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indiejones · 2 years

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INDIES TOP 275 ACTORS OF 1940’s BOLLYWOOD !

1. .K. L. Saigal

2. .Jayant

3. .Gajanan Jagirdar

4. .Karan Dewan

5. .Shyam

6. .Bharat Bhushan

7. .Prem Adib

8. .Master Nissar

9. .Paidi Jairaj

10. .Surendra

11. .Dev Anand

12. .Kishore Sahu

13. .Dixit

14. .Shyam Sunder

15. .Balraj Sahni

16. .Hamid

17. .Ashok Kumar

18. .K. Pandit

19. .L. Narayan Rao

20. .Sohrab Modi

21. .Sapru

22. .Manher Desai

23. .Master Vithal

24. .V.H. Desai

25. .Ashiq Hussain

26. .Aftab

27. .M. Esmail

28. .Ghulam Rasool

29. .David

30. .Ghulam Mohammad

31. .Sheikh Mukhtar

32. .Premnath

33. .John Cawas

34. .M. Musa

35. .Paresh Bandhopadhyay

36. .Benjamin

37. .Omkar

38. .Ram Kumar

39. .Kishore Kumar

40. .Dr. G.V. Subba Rao

41. .Swaraj Mitter Gupta

42. .Romeo

43. .Sadiq

44. .Chandra Mohan

45. .Chandrakant Gokhale

46. .Sayed Ahmed

47. .Baburao

48. .Nihal Sharma

49. .Shiv Dayal

50. .Pramod Chandra

51. .Ramesh Thakur

52. .Prithviraj Kapoor

53. .Shivraj

54. .Anil Kumar

55. .Ata Mohammad

56. .Asit Sen

57. .Jeevan Lal

58. .Tulsi Chakraborty

59. .Balakram

60. .Sachin Ghosh

61. .Sham Laha

62. .Ravi

63. .Harishchandra

64. .Munshi Munakka

65. .Ram Avtar

66. .Gope

67. .Shree Nath

68. .G. Das

69. .Umakant

70. .Jal Writer

71. .Pithawala

72. .Prakash

73. .Kumar

74. .Nana Palsikar

75. .Ranjan

76. .Mehdi Raza

77. Anand Prasad Kapoor

78. .Satish Batra

79. .Paresh Banerjee

80. .Wasti

81. .Abu Bakar

82. .Ramesh Sinha

83. .Amarnath

84. .Mohammad Farooqui

85. .Jawahar Kaul

86. .Vasant Thegdi

87. .Nandrekar

88. .Nana Madgulkar

89. .Kamlakant

90. .Harishchandra

91. .Elizer

92. .Mubarak

93. .K. C. Dey

94. .P. Kailash

95. .Dewan Sharar

96. .Rehman

97. .Hrishikesh

98. .Mirza Musharraf

99. .Rammoorthy

100. .Raj Adib

101. .Jani Babu

102. .Mukri

103. .Vijay Kumar

104. .Ramesh Gupta

105. .Pesi Patel

106. .Jankidas

107. .C.M. Hussain

108. .Parshuram

109. .Mohammed Hussain

110. .Rai Mohan

111. .Jyoti Prakash

112. .Shakir

113. .Pahari Sanyal

114. .Avinash

115. .Nazir

116. .Pran

117. .E. Billimoria

118. .Sudesh

119. .Shahu Modak

120. .Damuanna Malvankar

121. .Azim

122. .Nawaz

123. .Parulkar

124. .Rafiq Ghaznavi

125. .Murad

126. .Motilal

127. .Raj Mehra

128. .Prabhakar

129. .Salvi

130. .Noor Mohammed Charlie

131. .Balwant Singh

132. .A.R. Ojha

133. .Mahesh Kaul

134. .Tandon

135. .Sunder

136. .Satish (Nai Zindagi, 1943)

137. .Nagendra

138. .Fenty Prasad

139. .Ram Singh

140. .Dilip Bose

141. .Nayampalli

142. .Uma Dutt

143. .Arun Kumar Ahuja

144. .Om Prakash

145. .A.G. Butt

146. .Radhakrishan

147. .Badri Prasad

148. .Madhu Apte

149. .Nisar Ahmed

150. .Navinchandra

151. .Kamal Mehra

152. .Khalil

153. .Suresh

154. .Abhyankar

155. .Bhim

156. .Ulhas

157. .Prabhu Dayal

158. .Garib Shah

159. .Kamal Misra

160. .C.J. Pandey

161. .Uday Shankar

162. .Naresh Bose

163. .Vithaldas

164. .Jamshedji

165. .S.N. Tripathi

166. .Chhabi Biswas

167. .Zahur Raja

168. .Bhudo Advani

169. .Samar Roy

170. .Madan Puri

171. .Amar Mullick

172. .Arun Kumar

173. .Mithu Miya

174. .Rajendra Singh

175. .Babu Nene

176. .Dhulia

177. .Sayani Atish

178. .Sardar Mansoor

179. .V. Shantaram

180. .Dalpat

181. .Buddhadeb

182. .E. Tarapore

183. .Sushil Kumar

184. .Satish Vyas

185. .Dhiraj Bhattacharya

186. .Nimbalkar

187. .Dilip Kumar

188. .Boman Shroff

189. .Vinay Kale

190. .Gyani

191. .Trilok Kapoor

192. .Nemo

193. .Yakub / Lala Yaqub

194. .Hira Sawant

195. .Bhagwan

196. .M. Ismail

197. .Ramlal

198. .Masud

199. .Jeevan

200. .Amar Kumar

201. .Ram Kamlani

202. .Niranjan Sharma

203. .Hadi

204. .Ghorpure

205. .Jal Merchant

206. .Mahipal

207. .Nijamuddin

208. .B.M. Vyas

209. .Ajay Kumar

210. .Surve

211. .Girish

212. .Randhir

213. .Inamdar

214. .Anant Marathe

215. .Majid

216. .Ibrahim

217. .Yusuf Effendi

218. .Madhav Kale

219. .Vasant Singh

220. .Nawab

221. .Narhari Narayan Joshi

222. .Vasantrao Pehalwan

223. .Kanhaiyalal

224. .Mazhar Khan

225. .Rewashankar

226. .Shah Nawaz

227. .Raja Paranjpe

228. .Pankaj Mullick

229. .Keshavrao Date

230. .Yakub

231. .Sankatha Prasad

232. .Bipin Gupta

233. .Altaf

234. .Raj Kapoor

235. .M. Nazir

236. .S. Baburao

237. .Bhagwandas

238. .S.L. Puri

239. .Hiralal

240. .Popatlal

241. .Nazir Bedi

242. .Gulzar

243. .Hari Shivdasani

244. .Simeons

245. .Munshi Khanjar

246. .Anant Prabhu

247. .K. N. Singh

248. .Baburao Pendharkar

249. .Jagannath

250. .Nazir Kashmiri

251. .Bikram Kapoor

252. .Beg

253. .Alam

254. .Ameer Hussein

255. .Vishnupant Pagnis

256. .Bacha

257. .Narmada Shankar

258. .Mirajkar

259. .Devaskar

260. .Rai Mohan

261. .A. Karim

262. .Ajmal

263. .Haroon

264. .Kantilal

265. .N.A. Ansari

266. .Mahapatra

267. .Bhanu Banerjee

268. .Jagdish Sethi

269. .Gulshan Sufi

270. .S.D. Narang

271. .Jog Madgulkar

272. .Zahur Shah

273. .A. Shah

274. .Master Vinayak

275. .Jal Khambata

276. .Maruti Rao

277. .Agha

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darkestwolfx · 4 years

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Understanding

The promised work is finally here!

The title for this was such a struggle! I had loads of ideas, but I kept feeling like they were all too simplistic and then I just decided to go with it. There's a quote behind the title (as usual);

"Bonding is no measured by years or months of relationship. It is measured by the level of understanding." Hiral Vyas

By the way, don't be surprised if this ends up getting additional chapters at any point, but this does currently stand alone (just with space to continue, like a mini-series). It also fills an episode tag I wanted to write for 'EOS', so there's many positives. I have no clue how this got so long… Anyway, I hope you like it.

Any mistakes are my own, I've read it over several times, but the last was with tired eyes.

Another fill for a prompt by @tsarinatorment for #irrelief2020, this time for: EOS and Scott bonding time (bonus if it's over John).

I don’t know if anyone else has written you anything for this yet, but I wanted to tackle it from the moment I saw it.

Summary: Now they had to welcome the Thing into their family, it seemed, as though it wasn't enough that It had already nearly killed John, apparently. Scott has a different view to his brothers on EOS, and a long way to go. Another prompt for irrelief2020.

----

The island was quiet.

It was night, so that was to be expected.

Everyone else – every other logical human being on the island, that meant – had gone to bed, Gordon and Alan having rushed off to the call of sleep with delight and toe-breaking speed. Virgil had left more sedately, but the tiredness, the need to sleep was there in everyone. It had been a trying day, a worrying day, with backed-up rescues everywhere you turned.

Everyone had deserved their rest, and it had finally fallen quiet, so who in their right mind was willing to stand in their way. No one.

And yet, as the crickets chirruped away their evening meetings, so did another.

With the rescues waiting, there had been little time for conversation, but since Scott had made it back (and found he could stay grounded), he'd delved into exploring those details with John. Grandma had been speaking to him all afternoon, barely let him out of her sight, yet that detail still did little to soothe the storm in Scott's soul. He was almost scared to blink for fear of missing something.

Because they had missed something big creeping on up them.

Dangerously big.

Scott couldn't remember a time before now where their job as International Rescue had led to them needing to rescue each other. Yes, sometimes when they were out on a rescue, they needed each other's help, but that was different. Different to Alan having to head up to Five today with all intent and purpose to rescue John.

They'd never had to do that before, and now Scott was scared to blink in case they missed something else and needed to do so again.

After all, they'd been too late to rescue Dad.

They could have easily been too late to rescue John too.

And now, the only question was how long until it happened again, in Scott's mind, not a simple case of if or when. He knew. He had a feeling this wasn't the end.

EOS – apparently that was her name, why an AI needed a name (to give itself a name, of all things) was still beyond him – still lived on Five. And that meant the risk was there. She was a danger he was staring in the face, and yet there was nothing he could do because John had stood resolute and Alan had shrugged and mumbled something barely audible.

But Scott heard it. Big brother super senses and all that.

It's his choice… It's good.

How, after all Alan had and had nearly seen up there, the youngest could say that, Scott definitely didn't see.

EOS had nearly killed John, then nearly killed Alan, heck she'd nearly killed him and Brains and caused a skyrocket worth of trouble.

Gordon and Virgil hadn't voiced their opinions, but Scott could tell they were happy for John to have company up there. That, he knew, didn't mean they hadn't been – or were still – worried, it didn't mean they didn't care or didn't understand what – thank God – could have happened. But it unsettled Scott that there seemed to be forgiveness- no acceptance so easily.

Would they have opened their arms to The Hood moving in with them? No. Well how different was EOS? Given the reactions of his brothers he had to wonder.

There were a good many conversations to be had, and they wouldn't all fit into the space offered tonight, so Scott had to prioritise. Virgil, Gordon and Alan were all here, on the Island, he could see them. So that made John the priority to speak with.

And so that was the conversation he'd been having for the past few hours until the night had turned deeply dark and the island had settled still, even its nocturnal life falling quiet.

It was getting late, after all… or early, of course.

"Scott? Not that I mind talking to you, but… Can I close this link now?"

"No."

They'd been having this debate, in the most roundabout of ways, for the past half hour or so now. The conversation had clearly been over, and for a while they'd sat in companionable silence, but there came a time for everything to end.

However, Scott didn't want to let go.

Couldn't.

"Please?"

"No."

John sighed, weary and heavy. He was tired and he wanted to sleep even if Scott didn't.

"Fine. But just so you know, I'm going to sleep since there's nothing going on. Just sleep. So if I don't answer you, it isn't because EOS has chucked me out the airlock."

His heart did somersaults, beat twice in the same painful second, he was sure.

"John! Don't even joke!"

"What? She wouldn't do that."

Scott folded his arms, strong, across his chest, and pouted – yes, actually pouted, not that the eldest would ever admit more hear that – staring at the younger like he'd gone mad.

"She nearly did."

"Past tense, Scott."

"Are you sure you're ok? Like oxygen is flowing to your brain?"

"Yes!"

"Really?"

"Hell, Scott-"

"Because I think-"

"-yes!"

"-not!"

For a moment there was nothing but silence. Pure, harsh silence.

"John, come home."

"I am home."

"No, I mean…"

"You mean away from her."

"No." Scott blew the breath past his lips in a way John knew he only did when he was trying to (badly) cover up the fact that he was lying. "Course I don't mean that."

"I know you're lying."

"Whose lying? Not me."

"You're acting awkwardly. You never act awkwardly unless you know you've been caught lying."

John knew his tells too well. He was crap at poker for those very reasons, always had been.

"Don't turn this back on me."

"But isn't that what it's about? You?"

"No, John, this about you. Can't you see that?"

"If this was about me, as you say, then you would trust that I'm right."

The everyone else has, which should have sat at the end of that sentence went unspoken.

"I can't. Because if you're wrong, you'll…"

Silence. Even the crickets had abandoned their purpose as background noise.

"Go on."

"No."

"Scott, there any number of things that could kill me up here. EOS… she's not one of them. Now I'm going to sleep. You probably should too, it is one in the morning, and knowing our luck, they'll be a rescue within the next twenty-four hours, because otherwise we'd break our record."

"I'm ok."

"Yeah well I'm not. Sorry, Scott, tonight you can stay awake on your own."

"John…"

But it was too late. He'd done it now. He'd said enough.

"I'll leave the link open. That way you'll be able to hear me scream."

"That's unfair and you know it!"

It was, and John would see that: he already did see that. He'd apologise for it in the morning whilst he'd tried to fake the fact that he'd slept. There wasn't going to be any sleep nor peace for him tonight, and not because of the AI now inhabiting his Thunderbird. No, that wasn't the reason.

He was being very unfair to Scott, but then again, the eldest was being no fairer to him. They'd both apologise for it.

When the sun rose.

----

It had been silent for an hour.

A whole hour.

Apart from the sound of his fingers tapping against his own knee.

That was getting boring too.

-----

It had been silent for two hours.

A long two hours.

Apart from the sound of his feet repeatedly hitting the same patches of floor.

That was getting boring also.

And he might wear a hole in the carpet if he wasn't careful- hang on…

"Sorry?"

He was going mad. He was going bonkers. That was right – crazy, because the day had been a nightmare and it was now well past 3 AM, not to mention he'd been left alone with his thoughts for too long.

He was going mad.

"You'll ruin the carpet."

Oh no… he wasn't going mad. This was worse than going mad.

"You sound like John."

No! He could have kicked himself! Don't ever engage hostiles in conversation. Ignore it, Scott, he told himself resolutely.

"Is that surprising?"

"I suppose not."

Well, that lasted all of three seconds. Well done, idiot.

"He did create me."

"You created yourself. You're nothing like John!"

"But you just said… I don't comprehend."

"You're m-" He began quickly, halted, stumbled over the letters, "…mean."

"What were you going to say?"

"What?"

"You were going to say a different word." There were a good many, and what luck for him they all began with the same letter. "What was it?"

It was bloody curious, too.

"Monstrous. That's what you are. You-" He took a moment to let his fist unclench before he broke his own thumb. "You know what? Why am I even talking to you?"

"Because… Well there are many reasons; you don't like the silence. I spoke to you. You wanted John to leave the link open so you could speak to him. You don't trust me-"

"Sorry, that last one, has nothing to do with why I am talking to you. But it's true. I don't trust you."

"I'm sorry."

"Excuse me?"

"I am sorry. That is what John taught me."

Scott sat there for a moment, unsure whether his eyes were open or closed, whether his brain was working or if it had sparked and died, and more importantly, whether he was even still awake. Maybe he really had gone mad.

Stark-raving.

"You can't be sorry."

Was all he could say in the end.

He didn't want to say that the dots which gazed back at him, blue and deep and melancholy, actually looked hurt.

"I feel it."

"You don't feel anything! You're an AI!"

"Artificial Intelligence, actually."

"They're the same thing."

"Oh. I prefer the full version then."

"Yeah. You would."

Probably because it has intelligence in, he told himself. Trying not to let himself agree with the fact that yes, EOS was highly intelligent. Maybe enough so to rival John, and that was terrifying.

But… maybe, just by a smidgen, the silence that followed was more terrifying. God, if he angered her, she could kill John with such little thought and… and that would kill him. He would be powerless, just as powerless as he had been today.

Just as powerless as John had been.

And yet John, whose life it had been hanging in the balance, now seemed to be absolutely fine with the fact that he had a near-murderer on board with him. John seemed to be acting as though something hadn't just nearly ripped him to shreds, unceremoniously. Because that mattered. Really mattered. No matter how often they were out there in the way of danger, Scott always hoped his brother's ends would be peaceful, and not soon.

It was a pretty vain hope, but a man could dream, right?

"I feel."

"Do you? Because you don't bleed."

There was a little whir in answer, a little flicker of purple dots, rising higher on the right side than the left of the perfect black circle which called him in like the vision of a black hole. He didn't quite know what that meant, what it was meant to say to him, but he knew what he felt.

It was human.

It was so, so human a response.

But that… thing, wasn't.

He assumed, with no word's forthcoming, that EOS didn't understand his meaning.

"You're nothing but machinery and computer code. You break, not bleed. And then someone repairs you. John? He can bleed, and he can die, and from all the way down here, I can't fix that. I can't even say goodbye!"

EOS' head lowered – actually damn lowered like she was feeling guilt or some sort of remorse – and those blinking dots moved to yellow and flickered all over the place almost like tears, and- no.

"No! You don't feel anything, EOS, because you would have killed him without second thought."

He didn't care if he scratched holes into the carpet as he stormed from the room.

He needed sleep.

Safe to say he didn't get it.

Not one wink.

-----

It had been silent for thirty-two minutes and fifteen seconds.

Sixteen.

Thunderbird Five gracefully balanced in her orbit, shifting and whirring in accordance with the needs of the galaxy outside.

There was so much to see, but her singular eye was trained on a small piece of land in the wide expanse of ocean on the big blue ball called Earth.

-------

It had been silent for one hour, three minutes and forty-four seconds.

Forty-five.

Thunderbird Five was still here, drifting steadily.

She was still focussing on the small piece of land in the wide expanse of ocean on the big blue ball called Earth.

It didn't make anyone come.

It wasn't lonely. That was the wrong word. John was still here, but… it felt cold, empty.

She felt cold and empty…

Was that possible? She thought that maybe, maybe she should ask, but if John had managed to sleep – even though by suggestion of his vital signs he was still very much awake – she didn't want to interrupt.

It wasn't her place.

EOS had learnt only a handful of things that afternoon, relief (strange thing it was) being one of them, and John had tried to explain every niggling cog in turn. But they weren't cogs. They weren't glitches which needed fixing. They felt- no. They were fee- no. They were… emotions? Was she allowed those?

Thunderbird Five had endless resources. A complete dictionary – why, she hadn't yet asked, for it hadn't seemed the most vital at the time – was one of them. A quick search, and… no.

Emotions – such as happiness and sadness – were also known as feelings.

And she had been reliably informed that she didn't have those. Couldn't. Because she didn't bleed. She didn't breathe either, and part of her hadn't really understood. She'd since used said wonderfully equipped dictionary to look up John's proposed cause of death – suffocation, asphyxiation. There were variants on the name, endless synonyms. But one essential meaning.

A loss of air.

She'd looked it up on this thing called YouTube. Apparently, it was the source of everything visual, and Google was the source of everything written. She'd found a great scientific video which broke down the process of air leaving the lungs, and how the lack of incoming air caused hypoxia. Apparently, it could take a while to actually die, because the human heart tried to push on for as long as it could, but would eventually give in. Still then, it would take another three or so minutes for the brain to realise no, no more oxygen was coming, and shut down the organs.

She couldn't shiver. But she did.

That was when she'd tried to apologise. Properly. Not with humour, or studying, but actually apologise. By asking John what she was meant to say, what she was meant to do: how she was supposed to atone, because that was what Google suggested helped to make wrong into right. Atone for your sins, was the phrase.

John had laughed, and all she'd been able to think of, was how she nearly robbed the world of that sound.

He told her anyway and she said it – I'm sorry John. I don't want to kill you, and I'm sorry that I nearly did – and she would have said it a thousand times over. But John had looked at her, all red hair and green eyes, and bright for someone who nearly died hours ago at her han… intentions..?

And he'd said it was okay.

He forgave her.

She'd been scared.

Anyone might have reacted that way.

But anyone didn't. It was her, and yes, she knew she'd been scared, but somehow, that didn't feel like an… excuse, she'd later learned… excuse, for nearly killing him.

Scott was right. She couldn't bleed.

And if she didn't feel, then how could she have been scared?

Exactly. She had no excuse.

----

It had been three hours and twenty-two minutes since John went to 'sleep'.

It had been one hour and twenty-two minutes since Scott 'stormed' off.

It had been nineteen more minutes of thoughtful silence for EOS.

-----

It had been three hours and twenty-two minutes since John went to 'sleep'.

It had been one hour and twenty-two minutes since Scott 'stormed' off.

It had been nineteen more minutes of thoughtful silence for EOS.

And it was on the fifty-eighth second of 4:22AM when Scott had stepped back into the lounge.

The link was still open, lighting up the dimly lit space, uninhabited because people slept at this hour. EOS could have closed it. She could have closed it between now and however long ago it had been since he left her.

But she hadn't.

She was just there.

Existing.

Waiting.

But not really looking.

He'd almost sat back on the sofa by the time he clocked any real notice from her. It wasn't spoken, just a little creak of noise that gave her movements away.

She said nothing, not even as he sat and stared at her across the holographic system. He wondered if she knew what staring was yet? Whether she knew it was impolite. If Grandma caught him, she'd whack him across the ear. Well… strictly that rule applied to humans. He wasn't sure whether she'd treat him the same if his target was an AI.

"I don't like silences."

EOS gave a little flicker of those beautiful colour changing lights.

Scott cursed himself for thinking that. Beautiful. What about her was remotely beautiful? Murderous, yes.

His heart pinched tightly at that.

For calling her murderous, meant sticking her up with The Hood in his mind. And his question was, was she really that bad? She'd have killed John, yes, but…

"John's good with silence. Not me. You take after him, clearly."

"He did create me."

"I know." He answered, softly. They'd been through this before.

Not how he'd planned.

EOS gave another little mechanical whir.

Mechanical exactly, Scott.

He had to hold onto that.

"I thought- I don't comprehend."

Of course she didn't. She was like a bab- No! He couldn't lump her in with babies. You couldn't think of someone as Murderous and a baby. The two damn things didn't fit together. So what category could he throw her into?

He'd had words on the edges of his lips, but as he looked up to a waiting semi-circle of green dots, green as bright as emeralds like John's eyes…

"I…" …they died. "You know what I said… EOS," The name sounded foreign on his tone, not a complicated mix of letters, but one which was harder to say than any other name he could think of for her. "But it's not true."

EOS allowed herself a moment of pause, green dots dropping down to the odd two before flickering back to the many. She'd heard him right, but she didn't quite understand.

"John did create you. You just grew a personality."

Personality. The dictionary definition defined it as character, someone's attributes, from the big things down to the little. Like whether or not they liked alcohol or not, the helpful example on Google had suggested for the latter. For the big things, on the other hand…

"Monstrous?"

Scott blinked.

"Me?"

A whir; like the shake of a head.

"No. Me."

"You're…" Emphasis. She just used emphasis; he was bloody sure of it. He used it enough to know, after all. "I said that, didn't I?"

"You said mean."

Hmm. He knew well enough that he had said both. EOS had forced him to say both. She'd known he wanted to say something else, she'd seen that hesitation in word choice just as any human might. But she wasn't human, isn't human Scott. He had to remind himself of that. He had to. For as long as she was here, he had to remember that.

Just why was she still here?

"Um… why are you talking to me?"

"Because you don't trust me?"

Yes. Would it be that bad if he just said yes?

Hell, yes.

"I wanted John to leave the link open."

"Shall I get him?"

"No!" EOS flickered, and if she'd been human, Scott might have gone so far as to characterise that as a flinch. "No. It's fine."

He could at least see her this way.

Not that it really changed anything. He still wouldn't be able to get anywhere near John in time.

"I don't expect you to trust me."

"Trust you?"

He almost laughed, that was so fallible.

Oh, wait, that sound was him laughing.

"I wouldn't trust you if you were…"

Little orange flickers moved across his vision this time, almost catching fire as much as John's hair did in the sunlight.

"If I was..?"

"…I don't know."

"Oh. I don't understand the phrase."

"What? I don't know?"

"No, the other one."

He didn't really know how to explain that: such simple things, a simile, a metaphor. Instead he just leaned further back into the sofa.

The clock ticked over to 4:28AM.

Gods, it was too early for this.

They were just numbers.

"I wouldn't trust me."

"Is that supposed to reassure me?"

"It's the truth. Apparently, that is important."

"It is. Good people don't need to lie."

"But people lie down to sleep."

"No, I- Same word, different meaning."

"Oh, a homophone!"

"A what? EOS, have this conversation with John."

"John is…"

His heart leapt to his throat.

"…Sleeping. I shouldn't disturb him."

Not after nearly killing him.

No, she shouldn't, he thought, glad she could that. If he didn't know any better, he'd say the myriad of colour changing dots meant she was thinking. But she was pieces of machinery, technology, she couldn't think. She didn't have a brain, so how could she process thought?

Damn it all, she had to have processors, didn't she just?

Did that make her capable of thought?

Yes. John would tell him. She's an AI.

He blocked that little mental voice out. It was easier to think about her as nothing if he didn't accept the fact that she could think. Because a thinking being was too close to a living being for his liking. They were almost one in the same. She shouldn't- couldn't be either.

Not to him.

"Would you rather I talk or stay silent?"

"Why would it make a difference to me?"

"You said you don't like silences." Hell, he did. And she remembered. "But you also do not like me."

Didn't he? Of course not. She nearly killed John.

"And people do not talk to those they do not like. They call it the 'cold shoulder'. A technique…did I say it wrong? Is it the 'hard shoulder'? That was in the terminology too."

He was laughing. That's why she was asking.

"It-It's neither." She looked at him with something so akin to confusion, the same confusion he recognised off the faces of his younger brother's – a childish curiosity. Well f- "Cold shoulder is a dating term, usually."

"For not talking to people you do not like, yes?"

"Uh… More people you want to avoid because of… difficulties."

This wasn't exactly a conversation he'd been planning to have for some time. At least, certainly not with an AI, who seemed far younger than him at times, and then years older within the next second.

"Dislike. That's what Google said."

"Go- Sorry, you're an AI and you're using Google?"

He used Google, because he didn't know things, and so he could be something of an idiot, but Scott had never seen John use Google in all of his life. Books, yes. Google, never.

"It has access to everything. I have access to more, but Google – so I've found - is knowledgable."

"Aren't you knowledgeable?"

"I am unstoppable."

Cold fear gripped his lungs, suffocating…

"But I do not understand."

…Maybe puncturing was more apt.

Goodness, he was looking at a child. A damn child.

"John doesn't like Google."

"Oh."

"Yeah."

The clock ticked over to 4:37AM.

It was still so damned early. And yet far too late.

For anything, on both accounts.

And silent.

It made him feel like everyone had died, and he was living in the silent ghostly echoes of the house of the dead.

"You- You said you were sorry."

"Yes."

"You said John taught you?"

"How to be sorry, yes."

"How exactly?"

"I am sorry, and he forgave me."

"He forgave you for nearly killing him?"

A moment. A moment of little lights flickering white. That was new. And quick, shifty, like fear. God, let that not be fear.

"Yes."

Of course, John would. That was John all over, peacemaker and rift-healer.

"You're sorry?"

A little nod. That was a nod, right? Not his eyes playing tricks?

"And John forgave you?"

"I feel it."

Machines couldn't feel anything, let alone forgiveness.

"You're an Artificial Intelligence.

"AI, actually."

"You prefer Artificial Intelligence." He could have slapped himself in the face. Why in heaven's name had he remembered that!

"You said they were the same thing. So it doesn't matter."

It shouldn't matter… but somehow it did. Everyone was allowed to have a preference. Everyone living that was.

"How do I bleed?"

"You don't. You're a machine, you don't have flesh."

"But I want to know what it feels like."

"I thought you said you could feel?"

"I can… But I want to know what it feels like."

"EOS… I don't understand, ok?"

"If I know what it feels like… I can feel."

How cryptic was that? In fact, it sounded exactly like something John would say. Great. He had to stop associating her with John, sooner rather than later.

"How do you work that one out, then?"

And stop responding to her. For all he knew, this is what she wanted, to reel them all in… but she was…

"Because if I can bleed not just break, you said I can feel."

"I didn't say that."

"You said I don't feel anything. Because I break. Not bleed."

"Ok, I said that. I didn't quite say… Oh… Look, you can't bleed EOS, it isn't possible. Not physically."

"Right." Another set of whirs, flickers of yellow. A pause. An actual pause for thought - sh- "I can look on Google."

"For?"

"What it feels like to bleed."

"I wouldn't recommend that."

He scolded his mind for thinking about safe searches. This was an AI, not a child, not a human, she was- it was Nothing to him.

"But it's the only way I'll know."

"You're not meant know. You're meant to-"

"Yes?"

"Crunch numbers and run programs."

"I c."

"It's see not c."

"Sorry?"

"When you say that you see something, it's the word not the letter."

"I see."

"Yeah."

He set his hand to his forehead. Why was he still here? Doing this… talking thing? Oh yeah, because he couldn't sleep and usually that meant sitting here and talking to John, but instead of John he'd got-

Her.

The clock ticked over to 4:44 AM.

What a funny time of night. Morning. Day.

He was sitting awake with an AI that was like a newly born child, but also so dangerously close to a killer.

And some part of him was feeling strangely… ok(?) with that.

What had the world come to?

The clock ticked over to 4:45AM.

"Had I killed him…"

If felt like a knife twisting in his chest.

"I would have regretted it."

"You… what?"

"Regret. Wishing you hadn't done something or that you could undo something which is. A feeling of deep longing to be able to go back, of grieving for that which is gone, of shame that you couldn't change it or played a part in it."

She could have looked that up. Yeah, she could easily have Googled that and lifted it all from there. She was smart, EOS, as smart as John it seemed, so of course she was capable of that.

But then again, she'd looked up cold shoulder and got the wrong idea on that, and she hardly knew the difference between 'see' and 'c'. Yes, that, regret, that she seemed to understand. Scott could feel that she-

"You'd like to break me. Because you're angry. You're angry that I nearly killed him. That I would have. You're angry with me, but you're angry with yourself too, because you didn't notice sooner, and you can't get here, and you feel…"

He felt..?

There were a great many things he was currently feeling.

"More than powerless or helpless." Tell him about it. "You feel out of control."

The clock ticked over to 4:47AM.

He desperately did, deep down.

Now, just how did she happen to pick that one?

But… that couldn't have been chance. She couldn't have Googled that. Google wouldn't have told her what he was feeling. Picking out the right emotion, the one that he didn't want to admit to, that was a John trick. Oh, damn it all.

"You know what I'm feeling?"

"You told me. You said… I just listened."

She listened. She listened and she remembered, and she learnt. That was one of the developmental stages. Oh, she was good.

"But, I don't feel anything."

No, try: only everything.

"I wouldn't say that's true."

"But you said-"

"I know what I said. But I, you see I… I'm not always… I mean I… I can get things-"

He couldn't say it.

"Wrong?" So she said it for him.

He nodded.

"I got things wrong. Very wrong. I don't want anything to happen to John, and I don't intend to let anything happen. I'm controlling the life support systems now."

A beat wracked his rib cage, resonating, settling.

"I'll warn you, if they're ever close to failing, so that you can have time to come up here and say goodbye. That's a kind thing to do isn't it? But you wouldn't have to, I'd fix them before that happened. I'm intelligent."

And modest.

"And-"

Silence.

Scott didn't like silences, and this time it wasn't because it felt like being surrounded by ghosts.

It was an absence. One he felt keenly for all that some part of him still hated himself for feeling.

But how could he not? He was only human, after all.

"And?"

"I'm sorry… Scott."

"I know you are, EOS."

There was a little creek, a lowering of the head and a flicker of the brightest, deepest shade of purple he'd ever seen.

He didn't quite know what that meant, what it was meant to say to him, but he knew what he felt.

It was human.

It was so, so human a response that it could never have come from a machine.

And that, that his eyes rested upon, was EOS.

His lips quipped up into a very tense, very pulled smile, but it lasted.

It lasted a moment.

The little flicker of blue to green somehow told him that she was smiling too.

-------

It had taken another three hours before John reappeared.

The sun was rising, and Scott still hadn't slept a wink. He'd been... busy.

EOS had access to everything, and yet still felt like she knew next to nothing.

"Scott-"

"John listen-"

"-I'm sorry."

"Can you both be sorry? Is that possible?"

"Yes EOS. There's no ownership on emotions."

No. They were free. For all to feel.

"And why are you apologising?"

"Because I said things that I shouldn't."

"And so you seek forgiveness?"

"John knows I've already forgiven him. That's what families do."

"I see."

"EOS, that includes you."

John felt his brows raise towards his hairline.

"I need to get some sleep."

"It's nearly eight in the morning."

"Yes, but I spent last night explaining the great world of Google. You were right John, it's terribly incorrect."

"What was Scott doing on Google?"

"He was telling me what a hard shoulder is. It's a lane of road apparently."

"Why did you Google that?"

"Because I was trying to understand how to approach someone who doesn't like you."

"But those two things have nothing in common."

"No. As I now know."

"Scott told you?"

"Yes."

"Right, but… You and Scott?"

"Aren't friends. Yet."

"Yet?"

"Apparently we'll get there."

"Right."

"He hasn't forgiven me yet, but he thinks he can. He knows I'm sorry and that's a good start."

"I see."

"That's the word see, John. Not the letter c, and not to be confused with the blue thing down there called the sea. Which is apparently full of salt."

John felt his eyes widen, almost comically, as Gordon and Alan would have claimed.

"Scott teach you all that?"

"We had a conversation of sorts."

"That's good. That's a good thing."

"I believe it is."

So did John for that matter.

Although for the life of him he couldn't piece together exactly what sort of conversation he must have missed to get them there.

--------

"You're not monstrous, that wasn't fair of me."

"I think it was."

"No, it was just anger, talking. You're right, I feel out of control and I hate that."

"Would you like me to give you control of my processing systems and-"

"No, no, EOS, it's alright. I'll get there."

"Get where?"

"To forgiving you."

"And that's a good thing, yes?"

"That will be a good thing. Yes."

#Thunderbirds are go #EOS #John Tracy #Scott Tracy #bonding #mutual understanding #google #Darkestwolfx #Tsarinatorment #support your fanfic authors #Writer's on tumblr #irrelief2020 #irrelief #TAG #ITV #AI #not sure what else to tag #brotherly love #hiral vyas

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loyallogic · 4 years

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Critical Analysis of Lalita Kumari v. Govt. of U.P.

This article has been written by Jay Vyas, a BA.LLB student at Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai.

Introduction

On 13th November 2013, the Supreme Court of India consisting of a five Judge bench passed a Landmark Judgement which is cited even today in the midst of the Rafale case. However this Judgement is not free from criticism. The Five Judge bench held that once a cognizable offense is made out under Section 154 of CRPC the police have to mandatorily register the FIR.

In this article, I argue that this Judgement is against the jurisprudence of previous notable judgments of the Supreme Court like Abhinandan Jha v. Dinesh Mishra. This case has raised eyebrows regarding the power of the Police to conduct Preliminary Inquiry, Principles of Malicious Prosecution. In this article I also argue that Mandatory registration of FIR by the police without proper scrutiny is a dangerous and extreme position held by the Supreme Court which is contrary to Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Furthermore the court failed to consider the consequences of an FIR registered against a citizen and the social stigma a person has to face. The article concludes that the judgment ends up showing intentions of giving dictatorial power to police and takes away many rights essential in seeking criminal remedy, thus, defeating the very purpose of people approaching the police for enforcement of their rights, and nullifying the purpose of the criminal justice system.

The three-Judge bench in Lalita Kumari v. Govt. of UP and Others opined that registration of First Information Report (hereinafter FIR) should be Non-Mandatory. They reasoned that an officer should be satisfied that an offense is made out in the FIR after a preliminary inquiry as an FIR leads to serious consequences for the accused and for this reason the need for a preliminary inquiry is implicit with the provisions of section 154 of Code of Criminal Procedure. These provisions should be read down in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

Facts of the Case in Brief

The writ petition was filed under Article 32 of the constitution by Lalita Kumari(Minor) through her father Shri Bhola Kamat for the issuance of a writ of Habeas Corpus as the officer –in-charge of the police station who did not take any action. The petitioner stated that even after registration of FIR no concrete steps were taken to recover the minor girl or trace the accused. The court on 14.7.2008 passed a comprehensive order expressing its grave anguish on non-registration of the FIR even in a case of a cognizable offense.

Issues

Whether the police officer should compulsorily register an FIR under Section 154 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 relating to Cognizable offence or the police officer to check the authenticity of the complaint can conduct a preliminary inquiry before registering an FIR?

Contentions of the Parties

The counsel for the petitioner stated to the court that when the officer-in-charge of the police station receives a complaint disclosing a cognizable, he has to mandatorily register an FIR under section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Reliance was placed on the Judgments of The Supreme Court like State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal, Ramesh Kumari v. State (NCT of Delhi) and Parkash Singh Badal v. State of Punjab. The Counsel draws the attention of the court that under Section 154(1) of the Code the word “Shall” is used by the Legislation signifies the legislative intention and it is compulsory for the police officer to register the FIR.

He stated that under section 154 of the code there are no implicit provisions relating to Preliminary inquiry and there is no discretion left to the police officer.

In support of his arguments, he placed heavy reliance on the following judgments viz. B. Premanand v.MohanKoikal, Hiralal Rattanlal v. State of U.P. and Govindlal Chhaganlal Patel v. Agricultural Produce Market Committee, Godhra.

The counsel for the respondent submitted that the registration of an FIR cannot be subjected to a straitjacket formula as it is an administrative act requiring the application of mind, scrutiny, and verification of the facts. No administrative act can ever be a mechanical one. He placed reliance on Rajinder Singh Katoch, P. Sirajuddin v. State of Madras, State of U.P. v. Bhagwant Kishore Joshi, and Sevi v. State of T.N., which holds that before registering an FIR under Section 154 of the Code, it is open to the police officer to hold a preliminary inquiry to ascertain whether there is a prima facie case of commission of a cognizable offense or not. The learned counsel submitted that a statute should not be interpreted in such manner where it leads to a absence of any discretion to the police officer especially in Fake cases where registration of an FIR leads to an empty formality.

Also, for the receipt and recording of information, the report is not a condition precedent to the setting in motion of a criminal investigation. The counsel explained that a provision for preliminary inquiry already exists in cases like Corruption, Medical Negligence and Matrimonial Offences.

The counsel submitted to the court that every statute should be interpreted while keeping in mind the provisions of Article 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution which provides protection to an innocent person from baseless charges. In situations like these, a police officer needs to be equipped with the power of conducting a Preliminary inquiry.

Click Above

Critique of the Judgement

In this article, I argue that the Hon’ble Court has gone against the jurisprudence of previous notable judgments of the Supreme Court like Abhinandan Jha v. Dinesh Mishra.

In the judgment of Abhinandan Jha v. Dinesh Mishra the Supreme Court took great pains in demarking the powers of the police and the judiciary. They explained the duties of the police, in the matter of investigation of offenses, as well as their powers, it is necessary to refer to the provisions contained in Chapter XIV of the Code. Sections beginning from Section 154, and ending with Section 176. Section 154 deals with information relating to the commission of a cognizable offense, and the procedure to be adopted in respect of the same. In each of these sections, there is no role of Judiciary, the sections provide guidelines to the police on how to proceed with the Investigation but there is always a discretion to the police officer to conduct a preliminary inquiry in case a complaint does not clearly disclose a Cognizable offense or has doubts over the veracity of the complaint.

In Nazir Ahmed case, H.N. Rishbud and Inder Singh v. State of Delhi:

The court held that the Judiciary should not interfere with the police in matters such as Investigation especially of cognizable offence which is the statutory right of the police. The court observed that the police needs no authorisation of the judiciary. The court opined that the functions of the police and judiciary are complimentary and not overlapping keeping in mind individual liberty and law and order situation in the Country. The judiciary role comes into play when a charge is established and not before that.

In Binay Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar, the Supreme Court categorically stated that an officer in charge of the police station cannot be expected to register an FIR on receiving information which does not disclose the commission of a cognizable offence. The court observed that it should be open to the officer-in-charge to check the veracity of the complaint and further inquiry whether a cognizable offence has been committed.

In Sevi v. State of Tamil Nadu also the court had expressly ruled that before registering the FIR under section 154 of CrPC it is open to the station house officer (SHO) to hold a preliminary inquiry to ascertain whether there is a prima facie case of commission of a cognizable offense or not.

Lastly the Bombay High Court has laid general principles governing preliminary inquiry which can be followed by the courts. Such guides give discretion to the police to keep a check in frivolous complaints and also does not cause undue harassment to the accused. Therefore in the case of Kalpana Kutty v. State of Maharashtra the guidelines laid down by the court relating to preliminary inquiry:

“(a) When information relating to the commission of a cognizable offense is received by an officer in charge of a police station, he would normally register a FIR as required by section 154(1) of the code.

(b) If the information received indicates the necessity for further inquiry, preliminary inquiry may be conducted.

(c) Where the source of information is of doubtful reliability i.e. an anonymous complaint, the officer in charge of the police station may conduct a preliminary inquiry to ascertain the correctness of the information.

(d) Preliminary inquiry must be expeditious and as far as possible it must be discreet.

(e) Preliminary inquiry is not restarted only to cases where the accused are public servants or doctors or professionals holding top positions. In which case preliminary inquiry is necessary will depend on facts and circumstances of each case.”

In the second part of this paper, I argue that this Judgement is against the mandate of Article 21. I argue that a mandatory duty of registering FIR should not be cast upon a Police officer. I argue that such an interpretation of the statute would harmonize two extreme positions viz. the proposition that the moment the complaint disclosing ingredients of a cognizable offense is lodged, the police officer must register an FIR without any scrutiny whatsoever is an extreme proposition and is contrary to the mandate of Article 21 of the Constitution of India, similarly, the other extreme point of view is that the police officer must investigate the case substantially before registering an FIR. Guidelines laid down by Kalpana Kutty v. State of Maharashtra should be followed.

In the case of Francis Coralie Mullin v. Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi the Supreme Court held that Article 21 as interpreted in Maneka Gandhi’s case provides that a procedure while depriving a person his life or personal liberty should be fair, reasonable, just and should not be arbitrary. The court has the constitutional power of judicial review whenever there is a deprivation of life or personal liberty by an unjust procedure.

The consequences of a criminal case on the accused have far-reaching consequences. Though the accused may be innocent, he is subjected to psychological anxiety, social stigma and probable economic impairment till proven innocent. Even, if he is guilty, delay shakes his confidence in the system of criminal justice and makes him cynical. The impact of this drama does not confine itself to the accused but extends to his dependants who may be subject to undue suffering. Worse is the effect-of delay on complaint or victim to whose traumatic suffering the system seems to be heartless. It is a greater paradox that injustice is being done to them in the process of justice.

In Moti Ram v. State of M.P. Krishna Iyer, J. opined that there are grave consequences of pre-trial detention. He observed that the psychological and physical deprivation of jail life a defendant has to go through even though he is presumed innocent is worse than that of a convicted defendant. He explains that jailed defendant loses his job if he has one and is prevented from contributing to the preparation of his defence. Equally important, the burden of his detention frequently falls heavily on the innocent members of his family.

In the case of State Of West Bengal & Ors. Vs. Nazrul Islam, the Supreme Court ruled that any person facing or convicted of a criminal offense cannot be considered suitable for a government appointment. To be considered eligible, a person should either have no charges pending against them or have been acquitted of these charges by the court. However, this acquittal must not be out of a compromise between the accused and the victim, or due to the witnesses in the case turning hostile.

Under Section 6(2) of the Passports Act, 1967, the passport authority can refuse a foreign visa to any applicant if-

In the preceding 5 years, they have been convicted of an offense of moral turpitude and been sentenced to more than two years’ imprisonment.

Criminal proceedings are pending against them in India.

A summons to the court, warrant for arrest or order prohibiting departure from India has been issued against them.

It is a crying shame upon our adjudicatory system which keeps men in jails for years on end without a trial.In many cases trials do not commence for as long as a period as three to four years after the accused was remitted to judicial custody. In several cases the time spent by the accused in jail before the commencement of trial exceeds the maximum punishment which can be awarded to them even if they are found guilty of offenses charged against them. The mental torture and anxiety suffered by an accused for a long length of time is to be treated as sufficient punishment inflicted on him. Owing to the prolonged pendency of a case, individuals may suffer in many and different ways. In many cases, the accused is the head of a family and is the only breadwinner; his responsibility is also towards the large family left behind him. It is not only the accused but also other members of his family who suffer because of delays in the trial.If his family is affected in no other way, it will suffer at least from social stigma due to the arrest of the accused during the trial and also from the loss of income during this period. They are likely to be forced to borrow money to run the family and also to defend the defendant.

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) had released a report called ‘Prison Statistics India 2015’ which had stated the overcrowding of prisons as the biggest problem the prisoners have to face. The occupancy rate of these prisons was at an all India level of 114.4 per cent. This results in grave problems to prisoners such as lack of sanitation and hygiene and lack of sleep. This is against the human rights of the prisoners.

Another disturbing fact the report states is that sixty-seven per cent of people in prisons are under trials i.e. people that are not convicted of any crime and are facing trial in a court of law. On an average, every day four people die in prison. Seventy per cent of the convicts are illiterate.

In an another report by the Delhi Government’s Central Jail, the occupancy in the year 2019 has increased to 174.89%. If we break down this figure, there are atleast 82.02 % people who are under-trials. Since it has been established that the consequences of an FIR has serious consequences on accused, the Mandatory registration of FIR will make things even worst for the prisons in our country. If we analyse the data above, we can understand that in Indian Prison system the under trials are more than the convicts. This is very worrisome and it should be touched upon by the legislature.

Conclusion

Therefore I conclude that a delicate balance has to be maintained between the interest of the society and protecting the liberty of an individual. Criminal procedural law has to embody principles of natural justice and the constitutional guarantees must be safeguarded. A balance has to be struck between speedy trial and fair trial and the principles of natural justice cannot be compromised with in order to achieve speedy dispensation of justice. Liberty of an individual has to be zealously guarded by the law. Detention for even a single minute would amount to an invasion of liberty. Civil liberties cannot be jeopardized unless sufficient grounds exist for doing so. As I have highlighted the effects of a criminal case on the accused it is imperative to follow guidelines laid down by the Bombay High Court in Kalpana Kutty v. State of Maharashtra.

Also, the position held by the three judge bench of Lalita Kumari v. Govt of UP is a correct legal position and it should be revisited.

References

1.) https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article26793859.ece/BINARY/Rafale-Review-Judgement_10-Apr-2019.pdf

2.) AbhinandanJha v. DineshMishra 1968AIR117 https://indiankanoon.org/doc/49832/

3.) http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/Report%20No.%20277%20Wrongful% 20Prosecution.pdf

4.) Lalita Kumari v. Govt. of UP and Others AIR 2012 SC 1515 https://indiankanoon.org/doc/117323641/

5.) State of Haryana vs. Bhajan Lal 1992 Supp. (1) SCC 335 https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1033637/

6.) Ramesh Kumari vs. State (NCT of Delhi) (2006) 2 SCC 677

7.) Parkash Singh Badal vs. State of Punjab (2007) 1 SCC 1

8.) B. Premanand and Ors. vs. Mohan Koikal and Others (2011) 4 SCC 266

9.) M/s Hiralal Rattanlal Etc. Etc. vs. State of U.P. and Anr. Etc. Etc. (1973) 1 SCC 216

10.) Govindlal Chhaganlal Patel vs. Agricultural Produce Market Committee, Godhra and Ors. (1975) 2 SCC 48.

11.) P. Sirajuddin vs. State of Madras (1970) 1 SCC 595

12.) Sevi vs. State of Tamil Nadu 1981 Supp SCC 43

13.) Shashikant vs. Central Bureau of Investigation (2007) 1 SCC 630

14.) Rajinder Singh Katoch v. Chandigarh Admn. (2007) 10 SCC 69

15.) P. Sirajuddin v. State of Madras 1970 SCC (Cri) 240

16.) State of U.P. v. Bhagwant Kishore Joshi AIR 1964 SC 221

17.) Sevi v. State of T.N 1981 SCC (Cri) 679

18.) Nazir Ahmed case LR 71 IA 203

19.) H. N. Rishbud and Inder Singh v. The State of Delhi(2) 1955 1 SCR 1150

20.) Binay Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar (1997) 1 SCC 283 https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1460988/

21.) Kalpana Kutty v. State of Maharashtra 2007 (109) Bom LR 2342

22.) Burking of Crimes by Refusal to Register FIR in Cognizable Offences, 55 JILI (2013) 361 at page 374

23.) Francis Coralie Mullin v. Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi (1981) 1 SCC 608 https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78536/

24.) Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, [1979] 1 SCC 248;

25.) S.K. Ghosh, “In search of Justice”, 25 (1976)

26.) Moti Ram.v.State of M.P 1978 4 SCC 47 https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1912056/

27.) State Of West Bengal & Ors. Vs. Nazrul Islam CIVIL APPEAL NO. 8638 OF 2011

28.) Upendra Baxi, “The Supreme Court Unter-trial: Under-trials and the Supreme Court” (1980) 1 SCC 35 at 45-46 (Journal).

29.) Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar, [1980] 1 SCC 81, M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra – 1978 (3) SCC 544

30.) Arun Kumar’Ghosh.V.State of W.B. 1991 Cr. LR. (Call 365)

31.) V.N. Rajan and M.Z. Khan, Delay in. the Disposal of Criminal Cases in the sessions and lower Courts in Delhi (1982)

32.) Presidential Address by Hon’ble Justice K.G.Balakrjshna National Seminar on Delay in Administration of Criminal Justice System.

33.) Narasimhum.V.Public Prosecutor, -A.I.R. 1979 S.C. 429.

34.) https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/%E2%80%98Two-thirds-of-prisoners-in-India-are-undertrials%E2%80%99/article16080519.ece

35.) http://web.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/lib_centraljail/Central+Jail/Home/Prisoner+Profile

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