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During the British colonial rule over Africa in the late 19th and early 20th century, the British aspired to find various methods of educating the natives and enlightening them about their civilized way of life. Therefore, the British Colonial Office decided to sponsor and to establish the “Bantu Educational Cinema Unit” in 1935. In the first decades of the twentieth century, Western filmmakers made films that depicted black Africans as "exoticized", "submissive workers" or as "savage or cannibalistic". Colonial era films portrayed Africa as exotic, without history or culture. In 1948, the British Colonial Office finally decided to establish a “Gold Coast Film Unit”, and ultimately initiated the beginning of the Gold Coast’s film industry which is presently the Ghana film industry.

Cinema in Ghana started during the colonial period when European merchants were trading on the then Gold Coast somewhere in the late 19th century to early 20th century when they came with Christian missionaries who preached the Gospel by using bibles and slide projectors before later using film projectors. They managed to draw and convert larger and more crowds as a result of their modus oprandi.

The first African film to win international recognition was "Sembène Ousmane's La Noire de" also known as "Black Girl". It showed the despair of an African woman who has to work as a maid in France. It won the "Prix Jean Vigo" in 1966. Initially a writer, Sembène had turned to cinema to reach a wider audience. He is still considered the "father of African cinema".Sembène's native Senegal continued to be the most important place of African film production for more than a decade.

With the creation of the African film festival FESPACO in Burkina Faso in 1969, African film created its own forum. FESPACO now takes place every 2 years in alternation with the Carthago film festival in Tunisia.

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#africa #african #ghana #british #history #culture #cinema #film #mozambique #sociallife #urban #metropolis #history #exotic #archivesblackhistory #archive #art #historyinpictures #africanfilm #africanprint #historic #1950s #effable

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The lady in the picture with the mirror held above her head was Mrs. Edna Egbert from the 1940s. The photographer caught her in the ready to swing position, as cops gets ready to dodge. The year was 1942 and Mrs. Egbert was living in the building No. 497 Dean Street at that time. But what made Mrs. Egbert go out onto the ledge? She was clearly distraught, but why? Mrs. Egbert, apparently, had a reason.

In the past, year her son, Fred, had gotten married, joined the army, and had not written a single letter to his mother since a long time. As any mother in this difficult time would tell you, with the war raging on, she must have presumed her son was dead. So, out of frustration, nervousness, or fear, she climbed out onto her ledge and announced, “I’m going to jump!” If you’re wondering how you could kill yourself from only the second floor, to either side of Ms. Egbert was a spiky iron fence that could have easily impaled her life, until the cops arrives the scene.

The hero in this suicide drama was the first policeman to arrive on the scene. He kept Mrs. Egbert on her ledge by talking and engaging with her for 25 minutes or so until his fellow officers could rig up a net below her window ledge.

Without the net, it was unlikely to save her, unless Mrs. Egbert took a swan-dive that she was going to do more than break a leg or a hip by jumping from the window ledge. But the cops weren’t taking any chances. The woman’s house had a sharp spiky fence out front that could have made things miserable if she got a good jump and landed just right on it.  Meanwhile, a crowd of 600 people gathered below on the street in front of the house, according to the Daily News, as officers Ed Murphy and George Munday tried to persuade her to go back into her building. Mrs. Egbert, though, was brandishing that mirror and, by now, she had started swinging it at them. Finally, as one of the officers grabbed at her wrist, Mrs.  Egbert took the leap, landing safely in the police net, whereupon she was taken to Bellevue for observation.

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#drama #suicide #deanstreet #newyorkdailynews #dailynews #blackandwhite #archive #history #archivesblackhistory #1940s #effable

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The Delhi Durbar meaning "Court of Delhi" was an Indian imperial-style mass assembly organized by the British at Coronation Park, Delhi, India, to mark the succession of an Emperor or Empress of India. The Imperial Durbar was held three times, in 1877, 1903, and 1911, at the height of the British Empire. The 1911 Imperial Durbar was the only one that a sovereign, George V, attended. The term "durbar" was derived from the Mughal. The "Proclamation Durbar", the Durbar of 1877, Lord Lytton was appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of India by the Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, late in 1875. Queen Victoria was proclaimed with the title of Empress of India on 1st January 1877 by the British. Lord Lytton organised the Imperial Assemblage as a means of 'publicly announcing Your Majesty's present title to the Chiefs and princes of India with the utmost pomp and magnificence'. The 1877 Imperial Durbar was largely an official event and not a popular occasion with mass participation like later Imperial Durbars in 1903 and 1911. This ceremony was the culmination of transfer of control of British India from the East India Company to the Crown.

Lord Lytton organised the Imperial Assemblage as a means of 'publicly announcing Your Majesty's present title to the Chiefs and princes of India with the utmost pomp and magnificence'. A red and gold hexagonal Throne Pavilion was constructed for the Viceroy on a site four miles to the North-West of Delhi. Facing it, for the Princes, representatives of foreign governments and chief British officials was a semi-circular Amphitheatre in blue, white and gold of 800 feet long. The 63 Princes all in gorgeous costumes of satin, velvet, or cloth of gold attended the glorious ceremony. Just before the ceremony started they were each presented with a silken banner bearing their own arms and the date of the event. About 100,000 people were camped in the area for the occasion, in addition to hundreds of horses, elephants and camels.

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#british #crown #hermajestythequeen #britishroyals #royalceremony #durbar #delhi #assemblage #coronation #prince #princess #emperor #empress #indiahistory #india #britishindia #effable

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The first royal proclamation to India was made at Allahabad in northern India, on the 1st of November 1858, which will ever be a memorable moment in the history of our Indian empire. Proclaimed in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion (1857), the British parliament passed the Government of India Act. spelling out the terms of the transfer of the government of India from the East India Company to the ‘Crown’, that is to say, the British government: except that the wearer of the crown insisted that power transfer in her direction. Queen Victoria and her consort left their mark all over the legislation that ended the days of the East India Company. Denied a political role at home, the royal couple declared the crown’s privileges in India.

The assumption of the reins of Government in India by her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria was celebrated at Calcutta with a great glorious ceremony and with great enthusiasm, both on the part of natives and of Europeans. From all regions people came into the city, such a concourse of people as had never before been witnessed there before. Government House was, of course, the great center of attraction for everyone and shortly after 3 o'clock the streets surrounding it became almost impassable. From the Esplanade to Tank-square the entire place was alive with a surging crowd.

The proclamation was read, according to programme, at around 4 o'clock, the troops were all in attendance, and the public assembled in large crowds, forming a very striking assemblage in the square before the great steps of the Government House. The proclamation terms and documents were read in English by Mr. Beadon, and in regional Bengali language by Baboo Samachurn Sircar. At the end of ceremony the Royal flag was hoisted at the head of the mast erected for the occasion before Government House, and it was saluted and cheered by the European portion of crowd, led by Mr. Halliday on the first round, and again by a sailor who hoisted the flag, and who had placed himself in a remarkable position on the Dragon Gun.

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#british #queenvictoria #kolkata #calcutta #allahabad #1858 #hermajestythequeen #eastindiacompany #european #effable

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The history of ice creams probably began back around 500 BC in the Achaemenid Empire of Persia (Iran) with ice combined with various flavors to produce summertime treats. In 400 BC, the Persians invented a special chilled dessert food, made of rose water and thin vermicelli-sized noodles made from starch, which was served to royalty during summers. The ice was mixed with saffron, fruits, and various other flavours. The most popular Persian ice-cream now is popularly know as 'bastani sonnati'. The Chinese made a frozen mixture of milk and rice was used in China around 200 BC, they generally poured a mixture of snow and saltpetre over the exteriors of containers filled with syrup and various flavours, for, in the same way as salt raises the boiling point of water, it lowers the freezing point to below zero. The Romans got in on the act, too combining mountain snow fruit toppings to create chilled delicacies. The Mughals back in the 16th century from the Indian subcontinent used relays of horsemen to bring ice from the Hindu Kush to Delhi, where it was used in fruit sorbets. They also brought the popular dessert 'Kulfi' which is a frozen dairy dessert from the Indian subcontinent and is often described as "traditional South Asian ice cream adopted from 'bastani sonnati', a Persian ice cream.

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#icecream #bastani #kulfi #falooda #desserts #sorbets #persian #greece #newdelhi #mughal #india #hindukush #china #southasianfood #frozen #delicacies #baskinrobbins #benandjerrys #haggendazs #flavors #softicecream #history #historyphotographed #photooftheday #effable

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During the autumn of 1910, China began to report a unknown and deadly pneumonic disease that had reached Harbin in the extreme Northeast of China province, which was then known as Manchuria. Though the deadly and rare disease was confined largely to China’s Northeastern provinces, cases were reported scarcely throughout the empire, in Beijing, Tianjin and along the Beijing-Hankou railway line stretching down into central China.  It was difficult to attain a precise statistics about the death toll rate of the deadly disease; however reports suggests that between 50,000 to 60,000 people died, with an unprecedented mortality rate of 100 per cent. As a point of comparison, this claimed the death toll of the Manchurian disease in the same region as that of the more familiar Great Plague of London happened between 1665-66.

The deadly disease was likely to have originated among tarbagan marmot hunted for their fur in Manchuria. As the German chemical industries developed new dyes and cheap marmot fur could be manufactured into imitation sable, mink and otter fur. Consequently, the value of marmot fur raised from a few kopecks a skin to a Ruble, causing migrant hunters to flock to Manchuria. These migrants, however, were inexperienced. Whereas local hunters, many of whom were from the region’s Buryat ethnicity, could identify and avoid diseased marmots, while the migrant hunters collected unhealthy marmots, infecting themselves with the plague bacilli carried by the diseased animals.

The spread of the plague was aggravated by the bitter cold climate of the northern winter, which caused the hunters to gather together in huts and camps which became a major reason for the quick spreading of the pneumonic plague making it an airborne disease. The extensive railway network further aided the rapid transmission of the disease by facilitating the movement of large numbers of migrant workers returning home for the New Year Festival.

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#china #chinese #plague #deadly #viral #contagion #shenyang #harbin #winter #autumn #pneumonia #airborne #marmot #german #vaccine #isolation #quarantine #protectivemask #pandemic #epidemic #disaster #who #1910 #historic #effable

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This photograph was taken dated on 17 June 1911 at the Women’s Coronation Procession through London. The Women’s suffrage societies had organized the demonstration, held just before coronation of George V, to demand the right to vote. The procession was organized by the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). It was one of the largest women’s suffrage procession ever held in Britain and one of the few to draw together the full range of suffrage organizations.

Some 40,000 people gathered to march from Westminster to the Albert Hall in South Kensington. Charlotte Despard and Flora Drummond led the march on their horseback, which included Marjery Bryce dressed as Joan of Arc and 700 women and girls clothed in white to represent suffragette prisoners. WSPU sought to include an ‘Empire Pageant’ featuring representatives from India, South Africa, West Indies, Australia and New Zealand. British suffragette Jane Cobden (Fisher Unwin) and others WSPU members were involved in coordinating these women, inviting them to join the procession. Under a banner featuring an elephant and an emblazoned with “India” marched by a small group of Indian women. Very little is known about these five women, which attests to the overlooked history of Indian women’s involvement in British suffrage, although it is realized that some of them were already living in Britain.

The small Indian group was coordinated by Mrs. Jane Fisher Unwin (the daughter of Richard Cobden). She and other representatives of the Women's Social and Political Union reached Indian women living in Britain to take part in the procession, whilst organizing the decorations and the collection of signatures for the elephant banner that cost between £4 & £5. The India procession was part of the ‘Imperial Contingent’ and was intended to show the strength of support for women’s suffrage throughout the Empire.

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#indian #women #coronation #procession #march #kinggeorge #english #history #suffragette #india #australia #newzealand #southafrica #westindies #britain #righttovote #historicmoment #historic #historyphotographed #archive #gettyimages #womenpower #effable

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Built in 1874, on the site reserved for an opera house, the Old Cincinnati Library was a thing of a rare wonder. With five levels of huge cast iron book shelving, a fabulous hallway, spiral staircases that went several stories high, checker board marble floor finishing and an atrium lit by a skylight ceiling, the place was breathtaking. Unfortunately that spectacular maze of books is now lost forever.

The Public Library consisted of three buildings. The front building was originally an opera house which was opened to the public on December 9, 1870. The middle building and main hall opened to great fanfare on February 25, 1874, with a speech by George Hunt Pendleton, who had been the Democratic candidate for vice president in 1864.

Patrons entered on Vine Street beneath busts of William Shakespeare, Benjamin Franklin and John Milton. A foyer led to the cathedral like main hall, four stories tall, topped with a massive skylight roof. The floor was checkerboard marble tile. Five levels of bookshelves pressed against the walls. Rays of sunlight cut through the windows to provide ample illumination. “The main hall is a splendid work”, The Enquirer reported at the opening. “The hollow square within the columns is lighted by an arched clear roof of prismatic glass set in iron, the light of which is broken and softened by a paneled ceiling of richly-colored glass. One is impressed not only with the magnitude and beauty of the interior, but with its adaptation to the purpose it is to serve”

The total estimated cost of the lot and building was $383,594.53, about $7.7 million today. The Public Library contained 60,000 volumes, with an estimated capacity of 300,000. So why this building demolished? Talks for a new library building had already begun 30 years earlier when the book collection had started to outgrow the building. Books were stacked beyond reach. Ventilation was poor and the air stuffy. The paint was peeling.

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#library #librariesofinstagram #beautiful #cincinnati #ohio #harrypotter #magnificent #publiclibrary #williamshakespeare #johnmilton #benjaminfranklin #librarylove #vinestreet #architecture #masterpiece #historic #archive #iconic #effable

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The first annual Cannes Film Festival was held at the resort city of Cannes on French Riviera from 20 September to 5 October 1946. 21 nations presented their films at the first Cannes International Film Festival, which took place at the former casino of Cannes. The festival has initially intended to make its debut in 1939, but the outbreak of World War II forced it's cancellation. The world's first annual international film festival was in 1932, but by 1938, the Venice Film festival had become a vehicle for Fascist and Nazi propaganda. Outraged, France decided to organize an alternative film festival at Cannes, was announced in Paris, France.

The Cannes Festival, until 2003 called the International Film Festival known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all categories including documentaries from all around the world. It's origins in 1938 when Jean Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the proposal of high ranking official and historian Philippe Erlanger and film journalist Robert Favre Le Bret decided to set up an international cinematographic festival. They found the support of the Americans and the British.

The reason for deciding Cannes was because of its touristic appeal as a French Riviera resort town and also because the city hall also offered to increase the municipality’s financial participation and promising for building a dedicated venue for the event. The first event was planned to be held from 1 to 20 September 1939 in an auditorium at the Municipal Casino and Louis Lumière was going to be the honorary president to inaugurate. Its aim was to encourage the development of all forms of cinematographic art and foster a spirit of collaboration between film-producing countries.

Now more than 30,000 people come to Cannes each May to attend the annual Cannes Film Festival, about 100 times the number of film devotees who showed up for the first Cannes in 1946.

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#cannes #cannesfilmfestival #1940s #filmfestival #films #cinematography #art #paris #france #cannesfrance #filmhistory #vintage #celebrities #photooftheday #history #archive #effable

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On the night of 23 January, 1795, a French Revolutionary Hussar regiment captured a Dutch fleet frozen at anchor between the 3 kilometres stretch of sea that separates the mainland port of Den Helder and the island of Texel to the north. The waterways that might normally hold up an invader were frozen solid, even the sea around the coast had frozen. The French general Jean-Charles Pichegru was the leader of the French army that seized the opportunity to attack the Dutch Republic. The Dutch fleet was commanded by captain Hermanus Reintjes but the actual capture was accomplished by Louis Joseph Lahure. This all actions happened during the War of the First Coalition, which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Den Helder is located at the tip of the North Holland peninsula, south of the island of Texel, by an inlet to what was then the shallow Zuiderzee bay, the Southern Sea. The Zuiderzee has been closed off and partly drained in the 20th century forming freshwater Ijsselmeer.

In the fall of 1794, during the War of the First Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars, general Jean-Charles Pichegru who commanded the French forces during the conquest of the Dutch Republic seized the opportunity to attack. The French entered Amsterdam on the 18 January, 1795 to stay there over winter. Well informed about the Dutch fleet anchored at the Den Helder port,approximately eighty kilometers north from Amsterdam. General Jean-Charles Pichegru ordered General of Brigade Jan Willem de Winter to lead a squadron of the 8th Hussar. Jan Willem de Winter had been serving with the French since 1787, and would later command the Dutch fleet in the disastrous Battle of Camperdown.

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#winter #french #war #dutch #fleet #texel #revolutionarywar #battle #painting #attack #commander #amesterdam #holland #port #sea #coast #historicmoment #historic #history #photooftheday #rijksmuseum #effable

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Neerja Bhanot is the first and only woman recipient of the India's highest civilian award for bravery "Ashoka Chakra" ( 7 September 1963 - 5 September 1986 ) was a brave heart Indian senior flight pusher who died while saving passengers on Pan Am Flight 73 which had been hijacked by terrorists during a stopover in Karachi, Pakistan on 5 September 1986. She was also awarded by the Pakistan government, "Tagme-e-Insaniyat" and the Medal of Heroism of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution by the United States of America.

Neerja was the senior flight purser on Pan Am Flight 73 flying from Mumbai to United States, which was hijacked by four armed terrorists on 5 September 1986 at Karachi air airport in Pakistan. The flight was carrying 380 passengers and 13 crew members. The terrorists hijacking motive was to fly to Cyprus with the goal of freeing Palestinian prisoners in Cyprus. Neerja was able to alarm the cockpit crew members as soon as the hijackers boarded the plane. Neerja was called upon to take charge under the most difficult situation, at the most difficult time, to step forward in a position of leadership. And her heroic act were clearly responsible for the saving of hundreds of lives on board.

The hijackers were part of the Abu Nidal Organization, a Palestinian terrorist group backed by Libya; they were targeting Americans and American assets. In the early minutes of hijacking the flight the terrorists identified an Indian-American passenger, dragged him to the exit, shot him dead and threw his body out of the plane. The terrorists then instructed Neerja to collect the passports of all the passengers so that they could identify the other Americans on board. She discreetly collected all the 43 American passports and hid them under the seat and rubbish chute so that the terrorists couldn't differentiate between American and non-American passengers.

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#neerja #india #bravery #heroic #bravewoman #callofduty #hijack #heroine #american #america #cyprus #palestine #karachi #pakistan #terrorist #attack #passenger #libya #mumbai #unitedstates #flight #civilian #award #ashokachakra #medal #sonamkapoor #effable

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The world's first car accident happened in Ohio city in 1891. James William Lambert who was an automobile engineer was involved in the first automobile accident in American history. Lambert's vehicle was a single cylinder gasoline powered vehicle, which was driven by himself carrying his friend James Swoveland. Lambert lost control of his vehicle and the vehicle hit the hitching post leaving both of them with a minor injuries.

The first recorded pedestrian fatalities by a car came a few years later in 1896, Bridget Driscoll stepped out on the road and was hit and killed by a gas powered Anglo-French model car driven by Arthur Edsell. The car was driven at a top speed of 4 miles per hour, neither Driscoll nor Arthur were able to avoid the collision as Driscoll was " bewildered " by the sight of the vehicle and was frozen in the first place. Arthur was arrested, but the death was termed as an accident and he was not prosecuted. The coroner who examined Driscoll's dead body is famously quoted as saying that he hoped " such a thing would never again. "

The first driver death in a car accident happened in 1898, when a man and his son were driving from Brighton to London. Near the end of their trip, father lost control of his vehicle while driving down a hill. They crashed through the fence and the driver was thrown out of his seat and injured his leg, the son was not even injured while the father had amputate his leg by the surgeons. After surgery, he remained unconscious and died the next day.

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#ohio #ohiostate #caraccident #america #american #worldsfirst #collision #gasoline #vehicle #london #brighton #crash #driver #death #accident #backintheday #historic #history #effable

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This picture shows the hand of Clarence Dally (1865-1904), an American glassblower who worked with Thomas Edison in his work on X-ray tubes, which he made on his own hands and died after developing an early radiation cancer. The radiation also resulted in him having both of his arms amputated in an unsuccessful attempt to save his life. Shortly after his death, Thomas Edison stopped his research on X-rays.

Following the work of Wilhelm Röntgen on X-rays in 1895, Clarence and his brother Charles worked on the development of the Edison’s X-ray focus tube, developing the fluoroscope using calcium tungstate. The Edison fluoroscope produced sharper and intense images than the Rontgen fluoroscope, which basically used barium platinocyanide. At the time, the intensity levels of X-rays produced were not believed to be so fatal and dangerous. However, Edison noticed how “the X-ray had affected poisonously my assistant, Mr. Dally.” By 1900, Clarence Dally was severely suffering from radiation damage to his both hands and face sufficient to require time off work. Due to him being a right handed, he used his left hand to be affected before his right hand.  In 1902, one lesion on his left wrist was treated unsuccessfully with multiple skin grafts and eventually his left hand was amputated.  Ulceration on his right hand necessitated the amputation of four fingers.

These procedures failed to halt the spread of his carcinoma, and despite the amputation of his arms at the elbow and shoulder, he died from mediastinal cancer in the year 1904. Clarence dally is thought to be the first American to die from the effects of experimentation with radiation. Following this, Edison stopped research on X-rays.  In 1903, Edison said “Don’t talk to me about X-rays; I am afraid of them.” During the 1930s, 40s and 50s, most American shoe stores featured shoe-fitting fluoroscopes that used X-rays to enable customers to see the bones of their feet, it wasn’t until the 1950s that this practice was considered to a risky business.

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#thomasedison #xray #radiation #carcinoma #cancer #american #röntgen #glassblower #medical #fingers #hands #experiment #amputation #effable

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The history of Mother's Day is centuries old such as during the 1600s, the Christians in England celebrated a day to honor Mary ( the mother of Christ), Greek cult to Cybele, the Roman festival of Hilaria. Though this is all are not related to the modern day Mother's Day that began in the United States, all the initiatives of Anna Jarvis in the early 20th century.

The American version of Mother's Day was created by Anna Jarvis in 1908, and became an official US holiday in 1914. Before the civil war, her mother Ann Reeves Jarvis founded a " Mother's International Association " , to teach local women childcare skills. The association became a unifying force and in 1868. She organized " Mother's Friendship Day " , where mothers gathered to promote reconciliation. After death of Ann Reeves Jarvis, Anna Jarvis wanted to honor her mother by continuing the work she started and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed a mother is " the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world". In 1908, the US congress rejected the proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, mocking that they would also have to proclaim a " Mother-in-law's- Day ". However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis all American States observed the holiday, with some of them officially recognising Mother's Day as local holiday. President Woodrow Wilson issues a presidential proclamation that officially establishes the first national Mother's Day holiday to celebrate America's mothers on 10th May 1914.

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#mothersday #american #unitedstates #mother #chicago #tribune #woodrowwilson #annajarvis #onthisday #holiday #history #mom #1914 #historicmoment #effable

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New York Police Department Criminologist Roy Post invented his own version of a lie detector machine called the Postometer, the test theoretically detected detected not only criminal suspects, but also revealed the truth, or otherwise, of people's reaction to emotional stimulus.

The subject of Roy's experiment placed their hands on a pair of metal plates. Their temperature and blood pressure generated a small electrical current, indicating an emotional change that had occurred. The Postometer amplified these currents and displayed their levels on its dail.

While the technology has improved a lot, polygraph test results by scientific and government bodies generally suggest that polygraphs are highly inaccurate, and are unreliable means of assessing truthfulness. The American psychological Association stated " Most psychologist agree that there is little evidence that polygraph tests can accurately detect lies. "

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Joseph Carey Merrick also known as John Merrick, was an English man with severe deformities. Best known as " The Elephant Man", he has been the subject of many medical studies, documentaries and works of fiction. At a young age Merrick began to develop severe physical deformities that he was forced to become a resident of a workhouse at the age of seventeen. In 1884, Merrick contacted a showman named Sam Torr to exhibit him. Torr arranged a group of men to manage Merrick, whom they named Merrick as " The Elephant Man". Merrick travelled to London to be exhibited in a penny gaff shop organised by a showman Tom Norman. Norman's shop was visited by a surgeon named Frederick Treves who invited Merrick to be examined. After Merrick was displayed by Treves at a meeting of the pathological society of London in 1884, Norman's shop was shut down by the police and eventually Merrick joined Sam Roper's circus which was toured in Europe.

In Belgium, Merrick was robbed by his road manager and abandoned in Brussels. Merrick eventually mad his way back to London and was brought to the London hospital where he was allowed to stay for the rest of his life. He was frequently visited by Treves, and both developed quite a close friendship. Merrick died from a broken vertebrae on April 11, 1890 at the age of 27, confirmed by Treves who performed the autopsy. Although the official cause of his death was asphyxia. His head measured 36 inches in circumference and his right measured 12 inches at the wrist. His whole body was covered with tumors, and his legs and hip were so deformed that he had to take the help of a cane to walk.

In 1882, Merrick underwent surgery on his face. The protrusion from his mouth had grown to 8-9 inches and severely affected his speech and made it difficult to eat. He was operated under the direction of Dr. Clement Frederick Bryan in the workhouse Infirmary and had a large part of the mass removed.

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#josephmerrick #johnmerrick #theelephantman #bernardpomerance #london #europe #asphyxia #circus #michealjackson #tumor #backintheday #history #historic #inspirational #brussels #iconic #blackandwhite #19thcentury #effable

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[effable-magazine]

The Bengal famine was a severe famine that occurred during the British India in Bengal province, 1943. The famine took the death of almost 2.1 million people due to starvation, population displacement, lack of medical care, malnutrition and unsanitary environment with disease like Malaria, Smallpox, Cholera, Dysentery which affected large portions of the economy and social fabric caused inequality.

On an October morning in 1943, an official employed by the government of Bengal was travelling by a boat along the river Brahmaputra from Bahadurabad to join his in Dhaka. All along the journey, he saw dead bodies and dying men, women, and children on both the side of river banks.

Later in 1947, before the partition the British Indian province of Bengal included the territory of Bangladesh and India's West Bengal State. The reason why famine happened was because of the rise in price of rice and staple crop more than three times between February and September 1943. With the Japanese occupation of Burma in 1942, the border between Bengal and Burma became the Eastern front of the war as a result to feed soldiers increased demand which were Stationed in Bengal.

The Bengal famine was a calamity or disaster, there was four possible agents, one of the these agents was nature and the other three were humans; Nature, Administration, London and the Markets. The government also greatly invested in the country's military giving high priority to defence and military services at the expense of allocating medical care and food to the poor and needy living in rural areas.

The Bengal famine immensely accelerated existing levels of inequality, poverty socioeconomic, economy, social fabric and destroyed millions of families.

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