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[xtruss]

This Parasite Turns Plants into Zombies

— October 1, 2021 | By Adminaws | Awsforwp

A mustard plant infected with a certain parasite grows strangely, its development is distorted by small invaders. The leaves take odd shapes, the stems form a bushy structure called a witch’s broom, and flowers may grow that do not produce seed. Most curious of all, it lives longer than its uninfected brethren, in a state of perpetual adolescence.

“It looks like it stays in a juvenile stage,” said Saskia Hogenhout, a scientist at the John Innes Center in England who studies the life cycle of the parasite, called Aster Yellows phytoplasma.

The plant’s neighbors grow old, reproduce, and die, but the phytoplasm’s eerily youthful host persists. It becomes something like a mix between a vampire who never ages and a zombie host whose body serves the needs of his parasite, which is to entice sap-sucking insects to feast on the plant’s bodily fluids for as long as possible. When the insects ingest the parasite, they spread it to new hosts, and the entire “Night of the Living Dead-meets-Dracula” cycle repeats.

How the parasite exerts such extensive control is a subject of more than casual curiosity among scientists — phytoplasmas can cause destructive diseases in crops such as carrots. In an article published in September in the journal Cell, Dr. Hogenhout and her colleagues say that some of these eerie changes are caused by the work of a single parasite protein called SAP05, which stands in the way of the plant’s maturation.

SAP05 isn’t the first compound made by this phytoplasm that scientists have linked to the symptoms it causes. The team sequenced the parasite’s genome some time ago and identified a handful of proteins it can use to zombie its victims. But in the new paper, they explain how SAP05 appears to trigger some of the more surprising effects, such as life extension.

It turns out that SAP05 binds to two groups of plant proteins that regulate the expression of genes used in development. Once clicked, they are broken down by the factory’s own waste disposal machines. As a result, the plants seem frozen in time, unable to move forward.

That makes sense, from the parasite’s perspective. If host plants matured normally, they would grow flowers and produce seeds, and put all their energy into making the next generation of plants. Before long they would drop their leaves and wither.

“You can imagine that this situation is not a perfect situation for the parasite,” said Dr. Hogenhout.

Parasites benefit from the plant being sterile so they can focus its energy on making the microbe’s offspring. They also benefit from keeping the plant alive for as long as possible and full of tasty juices, the better to facilitate insects.

Intriguingly, however, the scientists found that SAP05 attaches to a very specific piece of the cell removal machinery to accomplish this goal. By adjusting the composition of that piece, they could radically limit the effects of SAP05. Plants — in this case Arabidopsis thaliana, the small mustard plant that is a common laboratory specimen — didn’t grow into witch’s broom shapes with this adaptation, and they didn’t live longer than uninfected plants.

But that didn’t mean they were better off. Plants designed to evade SAP05 lived noticeably shorter lives when infected by the parasite. It appears that SAP05 may provide some protection against the stress of infection, making it easier for the host to tolerate. Without it, the plant may be freer to continue maturing, but it also takes a bigger blow from the disease than the zombie plants, which are more impervious to the parasite’s other effects. The zombies live on, protected by the organism that rides around inside them.

This control is probably beautifully timed with the life cycle of the sap-feeding insects, said Dr. Hogenhout. After the insects feed on a plant and infect it with the parasite, they lay eggs on it. At the same time the parasite takes over, the eggs mature.

When the young insects hatch, perhaps 10 days later, there is just enough time left in the extended life of the plants to feast on their juices before taking flight. Along the way will be their good friend, the phytoplasm.

“The parasite has now spread just in time,” said Dr. Hogenhout.

[youneedknowblog]

What Is Aster Yellows Virus And Disease?

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Aster yellows is a plant disease caused by phytoplasm. It manifests like a virus, and sap-sucking insects spread it. 

The main vector of the disease is the Aster leafhopper. 

These insects typically overwinter along the Gulf of Mexico and then migrate to the north during the spring and summer growing season.

More than two hundred different species of plants are affected by Aster yellows. 

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What Is Aster Yellows Virus?

Aster yellows is a plant disease caused by phytoplasm. It manifests like a virus, and sap-sucking insects spread it.  The main vector of the disease is ... [Read more]

The post What Is Aster Yellows Virus? appeared first on Plant Care Today.

source https://plantcaretoday.com/aster-yellows.html

[trees-ive-seen-blog]

Would you say that's "witch's​ broom" all over this tree? This growth abnormality can be caused by a variety of factors, including infestation by fungi, mites, and phytoplasms, but also genetic mutation in the tree. I noticed this tree on the side of the road a few months ago, and I've been wanting to take a picture of it, but haven't had a chance until now. Couldn't get close enough to try to figure out what kind of tree it is, maybe once it has some leaves 😊 #tree #witchsbroom #mutation #infestation (at Crossgates Mall)

#witchsbroom #tree #mutation #infestation