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Computer Hardware NC II

For wiring straight-through and cross-over RJ-45 cables

RJ-45 conductor data cable contains 4 pairs of wires each consists of a solid colored wire and a strip of the same color. There are two wiring standards for RJ-45 wiring: T-568A and T-568B. Although there are 4 pairs of wires, 10BaseT/100BaseT Ethernet uses only 2 pairs: Orange and Green. The other two colors (blue and brown) may be used for a second Ethernet line or for phone connections. The two wiring standards are used to create a cross-over cable (T-568A on one end, and T-568B on the other end), or a straight-through cable (T-568B or T-568A on both ends).

For wiring straight-through and cross-over RJ-45 cables

T-568B (Common):

Orange Stripe

Orange

Green Stripe

Blue

Blue Stripe

Green

Brown Stripe

Brown

T-568A:

Green Stripe

Green

Orange Stripe

Blue

Blue Stripe

Orange

Brown Stripe

Brown

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BEEP CODE:

beep codes

Some number of short beeps that are sounded by the BIOS upon startup when a memory, cache or processor error is encountered. There are numerous beep code patterns, and Phoenix BIOS codes are long and short beeps delivered in groups. The following beep codes are for AMI BIOSs. There are additional beep codes for this BIOS not included here. See

BIOS

and

POST card

1 Beep - Refresh Failure

Reseat/replace memory, troubleshoot motherboard.

2 Beeps - Parity Error

Reseat/replace memory, troubleshoot motherboard.

3 Beeps - Memory Error (first 64KB)

Reseat/replace memory.

4 Beeps - Timer Failure

Troubleshoot motherboard.

5 Beeps - Processor Failure

Troubleshoot CPU, motherboard.

6 Beeps - Keyboard Controller Failure

Troubleshoot keyboard, motherboard.

7 Beeps - Virtual Mode Exception Error

Troubleshoot CPU, motherboard.

8 Beeps - Display Memory Failure

Trouleshoot display adapter, motherboard.

9 Beeps - ROM BIOS Checksum Failure

Replace ROM BIOS, troubleshoot motherboard.

10 Beeps - CMOS Shutdown Register Failure

Troubleshoot motherboard.

11 Beeps - L2 Cache Failure

Troubleshoot L2 cache, motherboard.

IBM POST Diagnostic Code Descriptions 100 - 199 System Board 200 - 299 Memory 300 - 399 Keyboard

400 - 499 Monochrome Display 500 - 599 Color/Graphics Display 600 - 699 Floppy-disk drive and/or Adapter 700 - 799 Math Coprocessor 900 - 999 Parallel Printer Port

1000 - 1099 Alternate Printer Adapter 1100 - 1299 Asynchronous Communication Device, Adapter, or Port 1300 - 1399 Game Port 1400 - 1499 Color/Graphics Printer 1500 - 1599 Synchronous Communication Device, Adapter, or Port 1700 - 1799 Hard Drive and/or Adapter 1800 - 1899 Expansion Unit (XT) 2000 - 2199 Bisynchronous Communication Adapter 2400 - 2599 EGA system-board Video (MCA) 3000 - 3199 LAN Adapter 4800 - 4999 Internal Modem

7000 - 7099 Phoenix BIOS Chips 7300 - 7399 3.5” Disk Drive 8900 - 8999 MIDI Adapter 11200 - 11299 SCSI Adapter 21000 - 21099 SCSI Fixed Disk and Controller 21500 - 21599 SCSI CD-ROM System

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Agenda

Unit of competency Summary questions Inventory Occupational Health and Safety Disassembly and Assembly of PC Software installations Computer configurations Device driver installation Cabling configurations Networking Electronics symbols Acronyms Oral question and answer

Unit of Competency

Install Computer System and Networks

Diagnose and Troubleshoot Computer System

Configure Computer System and Networks

Maintain Computer System and Networks

INVENTORY

Computer Casing ( Mini Tower Casing) Mother Board (Socket 478 / LGA 775) Microprocessor (Pentium 4 / Core2Duo) Power Supply (ATX 500 Watts) Memory modules (DDR1 /DDR2) Video Card (AGP/PCIE) Modem Drives (Optical / Hard disk drives) Cables AVR

TOOLS

Anti Static protection (wrist wrap) Pliers Screw drivers Multi-meter (VOLT OHM Meter) Cable Tester Crimping tool Side Cutter Gloves UTP Cable Cable tie Logic Probe

WORK AREA

Table / work board Rubber matt Extension power cord ( 220V )

Equipment

Printer Personal Computer with LAN

Occupational health and safety

OHS

- Always ground yourself before touching any part of the computer. - Do not work alone. - Be careful with tools that may cause short circuit. - Replace only fuses with those proper ratings. - Always power off and unplug the computer before working on it. - Wear hard hat when someone working above you. - When making circuit changes, switch off and unplug the power cord from the equipment then discharge the capacitors.

PC Assembly

Discharge yourself before touching any part of the computer.

Apply 5S . Segregate and arrange the computer peripherals .

Casing configurations. Open the case and install the power supply.

Mother board configurations. Install the CPU, CPU fan and RAM. Install the motherboard to the case and screw.

Connect the power, switches and IDE connectors to the mother board.

Inspect all connectors, be sure that it is in a proper places and tighten.

Connect the external part peripherals

Switch on the computer system

PC disassembly:

Switch off and unplug the computer from the power source.

Disconnect all the external connector peripherals.

Open the case.

Unplug all the internal connectors from the mother board.

Unscrew the power supply.

Unscrew all the drives (HDD,CDROM and Floppy drives)

Unscrew the mother board.

CMOS/BIOS/POST Configurations:

CMOS Configuration. Press delete key for 5 to 10 seconds upon booting the computer to enter the CMOS Setup Utility for the CLONE Computers

Change the booting sequence into CDROM/DVDROM first to boot.

Insert the CD OS installer .

Press any key. Forcing the system to boot from CDROM drive in which the CD OS installer located. Then follow screen instruction.

Partitioning the Hard disk drive:

Press D key in order to delete partition

Press C key in order to create partition

Press L key to confirm the deletion of the partition

Delete the existing capacity eg. 40000mb. Then enter new required capacity eg. 20000mb.

Formatting the Hard disk drive:

Choose NTFS quick formatting to quickly format your hard disk.

Note: Best practice is selecting NTFS because it can handle larger than 32 gig capacity , supports file-level security compression and auditing, and has the ability of file and folder encryption.

Product Key

Comes from the vendor or someone who give the OS. Normally it is place at the cover of the CD.

Computer Name Organizations / Workgroup

Put the unique computer name eg. your name Put the organization as simple as possible eg. home or office. Put the workgroup as simple as possible eg. tesda or lsgh or anhs

Firewall Configuration stage

Select On the firewall or the tab which indicated as RECOMMENDED.

Internet configuration stage

Select skip. Please note that the LAN card is not yet configure so there is no chance that you can connect directly to the internet/network at this stage.

Creating Prime User

You must create prime user account other than administrator in order to continue the installation. Use user account as simple as possible eg. User1.

Device Driver installation

Manual and automatic installation. Before installation please visit the device manager tab – to view the hardware components device software installed or not. Automatic installation. Place the CD device software installer in to the CDROM Drive then wait until it prompt then follow screen instructions. Manual installation. It is recommended for trouble shooting / isolation purposes.

Printer installation

For old printers such as dot matrix etc. Connect the printer cable to the system unit’s printer port. Connect the power cord to the outlet then switch ON the printer. Insert the CD printer installer. Allow the System to detect the printer. Install the printer driver software automatic or manual technique.

Cable Configurations and Networking

Sharing the Printer

- After installing the printer’s driver software there will be an icon created inside the printer/fax tab icon in the control panel. - Locate the appropriate printer’s name then right click. Click the sharing security, then click OK.

ACRONYMS

ACL Access Control List ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter ADF Automatic Document Feeder ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AGP Accelerated Graphics Port AIFF Audio Interchange File Format AIX Advanced Interactive Executive ANSI American National Standards Institute API Application Program Interface ARP Address Resolution Protocol ASCII American Standard Code For Information Interchange ASP Active Server Page ASP Application Service Provider ATA Advanced Technology Attachment ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BCC Blind Carbon Copy BIOS Basic Input/Output System BLOB Binary Large Object BMP Bitmap CAD Computer-Aided Design CC Carbon Copy CCD Charged Coupled Device CD Compact Disc CD-R Compact Disc Recordable CD-ROM Compact Disc Read-Only Memory CD-RW Compact Disc Re-Writable CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CGI Common Gateway Interface CISC Complex Instruction Set Computing CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CMYK Cyan Magenta Yellow Black CPA Cost Per Action CPC Cost Per Click CPL Cost Per Lead CPM Cost Per 1,000 Impressions CPS Classroom Performance System CPU Central Processing Unit CRM Customer Relationship Management CRT Cathode Ray Tube CSS Cascading Style Sheet CTP Composite Theoretical Performance CTR Click-Through Rate DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter DBMS Database Management System DDR Double Data Rate DDR2 Double Data Rate 2 DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DIMM Dual In-Line Memory Module DLL Dynamic Link Library DMA Direct Memory Access DNS Domain Name System DOS Disk Operating System DPI Dots Per Inch DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DRM Digital Rights Management DSL Digital Subscriber Line DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer DTD Document Type Definition DV Digital Video DVD Digital Versatile Disc DVD+R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable DVD+RW Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable DVD-R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable DVD-RAM Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory DVD-RW Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable DVI Digital Video Interface DVR Digital Video Recorder ECC Error Correction Code EDI Electronic Data Interchange EPS Encapsulated PostScript EUP Enterprise Unified Process FAQ Frequently Asked Questions FIFO First In, First Out FIOS Fiber Optic Service FLOPS Floating Point Operations Per Second FPU Floating Point Unit FSB Frontside Bus FTP File Transfer Protocol GIF Graphics Interchange Format; Applied To Image Format As .gif GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out GIS Geographic Information Systems GPS Global Positioning System GPU Graphics Processing Unit GUI Graphical User Interface GUID Globally Unique Identifier HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface HDTV High Definition Televsion HDV High-Definition Video HFS Hierarchical File System HSF Heat Sink And Fan HTML Hyper-Text Markup Language HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTPS HyperText Transport Protocol Secure I/O Input/Output ICANN Internet Corporation For Assigned Names And Numbers ICF Internet Connection Firewall ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ICS Internet Connection Sharing IDE Integrated Device Electronics IDE Integrated Development Environment IEEE Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers IGP Integrated Graphics Processor IM Instant Message IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol INTERNIC Internet Network Information Center IP Internet Protocol IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange IRC Internet Relay Chat IRQ Interrupt Request ISA Industry Standard Architecture ISCSI Internet Small Computer Systems Interface ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISO International Organization For Standardization ISP Internet Service Provider IT Information Technology IVR Interactive Voice Response JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group; Applied To Image Format As .jpeg JRE Java Runtime Environment JSP Java Server Page KBPS Kilobits Per Second KDE K Desktop Environment KVM Switch Keyboard, Video, And Mouse Switch LAN Local Area Network LCD Liquid Crystal Display LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LIFO Last In, First Out LPI Lines Per Inch LUN Logical Unit Number MAC (ADDRESS) Media Access Control Address MANET Mobile Ad Hoc Network MBPS Megabits Per Second MCA Micro Channel Architecture MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIPS Million Instructions Per Second MP3 MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3 MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group; Video Format MTU Maximum Transmission Unit NAT Network Address Translation NETBIOS Network Basic Input/Output System NIC Network Interface Card NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol NOC Network Operations Center NTFS New Technology File System OASIS Organization For The Advancement Of Structured Information Standards OCR Optical Character Recognition ODBC Open Database Connectivity OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OLAP Online Analytical Processing OLE Object Linking And Embedding OOP Object-Oriented Programming P2P Peer To Peer PC Personal Computer PCB Printed Circuit Board PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI-X Peripheral Component Interconnect Extended PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDF Portable Document Format PHP Hypertext Preprocessor PIM Personal Information Manager PMU Power Management Unit PNG Portable Network Graphic; Image Format POP3 Post Office Protocol PPC Pay Per Click PPGA Plastic Pin Grid Array PPI Pixels Per Inch PPL Pay Per Lead PPM Pages Per Minute PPP Point To Point Protocol PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol PRAM Parameter Random Access Memory PS/2 Personal System/2 QBE Query By Example RAID Redundant Array Of Independent Disks RAM Random Access Memory RDF Resource Description Framework RDRAM Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory RGB Red Green Blue RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing RJ45 Registered Jack ROM Read-Only Memory RPC Remote Procedure Call RPM Revenue Per 1,000 Impressions. (M Is The Roman Numeral For 1,000) RSS RDF Site Summary RTE Runtime Environment RTF Rich Text Fomat RUP Rational Unified Process SAN Storage Area Network SATA Serial Advanced Technology Attachment SCSI Small Computer System Interface SD Secure Digital SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory SDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line SEM Search Engine Marketing SEO Search Engine Optimization SIMM Single In-Line Memory Module SKU Stock Keeping Unit SLI Scalable Link Interface SMART Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Technology SMB Server Message Block SMS Short Message Service SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SO-DIMM Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module SOA Service Oriented Architecture SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol SQL Structured Query Language SRAM Static Random Access Memory SRGB Standard Red Green Blue SSH Secure Shell SSID Service Set Identifier SSL Secure Sockets Layer TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TFT Thin-Film Transistor TIFF Tagged Image File Format; Image Format TTL Time To Live (DNS) TWAIN Toolkit Without An Informative Name UDDI Universal Description Discovery And Integration UDP User Datagram Protocol UML Unified Modeling Language UNC Universal Naming Convention UPNP Universal Plug And Play UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply URI Uniform Resource Identifier URL Uniform Resource Locator USB Universal Serial Bus UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair VCI Virtual Channel Identifier VESA Video Electronics Standards Association VFAT Virtual File Allocation Table VGA Video Graphics Array VLB VESA Local Bus VLE Virtual Learning Environment VOIP Voice Over Internet Protocol VPI Virtual Path Identifier VPN Virtual Private Network VPS Virtual Private Server VRAM Video Random Access Memory VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language WAIS Wide Area Information Server WAN Wide Area Network WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy WI-FI Wireless Fidelity WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access WWW World Wide Web XHTML Extensible Hypertext Markup Language XML Extensible Markup Language XSLT Extensible Style Sheet Language Transformation Y2K Year 2000 ZIF Zero Insertion Force

50 Parts and Functions

1. Monitor - A Monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the Screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.

2. Keyboard - A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys

3. Mouse - A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It’s small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.

4. System Unit - The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it’s a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the “brain” of your computer.

5. Speaker - Speakers are used to play sound. They can be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

6. Printer - A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don’t need a printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and other material. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.

7. CD-ROM/ DVD Drive - An optical disk drive (ODD) uses a laser light to read data from or write data to an optical disc. These include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. This allows you to play music or watch movies using pre-recorded discs. Computer software also often comes on one of these discs, so you need an optical drive to install software. Most modern drives allow you to write to an empty disc, so you can create your own music CDs or create a back-up copy of important data

8. Computer Fan - A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component.

9. Hard Drive - This is long term storage. You are in control of what gets stored here, and what to delete, move, etc. There are two main kinds of hard drives - flash storage and disk storage. Flash is faster and more efficient, but does not have the same memory capacity as disk drives.

10. Power Supply - Like your heart, the computer is dead without a power supply. In a traditional desktop, this is a device which converts the AC power from your wall into regulated useful power to the different components on the computer. In a laptop, this could be the battery

11. Power Cable - To provide power from a power source to some piece of equipment or tool. The basic and sole purpose of a power cable is to transport electrical energy from the source of the electricity to the device, example; Computer, Computer Monitor It is a colored wire that connects to the motherboard in order to transfer electricity.

12. Sound Card - A sound card converts digital data to sound. This allows you to listen to music from your computer using speakers or headphones. Learn about the different types of sound cards and how they work.

13. Video Card - A video card (also called a video adapter, display card, graphics card, graphics board, display adapter, graphics adapter or frame buffer and sometimes preceded by the word discrete or dedicated to emphasize the distinction between this implementation and integrated graphics) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display (such as a computer monitor). Within the industry, video cards are sometimes called graphics add-in-boards, abbreviated as AIBs, with the word “graphics” usually omitted.

14. Floppy Disk Drive - Floppy Disk Drive is a tool for writing, reading data, it also serves as an output device (recorder) data.

15. Heat Sink - In electronic systems, a heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that cools a device by dissipating heat into the surrounding medium. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool central processing units or graphics processors. Heat sinks are used with high-power semiconductor devices such as power transistors and optoelectronics such as lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs), where the heat dissipation ability of the basic device is insufficient to moderate its temperature.

16. PCI Express Slot - PCI Express connections can support such fast data transfer rates, they can be used to connect high-speed devices such as Gigabit Ethernet cards and high-end video cards. For this reason, PCI Express is expected to replace both PCI and AGP connections. Fortunately, PCI Express was designed to be backwards compatible with both PCI hardware and software. However, to use a PCI Express card, your computer must have at least one available PCI Express slot.

17. Motherboard - A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board, or colloquially, amobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the processor and other components.

18. Central Processing Unit - A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.

19. PCI Slot - The Peripheral Component Interconnect slots, commonly known as the PCI slots, refers to a computer bus. The computer bus is used by the computer to connect to peripheral add-on devices, such as a pci video card, network cards, sound cards, tv tuners, firewire cards, graphics cards and many other types of extension cards.

20. S/PDIF Port - S/PDIF stands for “Sony/Phillips Digital Interface.” The S/PDIF port allows you to transfer digital sound to an amplifier or television. It can play PDM and Dolby Digital audio and is not restricted by file type or sampling rate. The sampling rate of an audio track is how many samples per second the track has. Samples are the bits of data that contain the audio track when they are put together. S/PDIF can handle various sampling rates to get quality sound to your television speakers or an amplifier.

21. 3 Pin Case Fan Connector - 3-pin is controlled by increasing the voltage, you can connect a 3-pin to a 4-pin header and change the setting in the BIOS to control with voltage instead of PWM.22. PS/2 mouse port (green) & PS/2 Keyboard (purple) - The PS/2 connector is a 6-pin Mini-DIN connector used for connecting some keyboards and mice to a PC compatiblecomputer system. Its name comes from the IBM Personal System/2 series of personal computers, with which it was introduced in 1987. The PS/2 mouse connector generally replaced the older DE-9 RS-232 “serial mouse” connector, while the PS/2 keyboard connector replaced the larger 5-pin/180° DIN connector used in the IBM PC/AT design. The PS/2 designs on keyboard and mouse interfaces are electrically similar and EMPLOYthe same communication protocol. However, a given system’s keyboard and mouse port may not be interchangeable since the two devices use a different set of commands.23. AGP Slot - Stands for “Accelerated Graphics Port.” AGP is a type of expansion slot designed specifically for graphics cards. It was developed in 1996 as an alternative to the PCIstandard. Since the AGP interface provides a dedicatedbus for graphics data, AGP cards are able to render graphics faster than comparable PCI graphics cards.

24. Video Graphics Array (VGA) - A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and high definition television sets. On laptop computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port is sometimes used in place of the full-sized VGA connector.

25. Audio Port - An audio port on a computer is any receptacle or jack to which an audio device such as speakers, headphones or a microphone can be connected. All laptops and some desktops have built-in speakers, but for better sound or privacy, you will need to connect external audio through one of the ports.

26. RJ45 Network (LAN) Port - Sockets on computers and network devices are known as “ports.” A network port is also called a LAN port — LAN stands for local area network — which is an industry term for a private network. The leading set of standards for the physical properties of LANs is called Ethernet. The Ethernet recommendations evolve over time, each new addition creating faster and more efficient networks. The latest series of Ethernet standards covers networks that can transfer data at more than a thousand million bits per second — a gigabit LAN. RJ45 is the common name for connecting the network cable to the computer.

27. IEEE 1394 Port - FireWire is Apple’s name for the IEEE 1394 High Speed Serial Bus. It was initiated by Apple (in 1986[4]) and developed by the IEEE P1394 Working Group, largely driven by contributions from Apple, although major contributions were also made by engineers from Texas Instruments, Sony, Digital Equipment Corporation, IBM, and INMOS/SGS Thomson (now STMicroelectronics).

28. USB Port - A USB port is a standard cable connection interface on personal computers and consumer electronics. USB ports allow stand-alone electronic devices to be connected via cables to a computer (or to each other).

29. DVI (Digital Visual Interface) - Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video display interface developed by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). Thedigital interface is used to connect a video source, such as a display controller to a display device, such as a computer monitor. It was developed with the intention of creating an industry standard for the transfer of digital video content.

30. P4 Power Connector - Intel Pentium 4 and some AMD Athlon computers also require a special connector known, appropriately enough, as the P4 connector. This is located on the motherboard, usually (but always) somewhere near the CPU. On computers that don’t need the P4 connector, it is unused. Just tie it off out of the way of fans, other components, and metal parts.

31. AC Power Cord - The cord that connects your computer to the AC power source has the distinction of being just about the only thing on your computer that has remained relatively unchanged since the early days of the PC.

32. SATA Power Connector - And as if the existing assortment of power connectors weren’t enough, SATA drives use yet another type of power connector that’s specially designed to enable “hot-swapping” the drives.

33. Molex Connector - PATA hard drives and most other IDE devices use a standardized, 4-conductor power connector like the one shown at the right, which is called a Molex or P5 connector. This connector is becoming a lot less common as SATA displaces PATA as the drive interface standard for desktop computers.

34. Floppy Drive Power Connector - Floppy drives and some older CD-ROM drives and other IDE devices connect using an even smaller power connector called a P7, which is shown on the right. Although the connector is keyed, it’s very easy to force it on the wrong way. Even a skinny-armed geek can do it. So if it doesn’t slip on easily, you probably have it on backwards. Don’t force it! Think brains, not brawn.

35. Fan Power Leads - Most motherboards have a connector for the leads for the CPU fan and at least one one case fan. These provide both power and, in most cases, RPM monitoring and thermal control. If your motherboard has a header labeled CPU FAN, that’s what it’s for. Some motherboards also have headers for the chassis fan and/or the chipset cooler, as well.

36. Northbridge - In Northbridge/Southbridge chipset architecture designs, the Northbridge is the chip or chips that connect a CPU to memory, the PCI bus, Level 2 cache and AGP activities. The Northbridge chips communicate with the CPU through the FSB. The Northbridge chip is one of two chips that control the functions of the chipset.

37. Front Power Leads - Every computer case comes with a set of wires that connects the motherboard to the LED’s and switches on the front panel. These connectors include those for the power and reset switches, the power LED and hard drive activity LED, and the system speaker. They connect to a bus block on the motherboard.

38. Southbridge - In Northbridge/Southbridge chipset architecture designs, the Southbridge is the chip that controls all of the computers I/O functions, such as USB, audio, serial, the system BIOS, the ISA bus, the interrupt controller and the IDE channels. In other words, all of the functions of a processor except memory, PCI and AGP.

39. Capacitor - A capacitor is a device that can store electrical charge. Because it can store a charge and then release that charge, it resists any change of voltage across it. Because of this, it can be used to “damp” changes in voltage, and it can also be used to block DC while permitting AC to “pass through” it (which is called filtering or coupling, depending on the circuit).

40. CPU Socket - A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical component(s) that provides mechanical and electrical connections between amicroprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB). This allows the CPU to be replaced without soldering.

41. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) - Automatic Voltage Regulator, AVR is a hardware device used to maintain a voltage to electronic devices.

42. Random Access Memory - Random-access memory (RAM /ræm/) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read and written in roughly the same amount of time regardless of the order in which data items are accessed.[1] In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement delays.

43. Memory Slot - A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot is what allows computer memory (RAM) to be inserted into the computer. Depending on the motherboard, there may be 2 to 4 memory slots (sometimes more on high-end motherboards) and are what determine the type of RAM used with the computer. The most common types of RAM are SDRAM and DDR for desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop computers, each having various types and speeds. In the picture below, is an example of what memory slots may look like inside a desktop computer. In this picture, there are three open available slots for three memory sticks.

44. Super I/O Chip - Super I/O is a class of I/O controller integrated circuits that began to be used on personal computer motherboards in the late 1980s, originally as add-in cards, later embedded on the motherboards. A super I/O chip combines interfaces for a variety of low-bandwidthdevices. The functions below are usually provided by the super I/O if they are on the motherboard.

45. CMOS - Alternatively referred to as a Real-Time Clock (RTC), Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM) or CMOS RAM, CMOS is short for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS is an on-board, battery powered semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information. This information ranges from the system time and date to system hardware settings for your computer. The picture shows an example of the most common CMOS coin cell battery used to power the CMOS memory.

46. Sata Connector/Port - Connectors and cables present the most visible differences between SATA and parallel ATA drives. Unlike PATA, the same connectors are used on 3.5-inch (89 mm) SATA hard disks (for desktop and server computers) and 2.5-inch (64 mm) disks (for portable or small computers).

47. MODEM CARD - To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher speed modems are usually separate components.

48. IDE CABLE - IDE, an acronym for Integrated Drive Electronics, is a standard type of connection for storage devices in a computer.Generally, IDE it refers to the types of cables and ports used to connect some hard drives and optical drives to each other and to the motherboard.

49. Floppy CABLE - A floppy cable is a ribbon cable found in PC computers that allow one or more floppy disk drives to be connected to a computer. In the illustration to the right, is a visual example of what a floppy cable may look like and where each end of connectors connect. As can be seen, this cable allows a desktop computer to have two floppy drives connected to one floppy controller.

50. SATA CABLE - SATA, short for Serial ATA, is an IDE standard for connecting devices like optical drives and hard drives to the motherboard.The term SATA generally refers to the types of cables and connections that follow this standard.

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