CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS AND RACIAL VIOLENCE p.3
1911
National Urban League founded.
1914
Marcus Garvey establishes the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).
November William Monroe Trotter confronts Woodrow Wilson in the White House over the president’s support for segregation in federal offices.
1915
Debut of the D.W. Griffith film, The Birth of a Nation.
Failure of African American lawsuit against the U.S. Treasury Department for compensation for labor rendered under slavery.
CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS AND RACIAL VIOLENCE lvii
November William J. Simmons refounds the Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain in Georgia.
1916
Madison Grant publishes The Passing of the Great Race, detailing his drastic prescription—including eugenics—to save the white race from being overwhelmed by ‘‘darker races.’’
May Jesse Washington, a seventeen-year-old illiterate black farm hand, is lynched in Waco, Texas.
1917
May–July East St. Louis, Illinois, riots.
August Houston, Texas, mutiny of black soldiers at Camp Logan.
1918
After protesting the lynching of her husband, Mary Turner, then eight months pregnant, is herself brutally lynched in Valdosta, Georgia.
April Congressman Leonidas C. Dyer of Missouri introduces an anti-lynching bill into Congress (the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill is defeated in 1922).
July Chester and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, riots.
1919
NAACP publishes Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States: 1889–1918 by Martha Gruening and Helen Boardman.
May Charleston, South Carolina, riot.
Summer Known as ‘‘Red Summer’’ because of the great number of people killed in various race riots around the country.
July Longview, Texas, riot.
Publication of Claude McKay’s sonnet, ‘‘If We Must Die.’’
Chicago, Illinois, riot.
Washington, D.C., riot.
August Knoxville, Tennessee, riot.
September Omaha, Nebraska, riot.
September–
October
Elaine, Arkansas, riot.
1920
Founding of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, a major interracial reform organization in the South.
1921
April Tulsa, Oklahoma, riot.
1922
Anti-Lynching Crusaders are formed to educate Americans about lynching and work for its elimination.
Chicago Commission on Race Relations issues its influential report on the 1919
Chicago riots.
lviii CHRONOLOGY OF AMERICAN RACE RIOTS AND RACIAL VIOLENCE
1923
January Rosewood, Florida, riot.
February U.S. Supreme Court decision in Moore v. Dempsey leads to eventual release of
twelve African Americans in Arkansas who were convicted in perfunctory mobdominated trials of killing five whites during the Elaine, Arkansas, riots of 1919.
1929
Publication of Walter White’s Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch.
1930
Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) is founded in Detroit, Michigan, by W.D. Fard.
Formation of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, the first organization of white women opposed to lynching.
October Sainte Genevieve, Missouri, riot.
1931
Scottsboro Case occurs in Alabama; the case comprises a series of trials arising outof allegations that nine African American youths raped two white girls in Scottsboro,
Alabama.
1932
Supreme Court renders a decision in Powell v. Alabama, a case related to the Scottsboro, Alabama, incident of 1931.
1934
Elijah Muhammad assumes leadership of the Nation of Islam.
1935
March Harlem, New York, riot.
1936
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt addresses the annual conventions of both the NAACP and National Urban League.
1939
Billie Holiday’s first performance of the anti-lynching song Strange Fruit occurs at Cafe´ Society, New York’s only integrated nightclub.
1941
Supreme Court decision in Mitchell v. United States spurs integration of first-class railway carriages.
1942
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded as the Committee of Racial Equality.
February Double V Campaign is launched to popularize the idea that blacks should fight for
freedom abroad to win freedom at home.
1943
May Mobile, Alabama, riot.
June Beaumont, Texas, riot.
June ‘‘Zoot Suit’’ riots in Los Angeles, California.
July Detroit, Michigan, riot.
August New York City (Harlem) riot.
1944
Publication of Karl Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy.
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