford large antenna arrays and expensive equipment. However the laws of physics begin to impinge here. It could be determined through mathematically based limitations that a certain level of technology was required to complete an eme contact. And no computer software could change that. Nevertheless Joe Taylor tried.

The WSJT program became so successful, some might say simple, that some of us that were almost lifelong amateur radio operators considered it too easy. And questions arose about the methods used by this code to communicate. I would complete Meteor Scatter contacts, for example, and when completed, I would comment that “this is too easy.”

One of these methods that made the JT software so easy was called “deep search” which is most applicable to the JT65 modes. This wasn’t a deep search of the cosmic microwave background radiation that was created at about the same time as the universe in the so-called “big bang” to detect a radio signal. Instead “deep search” was a elementary search of a database. This database consisted of amateur radio call signs and that is all that was searched for. It has been demonstrated by SM2CEW that if one tried to use WSJT to complete a moon bounce contact, if one of the participant call signs were not in the database supplied by the WSJT installation or if it were altered, there wouldn’t be a contact. The database is call3.txt.

To sum up what has been said to this point, communications off the moon was first accomplished by amateur radio operators in 1960. The mode utilized was CW. Single sideband contacts became feasible sometime later. As previously mentioned, to complete a contact, certain well defined information had to be sent and received by both operators attempting the contact. This required a certain bandwidth or data banwidth. The data bandwidth required to exchange this information was finite. Anything with lower bandwidth wouldn’t work. That is to say, exchanging the necessary data for a complete contact with a data bandwidth with less information, i.e. bandwidth, that the minimum bandwidth could provide was impossible. To say it differently, the WSJT bandwidth wasn’t adequate to complete a previously defined contact or QSO.

Unless one is educated in advanced mathematics and cryptology one generally lets the experts define the terms of the debate that establishes this concept.

These are links to the articles that question the legitimacy of the various forms of WSJT and its ever evolving forms:

A Comment on Joe's Paper „How Many Bits Are Copied in a JT65 Transmission?“

Communication using WSJT, JT65 ”Deep Search”

Deep Search Cannot Communicate Callsigns

I had an experience myself where the amateur radio station that wanted to work “my state” which is Oregon, became really upset when I didn’t apply the QSO criteria that are demystified in the articles cited above. The result is that he will never work Oregon on 432 MHz for the rest of his life. See, for example:

Communication via Moon Reflection by Radio and by Internet Part 1 by Barry Wright KA7V

This is a 3 part series but there are plentiful links to all parts in part 1.

To summarize for the benefit of those that dislike reading technical articles, there aren’t enough differentiated bits in the WSJT algorithm to allow the minimum transmission and reception of information required for an amateur radio contact to be completed. In other words WSJT is inadequate. Actually it is more than that, it is a fraud: it couldn’t be used to complete an amateur radio contact by exchanging the required data.

There is another paper that outlines the basis of modern communication theory which is extremely useful in this discussion.

A Mathematical Theory of Communication by C. E. Shannon

This article is way beyond the perceptible abilities of Joe Taylor to comprehend.

So sum it up one more time, Joe Taylor’s schemes are nothing more than propaganda, endorsed by the ARRL and other corporate lobbies, that are devoting enormous degrees of time and resources to convince those who lack the ability to make decisions for themselves that Joe Taylor’s algorithms are sufficiently robust to communicate radio messages between humans fulfilling the requirements for a contact. See above. I realize that my case is made and that I could stop here.

However if you search the internet for anything critical of Joe Taylor, K1JT, you will not find it. The level of propaganda supporting Joe Taylor is that profound. One has to look in scientific journals to find criticism of his methodology.

So this is Joe Taylor’s vision for amateur radio going forward. Not only does he want his concoction to be the only mode on VHF/UFH Meteor Scatter, Tropo Scatter and eme communications, he wants his software to become the dominate mode for high frequency communications as well. To accomplish this, he wants to rid the spectrum of other modes, like CW, and take control of frequencies these modes have historically used.

SM2CEW has reviewed what I have written and has suggested that the following points be added. I agree, so here they are:

1. It is essential and critical that each user of the popular WSJT protocols like JT65, FT8 (FTx) and Q65 protocols keep their PC clocks synchronized to the millisecond. Therefore everyone have to either be connected to an Internet time standard, or use their own Rubidium clock. If your PC is out of sync, you will not be able to decode messages. Traditional modes do not need this critical time sync and are therefore more reliable in every aspect of the word, especially during emergencies or when other resources are not available. 2. Not only is there a critical demand to be precisely synchronized in time, you also need to find out what protocol and what specific transmit/receive period length the other party is using plus which one is his transmit period. This his NOT something that the software will find out for you, you need to know this before hand to be successful. So to be successful you need another communication channel, parallel to the radio path to find this out. Or rely on some shady type of common consensus on how to operate which has proven to be very difficult, if not impossible 3. Random length text is not possible to convey over the radio, except for a very restricted 10-15 character message that will not be decoded unless signals are strong and the PC is exactly synchronized in time. In the case of an emergency, where amateur radio is often called upon, the ability to send any type of message has been the most important part of radio communications since radio was invented. As for ham radio, transmitting messages containing more than just two callsigns has always been the most important part of our hobby. Hence the earlier requirement at the exam to be able to copy CW messages 3-6 minutes long or more without any help of machines or computers. 4. Amateur radio in the form of WSJT totally rely on other resources like Internet access and computers just to be able to convey the most simplistic amount of data - two callsigns and a report. To see this as the future of amateur radio, just because one man is proud of his achievements, is nothing but a disgrace to everyone who uses traditional amateur radio to converse with other fellow radio amateurs. Or pass vital and important traffic when called upon for some reason. 5. There is also a big risk here as people anticipate that WSJT can be used successfully in an emergency situation. There will be a rude awakening for people who market the software as a robust and capable way of radio communication. Nothing could be further from the truth. Through the years amateur radio has over and over again proven itself to be the most important communication link during and immediately after disasters. Phone and CW operators have given us a strong reputation as a vital resource during such conditions. A WSJT operator is in NO way to be considered a resource during a disaster because his hands are tied, if he lacks the Internet he can't even convey his callsign and a report. And he can of course not send a highly important 300 character emergency message either.

The point that Peter is making is that WSJT/JT65 and other algorithms intended to replace CW are not conversational. All that is exchanged is a specific predetermined message that is very short in length and has to be synchronized in time by both participants. There is no conversational aspect to contacts when the K1JT methodology is used. And it is becoming so wide spread with no critical analysis that the effect it is having on amateur radio communication makes it impossible to tell your QSO partner what the weather is like or what equipment and antennas are used. Amateur radio communication has never been reduced to this and before K1JT’s propaganda assault was implemented, it would have been unthinkable.

If you want to send soundcard CW, and there can be reasons for doing that, there are programs like CwType that allow an exchange of information by Morse Code that is typed on a keyboard. CwType has memories and anything that can be typed on a keyboard can be sent. If one’s hand is injured, for example, and a person is unable to use an iambic keyer, CwType would be a good tool to use until one has recovered from an injury. Joe Taylor's propaganda campaign should be brought to the attention of the governmental agencies responsible for enforcing the American's with Disabilities Act.

What I am saying is that what you type is what is sent. The CW message is not predetermined in length and can be as long and creative as the sender wants. CwType can be download and easily installed. The site for downloading is DXSoft https://www.dxsoft.com/. There is an RTTY program there as well. All of these programs are quite different that anything created by Joe Taylor.

This video documents the Dutch Grand Prix Skating Race. The opening is one of the most stunning scenes on the planet. The ice, the sky, the snow, everything is incredibly beautiful. About 700 people from The Netherlands were in Sweden at the time of this recording competing in outdoor ice skating on the ice in Lulea Harbor Sweden to watch a Dutch Grand Prix skating race. The Dutch can not do so at home any more because of global warming. Their canals never freeze anymore. This is something that Joe Taylor could never appreciate. He lacks the ability to tell the difference between what is beautiful and what isn’t.

He doesn’t believe in sharing except for his own personal gain. He has ulterior motives for everything he does. He is less than human.

This is the kind of person the ARRL and other corporate lobbies are giving the future of amateur radio to.

You should remember that the current generation of CW operators may be the last. I got started when I was very young. I’m now 75. Nobody knows how much longer CW operation will last. However I can tell you that a CW exchange between two stations can be very brief. If you want the other operator’s name, you could simply send “name?” I’ve used examples of exchanges like this in contests that I have participated in. This amount of information could not be exchanged in such a short amount of time by any other mode.

In conclusion, if you don’t want a future without CW, time is running out for you to act.

#joe taylor #wsjt #amateur radio #morse code #sm2cew

[ka7v]

It Seems to Us "Morse" by David Summer

Late in the day on Friday, December 15, 2006 the FCC took a step that had been long desired by some and long dreaded by others, but long expected by everyone who cared either way. An FCC news release issued that same evening announced the Commission's decision to eliminate the Morse code examination requirement for the General and Amateur Extra Class licenses.

The Commission's decision was made possible by the revision of the international Radio Regulations that took place at the 2003 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-03) in Geneva. administrations once were required to make all applicants for amateur licenses prove their ability to send and receive Morse code signals, to ensure that they would be able to understand signals sent to them by stations in other services. In 1947 a provision was added, permitting administrations to waive the requirement for operation above 1 GHz. In 1959 the frequency limit for the waiver was dropped to 144 MHz, and in 1979 to 30 MHz. The administrations of many countries took advantage of the waiver to license amateurs for VHF operation without requiring a code test, but it was not until 1991 that the FCC followed suit.

In the waning hours of 1999 the Commission announced that for those classes of license still having a Morse requirement, the examination speed would be reduced to 5 words per minute. That was as far as it could go until WRC-03, which replaced the old rule with one reading simply, "Administrations shall determine whether or not a person seeking a licence to operate an amateur station shall demonstrate the ability to send and receive texts in Morse code signals." In July 2005 the FCC got around to issuing a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in WT Docket 05-235, which dealt with 18 petitions -- and 6,200 comments on the petitions -- that had been filed in the meantime. In the NPRM the Commission proposed to delete the Morse requirement for all classes of amateur license, so it was no surprise when the decision to do so was announced 17 months later. At this writing the effective date is not known, since it depends upon when the notice of the rules change will be published in the Federal Register.

Reflecting majority membership opinion, the ARRL Board had argued for retention of the Morse requirement for the Extra Class license. The Extra represents the pinnacle of achievement in the FCC's amateur licensing structure; Extras should possess broad knowledge and diverse skills. But the Commission concluded in its Report and Order:

Rather, we believe that because the international requirement for telegraphy proficiency has been eliminated, we should treat Morse code telegraphy no differently from other amateur service communications techniques. This reasoning applies equally to the General Class and the Amateur Extra Class operator licenses. We are not persuaded that the Amateur Extra Class being the highest license class is a sufficient reason alone to retain a requirement that we conclude is otherwise inappropriate and unnecessary. We also note that the action here does not preclude Amateur Extra Class licensees, or for that matter, other amateur service licensees from pursuing and/or continuing to pursue Morse code proficiency should they so desire.

So, what happens now? One thing that happened immediately after the news began to circulate was a dramatic increase in orders for study material for the General and Extra written exams. Whatever one's opinion of the Commission's decision might be, the fact that more people now are motivated to crack the books and to learn more about Amateur Radio cannot be bad. Volunteer Examiner teams and coordinators, including ARRL/VEC, are gearing up for increased demand for all three written exams, as well as for the processing of already-issued Certificates of Successful Completion of Examination into upgrades.

Something that the FCC had not included in the NPRM, but that the ARRL successfully argued for, is that all presently licensed Technicians will have the HF privileges of Technician Plus (and Novice) licensees as soon as the new rules take effect. No doubt the most popular of the new privileges will be SSB voice in the 28.3-28.5 MHz portion of the 10-meter band. The 28.0-28.3 MHz portion of the band also will be available for RTTY, data and CW operation. We hope Techs will equip themselves to take advantage of these opportunities; even at the bottom of the sunspot cycle, 10 meters can offer some pleasant surprises. In addition and somewhat ironically, dropping the Morse requirement gives Techs CW privileges in parts of the 80, 40 and 15 meter bands.

Aside from that, the immediate changes on the air will not be dramatic. New General and Extra licensees will find their way onto HF voice, data, RTTY, and image modes at a faster pace. However, this will occur more gradually here than it did in Europe, where most amateurs who previously were confined to VHF and above were granted full privileges shortly after WRC-03.

Finally, while this may be the epitaph for the Morse code licensing requirement, the Morse code is alive and well as an operating mode. Those of us who believe that it can stand on its own merits, now will be able to prove the point. If we are passionate about CW -- or about any aspect of Amateur Radio, for that matter -- we will win converts if we share our passion with others.

The best reason for developing Morse proficiency is that it makes Amateur Radio more rewarding and more fun. If one's sole motivation for learning Morse is to get past a 5-wpm exam, it's unlikely to be either rewarding or fun -- or ever to result in real fluency. If on the other hand the driving force is a real desire to use CW on the air -- a desire that those of us who love CW can supply -- then that's a horse of a very different hue.

#david summer #corporate lobbies #arrl #corporate fraud

[ka7v]

EME Array and Frozen Snow.

#eme array #frozen snow

[ka7v]

Moon Phases 2022 – Northern Hemisphere – 4K.

This 4K visualization shows the Moon's phase and libration at hourly intervals throughout 2022, as viewed from the Northern Hemisphere. Each frame represents one hour. In addition, this visualization shows the Moon's orbit position, sub-Earth and subsolar points, and distance from the Earth at true scale. Craters near the terminator are labeled, as are Apollo landing sites, maria, and other albedo features in sunlight.

You can learn about and understand tidal locking and its importance to planetary science by reading.   Tidal Locking.

NASA Goddard

#moon phase and libration #northern hemisphere #tidal locking #2022

[ka7v]

Cushcraft X740 Rotatable Dipole on 80 Meters.

I wanted to see how my Cushcraft X740 40 meter rotatable dipole would work on 80 meters.  It has a fairly low SWR using the MFJ998 Transmatch.  I had a QSO with a station in California.  It isn’t the best option for 80 meters but it seems to work with limited capabilities.

#rbn #X740 #80 meters

[ka7v]

General Relativity and Gravity

Image wikipedia

General Relativity defines gravity as the relativistic curvature of space brought about by the presence of matter. So defined, gravity becomes more of an observable effect than a cause.

This History Channel Documentary narrates the development of Albert Einstein’s ground-breaking general theory of relativity. His new provocative theory, introduced two hundred years after Newton’s law of universal gravitation, shook the scientific community by suggesting that gravity is the product of the curvature in space-time caused by matter.

#general relativity #gravity #space time #matter

[ka7v]

NASA ScienceCasts: Effects of the Solar Wind.

ScienceAtNASA

#solar wind #space weather impacts