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Verbs

August 12 , 2017  9:35 am 

Finite Verbs

-          Finite Verbs have a subject and used in the sentence to show tense. Finite verbs have a definite relation with the subject or noun. It becomes the main verb of a clause or sentence and used only in present and past tense. It can also be changed according to the noun.  They indicate passive or active voice as well as singular or plural number. If there is only one verb in the sentence, it is finite verb, as it can stand by itself in the sentence.

 Non Finite Verbs

-          Is a form of the verb that does not show a distinction tense and normally cannot stand alone as the main verb in a sentence.

3 Types of Non- Finite Verbs

1.       Infinitive

2.       –ing Form

3.       Particles

 Word Classes

-          Verbs ending in –ing can act as the main verb of a verb phrase and may be followed by a noun or an adjective

-          Nouns ending in –ing can sometimes have a plural form and can usually be a head noun after a, the  or some other determiner.

-          Adjectives ending –ing can appear before a noun, and can also occur after verbs such as be.

 Tenses:

·         Past

·         Present

·         Future

Aspects:  

·         Simple – expresses a single action, repeated action or a permanent state.

·         Perfect – expresses the consequences resulting from a previous action or state

·         Progressive – incomplete or ongoing action state at a specific time

·         Perfect Progressive – expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or state that begin in the past and continues to a specific time  

Simple Tenses (a point in time)

Simple Past Tense      

  –Specific time in the past            (I ate breakfast this morning)                  

Simple Present Tense                  

–   General truth, habitual              (I ate breakfast early)              

Simple Future Tense

–specific time in the future           (I will eat breakfast later)

 Continuous/ Progressive Tenses (length of time)

Progressive Past Tense                    

–length of time in the past when another action happened in the middle of it

(I was eating breakfast when my brother arrived)

Progressive Present Tense              

– happening now                      

(I am eating breakfast)    

Progressive Future Tense

– Length of time in the future

(I will be eating breakfast from 9:00 to 9:30)

 Perfect Past Tenses (a point in time before another point in time)

Perfect Past Tense

–action happened in the past before another past action

(I had already eaten breakfast when my brother arrived.)

Perfect Present Tense

–action happened in the past before the present

(I have already eaten breakfast)

Perfect Future Tense

–action happened in the future before another action

(I will have already eaten breakfast by the time my brother arrives)

 Perfect Progressive Tenses (length of time up to a point in time)

Perfect Progressive Past Tense

–action happening for a length of time in the past up to the moment when another action happened

(I had been eating breakfast for 30 minutes when my brother arrived)

Perfect Progressive Present Tense

–length of time up to the present

(I have been eating my breakfast for 30 minutes)

Perfect Progressive Future Tense

–action happening in the future for a length of time up to another future action

(I will have been eating my breakfast for 30 minutes by the time you arrive)

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VERBS

August 5, 2017 9:03 pm

Direct Object

–A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. It answers the question "What?" or "Whom?" after an action verb.

Formula : (Subject +Verb+ who or what)

Confusing direct objects with subject complements

A subject complement is a clause or phrase that follows a linking verb, such as is, are or was, and complements, or completes, the subject of a sentence by describing or renaming it. If the verb is a linking one, the word that answers the question “what” or “who” is a subject complement.

Take note that only action verbs can have direct object

Indirect Object

– Indirect object is the recipient of the direct object.

– The indirect object typically precedes the direct object and is identified by asking who or what received the direct object.

 Classifications of Verbs

Transitive Verb

–Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action

Example:

Dennis and Susan ate omelet for breakfast.

* Dennis and Susan (object) ate (verb) omelet (direct object)

After I give my son Jug head a lollipop, he always kisses me with his sticky mouth.

*He (object) kisses (verb) me (direct object)

Intransitive Verb

– A verb that indicates a complete action without being accompanied by a direct object.

Linking Verb

–Unlike action verbs, linking verbs show a relationship between the subject of the sentence and a noun or adjective being linked to it.

 Common Linking Verb:

–am, is, are, were, being, been

–appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay and turn.

*If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb.

Examples:

Linking Verb – This food tastes good

Transitive Verb – The chef tasted the food

Intransitive Verb – I tasted and saw

Dynamic Verbs

– (action verbs) usually describe actions we can take or things that happen

–a dynamic verb shows continued or progressive action on the part of the subject

* It requires an action

Ex. Eat, drink, go, type, read, write, listen, speak, watch, say

Stative Verbs

–usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change (static)

–stative verbs cannot normally be used in the continuous (BE+ING)

*Does not necessarily require action

Ex. Love, hate, like see, hear, sound, think, (meaning have an opinion), mind (meaning “care about”), recognize, seem, have (meaning “own”), prefer, doubt

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PRONOUNS

July 28, 2017  7:05 pm

Relative Pronoun

-Relative pronouns give more information about the subject or object of the sentence  

·         when referring to a person use: Who, whom, whose, whoever, and whomever

·         when referring to a thing , place, or idea use: Which, that, what, whatever, whichever

Who vs. Whom

·         use who when referring to the subject of the sentence

·         use whom when referring to the object of the sentence

Whoever vs. Whomever

·         use whoever when sentence requires a subject pronoun as the answer

·         use whomever when  the sentence requires an object pronoun as the answer

Subject Pronouns – relate to the subject of the sentence  

·         I, He, She, It ,they ,we

Object Pronouns

 – The object of a sentence receives the action

– Object Pronouns relate to the object of the sentence

·         Me, him, her, it, them ,us

Relative Pronoun (Examples)

1. The cyclist who won the race trained hard.

2. The pants that I bought yesterday are already stained.

3. The store on the corner, where we usually buy all of our art supplies, burned to the ground.

4. The baby; whose nap had been interrupted wailed loudly.

5. The police needed details that could help identify the robber.

Intensive Pronouns

- It is defined as a pronoun that ends in self or selves and places emphasis on its antecedent by referring back to another noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence.

-Almost identical to reflexive pronouns

Common Intensive Pronouns – Himself, herself, yourself, themselves, ourselves

Intensive Pronouns (Examples)

1. I found the treasure box myself.

2. The mayor himself gave me this award. The police officer herself witnessed the accident.

Which and That

·         Which –define

·         That –restricts

Ex. Tiffany bought shoes that are expensive (that restricts)

     Tiffany bought rubies, which are expensive (which defines rubies)

#When using "which" put comma first before the word "which"

 Reflexive Pronoun - preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which it refers. It indicates that the person who is realizing the action is also the recipient of the action.

Ex.  I am teaching myself to play the piano

      You should prepare yourself for action

      He is going to the dentist himself

      Pres. Duterte himself promised to fight drugs.

The difference between Reflexive Pronouns and Intensive Pronouns is that, in a sentence with an Intensive pronoun, if you remove the pronoun (i.e. myself, yourself, himself, etc.), the sentence will not change whereas, in Reflexive pronouns, the pronoun or subject itself is the receiver of the action.  

Ex. Reflexive pronouns: “Joey found himself staring at the ceiling.”

      Intensive pronoun: “Joey himself is staring at the ceiling

 Reciprocal Pronoun - A pronoun used to identify a feeling or action that is reciprocated or returned. For this reason, it always refers to move than one person.

Ex. Dick and Jane waved goodbye to each other

      The defendants blamed one another for the crime

      The Johns and the Ricks hate one another’s companies

      Mark and Joy were holding each other’s hands

#ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES

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Notes

July 22, 2017  6:49 pm 

Regular Nouns – pluralized singular noun by adding “s” or “es”

Ex. Cat – Cats

A singular noun ending in –s, -x, -z, -sh, -ch can be pluralized by adding –es

Ex. Bus – Buses

*When the singular noun ends with vowel + (y) = ______+ S

Ex. Cowboy– Cowboys

*When the singular noun ends with consonant + (y) = _____ (ie) +(s)

Ex. Lady – Ladies

In some words we follow the general rule but sometimes in some instances we exempt words

Ex. Word that end in O

*hero –heroes

*tomato –tomatoes

Irregular Nouns – singular nouns that changes the spelling when pluralized

Ex. Leaf – leaves

     Life –lives

There is also exemption here like the word “Roof” when pluralized it become “Roofs”

Meanwhile, some nouns do not change in spelling like “deer–deer, sheep –sheep.”

Also, some words are in plural form and do not have a singular form.

Ex. Ethics, news

Pluralizing the principal noun

Ex. Basket-of-gold – baskets-of –gold

NOUN CASES

Subjective – the noun is the subject

Ex. Carlo got married Sue

*Carlo is the subject

Objective – the noun or pronoun is objective when it is used as a direct object, indirect object or an object of preposition

*Direct Object

Ex. Carlo bought apples  

*  Apple is the direct object

*Indirect object

Ex. Carlo gave Sue the apples

* Sue is the indirect object and apples is the direct object

*Object of the preposition

Ex. She put the apples on the table

* Apples is the direct object and table is the object of preposition 

Possessive – a noun or pronoun when it is used to show ownership of an object

Ex. Carlo’s wife is Sue

 Pronouns – a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun's antecedent

Personal, Definite and indefinite pronouns

·         Personal pronouns –refer to something specific

·         Definite pronouns – refer to something specific

·         Indefinite pronouns – opposite of the definite pronoun

                                            –        Do not refer to something specific

            Ex. Somebody, anybody, everybody and nobody

Demonstrative pronoun and Interrogative pronoun

Demonstrative pronouns – is used to print something specific with in a sentence

                                     –used to describe places, animals and things

Interrogative pronouns – found only in questions or indirect questions

                                     –can be used as relative pronouns

                                     –used to make asking question easy

Ex. Who, what, where

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ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES

JULY 15, 2017 SATURDAY 

7:50 pm

NOUN

A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place, or a thing.

Person – A term for a person, whether proper name, gender, title, or class, is a noun.

Animal – A term for an animal, whether proper name, species, gender, or class is a noun.

Place – A term for a place, whether proper name, physical location, or general locale is a noun.

Thing – A term for a thing, whether it exists now, will exist, or existed in the past is a noun.

PROPER NOUN vs. COMMON NOUN

PROPER NOUN

These name specific people, places, animals and things.

           Harry Potter, South Korea, Horse, Vase

Proper Nouns usually begin with a capital letter as they refer to something specific.

·         I am currently reading the book “Looking for Alaska”.

·         She wanted to go to the country of Korea.

·         I’m flying first-class on Emirate Airlines.

COMMON NOUN

Common nouns are everywhere, and you use them all the time, even if you don’t realize it. Wherever you go, you’ll find at least one common noun. Street, closet, bathroom, school, mall, gas station; all of these places are named using common nouns.

Common nouns are words used to name general items rather than specific ones.

Examples: movie, hospital, instrument

Every Proper Noun has a Common Noun equivalent.

Example:

Common Noun                      Proper Noun

Man                                        Victor Hugo, Walt Disney

Mountain                                Mount Kilimanjaro

State                                      Minnesota, California

Cat                                         Buttons, Fluffy

Country                                 United States, Philippines

 Common Noun: I really want a new pair of jeans. Proper Noun: I really want to buy a new pair of Levis.

Common Noun: I wish I could remember the name of that painter. Proper Noun: I really love the art by Van Gogh.

Common Noun: They’re all waiting for us at the restaurant. Proper Noun: Everyone else is at Bill’s Burgers.

 COUNT NOUN vs. NON- COUNT NOUN

A count noun is one that can be expressed in plural form, usually with an "s." For example, "cat—cats," "season—seasons," "student—students”

- refer to things that can be divided up into smaller units which are separate and distinct from one another. They usually refer to what can individually be seen or heard

A non-count noun is one that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form.

For example, "milk," "water," "air," "money," "food." Usually, you can't say, "He had many moneys.”

- refer to things that cannot be counted because they are regarded as wholes which cannot be divided into parts. They often refer to abstractions and occasionally have a collective meaning.

Count and Non-count Nouns with Adjectives

Most of the time, this doesn't matter with adjectives. For example, you can say, "The cat was gray" or "The air was gray." However, the difference between a countable and uncountable noun does matter with certain adjectives, such as "some/any," "much/many," and "little/few."

Some/Any: Some and any countable and uncountable nouns.

"There is some water on the floor."

"There are some students here."

"Do you have any food?"

"Do you have any apples?"

Much/Many: Much modifies only uncountable nouns. Many modify only countable nouns.

"We don't have much time to get this done."

"Many Americans travel to Europe."

Little/Few: Little modifies only uncountable nouns.

"He had little food in the house."

"The doctor had little time to think in the emergency room."

Few modify only countable nouns.

"There are few doctors in town."

"Few students like exams."

A lot of/lots of: A lot of/lots of are informal substitutes for much and many. They are used with uncountable nouns when they mean much and with countable nouns when they mean many.

"They have lots of (much) money in the bank."

"A lot of (many) Americans travel to Europe."

"We got lots of (many) mosquitoes last summer."

"We got lots of (much) rain last summer."

A little bit of: A little bit of is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.

"There is a little bit of pepper in the soup."

"There is a little bit of snow on the ground."

Enough: Enough modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

"There is enough money to buy a car."

"I have enough books to read."

Plenty of: Plenty of modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

"They have plenty of money in the bank."

"There are plenty of millionaires in Switzerland."

No: No modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

"There is no time to finish now."

"There are no squirrels in the park."

ABSTRACT NOUN

An Abstract Noun refers to intangible things, like actions, feelings, ideals, concepts and qualities.

- an aspect, concept, idea, experience, state of being, trait, quality, feeling, or other entity that cannot be experienced with the five senses.                                                                                                                                                             For examples, some words might function as verbs in some cases.

Love and taste are two examples: cannot be experienced with the five senses.

I love my husband.

Send them my love.

Sarah could taste cilantro in the salsa.

Sarah has great taste in clothes.

An Abstract Noun can be:

·         Countable or non-countable (mass).

·         They can also be in singular or possessive form.

·         Abstract nouns follow the same grammar rules as other nouns.

Common Abstract Nouns:

Emotions/Feelings:                                                

Love

Hate

Anger

Peace

Pride

Sympathy

States/Attributes:                                        

Bravery

Loyalty

Honesty

Integrity

Compassion

Charity

Ideas/Concepts/Ideals

•      Belief

•      Dream

•      Justice

•      Truth

•      Faith

Movements/Events

•      Progress

•      Education

•      Hospitality

•      Leisure

•      Trouble

Nouns with the following suffixes are often abstract:

-tion                                          

-ism

-ity

-ment

-ness

-age

-ance

-ence

-ship

 CONCRETE NOUN  

-          Concrete nouns can be experience through your five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.

 Concrete nouns can be:

Common  nouns

Proper nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Concrete nouns can appear in singular or plural forms.

Examples are:

Flower, bear, music, Niagara Falls, pie, tornado, milk, team, Declaration of Independence, lotion, stars, Europeans, water, colony, and car

Using Abstract vs. Concrete Nouns in writing:

Sentences with fewer abstract and more concrete nouns are typically more concise and clear.

COLLECTIVE NOUN - are names for collection or refers to groups of people, animals or things.

- can be singular or plural depending on the context of the sentence

Ex. audience, band, class, club, crowd, collection, committee, family, flock, group, herd and team

COMPOUND NOUN -contains two or more words which join together to make a single noun.

Ex. Butterfly, gas stove, keyboard, and ball pen

Compound noun are expressed in 3 ways:

Closed form - has two words that have melded together to make one word like keyboard and softball 

Hyphenated form - are used internally in some compound words to separate the words forming compound word like son-in-law and editor-in-chief

Open form - has the words next to each other like post office and attorney general

MATERIAL NOUN - things that come from nature or substance from which things are made

Ex. Animals - Milk

     Plants – Cotton

     Manmade - brick

     Nature – water

* Water vs. Waters

Water is used when referring to small quantity while “waters” is for place.

GENDER SPECIFIC NOUN - is divided into 2; Masculine and Feminine

Feminine

Ex. Nurse, secretary

Masculine

Ex. Policeman

* -ix, -ess, -en are words used to turn masculine to feminine

Ex. For animals (Chicken)

Masculine - rooster

Feminine - hen

#NOUN

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ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES

July 8, 2017 10:35 am 

Having hard time in making Lesson Plan?

Don’t worry and relax because I am going to share to you one of the effective way of making a lesson plan. Making a lesson is not an easy task to do right? It requires lot of effort and time to have it. Well, in order for you to have an effective way of teaching you need to have a concrete plan and goals before you start it. So, today I will be discussing about the Kilgore Lesson Plan.

What is Kilgore?

Kilgore is some sort of lesson plan. It has two parts. The first part consist the Objectives and Rationale. The topic and goals of your lesson is presented here, your goals must follow the acronym SMART

S- Specific

M- Measurable

A -Attainable

R- Relevant

T-Time bound

The lesson plan must have at least four objectives. In Rationale, it is where you state the reason for teaching your topic.

The second part which is the Lesson Flow; it is the sequence of your lesson that focuses on the activities that your student will do. Also, in this part you will be able to know if your student really understands your lesson.

Following this format surely helps you a lot.  You will be able to make effective lesson plan for your students.

#KILGORELESSONPLAN

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Advanced English Grammar Notes

11:55pm July 1, 2017

Stationary and Stationery

Stationary refers to something that is not moving. Stationery this are materials that are used in writing.

Full-fledged and Full-Pledged

Full-fledged is complete or fully developed. Full-pledged is committed to something.

In and On

In terms of date, we use In when if it is any month or year and On when it has an exact date.

Can and Could

Can is used to describe ability and could is used to describe possibility.

Biennial and Biannual

Biennial occurs every two years while Biannual occurs every twice a year.

Less and Few

We used Less with uncountable nouns and Few with count nouns / plural nouns.

Appraise and Apprise

Appraise is to evaluate and Apprise is to notify.

Unaware and Unawares

Unaware is used when you do not have any idea on what is happening while unawares is used when something happens suddenly or unexpectedly that you are surprised.

11:55 pm July 1,2017

What is Language ?

Language is a system of arbitrary sounds and symbols used in human communication. - Language is conventional - Language is only for human communication *Note: Animals don’t have language

* Arbitrary - the word that we use to represent a thing but it doesn’t have any connection to it.

What is grammar?

Grammar is the whole system of language which is composed of many things -phonology (system of sounds), morphology ( word formation), syntax (sentence construction), semantics (meanings of words) and pragmatics (meaning in context.)

Noam Chomsky (Father of Linguistics) introduced to us the Universal Grammar.

Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar

Descriptive grammar from the word itself describe, it means describing the grammar while prescriptive from the word prescribe it corrects the grammar.

*Descriptive Grammarian - describe how the sentence is produced.

* Prescriptive Grammarian - according to them something is grammatical only if they follow certain grammar rule.

World Englishes is a theory of Braj Rachru. It is represented by three cicrcles -inner, outer and the expanding circle. The inner circle are people whose first language is English they are the English Nation. The outer circle are those whose second language is English like Philippines and Singapore. And the expanding circle they have English as a foreign language.

*First Language - it is about fluency of the language and not in the language you learn first.

Grammaticality and Acceptability

Grammaticality is the correctness of particular sentence and it follows grammatical rules but it is not acceptable.

Example: Colorless green ideas sleep furiously

The sentence is grammatically correct but it doesn’t make sense, thus it is not acceptable.