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What is 'off-gassing' and how does it affect me?
It might sound surprising but your furniture could be a silent health hazard in your home. It all comes down to outdated regulations that govern the way that furniture in the UK is manufactured. Unfortunately these regulations have created materials that 'off -gas' and impact the cleanliness of the air we breathe in our homes.
Bear with me for a little bit of history; Cast your mind back (if you are old enough) to 1988. Yazz and the Plastic Population released ‘The only way is Up’, Kylie Minogue wasn’t feeling lucky. Margret Thatcher became prime minister, the film Rain Man was released and the amount of people who smoked cigarettes was more than double what it is now. At this time a law was passed in the UK requiring all furniture made after 1950 to be super fire retardant. There had been a number of deaths in UK homes relating to house fires (often started by cigarettes). This obviously had a devastating effect on families and communities as a whole.
To lessen the effect of cigarettes causing fires it was decided that the furniture should be made less flammable. Most furniture at this time was stuffed using Polyurethane (PU) foam, an incredibly combustible oil derived product . To combat this an ‘Open flame’ test was set up that furniture manufacturers needed to design their products to pass. This test entails a small flame being held up to the furniture for 20 seconds, then any fire that is produced must extinguish itself within 2 minutes. The same test exists today, 34 years later.
So how do manufacturers make their furniture fire- safe?
To ensure that a flame is extinguished within the time period of the Open flame test, very effective chemical cocktails are added to the foam.
What is the problem?
You might wonder, why is this a problem? Surely this keeps us much safer in our homes. Well yes, it is true that the furniture is much less likely to alight, however, these chemicals are not physically bonded to the foam itself. This means that as you sit down on your sofa these chemicals can puff out of the foam and into the air around you; a process known as ‘off-gassing’. It is becoming more and more apparent through scientific studies that the chemicals released are detrimental to our health. For example, studies have found that these chemicals cause health issues such as endocrine and thyroid disruption, can effect reproductive health, cause cancer, and have adverse effects on foetal and child development.
This all sounds pretty scary stuff and it is. So why is it still happening?
A good question. And one that is being asked by many. The regulations are under review but this is proving to be a very lengthy process and there appears to be a lack of urgency from the government. This is surprising considering in a recent parliamentary inquiry produced in 2019 the following quote was written;
‘Flame retardants have been detected in air, soil, water, food, wildlife and humans. They are present in homes and offices via dust and on surfaces including windows, floors and carpets. Exposure occurs when additive flame retardants leach from goods into the air, dust and surfaces.Breast Cancer UK suggests the US and UK have the highest levels of flame retardants in human body fluids.’
You can read the full report here. Many scientists, environmental charities, upholsterers and others working in the furniture industry are calling out to the Government to update these stringent fire retardancy tests. They argue that with the change in social habits and innovative products that these tests are outdated. Far fewer people smoke in their homes now and with the knowledge of the detrimental effects of these chemicals on our health, the balance of fire safety vs toxins and air cleanliness is highly questionable. The UK has the most stringent tests in the world. There is no open flame test like these in Europe or the US.
Is it just our health that is affected?
Sadly no, the problem doesn't stop in our living rooms, the substances used are known as ‘Forever chemicals’ due to the fact that they do not break down. This means that when we decide to no longer use a sofa or chair and we take it to the recycling centre it is treated as a hazardous waste- the chemicals inhibit being recycled. The problem then continues, as the discarded furniture lies in landfill the toxic chemicals leach out and enter the natural environment, polluting waterways, and being ingested by living creatures.
What are the alternatives?
There is currently a call for the test to be changed from an Open flame to a Smolder test, this is one of the recommendations from the report shared above. This would bring the UK in line with the EU and US would allow for alternative and innovative products to be able to pass without the need for these toxic chemicals. For example wool has an inherent fire retardancy that can withstand a smouldering cigarette; why not use this natural product rather than chemicals that produce cyanide when burnt? You can join this call by writing a letter to you MP to express your concerns.
Until change is made at a parliamentary level what can we do?
By being more aware of what is actually in our chairs we can also make more informed decisions about what and where we buy our next sofa, armchair or office furniture. For example rather than buying from a large furniture manufacturer why not look into having an antique piece reupholstered? In a strange anomaly these regulations only apply to furniture made after 1950, so if you reuse an old frame it can be covered using biodegradable, natural materials that do not contain chemicals. Avoiding foam in your furniture not only reduces the risk of being exposed to such chemicals but also takes away the use of a plastic substance derived from non- renewable sources. You can ask your upholsterer what materials they use and request for non-chemical impregnated products in the furniture they produce for you.
To find out more there are a number of websites I recommend you look at;
Eco Chair is a website currently being set up by fellow upholsterers Delyth Fetherston-Dilke and Alex Law. This duo is doing a fantastic job of educating upholsterers and the wider public on how to make their furniture out of non toxic materials. This is information portal is well worth keeping an eye on as it develops.
Fidra.org is a charity whose mission is to To achieve pragmatic solutions to environmental issues using the best available science working in collaboration with governments, industry and the public They have done much evidence based research and have solutions and ideas of how we can move forward. They have more detailed information about some of the issues I have raised here.
There is also a wealth of links to research studies in this blog on the Clean Air Programme website.
It is only in recent years that the problem of Off-gassing has become more widely discussed. I know I was horrified to learn that the sofa in my living room could be affecting the health of my children- especially as the jumped up and down on it! It is because of learning about the hazardous nature of chemicals in modern Polyurethane foam that as an upholsterer I have made the pledge not to reupholster any of my work using foam. I am working towards making all my furniture as chemical free and environmentally friendly as possible.
If you would like to discuss any of the above information further or get more guidance on how you can source chemical free furniture please send me an email.
Thank you to Nathan Lemon, Mulyadi, Dane Deaner, Dan Meyers and Sophie Elvis for use of their images that can be found Unsplash.com
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