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brajeshupadhyay · 4 years

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Editor’s Note: This copy was originally published on 27 June, 2020, days after Patanjali Ayurveda claimed that its medicine Coronil had shown favourable effects on COVID-19 patients. It has been republished on 1 July ahead of Ramdev’s press conference at 12 pm. After a public launch of an alleged “cure” for COVID-19, Patanjali Ayurved’s marketing stunt with ‘Coronil’ has effectively backfired. The two COVID-19 treatments that the Ayurveda and FMCG giant launched last week were publicised prematurely and with no clinical data to prove they were even safe, let alone effective. The news was met with harsh criticism on social media, dragged through the dirt on Twitter within minutes of making headlines. Hours later and well after the controversy had erupted, the Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) responded to the news with a stern statement, urging that Patanjali stop advertising their product till its claims were verified by the ministry, and the product given approval. “If you’ve seen the trial report that Patanjali has sent out, it excludes everybody below 10 years and above 59 years, people with diabetes, hypertension, respiratory diseases, cancer,” says Dr Om Srivastava, Visiting Professor (Infectious Diseases) and Director of the Infectious Diseases Department at Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai. “To people who are asymptomatic in the mild form of the disease, the recovery rate is between 95 and 97 percent already. So what are you really achieving?” Moreover, some practitioners are confused as to how Patanjali could have named, developed, and advertised a product without receiving approvals from the AYUSH ministry in the first place. “If you look at the Pharmacopoeial Medicines R&R page which is applicable to homeopathy and any form of medication under AYUSH for that matter, the medicine requires approval before which you can’t name a medicine. And till that happens, they cannot issue a public notice claiming and naming their drug,” says Dr Radhika Tonsey, a homoeopathy physician who also consults at the Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children and Research Centre in Mumbai. The AYUSH ministry chief has since denied giving Patanjali clearance to sell or advertise Coronil, in an interview with Times Now. Meanwhile on Saturday, the Rajasthan Police lodged an FIR against Ramdev for launching the drug without regulatory approval, PTI, reported. Four others, including the MD of Ramdev-promoted Patanjali Ayurved Acharya Balkrishna, director of National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (NIMS), Jaipur, BS Tomar, his son Anurag Tomar and senior scientist Anurag Varshney have also been named in the FIR, as per the report. Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) Ashok Gupta said a case has been registered at the Jyoti Nagar Police Station in Jaipur on the basis of a complaint lodged by advocate Balram Jakhad. He said multiple complaints were received against Ramdev at various police stations. The five have been booked under Section 420 (cheating) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), and the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, according to police. “The main accusation is cheating people under the garb of selling COVID-19 medicine,” Jakhar told Indian Express. “I will also approach the court to demand a CBI inquiry. It is our demand that action be taken against the accused.” Jakhar, who identified himself to the newspaper as an independent advocate subscribing to the “ideology of the Congress party”, cited previous cases registered against Tomar to demand a detailed investigation into the matter. Stating that FIRs had earlier been registered against Tomar in different matters and he was also in judicial custody, Jakhar further told the newspaper, “It should be investigated how Tomar, who runs a hospital not related to ayurved, launched this alleged COVID-19 medicine with Ramdev. We demand a detailed investigation into roles of every accused in the case.” Tomar claimed that Patanjali had permission to conduct Coronil trials on patients, India Today reported. He said, "We had all required permissions for conducting the trial on patients. Prior permission for testing was taken from CTRI, which is a body of ICMR. I have papers to show permission." "Trials were conducted on 100 patients at NIMS, Jaipur and 69 percent of them were cured in three days, while 100 percent were cured in seven days," he further told India Today. He added, "The question of whether Coronil should have been propagated as an immunity booster or cure should be asked from Patanjali. We had informed the Rajasthan health department on 2 June." Patanjali claimed that it has complied with all legalities. The licence for the drug was obtained on the basis of the traditional knowledge and experience related to the medicinal virtues of Ashwagandha, Giloy and Tulsi, Patanjali spokesperson SK Tijarawala said, as per PTI. No illegal claim has been made on the label of the medicine, he further said. Patanjali’s lax ethical standard is old news In the past, Patanjali has been reprimanded twice for flouting rules. The first, for its atta instant noodles, which it launched in 2016 without a mandatory approval from the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). The second was the sale of its amla juice, which was suspended after the Ministry of Defence's canteen stores department found it “unfit for consumption” in an adverse state-laboratory test on the product. Considering the impressive spread of over 45 kinds of cosmetics products, 30 types of food products, and hundreds of medical formulations under the Patanjali Ayurved umbrella, the lack of a mention anywhere on the company’s website of a certificate of safety, ethics or good manufacturing is surprising. In 2019, a series of investigative reports by Business Standard reveal that the company acquired 400 acres of forested, hilly common land in Kot, in the Aravalli region by bending norms. In June 2019, the Maharashtra government handed over another 400-acre-plot of land to Patanjali reserved for Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), in Latur. In 2020, the Uttar Pradesh government offered the company a land subsidy to set up a proposed food park in Greater Noida. This, despite reports of the company’s unplanned expansion, poor supply chain, inconsistent product quality and business practices, combined with an economic slowdown in 2019 having hurt its revenues, as per a report in The Print. Patanjali’s ambition train hasn’t quite run out of steam yet. 'No ethics, no medicine' Patanjali Ayurved has undeniably made a range of products easily accessible to the masses. It’s Aloe Vera gel, for instance, has helped a lot of people overcome acne, skin allergies, and other dermatological problems, Tonsey says. It also has rave reviews on Amazon.in. And while some of their products have empirical evidence to stand on, can the same be said for all 2,500+ products made available at jaw-droppingly affordable prices countrywide on its website? Its Amla Churna, priced at Rs 24 for a 100g-bottle, has the listed ingredients “Amla” and the benefits “Boosts digestion and reduces constipation, cures eye problem, reduces hair fall, cures cold, has antioxidant properties.” Only two of the six surprisingly clear claims made and displayed are verifiable as per research studies carried out in the past. It doesn’t help that Patanjali’s formulations for its many thousands of products are not in the public domain, leaving the decision entirely to consumers to take on an implied degree of risk. Tonsey, says that Patanjali products have helped many consider Ayurveda as an accessible option for the first time. “But for me, that’s where it ends. Because the ethics at every stage are questionable...and when it comes to medicine, no matter what the system is, no ethics means no medicine,” she said. Systems around alternative medicine are far from developed Alternative medicine has suffered a great deal more pressure to compete for the faith and attention of the public. More tangibly, the science of alternative medicine is seriously stunted by research funding – in that it receives a dearth of it. This is the same case in many countries worldwide, not just India. Allopathy, on the other hand, has a track record to show for its growth and development over the years. It is considered more reliable, owing to its tried-and-tested format, with a potential drug today having to jump several hoops and pass through many hands in safety and efficacy tests before making it to consumers. These systems around allopathy have also expanded and evolved to meet rising demand and address a wide range of medical needs. Conventional medicine in India is governed and supervised by the Drug Controller General of India and has a competitive manufacturing market with local and international players. It also has a powerful body setting standards for drugs and medical devices across the country [the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)]. All three aim to serve the diverse and dynamic Indian pharmaceutical market in their own way. In stark contrast, the research, systems, and regulations governing alternative medicines in India are relatively rudimentary. The Ministry of AYUSH is the foremost authority in India that both governs and regulates the five distinct disciplines under its domain. Directly under the AYUSH ministry’s wing are five research councils, two regulatory bodies for education and practice (with a separate body for homoeopathy), three testing and research laboratories, and eleven educational institutions. Apart from these, the ministry bands together Task Forces, as and when needed for special circumstances. Most recently, an interdisciplinary Task Force was formed under AYUSH to look into suitable research avenues in addressing COVID-19 with AYUSH treatments. This was announced after the backlash it received for its controversial advisory dated 6 March, which listed many general preventive medicines for boosting immunity in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questionable medical advice from AYUSH without supporting research In a COVID-19 advisory published on 6 March, AYUSH made a variety of recommendations for “symptomatic relief” from COVID-19. As per the report, these are based on “classical texts” – of which there are several, and “scientific literature” – which is universally and traditionally used in research with citations, not as an unlisted bibliography at the end of the report. The lack of sources cited for the specific recommendations made in the advisory, and other guidelines for COVID-19 treatment published around the same time, has left practitioners of alternative medicine either hunting for valid proof themselves, or flouting further unsupported claims about these medicines in the news. The preventive ayurvedic medicines Camphora 1M and Arsenic album 30 recommended by the ministry's COVID-19 advisory have reportedly been flying off shelves, being distributed to police officers, and even preemptively popped by the general public without seeking the advice of a medical professional. Allopathic medicines that are being considered as treatments for COVID-19 are being subjected to rigorous clinical trials to test their efficiency against the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. Some candidates have even been shown to work in specific cases, in preliminary clinical settings. For instance, the inexpensive steroid drug dexamethasone, too, has reportedly been stockpiled without a valid prescription. Any misuse could have potentially dangerous consequences. There is not a single published study or trial, specific to the coronavirus, that proves arsenic alba, or any other compound for that matter, is effective to prevent infection. And yet, the advisory recommended a sizable list of “preventives and prophylaxis” for COVID-19, including Arsenic album 30 and camphora. Some Unani medicines are even listed with unclear instructions for how to use them; phrases like “boil it till it remains half- filter it” appear to be unedited after a language translation to English. The real dangers of AYUSH’s messaging, without follow-through AYUSH’s approach of prescribing “preventive” medicine for COVID-19 brings out the plausible loophole that Patanjali themselves have openly flouted. The huge gaps in acceptable research standards for alternative medicine in India, and regulation of AYUSH practice in accordance with guidelines, have left considerable room for error and malpractice. In an interview with Infinity Foundation, Dr Dayananda R D from Prakruthi Ayurveda Prathishtana in Mysore, explains that the equivalent of vaccination for prevention in Ayurveda is not easy, but possible with personalised advice from an Ayurvedic doctor. “To improve one’s immune defense...(Ayurveda) prescribes certain improvements through food, lifestyle and certain medicines, to be taken with regulations. To make it generalised is a slightly difficult task, and so the person can go to a doctor and personalise it according to their desa (place of birth), the disease, and their prakriti (nature),” Dayananda says. This important condition is not highlighted by AYUSH in any of their advisories, making for incomplete advice. The potential dangers of popping allopathic medicines may very well be greater than their plant-based counterparts. But the combination of subjective medical advice and a lack of regulation in AYUSH drugs as it stands today, leaves room for improper dosage, interpretation and potential misuse. Those taking AYUSH-recommended medicines are likely to develop a false bravado vis-à-vis the extent to which they’re protected from infections. With medicine, particularly ones that are not prescribed by a medical professional and given out as general advice, the potential for misuse needs to be considered with added caution. “Camphora is given in a state of collapse...when there are so many symptoms similar to a state of collapse, like sweating profusely, or not responding, semi-conscious or comatose,” Tonsey says. “If something happens to anybody, who is going to take responsibility for it?” Half-baked recommendations in a pandemic could also potentially worsen the load on the already-burdened public healthcare system, and ongoing efforts to ensure the pandemic doesn’t spread further. Coming at a time when the public has been advised to be cautious and alert for symptoms of an infection that we are only now beginning to understand, it is arguably unacceptable. The AYUSH ministry’s attempt to quell publicity around Patanjali’s Coronil was about as effective as its general approach to misinformation going around about remedies effective to prevent COVID-19 – that is, not at all. The ministry has also not followed through on its own advice, as of April 2020, to “take necessary action against” Patanjali for “contravening the relevant legal provisions” they outlined for advertising unapproved AYUSH products. After The New York Times published a report by The Associated Press on 17 April titled “Some People Turn to Herbal Medicine for Virus without Proof,” the Press Information Bureau’s Director-General responded to the NYT editor (instead of AP's Editor) with a letter pointing out the author’s “unprofessional attempts to revive clichéd stereotypes” and “assertions...not aligned to the facts of the matter.” Nonetheless, the PIB’s effort to defend the government’s and AYUSH’s debatable actions is admirable. But PIB doesn't appear to have considered the larger threat to people who swear by Ayurveda and homoeopathy. The consequences of the government's and AYUSH's actions spill over to the development of these disciplines themselves, which cannot afford to be compromised any further than they already are. Ayurveda and homoeopathy work very differently than conventional medicines do Ayurveda and homoeopathy are arguably two of the biggest pseudoscientific* practices under the AYUSH umbrella. Started in 2014, the Ministry was set up with the goal of "optimal development and propagation" of the systems of health care under its domain, through education, research and propagation of indigenous alternative medicine systems. [*pseudoscientific–falsely or mistakenly claimed or regarded as being based on a scientific method] Homoeopathy and Ayurveda are both rooted in solid philosophies of their own and are among the most popular forms of alternative medicine around today. They also have two very different origins and governing principles. Homeopathy claims that “like cures like” (i.e. that a substance causing symptoms in large doses, can be used in minute doses to treat similar symptoms). Ayurveda is based on the principle of preventing and treating illness by maintaining balance in different senses of humour in the body, and harmony between the body, mind and environment. Fundamental to the sciences of both homoeopathy and Ayurveda is a strong belief in personalised medicine – that there is no one size fits all in treatment. To add, some remedies take time to work on the body and don’t guarantee sure-shot cures to an illness – any illness. They also don’t have “active ingredients” and the associated benefits of a specific action that allopathic medicines do. By design, they aim to address an ailment from the roots, and as a result, take a varying amount of time to act depending on how acute or chronic the ailment is. Often, a patient requires other prescribed lifestyle changes alongside treatment to improve their quality of life. We can – and should – expect the same rigorous standards for clinical trials and regulations in alternative medicine as we do conventional ones. Experts say that a serious shortcoming in the veracity of AYUSH research is the lack of digitised manuscripts, so researchers can authenticate their findings based on original sources. This, along with the stronger regulation of AYUSH medicines and higher standards for practitioners of these fields could give Ayurveda and homoeopathy a fighting chance at breaking unfounded stereotypes and appealing to a wider range of people as a true, viable alternative to conventional medicine. The Secretary of the Ministry of AYUSH was approached on the morning of 25 June with the following questions via email: What proof does AYUSH have that Arsenic alba and camphora are effective to prevent COVID-19? How was Patanjali Ayurved granted permission to name and launch their product without finding the required 'Genus epidemicus'? Does AYUSH intend to reprimand Patanjali for going against the rules set by them? The Secretary hasn't responded with his comments till the time of publication. The story will be updated with the ministry's responses if/when we receive them.

http://sansaartimes.blogspot.com/2020/07/ayush-ministry-is-endangering-people.html

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dr-smita-goel-homeopathy-clinic · 2 days

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*Dr. Smita Goel Homeopathy Clinic*

www.thehomeopathyclinic.co.in

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than suddenly.

Ulcerative colitis can be debilitating and can sometimes lead to life-threatening complications. While it has no known cure, treatment can greatly reduce signs and symptoms of the disease and even bring about long-term remission.

Symptoms

Ulcerative colitis symptoms can vary, depending on the severity of inflammation and where it occurs. Signs and symptoms may include:

• Diarrhea, often with blood or pus

• Abdominal pain and cramping

• Rectal pain

• Rectal bleeding — passing small amount of blood with stool

• Urgency to defecate

• Inability to defecate despite urgency

• Weight loss

• Fatigue

• Fever

• In children, failure to grow

Most people with ulcerative colitis have mild to moderate symptoms. The course of ulcerative colitis may vary, with some people having long periods of remission.

Types

Doctors often classify ulcerative colitis according to its location. Types of ulcerative colitis include:

• Ulcerative proctitis: Inflammation is confined to the area closest to the anus (rectum), and rectal bleeding may be the only sign of the disease. This form of ulcerative colitis tends to be the mildest.

• Proctosigmoiditis: Inflammation involves the rectum and sigmoid colon (lower end of the colon). Signs and symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps and pain, and an inability to move the bowels in spite of the urge to do so (tenesmus).

• Left-sided colitis: Inflammation extends from the rectum up through the sigmoid and descending colon. Signs and symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramping and pain on the left side, and unintended weight loss.

• Pancolitis: Pancolitis often affects the entire colon and causes bouts of bloody diarrhea that may be severe, abdominal cramps and pain, fatigue, and significant weight loss.

• Acute severe ulcerative colitis: This rare form of colitis affects the entire colon and causes severe pain, profuse diarrhea, bleeding, fever and inability to eat.

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if you experience a persistent change in your bowel habits or if you have signs and symptoms such as:

• Abdominal pain

• Blood in your stool

• Ongoing diarrhea that doesn't respond to over-the-counter medications

• Diarrhea that awakens you from sleep

• An unexplained fever lasting more than a day or two

Although ulcerative colitis usually isn't fatal, it's a serious disease that, in some cases, may cause life-threatening complications.

Causes

The exact cause of ulcerative colitis remains unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now doctors know that these factors may aggravate but don't cause ulcerative colitis.

One possible cause is an immune system malfunction. When your immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an abnormal immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract, too.

Heredity also seems to play a role in that ulcerative colitis is more common in people who have family members with the disease. However, most people with ulcerative colitis don't have this family history.

Risk factors

Ulcerative colitis affects about the same number of women and men. Risk factors may include:

• Age: Ulcerative colitis usually begins before the age of 30. But, it can occur at any age, and some people may not develop the disease until after age 60.

• Race or ethnicity: Although whites have the highest risk of the disease, it can occur in any race. If you're of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, your risk is even higher.

• Family history: You're at higher risk if you have a close relative, such as a parent, sibling or child, with the disease.

Complications

Possible complications of ulcerative colitis include:

• Severe bleeding

• A hole in the colon (perforated colon)

• Severe dehydration

• Liv0065Rr disease (rare)

• Bone loss (osteoporosis)

• Inflammation of your skin, joints and eyes

• An increased risk of colon cancer

• A rapidly swelling colon (toxic megacolon)

• Increased risk of blood clots in veins and arteries

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dr-smita-goel-homeopathy-clinic · 6 days

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*Dr. Smita Goel Homeopathy Clinic*

www.thehomeopathyclinic.co.in

Our immune system is our body’s defense against infections and other harmful invaders. Without it, we would constantly get sick from bacteria or viruses.

Our immune system is made up of special cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect us.

Normally, the immune system can tell the difference between foreign cells and our own cells.

In an autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakes part of our body, like our joints or skin, as foreign. It releases proteins called autoantibodies that attack healthy cells.

Some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. Type 1 diabetes damages the pancreas. Other diseases, like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), affect the whole body..

Women get autoimmune diseases rate is high compared to men. Often the disease starts during a woman’s childbearing years (15Years to 44Years).

Certain autoimmune diseases, like multiple sclerosis and lupus, run in families. Not every family member will necessarily have the same disease, but they inherit a susceptibility to an autoimmune condition.

Because the incidence of autoimmune diseases is rising, researchers suspect environmental factors like infections and exposure to chemicals or solvents might also be involved. Our modern life style, working style and foods are also huge causes.

We don’t know exactly what causes autoimmune diseases. Genetics, diet, infections, and exposure to chemicals might be involved.

The lymph or lymphatic, system is a major part of the immune system. It's a network of lymph nodes and vessels. Lymphatic vessels are thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, throughout the body. They carry a clear fluid called lymph. Lymph contains tissue fluid, waste products, and immune system cells. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped clumps of immune system cells that are connected by lymphatic vessels. They contain white blood cells that trap viruses, bacteria, and other invaders, including cancer cells.

White blood cells are the cells of the immune system. They are made in one of your lymph organs, the bone marrow. Other lymph organs include the spleen and thymus.

When our immune system doesn't work the way it should, it is called an immune system disorder.

• Primary immune deficiency – Be born with a weak immune system.

• Acquired immune deficiency – Get a disease that weakens your immune system.

• Allergic reaction – Have an immune system that is too active.

• Autoimmune disease – Have an immune system that turns against you.

There are some common examples:

• Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is an example of an immune deficiency that is present at birth. Children are in constant danger of infections from bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This disorder is sometimes called “bubble boy disease.”

• Temporary acquired immune deficiencies. Our immune system can be weakened by certain medicines, for example: This can happen to people on chemotherapy or other drugs used to treat cancer. It can also happen to people following organ transplants who take medicine to prevent organ rejection. Also, infections like the flu virus, mono (mononucleosis), and measles can weaken the immune system for a brief time. Our immune system can also be weakened by smoking, alcohol, and poor nutrition.

• AIDS. HIV, which causes AIDS, is an acquired viral infection that destroys important white blood cells and weakens the immune system. People with HIV/AIDS become seriously ill with infections that most people can fight off. These infections are called “opportunistic infections” because they take advantage of weak immune systems.

If we are born with certain genes, our immune system may react to substances in the environment that are normally harmless. These substances are called allergens. Having an allergic reaction is the most common example of an overactive immune system. Dust, mold, pollen, and foods are examples of allergens.

Some conditions caused by an overactive immune system are:

• Asthma: The response in our lungs can cause coughing, wheezing, and trouble breathing. Asthma can be triggered by common allergens like dust or pollen or by an irritant like tobacco smoke.

• Eczema: An allergen causes an itchy rash known as atopic dermatitis.

• Allergic rhinitis: Sneezing, a runny nose, sniffling, and swelling of your nasal passages from indoor allergens like dust and pets or outdoor allergens like pollens or molds.

In autoimmune diseases, the body attacks normal, healthy tissues. The causes are unknown. It is probably a combination of a person’s genes and something in the environment that triggers those genes.

There are some common autoimmune diseases are:

• Type 1 diabetes: The immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Insulin removes sugar from the blood to use as energy.

• Rheumatoid arthritis: This type of arthritis causes swelling and deformities of the joints. An auto-antibody called rheumatoid factor is in the blood of some people with rheumatoid arthritis.

• Lupus: This disease that attacks body tissues, including the lungs, kidneys, and skin. Many types of auto-antibodies are found in the blood of people with lupus.

So, we should never ignore to our care for immunity system. Homeopathy medicines are a good choice for improving our immunity system.

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dr-smita-goel-homeopathy-clinic · 7 days

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*Dr. Smita Goel Homeopathy Clinic*

www.thehomeopathyclinic.co.in

A person with short stature, or restricted growth, does not grow as tall as other people of the same gender, age, and ethnicity. The person's height is below the 3rd percentile.

Short stature can be a variant of normal growth, or it may indicate a disorder or condition.

Growth rate is an important indicator of overall health. Children who do not reach the 5th percentile by the age of 5 years are said to be small for gestational age (SGA). A pediatrician will look out for signs of "failure to thrive."

Early intervention can prevent future problems in many cases.

Normally, at 8 years of age, a child's arm span is around the same as their height. If these measurements are out of proportion, this may be a sign of disproportionate short stature (DSS), sometimes known as "dwarfism."

Fast facts on short stature

Here are some key points about short stature. More detail is in the main article.

• Short stature can happen for a wide range of reasons, including having small parents, malnutrition, and genetic conditions such as achondroplasia.

• Proportionate short stature (PSS) is when the person is small, but all the parts are in the usual proportions. In disproportionate short stature (DSS), the limbs may be small compared with the trunk.

• If short stature results from a growth hormone (GH) deficiency, GH treatment can often boost growth.

• Some people may experience long-term medical complications, but intelligence is not usually affected.

Causes

Growth depends on a complex range of factors, including genetic makeup, nutrition, and hormonal influences.

The most common cause of short stature is having parents whose height is below average, but around 5 percent of children with short stature have a medical condition.

Conditions that can underlie short stature include:

• Undernutrition, due to a disease or lack of nutrients

• Hypothyroidism, leading to a lack of growth hormone

• A tumor in the pituitary gland

• Diseases of the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, or gastrointestinal tract

• Conditions that affect the production of collagen and other proteins

• Some chronic diseases, such as celiac disease and other inflammatory disorders

• Mitochondrial disease, which can affect the body in different ways, including growth

Sometimes, an injury to the head during childhood can lead to reduced growth.

A lack of growth hormone can also lead to delayed or absent sexual development.

Rheumatologic diseases, such as arthritis, are linked to short stature. This may happen because of the disease, or as a result of the glucocorticoid treatment, which can affect the release of growth hormone.

Disproportionate short stature (DSS) usually stems from a genetic mutation that affects the development of bone and cartilage and undermines physical growth.

The parents may not have short stature, but they may pass on a condition that is linked to DSS, such as achondroplasia, mucopolysaccharide disease, and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED).

Types

There are different types and causes of short stature, or restricted growth, and they will present differently. Because the range of conditions is so broad, restricted growth can be classified in various ways.

One categorization is:

• Variant restricted growth

• Proportionate short stature (PSS)

• Disproportionate short stature (DSS)

Each of these categories includes a number of types and causes of short stature.

Variant restricted growth

Sometimes a person is small but otherwise healthy. This can be referred to as variant restricted growth. It may happen for genetic or hormonal reasons.

If the parents are also small, this can be called familial short stature (FSS). If it stems from a hormonal issue, it is a constitutional delay in growth and adolescence (CDGA).

The limbs and the head develop in proportion with the spine, and the individual is otherwise healthy.

Growth happens throughout the body, so the legs, for example, are in proportion with the spine.

In most cases, the individual's parents are also small, but sometimes small stature happens because the body does not produce enough growth hormone (GH), or the body does not process growth hormone properly. This is known as GH insensitivity. Hypothyrodism can lead to low hormone production.

Growth hormone treatment during childhood may help.

Proportionate short stature (PSS)

Sometimes, overall growth is restricted, but the person's body is in proportion, and the individual has a related health problem. This is known as proportionate short stature (PSS).

If the individual is heavy for their height, this can suggest a hormone problem. The problem could be hypothyroidism, excess glucorticoid production, or too little GH.

A person who is small and their weight is low for their height may be experiencing malnutrition, or they may have a disorder that leads to malabsorption.

Whatever the underlying reason, if it affects overall growth, it may impact development in at least one body system, so treatment is needed.

During adulthood, a person with this type of restricted growth is more likely to experience:

• osteoporosis

• cardiovascular problems

• reduced muscle strength

Rarely, there may be cognitive problems, or problems with thinking. This depends on the cause of the short stature.

Disproportionate short stature (DSS)

Disproportionate short stature (DSS) is linked to a genetic mutation. The parents are usually of average height. As with other types of short stature, a range underlying causes is possible.

An individual with DSS will be small in height, and they will have other unusual physical features. These may be visible at birth, or they may develop in time as the infant develops.

Most individuals will have an average-sized trunk and short limbs, but some people may have a very short trunk and shortened, but disproportionately large limbs. Head size may be disproportionately large.

Intelligence or cognitive abilities are unlikely to be affected unless the person has hydrocephalus, or too much fluid around the brain.

Achondroplasia underlies around 70 percent of cases of DSS. It affects around 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 40,000 people.

Features include:

• an average-sized trunk

• short limbs, especially the upper arms and legs

• short fingers, possibly with a wide space between the middle and ring fingers

• limited mobility in the elbows

• a large head with a prominent forehead and flattened bridge of the nose

• bowed legs

• lordosis, a progressive development of a swayed lower back

• average adult height of 4 feet, or 122 cm

Hypochondroplasia is a mild form of achondroplasia. It may be difficult to differentiate between familial short stature and achondroplasia.

Achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia result from a genetic mutation.

Genetic conditions, such as Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, or Prader Willi syndrome, are also linked to DSS.

Diagnosis

Some types of short stature can be diagnosed at birth. In other cases, routine visits to a pediatrician should reveal any abnormal growth pattern.

The doctor will record the child's head circumference, height, and weight.

If the doctor suspects restricted growth, they will carry out a physical examination, look at the child's medical and family history, and possibly carry out some tests.

These may include:

An x-ray, to assess for problems with bone development

An insulin tolerance test, to check for a deficiency in the growth hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).

In this test, insulin is injected into a vein, causing blood glucose levels to drop. Normally, this would trigger the pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH). If GH levels are lower than normal, there may be a GH deficiency.

Other tests include:

• a thyroid-stimulating hormone test, to check for hypothyroidism

• a complete blood count, to test for anemia

• metabolic tests, to assess liver and kidney function

• erythrocyte sedimentation and C-reactive protein tests, to assess for inflammatory bowel disease

• urine tests can check for enzyme deficiency disorders

• tissue transglutinase and immunoglobulin A tests, for celiac disease

• imaging scans, such as an x-ray of the skeleton and the skull or an MRI, can detect problems with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus

• bone marrow or skin biopsies may help confirm conditions associated with short stature

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the cause of the short stature.

If there are signs of malnutrition, the child may need nutritional supplements or treatment for a bowel disorder or other condition that is preventing them from absorbing nutrients.

If growth is restricted or delayed because of a hormonal problem, GH treatment may be necessary.

Pediatric hormone treatment: In children who produce too little GH, a daily injection of hormone treatment may stimulate physical growth later in life. Medications, such as somatropin, may eventually add 4 inches, or 10 centimeters, to adult height.

Adult hormone treatment

: Treatment for adults can help protect against complications, for example, cardiovascular disease and low bone mineral density.

Somatropin, also known as recombinant GH, might be recommended for people who:

• have a severe growth hormone deficiency

• experience impaired quality of life

• are already receiving treatment for another pituitary hormone deficiency

Adult patients generally self-administer daily with an injection.

Adverse effects of somatropin include headache, muscle pain, edema, or fluid retention, problems with eyesight, joint pain, vomiting, and nausea.

The patient may receive treatment to control chronic conditions, such as heart disease, lung disease, and arthritis.

Treatment for DSS

As DSS often stems from a genetic disorder, treatment focuses mainly on the complications.

Some patients with very short legs may undergo leg lengthening. The leg bone is broken and then fixed into a special frame. The frame is adjusted daily to lengthen the bone.

This does not always work, it takes a long time, and there is a risk of complications, including:

• pain

• the bone forming badly or at an inappropriate rate

• infection

• deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot in a vein

Other possible surgical treatments include:

• use of growth plates, where metal staples are inserted into the ends of long bones where growth takes place, to help bones grow in the right direction

• inserting staples or rods to help the spine form the right shape

• increasing the size of the opening in the bones of the spine to reduce pressure on the spinal cord

Regular monitoring can reduce the risk of complications.

Complications

A person with DSS may experience a number of complications.

These include:

• arthritis later in life

• delayed mobility development

• dental problems

• bowed legs

• hearing problems and otitis media

• hydrocephalus, or too much fluid in the brain cavities

• hunching of the back

• limb problems

• swaying of the back

• narrowing of the channel in the lower spine during adulthood and other spine problem

• sleep apnea

• weight gain

• speech and language problems

Individuals with proportionate short stature (PSS) may have poorly developed organs and pregnancy complications, such as respiratory problems. Delivery will normally be by cesarean section.

Outlook

Most people with short stature will have a normal life expectancy, and 90 percent of children who are small for their age at 2 years will "catch up" by adulthood.

The 10 percent who do not catch up are likely to have a condition such as fetal alcohol, Prader-Willi, or Down syndrome.

A person with achondroplasia can also expect a normal lifespan.

However, some serious conditions that are linked to some cases of short stature can be fatal.

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dr-smita-goel-homeopathy-clinic · 9 days

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*Dr. Smita Goel Homeopathy Clinic*

www.thehomeopathyclinic.co.in

A chalazion is a slowly developing lump that forms due to blockage and swelling of an oil gland in the eyelid. A chalazion is generally not an infection.

A chalazion often starts out as a very small red, tender, swollen area of the eyelid. In a few days, it may change to a painless slow-growing lump the size of a pea.

A chalazion is often confused with a stye (or hordeolum), which is an infection of an oil gland in the eyelid. A stye produces a red, swollen, painful lump on the edge or the inside of the eyelid and usually occurs closer to the surface of the eyelid than chalazia. Left untreated, a stye can result in the formation of a chalazion.

Do not attempt to squeeze or drain the chalazion yourself. You may need treatment for proper healing.

Characteristics of a chalazion:

Painless bump or lump in the upper eyelid or, less frequently, in the lower eyelid

Caused by a thickening of the fluid in the oil glands (meibomian glands) of the eyelid

Tearing and mild irritation may result as the obstructed glands are needed for healthy tears

Blurred vision, if the chalazion is large enough to press against the eyeball

More common in adults than children; most frequently occurs in people aged 30-50

Disappears without treatment within several weeks to a month, although they often recur

Risk factors include:

Acne rosacea

Chronic blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids, often from excess bacteria)

Seborrhea

Tuberculosis

Viral infection

Rarely, they may be an indication of an infection or skin cancer

How is a chalazion diagnosed?

A chalazion is best diagnosed by your eye doctor, who can advise you on treatment options. Necessary testing might include:

Patient history to determine symptoms and the presence of any general health problems that may be contributing to the eye problem.

External examination of the eye, including lid structure, skin texture and eyelash appearance.

Evaluation of the lid margins, base of the eyelashes and oil gland openings using bright light and magnification

The good news is that many chalazia require minimal medical treatment and clear up on their own in a few weeks to a month.

Apply warm compresses to the eyelid for 10 to 15 minutes 4 to 6 times a day for several days. The warm compresses may help soften the hardened oil that is blocking the ducts and allow drainage and healing.

You can create a warm compress by dipping a clean soft cloth in warm water and then wringing it out (although you may prefer a commercially available reusable heat mask). Remoisten the cloth frequently to keep it wet and warm.

You can also gently massage the external eyelids several minutes each day to help promote drainage. Once the chalazion drains on its own, keep the area clean, and keep your hands away from your eyes.

If the chalazion does not drain and heal within a month, contact your eye doctor. Again, do not attempt to squeeze or "pop" the chalazion, as you may inadvertently do more damage.

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dr-smita-goel-homeopathy-clinic · 15 days

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*Dr. Smita Goel Homeopathy Clinic*

www.thehomeopathyclinic.co.in

Joints are the parts of your body where your bones meet. Joints allow the bones of your skeleton to move. Joints include:

• shoulders

• hips

• elbows

• knees

Joint pain refers to discomfort, aches, and soreness in any of the body’s joints. Joint pain is a common complaint. It doesn’t typically require a hospital visit. Sometimes, joint pain is the result of an illness or injury. Arthritis is also a common cause of joint pain. However, it can also be due to other conditions or factors.

Arthritis

One of the most common causes of joint pain is arthritis. The two main forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

According to many medical orgainisation, OA is most common in adults over the age of 40. It progresses slowly and tends to affect commonly used joints like the:

• wrists

• hands

• hips

• knees

Joint pain due to OA results from a breakdown of the cartilage that serves as a cushion and shock absorber for the joints.

The second form of arthritis is RA. It more commonly affects women than men. It can deform and debilitate the joints over time. RA causes pain, inflammation, and fluid buildup in the joints as the body’s immune system attacks the membrane that lines the joints.

Other Causes

Joint pain can be caused by:

• bursitis, or inflammation of the cushioning pads around joints

• lupus

• gout

• certain infectious diseases, such as mumps, influenza, and hepatitis

• chondromalacia of the patella, or a breakdown of the cartilage in the kneecap

• an injury

• tendinitis, or inflammation of the tendon

• an infection of the bone

• overuse of a joint

• cancer

• fibromyalgia

• osteoporosis

• sarcoidosis

• rickets

Symptoms

In some cases, your joint pain will require you to see a doctor. You should make an appointment if you don’t know the cause of your joint pain and are experiencing other unexplained symptoms. You should also see a doctor if the area around the joint is swollen, red, tender, or warm to the touch, the pain persists for three days or more, or you have a fever but no other signs of the flu.

Go to the emergency room if any of the following occurs:

• You’ve experienced a serious injury.

• The joint appears deformed.

• Swelling of the joint occurs suddenly.

• The joint is completely immobile.

• You have severe joint pain.

Diagnosed

Your doctor will probably perform a physical exam. They’ll also ask you a series of questions about your joint pain. This may help to narrow down the potential causes.

A joint X-ray may be necessary to identify arthritis-related joint damage. If your doctor suspects there’s another cause, they may perform a blood test to screen for certain autoimmune disorders. They may also perform a sedimentation rate test to measure the level of inflammation in the body or a complete blood count.

Complications Associated with Joint Pain

Joint pain is often a result of the damage that occurs through normal wear and tear. However, it can also be a sign of an infection or potentially debilitating RA.

You should see your doctor if you have any unexplained joint pain, especially if it doesn’t go away on its own after a few days. Early detection and diagnosis can allow for effective treatment of the underlying cause of your discomfort.

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dr-smita-goel-homeopathy-clinic · 1 month

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Pitted keratolysis is a bacterial infection of the skin. It can affect the palms of the hands and, more commonly, the soles of the feet, particularly the weight-bearing areas.

This infection causes small depressions, or pits, in the top layer of the skin. It can also lead to a bad smell.

Pitted keratolysis usually affects people who wear enclosed warm footwear for long periods, including soldiers, sailors, and athletes. It also tends to be common in tropical areas where people usually go barefoot.

The bacteria species Kytococcus sedentarius, Dermatophilus congolensis, Corynebacterium, or Actinomyces usually cause the infection.

These bacteria thrive in moist environments. According to the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology, pitted keratolysis has an association with excessive sweating, but this is not its only cause.

Perspiration, along with tight fitting socks or shoes, creates the perfect conditions for the bacteria to multiply.

Other risk factors for pitted keratolysis include:

• not drying the feet thoroughly after bathing

• not wearing absorbent socks

• sharing towels with others

People whose occupation may increase their risk of pitted keratolysis include:

• athletes

• farmers

• sailors and fishing workers

• industrial workers

• people who work in the military

Other risk factors that can make someone more likely to develop pitted keratolysis include:

• hot, humid weather

• sweating a lot on the hands or feet

• having thickened skin on the palms or soles

• having diabetes

• being older

• having a compromised immune system

The main symptom of the infection is clusters of small pits in the top layer of the skin on the soles of the feet. Each pit is usually 1–3 millimeters in size. The skin may also look white or wrinkly.

The pits usually cluster around the balls of the feet, the heels, or both. They tend to appear more pronounced when the feet are wet. Without treatment, the pits can join together to form a large crater-like lesion.

Pitted keratolysis can also cause an unpleasant smell, but people do not usually experience any redness or swelling because this condition is not an inflammatory skin condition.

Less commonly, the infection can affect the hands. When this happens, the characteristic pits usually occur on the palms.

Rarely, the doctor may also recommend oral antibiotics, such as erythromycin or clindamycin. Effective treatment will usually clear the lesions and the smell in 3–4 weeks.

The doctor may also treat excessive sweating if it is contributing to the disorder. Aluminum chloride 20% solution or the off-label use of botulinum toxin injections are options that can decrease sweating.

People need prescription medications to treat pitted keratolysis. However, they can take some preventive measures to help stop the infection from coming back. These include:

• wearing boots for as short a time as possible

• wearing absorbent cotton or wool socks

• washing the feet with soap or antiseptic cleanser twice a day

• applying antiperspirant to the feet

• avoiding wearing the same shoes 2 days in a row

• avoiding sharing footwear or towels with other people

• keeping the feet as dry as possible

People who experience foot odor often try to treat the problem with over-the-counter products. Doing this can make the infection worse because these treatments tend to contain antifungal and antiperspirant ingredients that moisten, rather than dry, the foot.

Pitted keratolysis can affect anyone, but people who wear warm, closed footwear for long periods are particularly at risk.

Prescription antibacterial and antiseptic medicines can treat the infection. With the right treatment, the infection and the smell will usually clear up within a few weeks.

It is important to note that the infection can come back. People can help prevent this by ensuring that they keep their feet dry and by avoiding wearing enclosed footwear whenever possible.

www.thehomeopathyclinic.co.in

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